The Evolution of Eyes
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Animal Eyes and the Darwinian Theory of the Evolution of the Human
Animal Eyes We can learn a lot from the wonder of, and the wonder in, animal eyes. Aldo Leopold a pioneer in the conservation movement did. He wrote in Thinking like a Mountain, “We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes. I realized then, and have known ever since, that there was something new to me in those eyes – something known only to her and to the mountain. I was young then, and full of trigger-itch; I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer, that no wolves would mean hunters’ paradise. But after seeing the green fire die, I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.” For Aldo Leopold, the green fire in the wolf’s eyes symbolized a new way of seeing our place in the world, and with his new insight, he provided a new ethical perspective for the environmental movement. http://vimeo.com/8669977 Light contains information about the environment, and animals without eyes can make use of the information provided by environmental light without forming an image. Euglena, a single-celled organism that did not fit nicely into Carl Linnaeus’ two kingdom system of classification, quite clearly responds to light. Its plant-like nature responds to light by photosynthesizing and its animal- like nature responds to light by moving to and staying in the light. Light causes an increase in the swimming speed, a response known as 165 photokinesis. Light also causes another response in Euglena, known as an accumulation response (phototaxis). -
Lafranca Moth Article.Pdf
What you may not know about... MScientific classificationoths Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Photography and article written by Milena LaFranca order: Lepidoptera [email protected] At roughly 160,000, there are nearly day or nighttime. Butterflies are only above: scales on moth wing, shot at 2x above: SEM image of individual wing scale, 1500x ten times the number of species of known to be diurnal insects and moths of moths have thin butterfly-like of microscopic ridges and bumps moths compared to butterflies, which are mostly nocturnal insects. So if the antennae but they lack the club ends. that reflect light in various angles are in the same order. While most sun is out, it is most likely a butterfly and Moths utilize a wing-coupling that create iridescent coloring. moth species are nocturnal, there are if the moon is out, it is definitely a moth. mechanism that includes two I t i s c o m m o n f o r m o t h w i n g s t o h a v e some that are crepuscular and others A subtler clue in butterfly/moth structures, the retinaculum and patterns that are not in the human that are diurnal. Crepuscular meaning detection is to compare the placement the frenulum. The frenulum is a visible light spectrum. Moths have that they are active during twilight of their wings at rest. Unless warming spine at the base of the hind wing. the ability to see in ultra-violet wave hours. Diurnal themselves, The retinaculum is a loop on the lengths. -
Atlanta Ariejansseni, a New Species of Shelled Heteropod from the Southern Subtropical Convergence Zone (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea)
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 604: 13–30 (2016) Atlanta ariejansseni, a new species of shelled heteropod.... 13 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.604.8976 RESEARCH ARTICLE http://zookeys.pensoft.net Launched to accelerate biodiversity research Atlanta ariejansseni, a new species of shelled heteropod from the Southern Subtropical Convergence Zone (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea) Deborah Wall-Palmer1,2, Alice K. Burridge2,3, Katja T.C.A. Peijnenburg2,3 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK 2 Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands3 Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P. O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amster- dam, The Netherlands Corresponding author: Deborah Wall-Palmer ([email protected]) Academic editor: N. Yonow | Received 21 April 2016 | Accepted 22 June 2016 | Published 11 July 2016 http://zoobank.org/09E534C5-589D-409E-836B-CF64A069939D Citation: Wall-Palmer D, Burridge AK, Peijnenburg KTCA (2016) Atlanta ariejansseni, a new species of shelled heteropod from the Southern Subtropical Convergence Zone (Gastropoda, Pterotracheoidea). ZooKeys 604: 13–30. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.604.8976 Abstract The Atlantidae (shelled heteropods) is a family of microscopic aragonite shelled holoplanktonic gastro- pods with a wide biogeographical distribution in tropical, sub-tropical and temperate waters. The arago- nite shell and surface ocean habitat of the atlantids makes them particularly susceptible to ocean acidifica- tion and ocean warming, and atlantids are likely to be useful indicators of these changes. However, we still lack fundamental information on their taxonomy and biogeography, which is essential for monitoring the effects of a changing ocean. -
