Index

Acanthocephalans, 263 overgrown beak Acinixys planicauda, 4 causes of, 90 acyclovir Hermann’s , 92 dyspnoea, 189–90 red-eared slider, 91 nasal discharge, 238 spur-thighed tortoise, 91 stomatitis, 253 Sulcata, 91 adhesive dressing tape, 216, 218 behaviour alanine transaminase, 153–4 aggregation, 34 albumin, 153 circadian cycle, 36–7 alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), 153 defensive behaviour amputation, 213–14 active, 38–9 anabolic steroids/B-vitamins, 224 passive, 39 anasarca see generalised oedema drinking, 36 anophthalmos, 241 feeding, 35–6 anorexia pain, 39–40 depletion, 181, 184 reproductive cycles differential diagnosis, 182 females, 38 follicular stasis, 200 males, 37–8 hepatic lipidosis, 222–223 social factors, 36 history, 182 thermoregulation, 34–5 physical examination, 183 benzimidazoles, nematodes, 264 post-hibernation, 181 beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), 154 prognosis, 182 bilateral ear abscess, 193 in , 181 bile acids, 155 sampling and ancillary testing, 183 biting flies, 254–5 therapy, 184 blindness see also opacities ascarids, 260 assessment, 242 aspartate transaminase (AST), 154 cold-induced, 246–7 atenolol, egg retention,COPYRIGHTED 197 ocular MATERIAL examination, 242 aural abscess, 192–4 brachial vein intravenous injection, 99 bacteraemia, 167 venipuncture, 84–5 bacterial rhinitis, 238 brumation, 50 beak trim beak anatomy, 90 C. amboinensis (Amboina box ), 17 methods of, 90, 92 cable ties repair, 220

Essentials of Tortoise Medicine and Surgery, First Edition. John Chitty and Aidan Raftery. © 2013 John Chitty and Aidan Raftery. Published 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

0001994420.INDD 327 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM 328 Index

calcitonin, metabolic bone disease, 307 equipments, 174 calcium supplementation external examination, 175 egg retention, 197 internal examination, 176–7 metabolic bone disease, 307 medical and husbandry history, 174 calliphorid and sarcophagid flies, 254 cloaca, 31–2 canine urethral catheters, 93 cloacoscopy, 135–6, 274 carapacial scute nomenclature, 28 coelioscopy, 131–2 cardiac arrest, 117 coeliotomy cardiocentesis, intravenous injection, juvenile individuals and pancake 99–100 , 148 cardiovascular system, 30 plastronotomy, 146–8 Carettochelyidae, 3 pre-femoral coeliotomy, 148–9 Carettochelys insculpta (pig-nosed turtle), 18 requirements, 139 cataract, 245–6 coelomic cavity distension, 191 cell cytology coeloscopy anaemia follicular stasis, 201–2 non-regenerative, 161 hepatic lipidosis, 224 regenerative, 160–161 cohesive bandages, 209–210 inflammatory conditions cold-induced blindness, 246–7 basophil, 160 colloids, 103–4 eosinophils, 159 colon, prolapsed, 273 heterophil and active monocyte, 159 computed tomography (CT), 137 phagocytosis and left shift, 159 dyspnoea, 189 reactive lymphocyte, 160 nasal discharge, 236–7 thrombocytes, 158 shell disease, 278 toxic changes, 158 soft tissue masses, 232 cestodes, 262 congenital ocular malformations, 241 (side-necked/snake-necked coxofemoral joint luxation, 214 ), 8, 18 creatinine kinase (CK), 154 , 3 , 27 Chelus fimbriatus (), 18–19 crystalloids, 103 , 4 Cuora spp. (Asian box turtles), 17 Chersina angulate, 5 cyclopia, 241 chlorhexidine cytological sampling and biopsy shell peeling, 268 fine needle aspirates (FNA), 105 skin peeling, 267 impression smears, 105 skin ulceration, 284 lung wash, 106 cholesterol, 155 stains, 106 cholesterol deposits, 244–5 cholestyramine gel, coelomic cavity debulking, 233 distension, 191 degenerative joint disease, 227 cisapride, coelomic cavity distension, 191 Deirochelys reticularia (), 8 clinical pathology depleted chelonian, 181, 184 haematology and serum biochemistry , 4 (see haematology and serum , 3 biochemistry) developmental bone lesions, 226 microbiology (see microbiology) deworming, anorexia, 184 parasitology (see parasitological diarrhoea, 185–6 investigation) diet post-mortem examination techniques Carettochelys insculpta, 18 biological data collection, 174–5 Chelidae, 18

