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Fastener Training Hex Head Cap Screw Hex Nuts Flat Washers

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Fastener Training Hex Head Cap Screw Hex Nuts Flat Washers Fastener Training Hex Head Cap Screw Hex Nuts Flat Washers Presented by Kevin Connolly Applications Engineer [email protected] Fastener Terms and Abbreviations Below are three ways of describing the same fastener: 1. 1/4 – 20 UNC Class 2A x 1 Hex Head Cap Screw per ASME B18.2.1, Grade 5 per SAE J429, Zinc/Clear plated per ASTM B633 2. 1/4 - 20 x 1 Hex Cap Screw, Gr 5, Zn 3. 1/4 x 1 Hex Bolt, NC, 5, Z Metric Fasteners: M10 x 50 Hex Bolt, Property Class 8.8, Y What it means: They want a 10mm diameter hex head cap screw with a coarse thread (1.5mm) that is made from a property class 8.8 steel and is plated zinc with yellow chromate. The last three pages of this slide show contains a list of common abbreviations used when customers describe fasteners. Bolts Screws (must be assembled with a nut) (can be assembled by head or with a nut) Dimensions for Hex and Heavy Hex Cap Screws specified by ASME/ANSI B18.2.1 Grade 8 Grade A490 Regual Hex Head Heavy Hex Cap Screw Cap Screw Thread Length = 2 x Diameter + 1/4” (for lengths up to 6”) Screw Sizes Coarse and Fine Threads Decimal Closest Decimal Inch Size Equivalent Metric Size Conversion Coarse (UNC) Fine (UNF) 1/4 - 20 .250" M6 x 1.0 .236" - 28 x 0.75 5/16 - 18 .3125" M8 x 1.25 .315" - 24 x 1.0 3/8 - 16 .375" M10 x 1.5 .394" - 24 x 1.25 7/16 - 14 .4375" - 20 1/2 - 13 .500" M12 x 1.75 .472" - 20 x 1.25 9/16 - 12 .5625" M14 x 2.0 .551" - 18 x 1.5 5/8 - 11 .625" M16 x 2.0 .630" - 18 x 1.5 M18 x 2.5 .709" x 1.5 3/4 - 10 .750" - 16 M20 x 2.5 .787" x 1.5 7/8 - 9 .875" M22 x 2.5 .866" - 14 x 1.5 1 – 8 UNC .945" 1.000" M24 x 3.0 - 12 UNF x 2.0 - 14 UNS 1 1/8 - 7 1.125" - 12 M30 x 3.5 1.181" x 2.0 1 1/4 - 7 1.250" - 12 M36 x 4.0 1.417 x 3.0 Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) Force required to cause failure in cap screw in axial direction. Grade 1 60,000 psi minimum Grade 2 74,000 psi minimum Property Class 4.6 400 MPa min Grade 5 120,000 psi minimum Property Class 8.8 830 MPa min Grade 8 150,000 psi minimum Property Class 10.9 1040 MPa min Grade 9 180,000 psi minimum Property Class 12.9 1220 MPa min If we had a bar that was heat treated to a Grade 8 strength level and the bar is one square inch in diameter, it would take 150,000 pounds to pull the bar apart. Inch Cap Screw Strength Designations Inch Tensile Material Properties Strength Strength (min) Designations Bowmalloy 180,000 psi Alloy Steel Highest Strength (Grade 9) Excellent Wear and Abrasion Resistance SAE Grades Grade 8 150,000 psi Alloy Steel High Strength and Toughness Grade 5 120,000 psi to Carbon Steel Medium Strength 90,000 psi (standard) Grade 2 74,000 psi Carbon Steel Low Strength Grade 1 60,000 psi ASTM Grades A490 150,000 psi Alloy Steel High Strength and Toughness A325 120,000 psi Carbon Steel Medium Strength 125,000 psi Alloy Steel Medium Strength B7 (A193) with Excellent Toughness A307 60,000 psi Carbon Steel Low Strength Metric Cap Screw Strength Levels Metric Tensile Material Properties Strength Strength (min) Designations Property Class 12.9 1220 MPa Alloy Steel Highest Strength (177,000 psi) Excellent Wear and Abrasion Resistance Property Class 10.9 1040 MPa Alloy Steel High Strength and (150,800 psi) Toughness Property Class 8.8 830 MPa Carbon Steel Medium Strength (120,350 psi) (standard) Property Class 4.6 400 MPa Carbon Steel Low Strength (58,000 psi) Head Markings – Inch & Metric Proprietary Grade Grade 9 SAE Grades Grade 1 & 2 Grade 5 Grade 8 ASTM Grades A307 Grade A Grade B7 A325 A490 Metric Grades Property Class 4.6 Property Class 8.8 Property Class 10.9 Property Class 12.9 Socket Products Socket products do not come in different grades like hex head cap screws Tensile Strength : Diameters 1/4 to 1/2” 180,000 psi min Diameters above 1/2” 170,000 psi min Counterbore Screw Set screws used to hold shafts in place 12 Point Flange Screws are used to replace standard socket heads Hex Nuts Finished Hex Finished Full Finished Thick Hex Hi Nut Coupling Nut Jam Nut Hex Nut Hex Nut top is WAF chamfered chamfered bottom has corners washer face Thickness Double Chamfered Nut Washer Faced Nut Heavy Hex Heavy Full Diameters 5/8 and