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Copyrighted Material Index Acanthocephalans, 263 overgrown beak Acinixys planicauda, 4 causes of, 90 acyclovir Hermann’s tortoise, 92 dyspnoea, 189–90 red-eared slider, 91 nasal discharge, 238 spur-thighed tortoise, 91 stomatitis, 253 Sulcata, 91 adhesive dressing tape, 216, 218 behaviour alanine transaminase, 153–4 aggregation, 34 albumin, 153 circadian cycle, 36–7 alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), 153 defensive behaviour amputation, 213–14 active, 38–9 anabolic steroids/B-vitamins, 224 passive, 39 anasarca see generalised oedema drinking, 36 anophthalmos, 241 feeding, 35–6 anorexia pain, 39–40 depletion, 181, 184 reproductive cycles differential diagnosis, 182 females, 38 follicular stasis, 200 males, 37–8 hepatic lipidosis, 222–223 social factors, 36 history, 182 thermoregulation, 34–5 physical examination, 183 benzimidazoles, nematodes, 264 post-hibernation, 181 beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 154 prognosis, 182 bilateral ear abscess, 193 in reptiles, 181 bile acids, 155 sampling and ancillary testing, 183 biting flies, 254–5 therapy, 184 blindness see also opacities ascarids, 260 assessment, 242 aspartate transaminase (AST), 154 cold-induced, 246–7 atenolol, egg retention,COPYRIGHTED 197 ocular MATERIAL examination, 242 aural abscess, 192–4 brachial vein intravenous injection, 99 bacteraemia, 167 venipuncture, 84–5 bacterial rhinitis, 238 brumation, 50 beak trim beak anatomy, 90 C. amboinensis (Amboina box turtle), 17 methods of, 90, 92 cable ties repair, 220 Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery, First Edition. John Chitty and Aidan Raftery. © 2013 John Chitty and Aidan Raftery. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 0001994420.INDD 327 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM 328 Index calcitonin, metabolic bone disease, 307 equipments, 174 calcium supplementation external examination, 175 egg retention, 197 internal examination, 176–7 metabolic bone disease, 307 medical and husbandry history, 174 calliphorid and sarcophagid flies, 254 cloaca, 31–2 canine urethral catheters, 93 cloacoscopy, 135–6, 274 carapacial scute nomenclature, 28 coelioscopy, 131–2 cardiac arrest, 117 coeliotomy cardiocentesis, intravenous injection, juvenile individuals and pancake 99–100 tortoises, 148 cardiovascular system, 30 plastronotomy, 146–8 Carettochelyidae, 3 pre-femoral coeliotomy, 148–9 Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle), 18 requirements, 139 cataract, 245–6 coelomic cavity distension, 191 cell cytology coeloscopy anaemia follicular stasis, 201–2 non-regenerative, 161 hepatic lipidosis, 224 regenerative, 160–161 cohesive bandages, 209–210 inflammatory conditions cold-induced blindness, 246–7 basophil, 160 colloids, 103–4 eosinophils, 159 colon, prolapsed, 273 heterophil and active monocyte, 159 computed tomography (CT), 137 phagocytosis and left shift, 159 dyspnoea, 189 reactive lymphocyte, 160 nasal discharge, 236–7 thrombocytes, 158 shell disease, 278 toxic changes, 158 soft tissue masses, 232 cestodes, 262 congenital ocular malformations, 241 Chelidae (side-necked/snake-necked coxofemoral joint luxation, 214 turtles), 8, 18 creatinine kinase (CK), 154 Cheloniidae, 3 Cryptodira, 27 Chelus fimbriatus (Mata Mata), 18–19 crystalloids, 103 Chelydridae, 4 Cuora spp. (Asian box turtles), 17 Chersina angulate, 5 cyclopia, 241 chlorhexidine cytological sampling and biopsy shell peeling, 268 fine needle aspirates (FNA), 105 skin peeling, 267 impression smears, 105 skin ulceration, 284 lung wash, 106 cholesterol, 155 stains, 106 cholesterol deposits, 244–5 cholestyramine gel, coelomic cavity debulking, 233 distension, 191 degenerative joint disease, 227 cisapride, coelomic cavity distension, 191 Deirochelys reticularia (chicken turtle), 8 clinical pathology depleted chelonian, 181, 184 haematology and serum biochemistry Dermatemydidae, 4 (see haematology and serum Dermochelyidae, 3 biochemistry) developmental bone lesions, 226 microbiology (see microbiology) deworming, anorexia, 184 parasitology (see parasitological diarrhoea, 185–6 investigation) diet post-mortem examination techniques Carettochelys insculpta, 18 biological data collection, 174–5 Chelidae, 18 0001994420.INDD 328 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM Index 329 Chelus fimbriatus, 19 shell peeling, 269 Cuora spp., 17 skin peeling, 267 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 skin ulceration, 284 G. carbonaria, 14 dysecdysis, 268–9 G. denticulata, 14 dyspnoea see also coelomic cavity G. elegans, 15 distension G. pardalis, 13 aetiology, 187–8 Geochelone sulcata, 13 diagnosis, 188–9 Gopherus agassizii, 15 differential diagnosis, 187 Gopherus polyphemus, 15, 16 treatment, 189–90 T. hermanni, 11 dystocia see egg retention T. horsfieldi, 11 T. kleinmanni, 12 ear infection see aural abscess T. marginata, 12 ears, 33 Terrapene spp., 17 egg binding see egg retention Testudo graeca, 9 egg retention Testudo ibera, 10 diagnosis, 195–6 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 