0001994420.INDD 328 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM Index 329

Chelus fimbriatus, 19 shell peeling, 269 Cuora spp., 17 skin peeling, 267 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 skin ulceration, 284 G. carbonaria, 14 dysecdysis, 268–9 G. denticulata, 14 dyspnoea see also coelomic cavity G. elegans, 15 distension G. pardalis, 13 aetiology, 187–8 sulcata, 13 diagnosis, 188–9 agassizii, 15 differential diagnosis, 187 Gopherus polyphemus, 15, 16 treatment, 189–90 T. hermanni, 11 dystocia see egg retention T. horsfieldi, 11 T. kleinmanni, 12 ear infection see aural abscess T. marginata, 12 ears, 33 Terrapene spp., 17 egg binding see egg retention graeca, 9 egg retention Testudo ibera, 10 diagnosis, 195–6 scripta elegans, 16 normal oviposition, 195 , 17 signs, 195 diffuse mass, 233–234 treatment, 197 digenean flukes, 262–3 electrocardiography, 118 digestive system, 30–31 electrolytes, 156 distribution , 8 Carettochelys insculpta, 18 Emydoidea blandingii (Blanding’s turtle), 8 Chelidae, 18 orbicularis (European pond turtle), 8 Chelus fimbriatus, 18 endoscopy and biopsy Cuora spp., 17 anorexia, 183 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 cloacoscopy, 135–6 G. carbonaria, 14 coelioscopy, 131–2 G. denticulata, 14 dyspnoea, 189 G. elegans, 15 equipment needed, 130 G. pardalis, 13 external nares, 132 Geochelone sulcata, 12 gastrointestinal tract, 134–5 Gopherus agassizii, 15 lower respiratory tract Gopherus polyphemus, 15 carapace approach, 133 T. hermanni, 11 pre-femoral approach, 134 T. horsfieldi, 11 tracheal approach, 132–3 T. kleinmanni, 12 nasal discharge, 237 T. marginata, 12 urinary bladder, 135 Terrapene spp., 16 vomiting and regurgitation, 304 Testudo graeca, 9 endoscopy system, 140 Testudo ibera, 10 engorged phallus, 272 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 enucleation, 244–6 Trionychidae, 17 eosinophils, 151–2 Doppler flow detector, 118 estivation, 50 dorsal coccygeal vein, intravenous euthanasia, 112–13, 234, 246 injection, 99 excision biopsy, soft tissue dorsal tail vein venipuncture, 83 masses, 232 drowning tortoise, 198–9 exophthalmus, 241 dry docking, 61 external coaptation, 209–10 shell disease, 279 external fixation, 210–211

0001994420.INDD 329 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM 330 Index

external parasites patient preparation biting flies, 254–5 induction and intubation, 116 calliphorid and sarcophagid flies, 254 maintenance and positioning, 116 ticks, 255 supportive care, 115 eyes, 32–3 preparation, equipment and skills needed, 115 fluid therapy protocols, 118 epicoelomic fluids, 102 recovery, 116–17 fluids, 103–4 respiratory arrest, 117 intracloacal fluids, 102 generalised oedema intracoelomic fluids, 102 circulatory failure, 248 intra-osseous fluids, 102 clinical examination, 249 principles of, 102–3 coeloscopy, 249 stomatitis, 253 haematology/biochemistry, 249 follicular stasis hypoproteinaemia/hypoalbuminaemia, 248 anorexia, 200 radiography, 249–250 diagnosis, 201–3 renal failure, 248 prevention, 204 therapy, 250 reproductive cycle, 200–201 ultrasonography, 249 therapy, 203–4 Geochelone carbonaria (red-foot tortoise), fracture see also shell fracture 5, 14 external coaptation, 209–10 Geochelone pardalis (), 5, external fixation, 210–211 13–14 internal fixation, 211–12 severely deformed carapace, 307 lameness, 227 severe pyramiding, 310 mandibular fractures, 212 Geochelone sulcata (Sulcata/African skull fractures, 212 spurred tortoise), 5, 12–13 treatment plan, 209 , 8 F10SC globulin, 153 shell peeling, 268 glucose, 155–6 skin peeling, 267 glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), 154 skin ulceration, 284 Gopherus agassizii (), 15 fungal infections, 171–2 Gopherus polyphemus (), Furculachelys naebulensis (Tunisian 6–7, 15–16 tortoise), 10 gout, 225, 230 furosemide, 250 Fusarium incarnatum infections, 171 habitat Carettochelys insculpta, 18 G. denticulata (yellow-foot tortoise), 14 Chelidae, 18 G. elegans (), 15 Chelus fimbriatus, 19 gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), Cuora spp., 17 154 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 gastrointestinal dilatation, 191 G. carbonaria, 14 general anaesthesia G. denticulata, 14 assessment before G. elegans, 15 clinical examination, 114 G. pardalis, 13 clinical history, 114 Geochelone sulcata, 12 diagnostic testing, 114–15 Gopherus agassizii, 15 cardiac arrest, 117 Gopherus polyphemus, 15 monitoring, 117–18 T. hermanni, 11 pain management, 118–19 T. horsfieldi, 11

