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En Panamá: Listado De Especies, Distribución De Géneros Y Comparación Con La Riqueza Taxonómica Regional De Centroamérica

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En Panamá: Listado De Especies, Distribución De Géneros Y Comparación Con La Riqueza Taxonómica Regional De Centroamérica Puente Biológico (2015) 7: 69-107 ARTICULO DE REVISIÓN Orden Odonata (Insecta) en Panamá: listado de especies, distribución de géneros y comparación con la riqueza taxonómica regional de Centroamérica Milexi Molinar1,2*, Aydeé Cornejo1,2, Rodolfo Novelo Gutiérrez3. 1. Grupo de Investigación en Macroinvertebrados Dulceacuícolas de Panamá (GIMADPA). 2. Colección Zoológica Dr. Eustorgio Méndez (CoZEM), Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ave. Justo Arosemena y Calle 35, Panamá. 3. Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, México; {[email protected]} Recibido: 21.12.2015 / Revisado: 31.12.2015 / Aceptado: 18.01.2016. © 2015 EDUNACHI: Editorial de la Universidad Autónoma de Chiriquí. RESUMEN Con el fin de integrar el conocimiento sobre el orden Odonata en Panamá, se realizó una revisión de la literatura que incluyeran descripciones y registros tanto de adultos como de larvas. Para conocer la distribución del orden en Panamá, se recopiló la información a nivel de género, a partir del análisis de literatura disponible en revistas científicas, además de la revisión del material depositado en la CoZEM. Con base en esta información logramos enlistar 215 especies de odonatos distribuidos en trece familias, 35 especies presentan localidad tipo. Las contribuciones más antiguas registradas sobre especies de odonatos se dieron en la década de 1890-1899, en la cual se reportaron 16 especies. Se encontró información sobre la fauna de odonatos en 28 de las 52 cuencas del país, la cuenca en donde se ha dado la mayor cantidad de reportes de odonatos es la del Canal de Panamá con 177 especies distribuidas en 70 géneros. Al comparar la riqueza de la fauna de odonatos del país con respecto a la regional, observamos que Panamá ocupa el segundo lugar entre los países centroamericanos en cuanto a la riqueza de especies, con un 53.62% de la riqueza, detrás de Costa Rica que ocupa el primer lugar con el 68.83% de la riqueza de especies conocida. Sin embargo, Panamá y Costa Rica ocupan el primer lugar entre los países centroamericanos, con el 86.21% de la riqueza de géneros conocida. ABSTRACT In order to integrate the knowledge of the order Odonata in Panama, a review of the literature that included descriptions of both adults and larvae was made. To know the distribution the order in Panama, the genus-level information was compiled, based on the analysis of the literature available in scientific journals, in addition to reviewing the material deposited in the CoZEM. Based on this information we were able to list 215 species of dragonflies distributed in thirteen families, 35 species have type locality. The oldest contributions recorded on dragonflies species occurred in the decade of which1890-1899, in which 16 species were reported. Information about the fauna of Odonata in 28 of the 52 basins country, with the most taxa known from is known from the Panama Canal with 177 species in 70 genera. At wealth Odonata fauna of the country with respect to the region, we note that Panama ranks second among Central American countries in terms of species richness, with 53.62% behind of Costa Rica with the 68.83%. However, Panama and Costa Rica ranks first among Central American countries, with 86.21% of the wealth of known genera. The fauna of Panama is higher than what we assume from taxonomic studies reviewed, and it is likely that the richness of this group in the country is equal to or even higher than in other countries region. PALABRAS CLAVES: KEY WORDS Odonata, riqueza taxonómica, Panamá; Odonata, taxonomic richness, Panama. EDUNACHI 70 Puente Biológico (2015) 7: 69-107 INTRODUCCIÓN El nombre Odonata se deriva del griego “odontos” que significa diente, refiriéndose a sus fuertes mandíbulas (Ramírez et al. 2010). Los odonatos son comúnmente conocidos como libélulas, caballitos del diablo o gallegos (Sermeño et al. 2010). Son insectos hemimetábolos (desarrollo simple o directo: huevo – larva o náyade - adulto), desarrollándose en diferentes ambientes acuáticos (Sermeño et al. 2010). El orden se divide en dos subórdenes: Zygoptera y Anisoptera (Ramírez et al. 2010). Se conocen 5,680 especies de odonatos de las cuales, 2,739 especies en 19 familias pertenecen al suborden Zygoptera y 2,941 especies en 12 familias pertenecen al suborden Anisoptera (Kalkman et al., 2008). Las larvas del orden Odonata habitan en diferentes ambientes acuáticos como pozos, pantanos, márgenes de lagos, corrientes lentas y poco profundas o en el lecho de ríos y quebradas; donde generalmente existe abundante vegetación ya sea sumergida o emergente (Sermeño et al., 2010). En las últimas décadas se han venido haciendo importantes esfuerzos para conocer la biodiversidad en el planeta. No obstante, aún se está lejos de tener un inventario más o menos completo de la biota, principalmente de las regiones tropicales. Debido a lo anterior y a la importancia que están tomando estos organismos como bioindicadores de calidad del agua, se presenta un listado de especies de odonatos reportados para Panamá, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica de toda la información disponible. Se incluyó el análisis de la literatura taxonómica y estudios realizados con macroinvertebrados acuáticos publicados en revistas científicas, con el interés de brindar información sobre su distribución. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Para brindar el listado de especies de Odonata reportados para Panamá, se realizó una búsqueda de todos los trabajos taxonómicos publicados, que incluyeran descripciones de adultos. Se revisaron cerca de 61 artículos científicos y la búsqueda se realizó a través de la web, así como con visitas para consultas en la biblioteca del Instituto Smithsonian de Investigaciones Tropicales (STRI). La información fue tabulada por especie, además de la referencia bibliográfica del primer reporte para Panamá (Cuadro 1). Se elaboró una gráfica con número acumulado de especies, desde finales del siglo XIX a la fecha (Figura 1). Para estudiar la distribución del orden en Panamá, se compilaron estudios de la fauna de macroinvertebrados acuáticos publicados en revistas científicas, que contaran con listados de géneros de odonatos. Con esta información se elaboraron mapas de distribución por cuencas (Figuras 2-3; Cuadro 2). Para comparar la riqueza de odonatos de Panamá con respecto a cada región, se realizó la consulta de la página de Paulson (2015) en la que se enlistan las especies de odonatos para cada país centroamericano (Cuadro 3). Finalmente, se realizó una revisión del material depositado en la Colección Zoológica Dr. Eustorgio Méndez (CoZEM-ICGES), para aportar información sobre la distribución de géneros, además de ilustrar el presente artículo (Figuras 4-14). EDUNACHI M. Molinar, A. Cornejo & R. Novelo / Orden Odonata (Insecta) en Panamá… M. Molinar, A. Cornejo & R. Novelo / Orden Odonata (Insecta) en Panamá… 71 RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Especies de odonatos reportados para Panamá: La contribución más antigua registrada sobre especies de odonatos para Panamá, fue dada por Kirby en la década de 1890-1899, quien reportó 18 especies de los géneros Hetaerina, Argia, Mecistogaster, Phyllocycla, Dythemis, Erythemis, Erythrodiplax, Macrothemis, Orthemis, Perithemis y Uracis. También, describió por primera vez para la ciencia las especies Phyllogomphoides appendiculatus y Micrathyria hagenii a partir de especímenes colectados en La Chorrera, Panamá. Las principales colectas de odonatos se dieron entre las décadas de 1890-1899, 1900-1909, 1970- 1979 y 1990-1999, en la cual se reportaron 182 especies, algunos de los taxónomos fueron: W. F. Kirby, P.P. Calvert, J. W. Leonard; M. L. May; J. Belle; T. W. Donnelly, entre otros. Los especímenes recolectados fueron depositados en varias colecciones científicas, entre ellas: Academy of Natural Science, Philadelphia; American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH); Rosser W. Garrison Collection, Sacramento, California, USA (RWG); U. S. National Museum (USNM); Colección privada Adams; Colección privada E. B. Williamson; Colección privada McLachlan; Colección privada Needham; Donnelly Collection; M. L. May Collection; Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA); Collection of K. W. Knopf; International Odonata Research Institute, Gainesville, FL.; Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (MCZ); Museum Zoology, University Michigan (UMMZ); Museo de Biología, Caracas (MBUCV); Muséum National d´Histoire Naturelle, Paris (MNHNP); Museo de Invertebrados G.B. Fairchild, Universidad de Panamá; University of Michigan, Museum of Natural History; Williamson Collection; Florida Museum of Natural History Collection; D.R. Paulson Collection, Tacoma, W A, USA (DRP); Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle de Nantes, France (NHMN); National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, U.S.A (NMNH); R. B. Cumming Collection. Figura 1. Número acumulado de especies de odonatos en períodos de 10 años, desde finales de siglo XIX hasta noviembre de 2015. Puente Biológico (2015) 7: 69-107 EDUNACHI 72 Puente Biológico (2015) 7: 69-107 Los aportes al conocimiento de odonatos en Panamá desde finales del siglo XIX se han dado de manera continua. No obstante, se han dado tres momentos en los cuales estos aportes fueron de importancia debido a la cantidad de especies reportadas (Figura 1). El primer momento se dio en la década 1900-1909 con las contribuciones de Calvert (1901-1908) y Ris (1909), quiénes aportaron 58 especies más para Panamá, entre las cuales estuvieron nuevos registros y
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