SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

VI SEMESTER

B.A PHILOSOPHY

(Additional Course In Leo Project)

(2011 ADMISSION ONWARDS)

APPLICATIONS OF LOGICAL REASONING

QUESTION BANK

1. The logical form of the sentence ’Only food is nutritious’ is ……….. a. No food is nutritious b. Some foods are nutritious c. All foods are nutritious d. All nutritious things are food 2. The logical form of the sentence, ’Trees are not fragrant’ a. No trees are fragrant b. Some trees are not fragrant c. All trees are fragrant d. None of the above 3. The logical form of the sentence ‘All that glitters is not gold’ a. Some glittering objects are not gold b. No glittering objects are gold c. No gold is glittering d. None of the above 4. The logical form of the sentence ‘All graduates can vote’ a. All voters are graduates b. No voters are graduates. c. All graduates are those who can voted. d. None of the above 5. The logical form of the sentence ‘All men are not clever’ a. No men are lever b. All men are clever c. Some men are not clever. d. None of the above

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6. The logical form of the sentence’ Few men are above temptations’ a. Some men are above temptations b. Some men are not above temptations. C. No men are above temptations d. None of the above 7. The logical form of the sentence ‘ Only the wise are happy’ a. No one who is happy is wise b. All who are happy are the wise c. All the wise are happy . d. None of the above 8. The logical form of the sentence ‘A few men are rich’ a. Some men are rich b. No men are rich c. Some men are not rich d. None of the above 9. The logical form of the sentence ‘Every man is liable to error’ a. No man is liable to error b. Some men are liable to error c. All men are liable to error d. None of the above 10. The logical form of the sentence ‘All lawyers are not formalists’ a. No lawyers are formalists b. Some lawyers are not formalists c. Some lawyers are formalists d. None of the above 11. The logical form of the sentence ‘ Every mistake is culpable’ a. All mistakes are culpable b. No mistakes are culpable c. Some mistakes are culpable. d. None of the above 12. The logical form of the sentence ‘Every bullet does not kill’ a. No bullets are those that kill b. Some bullets are those that kill c. Some bullets are not those that kill d. None of the above 13. The logical form of the sentence ‘All who praise are not friends’ a. No one who praise are friends b. Some who praise are friends c. Some who praise are not friends d. None of the above 14. The logical form of the sentence ‘Any student can understand it’ a. All students are those who can understand it b. Some students are those who can understand it c. Some students are not those who can understand it d. None of the above 15. The logical form of the sentence’ No everyone can solve this problem’ a. Someone are not those who can solve this problem b. Someone are those who can solve this problem c. No one are those who can solve this problem d. None of the above

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16. The logical form of the sentence ‘Every Spartan is not a hero’ a. No Spartan is a hero b. Some Spartans are heroes c. Some Spartans are not heroes d. None of the above 17. The logical form of the sentence ’ No women was hanged’ a. Some women are hanged b. Some women are not hanged c. No women are those who are hanged d. None of the above 18. The logical form of the sentence ‘Few men are not selfish’ a. Some men are selfish b. Some men are not selfish c. No men are selfish d. None of the above 19. The logical form of the sentence ‘ Scarcely students are selfish’ a. Some students are selfish b. Some students are not selfish c.No students are selfish d. None of the above 20. The logical form of the sentence ‘ None the brave deserve the fair’ a. No one who is brave are those who deserve the fair b. All who is brave are those who deserve the fair c. Some brave are those who deserve the fair d. None of the above 21. The logical form of the sentence ‘Not all good writers are good speakers’ a. No good writers are good speakers b. Some good writers are good speakers c. Some good writers are not good speakers d. None of the above 22. The logical form of the sentence ‘Only pre-University students are eligible for admission’ a. All those who are eligible for admission are are pre-University students b. Some who are eligible for admission are are pre-University students c. Some pre-University students are eligible for admission d. None of the above 23. The logical form of the sentence ‘Almost all legisleters are graduates’ a. All legisleters are graduates b. Some legisleters are graduates c. Some legisleters are not graduates d. None of the above 24. The logical form of the sentence ‘Nearly all students attended the conference’ a. All students are those who attended the conference b. Some students are those attended the conference c. Some students are not those attended the conference d. None of the above