0001994420.INDD 330 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM Index 331

T. marginata, 12 haemolysis, 158 Terrapene spp., 16–17 haemoparasitism, 257 Testudo graeca, 9 haemorrhage, 277 Testudo ibera, 10 haemostasis, 142 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 hepatic lipidosis Trionychidae, 17 diagnosis, 223–4 haematology and serum biochemistry pathological, 222 age and sex, 157 signs, 222–223 alanine transaminase, 153–4 therapy, 224 albumin, 153 herpesvirus infection, 237 alkaline phosphatase, 153 heterophils, 151 anorexia, 183 hibernation, 157 aspartate transaminase, 154 Carettochelys insculpta, 18 beta-hydroxybutyrate, 154 Chelidae, 18 bile acids, 155 Chelus fimbriatus, 19 cell cytology (see cell cytology) Cuora spp., 17 cholesterol, 155 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 creatinine kinase (CK), 154 G. carbonaria, 14 diarrhoea, 186 G. denticulata, 14 egg retention, 196 G. elegans, 15 electrolytes, 156 G. pardalis, 13 eosinophils, 151–2 Geochelone sulcata, 13 gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), 154 Gopherus agassizii, 15 generalised oedema, 249 Gopherus polyphemus, 15, 16 globulin, 153 hydration, 52 glucose, 155–6 monitoring, 53 glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), 154 pre-hibernation evaluation, 51 haemolysis and lymphodilution, 158 preparation for, 51–2 hepatic lipidosis, 223–4 species involved in, 51 heterophils, 151 T. hermanni, 11 hibernation, 157 T. horsfieldi, 11 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 154 T. kleinmanni, 12 lymphocytes, 152 T. marginata, 12 monocytes, 152 Terrapene spp., 17 nasal discharge, 235 Testudo graeca, 9 otitis media/aural abscess, 192 Testudo ibera, 10 packed cell volume (PCV), 150–151 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 phosphate, 155 Trionychidae, 17 prolapse, 274 history and examination reproductive activity, 158 techniques shell disease, 278 clinical examination sodium and potassium, 156 auscultation, 74 Testudo species, prognostic indicators, beak, 72 161, 162 body condition, 74 thrombocytes, 152 cloaca, 75 total calcium, 155 coelomic cavity, 75 total protein, 152–3 ears, 71 triglycerides, 155 external body surface, 73–4 urea, 157 eyes, 73 uric acid, 157 glottis, 72–3 white cell count, 151 nares, 71