Kinematic and Dynamic Scaling of Copepod Swimming
fluids Review Kinematic and Dynamic Scaling of Copepod Swimming Leonid Svetlichny 1,* , Poul S. Larsen 2 and Thomas Kiørboe 3 1 I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Str. B. Khmelnytskogo, 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine 2 DTU Mechanical Engineering, Fluid Mechanics, Technical University of Denmark, Building 403, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] 3 Centre for Ocean Life, Danish Technical University, DTU Aqua, Building 202, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 March 2020; Accepted: 6 May 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: Calanoid copepods have two swimming gaits, namely cruise swimming that is propelled by the beating of the cephalic feeding appendages and short-lasting jumps that are propelled by the power strokes of the four or five pairs of thoracal swimming legs. The latter may be 100 times faster than the former, and the required forces and power production are consequently much larger. Here, we estimated the magnitude and size scaling of swimming speed, leg beat frequency, forces, power requirements, and energetics of these two propulsion modes. We used data from the literature together with new data to estimate forces by two different approaches in 37 species of calanoid copepods: the direct measurement of forces produced by copepods attached to a tensiometer and the indirect estimation of forces from swimming speed or acceleration in combination with experimentally estimated drag coefficients. Depending on the approach, we found that the propulsive forces, both for cruise swimming and escape jumps, scaled with prosome length (L) to a power between 2 and 3. -
Introduction; Environment & Review of Eyes in Different Species
The Biological Vision System: Introduction; Environment & Review of Eyes in Different Species James T. Fulton https://neuronresearch.net/vision/ Abstract: Keywords: Biological, Human, Vision, phylogeny, vitamin A, Electrolytic Theory of the Neuron, liquid crystal, Activa, anatomy, histology, cytology PROCESSES IN BIOLOGICAL VISION: including, ELECTROCHEMISTRY OF THE NEURON Introduction 1- 1 1 Introduction, Phylogeny & Generic Forms 1 “Vision is the process of discovering from images what is present in the world, and where it is” (Marr, 1985) ***When encountering a citation to a Section number in the following material, the first numeric is a chapter number. All cited chapters can be found at https://neuronresearch.net/vision/document.htm *** 1.1 Introduction While the material in this work is designed for the graduate student undertaking independent study of the vision sensory modality of the biological system, with a certain amount of mathematical sophistication on the part of the reader, the major emphasis is on specific models down to specific circuits used within the neuron. The Chapters are written to stand-alone as much as possible following the block diagram in Section 1.5. However, this requires frequent cross-references to other Chapters as the analyses proceed. The results can be followed by anyone with a college degree in Science. However, to replicate the (photon) Excitation/De-excitation Equation, a background in differential equations and integration-by-parts is required. Some background in semiconductor physics is necessary to understand how the active element within a neuron operates and the unique character of liquid-crystalline water (the backbone of the neural system). The level of sophistication in the animal vision system is quite remarkable. -
Vision-In-Arthropoda.Pdf