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25. The logical form of the sentence ‘Ticket holders alone are admitted’ a. All ticket holders are admitted b. All those who are admitted are ticket holders c.No ticket holders are admitted d. None of the above 26. The logical form of the sentence ‘None but women can understand women’ a.All those who can understand women are women b. Some women are those who can understand women c. Some women are not those who can understand women d. None of the above 27. The logical form of the sentence ‘A few lawyers are prosperous’ a. Some lawyers are prosperous b. Some lawyers are not prosperous c. No lawyers are prosperous d. None of the above 28. The logical form of the sentence ‘No lazy man succeeds in life’ a. No lazy men are those who succeeds in life b. All lazy men are those who succeeds in life c. Some lazy men are those who succeeds in life d. None of the above 29. The logical form of the sentence ‘Few men are free from vanity’ a. Some men are free from vanity b. All men are free from vanity c. Some men are not free from vanity d. None of the above 30. The logical form of the sentence ‘All adults can vote’ a. No adults are those who can vote b. All adults are those who can vote c. Some adults are those who can vote d. Some adults are not those who can vote 31. The logical form of the sentence ‘A few men are liberal minded’ a. Some men are not liberal minded b.All men are liberal minded c. No men are liberal minded d. Some men are liberal minded 32. The logical form of the sentence ‘All docters in the world can save you’ a. All docters in the world are those who can save you b. No docters in the world are those who can save you c. Some docters in the world are those who can save you d. None of the above

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33. The logical form of the sentence ‘Every Spartan is not a hero’ a. Some Spartans are heroes b. No Spartans are heroes c. Some Spartans are not heroes d. None of the above 34. The logical form of the sentence ‘All are not wise who read much’ a. N one who read much are wise b. Some who read much are not wise c. All who read much are wise d. None of the above 35. The logical form of the sentence ‘A fool is not always wrong ‘ a. Some fools are not wrong b. No fools are wrong c. Some fools are wrong d. None of the above 36. The logical form of the sentence ‘The virtuous are seldom miserable’ a.No virtuous are miserable b. Some virtuous are miserable c. Some virtuous people are not miserable d . None of the above 37. The logical form of the sentence ‘Few men really know their own mind’ a. Some men are those who really know their own mind b. All men are not those who really know their own mind c. No men are those who really know their own mind d. None of the above 38. The logical form of the sentence ‘A few students were present’ a. Some students are those who were present b. Some students are not those who were present c. No students are those who were present d. None of the above 39. The logical form of the sentence ‘Many Americans are rich’ a. All Americans are rich b. Some Americans are rich c. Some Americans are not rich d. None of the above 40. The logical form of the sentence ‘Only the wise are happy’ a. All wise people are happy b. No wise people are happy c. All happy persons are wise d. None of the above 41. In the traditional square of opposition, A and E are ……………….. a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns 42. In the traditional square of opposition, A and I are ……………………….. a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns

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43. In the traditional square of opposition, A and O are ……………………….. a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns 44. In the traditional square of opposition, E and O are ……………………….. a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns 45. In the traditional square of opposition, E and I are ……………………….. a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns 46. In the traditional square of opposition, I and O are ……………………….. a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns 47. In the traditional square of opposition, the contrary of ‘All men are mortal’is ………. a.No men are mortal b.Some men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above 48. In the traditional square of opposition, the sub-altern of ‘All men are mortal’ is ………. a. No men are mortal b.Some men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above 49. In the traditional square of opposition, the contradictory of ‘All men are mortal’is………. a. No men are mortal b. Some men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above 50. In the traditional square of opposition, the contradictory of ‘No men are mortal’ is………. a.All men are mortal b.Some men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above 51. In the traditional square of opposition, the contrary of ‘No men are mortal’ is………. a.All men are mortal b.Some men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above 52. In the traditional square of opposition, the sub-altern of ‘No men are mortal’ is ………. a.All men are mortal b.Some men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above