0001994420.INDD 331 6/26/2013 2:15:13 PM 332 Index

history and examination techniques (cont’d) hypopyon, 245 oral cavity, 71 hypothermia, 228 temperature, 74–5 hypovitaminosis A, 240 tongue, 72 history questionnaires, 64–6 imaging techniques physical examination computed tomography, 137 body condition assessment, 70 endoscopy and biopsy (see endoscopy body weight, 67, 68 and biopsy) carapace length and depth, 68 magnetic resonance imaging, 137–8 carapace width, 69 radiography (see radiography) chelonian history form, 65–6 ultrasound electronic callipers, 69 applications, 127 Jackson’s ratio, 69–70 bladder and liver, 129 observation, 64, 66–7 heart and gastrointestinal tract, 129 areolatus, 66 kidneys, 129 human -associated salmonellosis, reproductive tract, 128 169–70 sonic windows, 127–8 husbandry impression smears, soft tissue masses, 232 anorexia, 184 incubation, 25–6 contact animals, 44 elongata, 5 enclosure, 43 Indotestudo forsteni, 5 follicular stasis, 203 in-food medication, 100 furnishings, 43 injection techniques and therapeutics hibernation epicoelomic space, 98 hydration, 52 intracoelomic space, 98 monitoring, 53 intramuscular injections, 97 pre-hibernation evaluation, 51 intra-osseous catheter placement, 98–99 preparation for, 51–2 intravenous injections, 98–100 species involved in, 51 subcutaneous injections, 97–8 humidity, 42–3 internal fixation, 211–12 hygiene, 44 internal parasites lighting, 41–2 Acanthocephalans, 263 nutrition ascarids, 260 animal-based foods, 46 cestodes, 262 Box turtles, 47 ciliates, 259 commercially formulated foods, 46–7 Coccidia, 257–8 common nutritional mistakes, 44–5 flagellates, 258–9 herbivorous tortoises, 47–8 haemoprotozoa, 256–7 insect foods, 46 oxyurids, 261–2 plant-based foods, 45–6 pentastomids, 262 semi-aquatic and aquatic chelonians, Proatractis, 261 48–9 prophylactic anthelmintic therapy, 263–4 vitamin and mineral supplements, 47 sessilids, 259 orthopaedics, 205–6 spirorchiids, 262–3 thermal provision, 42 spirurids, 262 water quality, 43 intestinal intussception, 273 hydrophilic dressing pads, soft tissue in-water medication, 100 trauma, 288 hyperparathyroidism, soft shell, 277 joints swelling hypervitaminosis A, 228 cytology, 296 hyphaema, 245 gout crystals

0001994420.INDD 332 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM Index 333

osteoarthritis, 297 luxation, 226 septic arthritis, 297 lymphocytes, 152 therapy, 296–7 lymphodilution, 158 polyarthritis, 295 radiography, 295 magnetic resonance imaging, 137–8 single-joint swelling, 295 Malacochersus tornieri, 148 joint surgery, 214 Malacocherus tornieri, 7 jugular vein mandibular fractures, 212 intravenous injection, 99 emys, 5 venipuncture Manouria impressa, 5 anatomical landmarks, 80 marsupialisation, 233 cons, 81 metabolic bone disease pros, 80 nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism keratitis, 243–4 causes, 305 belliana (Bell’s hinge-back diagnostic tests, 306 tortoise), 4 prognosis, 307 Kinixys erosa, 4 symptoms, 305 Kinixys homeana (Home’s hinge-back treatment, 306–7 tortoise), 4 renal secondary hyperparathyroidism Kinixys spekii, 312 causes, 307 , 3–4 diagnostic tests, 308 prognosis, 308 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 154 symptoms, 307 lameness treatment, 308 clinical investigation, 225 metabolic bone diseases, 207, 228 degenerative joint disease, 227 metoclopramide developmental bone lesions, 226 coelomic cavity distension, 191 fracture, 227 diarrhoea, 186 generalised weakness, 228 metronidazole gout, 225 coelomic cavity distension, 191 hypervitaminosis A, 228 diarrhoea, 186 hypothermia, 228 microbiology ligament rupture/avulsion, 227 culture and sensitivity, 168 luxation, 226 cytology, 168 metabolic bone diseases, 228 diagnostics, 172 neoplasia, 226 fungi, 171–2 neurological disease, 227 histopathology, 168 synovitis, 226 mycobacteriosis, 170 thermal injury, 228 mycoplasmosis, 170–171 thiamin deficiency, 227 Salmonella, 168–70 trauma, 228 septicaemia/bacteraemia, 166–7 lethargy virology, 172–3 causes, 229 microchipping clinical investigation, 230 complications, 111 environmental conditions, 229–30 marking for tortoises, 108–9 physiological conditions, 229 sites ligament rupture/avulsion, 227 choice of, 110 lipid deposits see cholesterol gluteal muscles, 109 deposits midline sub-plastron site, 109–10 liver, 31 technique, 110–111