Introduction Arthropods possess various kinds of sensory structures which are sensitive to different kinds of stimuli. Arthropods possess simple as well as compound eyes; the latter evolved in Arthropods and are found in no other group of animals. Insects that possess both types of eyes: simple and compound. Photoreceptors: sensitive to light Photoreceptor in Arthropoda 1. Simple Eyes 2. Compound Eyes 1. Simple Eyes in Arthropods - Ocelli The word ocelli are derived from the Latin word ocellus which means little eye. Ocelli are simple eyes which comprise of single lens for collecting and focusing light. Arthropods possess two kinds of ocelli a) Dorsal Ocelli b) Lateral Ocelli (Stemmata) Dorsal Ocellus - Dorsal ocelli are found on the dorsal or front surface of the head of nymphs and adults of several hemimetabolous insects. These are bounded by compound eyes on lateral sides. Dorsal ocelli are not present in those arthropods which lack compound eyes. • Dorsal ocellus has single corneal lens which covers a number of sensory rod- like structures, rhabdome. • The ocellar lens may be curved, for example in bees, locusts and dragonflies; or flat as in cockroaches. • It is sensitive to a wide range of wavelengths and shows quick response to changes in light intensity. • It cannot form an image and is unable to recognize the object. Lateral Ocellus - Stemmata Lateral ocelli, It is also known as stemmata. They are the only eyes in the larvae of holometabolous and certain adult insects such as spring tails, silver fish, fleas and stylops. These are called lateral eyes because they are always present in the lateral region of the head. -
Molecular Species Delimitation and Biogeography of Canadian Marine Planktonic Crustaceans
Molecular Species Delimitation and Biogeography of Canadian Marine Planktonic Crustaceans by Robert George Young A Thesis presented to The University of Guelph In partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Integrative Biology Guelph, Ontario, Canada © Robert George Young, March, 2016 ABSTRACT MOLECULAR SPECIES DELIMITATION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF CANADIAN MARINE PLANKTONIC CRUSTACEANS Robert George Young Advisors: University of Guelph, 2016 Dr. Sarah Adamowicz Dr. Cathryn Abbott Zooplankton are a major component of the marine environment in both diversity and biomass and are a crucial source of nutrients for organisms at higher trophic levels. Unfortunately, marine zooplankton biodiversity is not well known because of difficult morphological identifications and lack of taxonomic experts for many groups. In addition, the large taxonomic diversity present in plankton and low sampling coverage pose challenges in obtaining a better understanding of true zooplankton diversity. Molecular identification tools, like DNA barcoding, have been successfully used to identify marine planktonic specimens to a species. However, the behaviour of methods for specimen identification and species delimitation remain untested for taxonomically diverse and widely-distributed marine zooplanktonic groups. Using Canadian marine planktonic crustacean collections, I generated a multi-gene data set including COI-5P and 18S-V4 molecular markers of morphologically-identified Copepoda and Thecostraca (Multicrustacea: Hexanauplia) species. I used this data set to assess generalities in the genetic divergence patterns and to determine if a barcode gap exists separating interspecific and intraspecific molecular divergences, which can reliably delimit specimens into species. I then used this information to evaluate the North Pacific, Arctic, and North Atlantic biogeography of marine Calanoida (Hexanauplia: Copepoda) plankton. -
Sexual Dimorphism in the Compound Eye of Heliconius Erato:A Nymphalid Butterfly with at Least Five Spectral Classes of Photoreceptor Kyle J
© 2016. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2016) 219, 2377-2387 doi:10.1242/jeb.136523 RESEARCH ARTICLE Sexual dimorphism in the compound eye of Heliconius erato:a nymphalid butterfly with at least five spectral classes of photoreceptor Kyle J. McCulloch1, Daniel Osorio2 and Adriana D. Briscoe1,* ABSTRACT birds and bees, there is little variation in photoreceptor spectral Most butterfly families expand the number of spectrally distinct sensitivities between species within a given clade (Osorio and photoreceptors in their compound eye by opsin gene duplications Vorobyev, 2005; Bloch, 2015), or between sexes. Aquatic taxa together with lateral filter pigments; however, most nymphalid genera including teleost fish (Carleton and Kocher, 2001; Bowmaker and have limited diversity, with only three or four spectral types of Hunt, 2006) and stomatopods (Cronin and Marshall, 1989; Porter photoreceptor. Here, we examined the spatial pattern of opsin et al., 2009) do have substantial spectral diversity of photoreceptors expression and photoreceptor spectral sensitivities in Heliconius between related species, which can often be related to the spectral erato, a nymphalid with duplicate ultraviolet opsin genes, UVRh1 and variation in ambient illumination in water. Among terrestrial UVRh2. We found that the H. erato compound eye is sexually animals, dragonflies (Futahashi et al., 2015) and butterflies dimorphic. Females express the two UV opsin proteins in separate (Briscoe, 2008) are known for the diversity of their photoreceptor photoreceptors, but males do not express UVRh1. Intracellular spectral sensitivities, but the evolutionary causes and physiological recordings confirmed that females have three short wavelength- significance of these differences remain unclear, and there is limited λ ∼ evidence for sexual dimorphism in photoreceptor spectral sensitive photoreceptors ( max=356, 390 and 470 nm), while males λ ∼ sensitivities (but see below). -
Biogeography and Genetic Diversity of the Atlantid Heteropods T ⁎ Deborah Wall-Palmera,B, , Alice K
Progress in Oceanography 160 (2018) 1–25 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Progress in Oceanography journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/pocean SCCWRP #1038 Biogeography and genetic diversity of the atlantid heteropods T ⁎ Deborah Wall-Palmera,b, , Alice K. Burridgeb,c, Erica Goetzed, Frank R. Stokvisb, Arie W. Janssenb, Lisette Mekkesb,c, María Moreno-Alcántarae, Nina Bednaršekf, Tom Schiøtteg, Martin Vinther Sørenseng, Christopher W. Smarta, Katja T.C.A. Peijnenburgb,c a School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK b Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands c Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands d Department of Oceanography, University of Hawai‘iatMānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA e Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz C.P. 23096, Mexico f Southern California Coastal Waters Research Project, Harbor Blvd #110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA g The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The atlantid heteropods are regularly encountered, but rarely studied marine planktonic gastropods. Relying Atlantidae on a small (< 14 mm), delicate aragonite shell and living in the upper ocean means that, in common with Atlanta pteropods, atlantids are likely to be affected by imminent ocean changes. Variable shell morphology and Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mtCO1) widespread distributions indicate that the family is more diverse than the 23 currently known species. DNA barcoding Uncovering this diversity is fundamental to determining the distribution of atlantids and to understanding Planktonic gastropods their environmental tolerances. -
Title SHELLS of ATLANTIDAE (HETEROPODA
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Kyoto University Research Information Repository SHELLS OF ATLANTIDAE (HETEROPODA) COLLECTED Title BY THE SOYO-MARU IN THE SOUTHERN WATERS OF JAPAN Author(s) Tokioka, Takasi PUBLICATIONS OF THE SETO MARINE BIOLOGICAL Citation LABORATORY (1955), 4(2-3): 237-250 Issue Date 1955-05-30 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174524 Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper Textversion publisher Kyoto University SHELLS OF ATLANTIDAE (HETEROPODA) COLLECTED BY THE SOYO-MARU IN THE SOUTHERN WATERS OF JAPAN') T AKASI TOKIOKA Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, Sirahama With Plates XVII-XVIII and 10 Text-figures Far ago, I had an opportunity of examining a number of plankton samples collected by the S6y6-Maru chiefly in the southern waters of Japan including Bays of Sagami and Suruga and a part of the eastern waters in the years 1934 and 1937- 1939. I selected at that time shells of Atlantidae out of the material and prepared abundant figures and data about their occurrence. Here, these figures and data are arranged for publication. At first, the following six species are easily discriminated: Oxygyrus keraudreni Atlanta lesueuri Atlanta peroni Atlanta fusca Atlanta inclinata Atlanta turriculata 1. Oxygyrus keraudreni (LESUEUR), 1817 (Figs. 1-2) Oxygyrus keraudreni-SMITH (1888) : p. 6. VAYSSIERE (1904) : p. 56, Pl. V figs. 71-75. TESCH (1949): p. 10; Figs. 1-3, 44. Oxygyrus keraudreni+ Oxygyrus rangi-TESCH (1908) : pp. 5 and 6. Oxygyrus rangi-TESCH (1906): p. 49; Pl. VII figs. 2-4, 6B. Long Aperture Height of Whorl Number of width: diameter formula whorls keel hei!;l'ht 1.5mm 640 ,u 1.5 1:0.25:- 2 1: 1.3 690 1.7 1:0.24:- 2 1: 1.3 740 1) Contributions from the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, No. -