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53. In the traditional square of opposition, the sub-contrary of ‘Some men are mortal’is………. a. All men are mortal b. No men are mortal c. Some men are not mortal d. None of the above 54. In the traditional square of opposition, if A is true, the truth value of E is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 55. In the traditional square of opposition, if A is true, the truth value of I is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 56. In the traditional square of opposition, if A is true , the truth value of O is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 57. In the traditional square of opposition, if A is false , the truth value of O is .. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 58. In the traditional square of opposition, if A is false, the truth value of E is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 59. In the traditional square of opposition, if A is false , the truth value of I is …. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 60. In the traditional square of opposition, if E is false , the truth value of I is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 61. In the traditional square of opposition, if E is false, the truth value of A is …. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 62. In the traditional square of opposition, if E is false, the truth value of O is .. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 63. In the traditional square of opposition, if E is true, the truth value of I is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above

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64. In the traditional square of opposition, if E is true, the truth value of A is ….. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 65. In the traditional square of opposition, if E is true, the truth value of O is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 66. In the traditional square of opposition, if I is true, the truth value of A is …. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 67. In the traditional square of opposition, if I is true, the truth value of E is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 68. In the traditional square of opposition, if I is true, the truth value of O is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 69. In the traditional square of opposition, if I is false, the truth value of O is …. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 70. In the traditional square of opposition, if I is false, the truth value of A is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 71. In the traditional square of opposition, if I is false, the truth value of E is …. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 72. In the traditional square of opposition, if O is true, the truth value of A is ... a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 73. In the traditional square of opposition, if O is true, the truth value of E is ... a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 74. In the traditional square of opposition, if O is true, the truth value of I is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 75. In the traditional square of opposition, if O is false, the truth value of I is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above

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76. In the traditional square of opposition, if O is false, the truth value of A is .. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 77. In the traditional square of opposition, if O is false, the truth value of E is … a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 78. In the traditional square of opposition, contraries cannot both be …………….. a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 79. In the traditional square of opposition, sub-contraries cannot both be ……… a. true b. false c. undetermined d. None of the above 80. In the traditional square of opposition, state the relation between ‘Some scientists are religious’ and ‘ All scientists are religious’ a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d .sub-alterns 81. In the traditional square of opposition, state the relation between ‘Some scientists are religious’ and ‘ No scientists are religious’ a. contradictories b.sub-contraries c. contraries d. sub-alterns 82. In the traditional square of opposition, state the relation between ‘Some scientists are religious’ and ‘ Some scientists are not religious’ a. contradictories b. sub-contraries c. contraries d.sub-alterns 83. In simple conversion, …………………………. a. quality changed b. quantity changed c. quality and quantity changed d. No change in quality and quantity 84. In conversion by limitation, ……………………… a. quality changed b. quantity changed c. quality and quantity changed d. No change in quality and quantity 85. Conversion of A , …………….. a. simple conversion b. conversion by limitation c. no converse d. none of these 86. Conversion of E, …………….. a. simple conversion b. conversion by limitation c. no converse d. none of these

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87. Conversion of I, …………….. a. simple conversion b. conversion by limitation c. no converse d. none of these 88. Conversion of O, …………….. a. simple conversion b. conversion by limitation c. no converse d. none of these 89. Converse of ‘All Indians are Asiatics’ a. All Asiatics are Indians b.Some Asiatics are I ndians c.Some Indians are Asiatics d.None of these 90. Converse of ‘No Indians are Asiatics’ a. All Asiatics are Indians b.Some Asiatics are Indians c.Some Indians are Asiatics d.No Asiatics are Indians 91. Converse of ‘Some Indians are Asiatics’ a. All Asiatics are Indians b.Some Asiatics are Indians c.Some Indians are Asiatics d.No Asiatics are Indians 92. Obverse of ‘All Judges are lawyers’ a. No judges are non-lawyers b. All judges are non-lawyers c. No lawyers are judges d. none of these 93. Obverse of ‘No Judges are lawyers’ a. No judges are non-lawyers b. All judges are non-lawyers c. No lawyers are judges d. none of these 94. Obverse of ‘Some Judges are lawyers’ a. No judges are non-lawyers b. Some judges are not non-lawyers c. Some lawyers are judges d. none of these 95. Obverse of ‘Some Judges are not lawyers’ a. Some judges are non-lawyers b. All judges are non-lawyers c. Some lawyers are non- judges d. none of these 96.The converse of ‘No men are perfect’ a. All men are non-perfect b. No perfect beings are men’ c. some men ae not perfect d . some men are perfect 97. The converse of ‘Some men are clever’ a. Some clever beings are men b. Some non-clever beings are non-men c. some non-men are non-clever d. None of these