0001994420.INDD 333 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM 334 Index

microphthalmos, 241 metabolic bone diseases, 207 milk thistle extract, 224 osteomyelitis, 214–15 monocytes, 152 patient evaluation MRI, hepatic lipidosis, 224 clinical investigation, 206 mucopurulent nasal discharge, 236 husbandry, 205–6 mycobacteriosis, 170, 234 radiography, 207 Mycoplasmas, 237 supportive care, 207 mycoplasmosis, 170–171 surgery, 208 mycoses, 171–2 wound healing, 207–8 myiasis, 254–255 osteoarthritis, 230 osteomyelitis, 214–15, 277–278 nasal discharge otitis media aetiology, 237–8 aetiology, 192 clinical examination, 235–236 clinical signs, 192–193 diagnosis, 235–7 diagnosis, 192 treatment, 238 treatment, 193–4 nasal flushing, 237–238 ovariosalpingectomy, 147, 197 nebulisation, 190, 238 over the top technique, 214 negative-pressure wound therapy, 221 oviduct prolapse, 274 neoplasia, 226 oxfendazole diarrhoea, 186 occipital venous sinus, intravenous internal parasite, 264 injection, 99 oxygen-carrying colloids, 103 ocular and conjunctival/palpebral swelling oxytocin, egg retention, 197 clinical investigation, 239 oxyurids, 261–2 congenital ocular malformations, 241 normal anatomy, 239 packed cell volume (PCV), 150–151 periocular, palpebral or ocular swelling, pain management, 118–19 239–41 palliative care, soft tissue oedematous cloacal prolapse, 272 masses, 233 oesophagostomy tube palpebral oedema, 240 placement pancake tortoises, 148 anaesthesia, 144 parasitological investigation site, 143 ectoparasites, 163 skin preparation, 144 endoparasites, faecal examination technique, 144–5 clinical cases, 163 tube selection, 143 direct stains, 165 removal of, 146 direct wet preparation, 164 opacities faecal flotation, 164 cataract, 245–6 faecal sample collection, 164 cholesterol deposits, 244–5 sample submission to external hyphaema, 245 laboratories, 165 hypopyon, 245 haemoparasites, 165 keratitis, 243–4 parrot-beaked tortoise, 66 ulceration, 244 PCR oral medication, 100 dyspnoea, 189 orthopaedics nasal discharge, 235 amputation, 213–14 peeling analgesia, 208 shell (see shell peeling) fracture (see fracture) skin (see skin peeling) joint surgery, 214 , 8

0001994420.INDD 334 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM Index 335

pentastomids, 262 pseudoshell, 279 permethrin and fipronil sprays, 255 pulse oximeter, 118 phacoemulsification, 246 arachnoides, 4 phallus, prolapsed, 272 pharyngitis, 251 see also stomatitis radiography phosphate, 155 anorexia, 183 pimobendan, 250 clinical findings and interpretation plastronotomy, follicular stasis, 204 gastrointestinal system, 123–4 Plastron scute nomenclature, 28 genital system, 126 plates/metal bridges, 220 musculoskeletal system, 124 Platysternidae, 4 respiratory system, 124–5 , 27 urinary system, 125–6 pneumonia, 199 contrast views, 122–3 polydioxanone, soft tissue trauma, 288 craniocaudal or skyline view, 121 polyglactin 910, soft tissue trauma, 288 diarrhoea, 186 Polyglecaprone 25, 218 digital systems, 120 polyglycolic acid, soft tissue trauma, 288 dorsoventral view, 120 Polyglytone 6211, 218 dyspnoea, 189 polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), 221 egg binding, 196 post-hibernation anorexia (PHA), 181 generalised oedema, 249–250 post-mortem examination techniques high-resolution capability, 120 biological data collection, 174–5 lateral view, 120–121 equipments, 174 nasal discharge, 236–7 external examination, 175 orthopaedics, 207 internal examination, 176–7 prolapse, 274 medical and husbandry history, 174 shell disease, 278 povidone iodine shell fracture, 216 shell peeling, 268 vomiting and regurgitation, 304 skin peeling, 267 ranavirus infection, 237 skin ulceration, 284 rehydration pre-femoral coeliotomy, 148–9 anorexia, 184 pre-ovulatory ova stasis see follicular stasis follicular stasis, 204 proatractis, 261 reproductive data prolapse Carettochelys insculpta, 18 copulatory organ, 270 Chelus fimbriatus, 19 diagnosis, 274 Furculachelys naebulensis, 10 engorged phallus, 272 G. carbonaria, 14 identification, 271 G. denticulata, 14 immediate treatment, 270, 273 G. elegans, 15 intestinal intussception, 273 G. pardalis, 14 oedematous cloacal prolapse, 272 Geochelone sulcata, 13 oviduct prolapse, 274 Gopherus agassizii, 15 predisposed condition, 270 Gopherus polyphemus, 15–16 prolapsed colon, 273 T. hermanni, 11 prolapsed phallus, 272 T. horsfieldi, 11 treatment plan, 270 T. kleinmanni, 12 proligestone, follicular stasis, 203 T. marginata, 12 prophylactic anthelmintic therapy, internal Testudo graeca, 9–10 parasites, 263–4 Testudo ibera, 10 prophylactic deworming, 250 Trachemys scripta elegans, 16 propranolol, egg retention, 197 reproductive system, 32