smaller Diameters larger than 5/8 Jam Nut Hex Nut must be doulbe chamfered may be washer faced or doulbe chamfered Hex Flange Nut Hex Nuts Heavy Hex Nuts Proof Load Proof Load Grade Hardness Grade Hardness Strength (psi) Strength (psi) UNC UNF 2 Rc 32 max (not defined) A Rb 68 / Rc 32 100,000 90,000 Dia Dia. UNC UNF UNC UNF 120,000 109,000 1/4 to 1 133,000 120,000 5 Rc 32 max 14/ to 1 5 Rc 32 max 1 1/8 to 1 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 105,000 94,000 1/2 116,000 105,000 UNC UNF Dia C Rb 78 / Rc 38 144,000 (not defined) 1/4 to 5/8 Rc 24/32 Dia 3/4 to 1 Rc 26/34 UNC UNF 8 150,000 1/4 to 5/8 Rc 24/32 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 Rc 26/36 8 3/4 to 1 Rc 26/34 165,000 150,000 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 Rc 26/36 1/4 to 1 1/2 Rc 24/35 9 Rc 30/38 180,000 2H 175,000 above 1 1/2 Rb 95/Rc 35 Hex Nuts Heavy Hex Nuts Proof Load Proof Load Grade Hardness Grade Hardness Strength (psi) Strength (psi) UNC UNF 2 Rc 32 max (not defined) A Rb 68 / Rc 32 100,000 90,000 Dia UNC UNF UNC UNF Dia. 120,000 109,000 1/4 to 1 133,000 120,000 5 Rc 32 max 14/ to 1 5 Rc 32 max 1 1/8 to 1 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 105,000 94,000 1/2 116,000 105,000 UNC UNF Dia C Rb 78 / Rc 38 144,000 (not defined) 1/4 to 5/8 Rc 24/32 Dia 3/4 to 1 Rc 26/34 UNC UNF 8 150,000 1/4 to 5/8 Rc 24/32 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 Rc 26/36 8 3/4 to 1 Rc 26/34 165,000 150,000 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 Rc 26/36 1/4 to 1 1/2 Rc 24/35 9 Rc 30/38 180,000 2H 175,000 above 1 1/2 Rb 95/Rc 35 Metric Hex Nuts Property Hardness Proof Load (equivalent English Class Strength Units) 6 Rb 70/Rc 32 680 MPa 98,600 psi 8 M6 to M16 Rb 80/Rc 32 880 MPa 127,600 psi M16 > Rc23 / Rc 35 920 MPa 133,400 psi M4 to M10 1040 MPa 150,800 psi 10 Rc 26 / 36 M12 > 1060 MPa 153,700 psi Slotted Nuts Slotted Hex Finished Slotted Thick Slotted Castle Nut Heavy Full Jam Nut Hex Nut Hex Nut Hex Nut Legs of cotter pin bent open to hold nut in place Nut installed at point where hole is visible Grade 5 Hex Slotted Nuts 1/4 thru 1 UNC Over 1” UNC 1/4 thru 1 UNF Over 1 UNF 96,000 psi min 87,000 psi min 84,000 psi min 75,000 psi min Grade 8 Hex Slotted Nuts 1/4 thru 1 1/2 120,000 psi min Hex Nut Grade Markings SAE markings * * Old SAE Marking ASTM marking 2H * * Lock Nuts All Metal Lock Nuts Nylon Insert Lock Nuts Flange Lock Nuts Proof Load Max Grade of Cap Screw IFI Grade For Sizes Strength to be used with Grade A #4 to 1 1/2 (UNC & UNF) 90,000 Grade 2 #4 to 1” (UNC & UNF) 120,000 Grade B Grade 5 1 1/8 to 1 1/2” (UNC & UNF) 105,000 Grade C #4 to 1 1/2 (UNC & UNF) 150,000 Grade 8 Grade F 1/4 thru 3/4 120,000 Grade 5 Grade G 1/4 thru 5/8 150,000 Grade 8 Proof Load Max Grade of Cap Screw to SAE Grade For Sizes Strength be used with Grade 2 1/4 to 1 1/2 (not defined) Grade 2 1/4 to 1” (UNC) 120,000 1/4 to 1” (UNF) 109,000 Grade 5 Grade 5 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 (UNC) 105,000 1 1/8 to 1 1/2 (UNF) 94,000 Grade 8 1/4 to 1 1/2 150,000 Grade 8 Flat Washers Fender Washer (Widest Style) USS Washer SAE Washer (Wide Sereis) (Narrow Series) F436 Washer Thick Washer Flat Washers are not graded. There is no grade 8 or grade 5 washer Three Types • Carbon Steel (aka, low carbon steel or steel) For Grade 1, 2 or 5 • Case hardened steel For Grade 5 • Through Hardened For Grade 8 Types of Applications Steel Steel 1 1/2 x Dia Blind (or Tapped) Nut and Bolt Hole Assembly Assembly Gasket Copper Aluminum Gasketed Joint Clamping Soft Assembly Metals Platings & Coatings Zinc Yellow Hot Dip Galvanized Zinc Plated (Zinc/Clear) Furnace Black (Plain) (black oxide from heat treatment) Plain (non-heat treated) Corrosion Protection Coating Salt Spray Hours Hot Dip Galvanized 240 hrs Zinc Yellow 96 hrs Zinc Plated (Zn/Clear) 72 hrs Furnace Black 4 hrs Plain 0 hrs Torque Calculations for Fasteners Standard industry practice for calculating torque for a fastener assembly is to use the formula Torque = Clamp Load x Diameter x Friction Factor / 12 (T=PxDxK/12) The desired clamp load is usually based on 75% of the Yield Strength (or Proof Load Strength) of the threaded fastener used in the assembly (the nut used should be compatible with the strength of the threaded component).
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