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98. The obverse of ‘ All men are mortal’ a. No non-men are non-mortal b. No men are non-mortal c. Some mortals are men d. None of these 99. Identify the immediate inference- All metals are elements : therefore some elements are metals a. conversion b. obversion c. contraposition d. none of the above 100. Identify the immediate inference- Some Indians are Hindus : therefore some Hindus are Indians a. conversion b. obversion c. contraposition d. none of the above 101. The immediate inference in which subject and predicate are interchanged is known as: a. conversion b. obversion c.contraposition d. none of these 102. The immediate inference in which the quality of a proposition is changed without change in the meaning is known as: a. conversion b. obversion c.contraposition d. none of these 103. Two propositions having the same subject and predicate, differ in quality only, the opposed propositions are called: a. contraries b.sub-contraries c.sub-alterns d.contradictories 104. Two propositions having the same subject and predicate, differ in quantity only, the opposed propositions are called : a. contraries b.sub-contraries c.sub-alterns d.contradictories 105. Two propositions having the same subject and predicate, differ both in quality and quantity , the opposed propositions are called : a, contraries b.sub-contraries c.sub-alterns d.contradictories 106. Immediate inference in which from a given proposition another proposition having the contradictory of the given predicate as it’s subject is inferred is called: a. conversion b. obversion c.contraposition d. none of these

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107. Immediate inference in which from a given proposition another proposition having the contradictory of the given predicate as it’s subject is inferred and the predicate is the same as the original subject, it is called: a. conversion b. obversion c.partial contraposition d. full-contraposition 108. Immediate inference in which from a given proposition another proposition having the contradictory of the given predicate as it’s subject is inferred and the predicate is the contradictory of the original subject, it is called: a. conversion b. obversion c.partial contraposition d. full-contraposition 109. The partial contrapositive of ‘All dealers are producers’: a.No non-producers are dealers b.No non-producers are non-dealers c. All dealers are non-producers d. All non-dealers are producers 110. The full contrapositive of ‘All dealers are producers’: a.No non-producers are dealers b.No non-producers are non-dealers c. All dealers are non-producers d. All non-dealers are producers 111. The partial contrapositive of ‘No dealers are producers’: a. Some non-producers are dealers b. Some non-producers are non- dealers c. All dealers are non-producers d. All non-dealers are producers 112. The partial contrapositive of ‘Some dealers are not producers’: a.Some non-producers are dealers b. Some non-producers are non- dealers c. All dealers are non-producers d. All non-dealers are producers 113. The full contrapositive of ‘Some dealers are not producers’: a.Some non-producers are dealers b. Some non-producers are not non- dealers c. All dealers are non-producers d. All non-dealers are producers 114. Name the fallacy: Ram is my friend Mohan is Ram’s friend Therefore, Mohan is my friend a. Fallacy of four terms b. Ambiguous Major c. Ambiguous Minor d. Ambiguous Middle

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115. Name the fallacy: No courageous creature flies The eagle is a courageous creature Therefore, the eagle does not fly a. Fallacy of four terms b. Ambiguous Major c. Ambiguous Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 116. Name the fallacy: No man is made of paper All pages are men Therefore,No pages are made of paper a. Fallacy of four terms b. Ambiguous Major c. Ambiguous Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 117. Name the fallacy: All men are mortal All dogs are mortal Therefore, All men are dogs a. Undistribute middle b. Ambiguous Major c. Ambiguous Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 118. Name the fallacy: Some intelligent persons are wise No wise persons are king Therefore, Some kings are not intelligent a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 119. Identify the fallacy: All men are mortal All men are intelligent Therefore, All intelligent persons are mortal a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 120. No Indians are ungrateful All Indians are religious Therefore ,No religious person is ungrateful a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle

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121. Identify the fallacy: All girls are shy This boy is shy Therefore , This boy is girl a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 122. Identify the fallacy: Al college teachers are graduates He is not a college teacher Therefore , He is not a graduate a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 123.Identify the fallacy: All cows are quadrupeds No dogs are cows Therefore , No dogs are quadrupeds a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 124. Identify the fallacy: All fishes live in water All frogs live in water Therefore ,All frogs are fishes a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 125. Identify the fallacy: All cold is dispelled by heat His ailment is cold Therefore , His ailment can be dispelled by heat a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 126. Identify the fallacy: Light is the opposite of darkness My purse is light Therefore ,my purse is the opposite of darkness a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle

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127. . Identify the fallacy: Red is a colour Blood is red Therefore ,blood is a colour a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 128. Identify the fallacy: All planets are round A wheel is round Therefore , a wheel is a planet a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 129. Identify the fallacy: All soldiers serve their country Women are not soldiers Therefore , women do not serve their country a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 130. Identify the fallacy: All men are selfish No apes are men Therefore ,No apes are selfish a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle 131. In a syllogism, the predicate of the conclusion is called the ………….. a. Major term b. Minor term c. Middle term d. none of these 132. In a syllogism, the subject of the conclusion is called the…………….. a. Major term b. Minor term c. Middle term d. none of these 133. In a syllogism, the term common to both major and minor premises is called the ………………….. a. Major term b. Minor term c. Middle term d. none of these

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134. ……………….. is a fallacy which occurs when a syllogism uses its major terms in one sense in the major premise and in a different sense in the conclusion. a. ambiguous major b. ambiguous minor c. ambiguous middle d. none of these 135. ……………….. is a fallacy which occurs when a syllogism uses its minor terms in one sense in the minor premise and in a different sense in the conclusion. a. ambiguous major b. ambiguous minor c. ambiguous middle d. none of these 136. ……………….. is a fallacy which occurs when a syllogism uses its middle terms in one sense in the minor premise and in a different sense in the major premise. a. ambiguous major b. ambiguous minor c. ambiguous middle d. none of these 137. In syllogism if the middle term is undistributed in both the premises the fallacy ………………. occurs. a. undistributed middle b. undistributed major c. undistributed minor d. none of these 138. In a syllogism the fallacy ……………… occurs when the major term which is not disturbed in the major premise is distributed in the conclusion. a. illicit major b.illicit minor c. undistributed major d. undistributed minor 139. In a syllogism the fallacy ……………… occurs when the minor term which is not disturbed in the minor premise is distributed in the conclusion. a.illicit major b.illicit minor c. undistributed major d. undistributed minor 140. In a syllogism, if one premise is negative, the conclusion must be …………. a. particular b. affirmative c. negative d. none of these 141. In a syllogism, if the conclusion is negative one premise must be ……….. a. particular b. affirmative c.negative d. none of these 142. In a syllogism, if any one premise is particular the conclusion must be …… a. particular b. affirmative c.negative d. none of these

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143. Identify the fallacy: Some animals are beasts Some animals are birds Therefore, Some birds are beasts a.undistributed middle b. undistributed major c. undistributed minor d. none of these 144. Identify the fallacy: All businessmen are rich No businessmen are socialists Therefore, no socialists are rich a. Undistributed middle b. Illicit major c. Illicit Minor d. Ambiguous Middle

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ANSWER KEY

1. d 2. b 3. a 4. c 5.c 6.b 7.b 8.b 9.c 10.b 11.a 12.c 13.c 14.a 15.a 16.c 17.c 18.a 19.b 20.a 21.c 22.a 23.b 24.b 25.b 26.a 27.a 28.a 29.c 30.b 31.d 32.a 33.c 34.b 35.a 36.c 37.b 38.a 39.b 40.c 41.c 42.d 43.a 44.d 45.a 46.b 47.a 48.b 49.c 50.b 51.a 52.c 53.c 54.b 55.a 56.b 57.a 58.c 59.c 60.a 61.c 62.c 63.b 64.b 65.a 66.c 67.b 68.c 69.a 70.b 71.a 72.b 73.c 74.c 75.a 76.a 77.b 78.a 79.b 80.d 81.a 82.b 83.d 84.b 85.b 86.a 87.a 88.c 89.b 90.d 91.b 92.a 93.b 94.b 95.a 96.b 97.a 98.b 99.a 100.a 101.a 102.b 103.a 104.b 105.d 106.c 107.c 108.d 109.a 110.b 111.a 112.a 113.b 114.a 115.b 116.c 117.a 118.b 119.c 120.c 121.a 122.b 123.b 124.a 125.d 126.d 127.d 128.a 129.b 130.b 131.a 132.b 133.c 134.a 135.b 136.c 137.a 138.c 139.b 140.c 141.c 142.a 143.a 144.b

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