0001994420.INDD 335 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM 336 Index

respiratory arrest, 117 skin ulceration respiratory system, 29 aquatic species retention of scutes, 276–7 causes, 283 rubbing of shell, 280–281 clinical investigation, 283 sampling, 283–4 salmonellosis, 168–70 therapy, 284 screws and wire tension-band repair, terrestrial species 219–20 clinical investigation, 282 septicaemia, 166, 276–277 hypopigmented lesion, 281 serous nasal discharge, 236 infection, 280 sex determination sampling, 282 anatomical sex differences, 20–24 therapy, 282 environmental sex determination, 20, 25 skull fractures, 212 shell, 27–9 smell, 33 shell deformities soft tissue masses pyramiding, 309–10 clinical examination, 232 shell discoloration, 310–311 clinical investigation, 232 shell distortion, 309 differential diagnosis, 231 shell flattening, 309 medical history, 231 soft shell, 312 therapy, 232–4 shell disease soft tissue trauma causes of infection, 277 causes of injury, 285 clinical presentation, 275–7 first intention healing, 287–8 diagnosis, 278 pre-surgical preparation, 285, 287 normal anatomy, 275 rat bites, 286 treatment, 279 second intention healing, 288 shell fracture tail bite, 286 initial treatment, 216–18 Speke’s hinge-back tortoise, 312 negative-pressure wound therapy, 221 Spironucleus, 258 polymethyl methacrylate, 221 spirurids, 262 surgery spur-thighed tortoise cable ties repair, 220 joint swelling, 296 plates/metal bridges, 220 overgrown beak, 91 screws and wire tension-band repair, stomach tubing 219–20 enteral nutritional support surgical consideration, 219 aims of, 93–4 tissue damage, 216, 217 complications, 95 wound management, 217–19 elemental and recovery diets, 95 shell peeling feeding recommendations, 96 aquatic species, 268–9 indications for, 96 terrestrial species, 268 reducing/stopping, 96 silver sulfadiazine cream, otitis media, 194 simple nutritional mixes, 95 silver sulphadiazine cream feeding tube, 93 skin peeling, 267 stomatitis skin ulceration, 284 abscesses, 252 soft tissue trauma, 288 bacterial stomatitis, 252 skin abscess, 284 clinical investigation, 251 skin peeling and glossitis, 253 aquatic species, 267–8 hypovitaminosis A, 253 terrestrial species, 265–6 signs, 251 skin scrape and impression smear, 266 treatment, 253