normal oviposition, 195 Trionychidae, 17 signs, 195 diffuse mass, 233–234 treatment, 197 digenean flukes, 262–3 electrocardiography, 118 digestive system, 30–31 electrolytes, 156 distribution Emydidae, 8 Carettochelys insculpta, 18 Emydoidea blandingii (Blanding’s turtle), 8 Chelidae, 18 Emys orbicularis (European pond turtle), 8 Chelus fimbriatus, 18 endoscopy and biopsy Cuora spp., 17 anorexia, 183 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 cloacoscopy, 135–6 G. carbonaria, 14 coelioscopy, 131–2 G. denticulata, 14 dyspnoea, 189 G. elegans, 15 equipment needed, 130 G. pardalis, 13 external nares, 132 Geochelone sulcata, 12 gastrointestinal tract, 134–5 Gopherus agassizii, 15 lower respiratory tract Gopherus polyphemus, 15 carapace approach, 133 T. hermanni, 11 pre-femoral approach, 134 T. horsfieldi, 11 tracheal approach, 132–3 T. kleinmanni, 12 nasal discharge, 237 T. marginata, 12 urinary bladder, 135 Terrapene spp., 16 vomiting and regurgitation, 304 Testudo graeca, 9 endoscopy system, 140 Testudo ibera, 10 engorged phallus, 272 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 enucleation, 244–6 Trionychidae, 17 eosinophils, 151–2 Doppler flow detector, 118 estivation, 50 dorsal coccygeal vein, intravenous euthanasia, 112–13, 234, 246 injection, 99 excision biopsy, soft tissue dorsal tail vein venipuncture, 83 masses, 232 drowning tortoise, 198–9 exophthalmus, 241 dry docking, 61 external coaptation, 209–10 shell disease, 279 external fixation, 210–211 0001994420.INDD 329 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM 330 Index external parasites patient preparation biting flies, 254–5 induction and intubation, 116 calliphorid and sarcophagid flies, 254 maintenance and positioning, 116 ticks, 255 supportive care, 115 eyes, 32–3 preparation, equipment and skills needed, 115 fluid therapy protocols, 118 epicoelomic fluids, 102 recovery, 116–17 fluids, 103–4 respiratory arrest, 117 intracloacal fluids, 102 generalised oedema intracoelomic fluids, 102 circulatory failure, 248 intra-osseous fluids, 102 clinical examination, 249 principles of, 102–3 coeloscopy, 249 stomatitis, 253 haematology/biochemistry, 249 follicular stasis hypoproteinaemia/hypoalbuminaemia, 248 anorexia, 200 radiography, 249–250 diagnosis, 201–3 renal failure, 248 prevention, 204 therapy, 250 reproductive cycle, 200–201 ultrasonography, 249 therapy, 203–4 Geochelone carbonaria (red-foot tortoise), fracture see also shell fracture 5, 14 external coaptation, 209–10 Geochelone pardalis (leopard tortoise), 5, external fixation, 210–211 13–14 internal fixation, 211–12 severely deformed carapace, 307 lameness, 227 severe pyramiding, 310 mandibular fractures, 212 Geochelone sulcata (Sulcata/African skull fractures, 212 spurred tortoise), 5, 12–13 treatment plan, 209 Geoemydidae, 8 F10SC globulin, 153 shell peeling, 268 glucose, 155–6 skin peeling, 267 glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), 154 skin ulceration, 284 Gopherus agassizii (desert tortoise), 15 fungal infections, 171–2 Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher tortoise), Furculachelys naebulensis (Tunisian 6–7, 15–16 tortoise), 10 gout, 225, 230 furosemide, 250 Fusarium incarnatum infections, 171 habitat Carettochelys insculpta, 18 G. denticulata (yellow-foot tortoise), 14 Chelidae, 18 G. elegans (Indian star tortoise), 15 Chelus fimbriatus, 19 gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Cuora spp., 17 154 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 gastrointestinal dilatation, 191 G. carbonaria, 14 general anaesthesia G. denticulata, 14 assessment before G. elegans, 15 clinical examination, 114 G. pardalis, 13 clinical history, 114 Geochelone sulcata, 12 diagnostic testing, 114–15 Gopherus agassizii, 15 cardiac arrest, 117 Gopherus polyphemus, 15 monitoring, 117–18 T. hermanni, 11 pain management, 118–19 T. horsfieldi, 11 0001994420.INDD 330 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM Index 331 T. marginata, 12 haemolysis, 158 Terrapene spp., 16–17 haemoparasitism, 257 Testudo graeca, 9 haemorrhage, 277 Testudo ibera, 10 haemostasis, 142 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 hepatic lipidosis Trionychidae, 17 diagnosis, 223–4 haematology and serum biochemistry pathological, 222 age and sex, 157 signs, 222–223 alanine transaminase, 153–4 therapy, 224 albumin, 153 herpesvirus infection, 237 alkaline phosphatase, 153 heterophils, 151 anorexia, 183 hibernation, 157 aspartate transaminase, 154 Carettochelys insculpta, 18 beta-hydroxybutyrate, 154 Chelidae, 18 bile acids, 155 Chelus fimbriatus, 19 cell cytology (see cell cytology) Cuora spp., 17 cholesterol, 155 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 creatinine kinase (CK), 154 G. carbonaria, 14 diarrhoea, 186 G. denticulata, 14 egg retention, 196 G. elegans, 15 electrolytes, 156 G. pardalis, 13 eosinophils, 151–2 Geochelone sulcata, 13 gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), 154 Gopherus agassizii, 15 generalised oedema, 249 Gopherus polyphemus, 15, 16 globulin,
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