Sexual Dimorphism and Light/Dark Adaptation in the Compound Eyes of Male and Female Acentria Ephemerella (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae)
Eur. J. Entomol. 104: 459–470, 2007 http://www.eje.cz/scripts/viewabstract.php?abstract=1255 ISSN 1210-5759 Sexual dimorphism and light/dark adaptation in the compound eyes of male and female Acentria ephemerella (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae) TING FAN (STANLEY) LAU1, ELISABETH MARIA GROSS2 and VICTOR BENNO MEYER-ROCHOW1,3 1Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, P.O.Box 750561, D-28725 Bremen, Germany 2Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M659, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany 3Department of Biology (Zoological Museum), University of Oulu, P.O.Box 3000, SF-90014 Oulu, Finland; e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected] Key words. Pyraloidea, Crambidae, compound eye, photoreception, vision, retina, sexual dimorphism, polarization sensitivity, dark/light adaptation, photoreceptor evolution Abstract. In the highly sexual-dimorphic nocturnal moth, Acentria ephemerella Denis & Schiffermüller 1775, the aquatic and win- gless female possesses a refracting superposition eye, whose gross structural organization agrees with that of the fully-winged male. The possession of an extensive corneal nipple array, a wide clear-zone in combination with a voluminous rhabdom and a reflecting tracheal sheath are proof that the eyes of both sexes are adapted to function in a dimly lit environment. However, the ommatidium of the male eye has statistically significantly longer dioptric structures (i.e., crystalline cones) and light-perceiving elements (i.e., rhab- doms), as well as a much wider clear-zone than the female. Photomechanical changes upon light/dark adaptation in both male and female eyes result in screening pigment translocations that reduce or dilate ommatidial apertures, but because of the larger number of smaller facets of the male eye in combination with the structural differences of dioptric apparatus and retina (see above) the male eye would enjoy superior absolute visual sensitivity under dim conditions and a greater resolving power and ability to detect movement during the day. -
Factors Affecting Counterillumination As a Cryptic Strategy
Reference: Biol. Bull. 207: 1–16. (August 2004) © 2004 Marine Biological Laboratory Propagation and Perception of Bioluminescence: Factors Affecting Counterillumination as a Cryptic Strategy SO¨ NKE JOHNSEN1,*, EDITH A. WIDDER2, AND CURTIS D. MOBLEY3 1Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708; 2Marine Science Division, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution, Ft. Pierce, Florida 34946; and 3Sequoia Scientific Inc., Bellevue, Washington 98005 Abstract. Many deep-sea species, particularly crusta- was partially offset by the higher contrast attenuation at ceans, cephalopods, and fish, use photophores to illuminate shallow depths, which reduced the sighting distance of their ventral surfaces and thus disguise their silhouettes mismatches. This research has implications for the study of from predators viewing them from below. This strategy has spatial resolution, contrast sensitivity, and color discrimina- several potential limitations, two of which are examined tion in deep-sea visual systems. here. First, a predator with acute vision may be able to detect the individual photophores on the ventral surface. Introduction Second, a predator may be able to detect any mismatch between the spectrum of the bioluminescence and that of the Counterillumination is a common form of crypsis in the background light. The first limitation was examined by open ocean (Latz, 1995; Harper and Case, 1999; Widder, modeling the perceived images of the counterillumination 1999). Its prevalence is due to the fact that, because the of the squid Abralia veranyi and the myctophid fish Cera- downwelling light is orders of magnitude brighter than the toscopelus maderensis as a function of the distance and upwelling light, even an animal with white ventral colora- visual acuity of the viewer.