0001994420.INDD 336 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM Index 337

viral stomatitis, 252 T. carolina (common ), 16 subcarapacial blood vessels, intravenous T. ornata (Ornate box turtle), 16 injection, 99 terbinafine, dyspnoea, 190 subcarapacial venipuncture Terrapene spp. (North American box anatomical landmarks, 81–2 turtles), 16–17 pros and cons, 82–3 Testudinidae uses, 83 Acinixys, 4 sucralfate, diarrhoea, 186 Chersina, 5 surgery Geochelone, 5 cataract, 246 Gopherus, 6–7 coeliotomy Homopus, 5 juvenile individuals and pancake Indotestudo, 5 tortoises, 148 Kinixys, 4 plastronotomy, 146–8 Malacocherus, 7 pre-femoral coeliotomy, 148–9 Manouria, 5 haemostasis, 142 , 5 needs and equipments Pyxis, 4 anaesthetic equipment, 139 Testudo, 5–7 beak and oral examinations tools, 141 Testudo graeca, 5–6, 9–10, 306 coeliotomy requirements, 139 Testudo hermanni (Hermann’s tortoise), 5, 11 critical care unit, 139–40 Testudo horsfieldi (Horsfield’s tortoise), endoscopy system, 140 4, 5, 11 limitations, 140 Testudo ibera (Greek spur-thighed tortoise), radiology, 140–141 6, 10 oesophagostomy tube Testudo kleinmanni (Kleinmann’s/Egyptian placement, 143–5 tortoise), 6–7, 12 removal of, 146 Testudo marginata (marginated otitis media, 193 tortoise), 6, 12 swimming problems Testudo weissingeri, 5, 6 clinical investigation thermo-plastic polymers, 209–10 clinical examination, 290 thiamin deficiency, lameness, 227 endoscopy, 291 thrombocytes, 152 haematology/biochemistry, 291 ticks, 255 history, 290 toenail trimming radiography, 291 elongated forenails, 88 ultrasonography, 291 equipment, 88 differential diagnoses indications, 87 altered buoyancy, 289–290 invalid reasons for, 87 inability to swim, 290 normal nail length, 88 reluctance to enter water, 289 procedure, 89 therapy, 291 quick position and damage, 89 swollen limbs toltrazuril, 257 diffuse swelling topical medication, 100 hind/forelimbs, 292–3 tortoise handling one limb, 293 aquatic and semi-aquatic species, 76–7 focal swelling large tortoises-25 kg or more, 77 bone swellings, 294–5 small to medium-sized tortoises, 76 joints (see joints swelling) Trachemys scripta elegans (red-eared slider), soft tissue, 293–5 8, 16 synovitis, 226 algal growth, 311 synthetic colloids, 103 overgrown beak, 91

0001994420.INDD 337 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM 338 Index

transport guidelines, 63 jugular vein triglycerides, 155 anatomical landmarks, 80 Trionychidae (soft-shell turtles), 3, 17 cons, 81 trypanosomiasis, 254–5 pros, 80 nail clip, 85 ulceration, 244, 276 see also skin ulceration occipital venous sinus, 84 ultrasonography sample handling, 86 anorexia, 183 sample size, 85 applications, 127 subcarapacial bladder and liver, 129 anatomical landmarks, 81–2 diarrhoea, 186 pros and cons, 82–3 egg binding, 196 uses, 83 euthanasia, 113 Vet BioSISt®, 218 follicular stasis, 201 veterinary practice needs heart and gastrointestinal tract, 129 economics hepatic lipidosis, 224 advantages for clinicians, 58 kidneys, 129 diagnostic and treatment plans, 57 prolapse, 274 promotion of the practice, 57 reproductive tract, 128 scheduling appointments, 57 soft tissue masses, 232 special requirements, 56 sonic windows, 127–8 equipment, 54–5 vomiting and regurgitation, 304 hospitalisation facilities urea, 157 dry docking, 61 uric acid, 157 hospital enclosures, 59–60 urinary system, 32 instructions for receptionists, 62 uroliths viral infections, 172–3 diagnosis vitamin A supplement, skin peeling, 266 imaging modalities, 299 vomiting and regurgitation recent/current clinical assessment, 302 dehydration/debility, 300 diagnostic investigation, 303–4 prevention, 301 differential diagnosis, 302–3 therapy, 300–301 therapy, 304 vs. calcified deposits, 299–300 UV light photokeratitis, 240 wet-to-dry dressing, 216–217 white cell count, 151 vacuum-assisted closure see wound healing, 207–8, 217–19 negative-pressure wound therapy venipuncture zoonosis brachial/ulnar venous plexus, 84–5 hygiene recommendations, 78–9 dorsal tail, 83 mycobacterial infections, 78 heart, 85 Salmonella, 78

0001994420.INDD 338 6/26/2013 2:15:14 PM