A Computaç˜Ao Distribu´Ida

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A Computaç˜Ao Distribu´Ida Concep¸c~ao de uma Plataforma de Gest~aoIntegrada para Sistemas de Suporte `aComputa¸c~aoDistribu´ıda Sara Filipa Coutinho Barbas Valente (Licenciada) Disserta¸c~aopara obten¸c~aodo Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Inform´aticae de Computadores J´uri Presidente: Professor Doutor Jos´eCarlos Alves Pereira Monteiro Orientador: Professor Doutor Jos´eLu´ısBrinquete Borbinha Orientador: Professor Doutor Miguel Leit~aoBignolas Mira da Silva Vogal: Professor Doutor Andr´eFerreira Ferr~aoCouto e Vasconcelos Novembro 2011 Agradecimentos Em primeiro lugar agrade¸coaos meus orientadores, Gon¸caloBorges, Prof. Jos´eBorbinha e Prof. Miguel Mira da Silva pela sua orienta¸c~ao,apoio e disponibilidade durante este ´ultimoano. Gostaria tamb´emde agradecer ao LIP, em especial ao Prof. M´arioPimenta, a hip´otesede continuar a minha forma¸c~ao. Agrade¸coaos meus amigos Rodolfo, Daniel e Alberto a ajuda prestada. Por fim um agradecimento muito especial `aminha m~aee ao Lu´ısMiguel pelo seu apoio incondicional. i ii Resumo Actualmente gerir uma empresa ou institui¸c~aoseria imposs´ıvel sem utilizar Tecnologias de In- forma¸c~ao.Fornecer servi¸cosde qualidade que permitem ao utilizador uma solu¸c~aof´acile trans- parente no manuseamento da informa¸c~ao´euma tarefa ´arduapara quem os providencia. E´ neste dom´ıniode elevada complexidade que a framework ITIL pode ajudar a encontrar solu¸c~oescapa- zes de melhorar pr´aticasna gest~ao,integra¸c~aoe manipula¸c~aoda informa¸c~ao.A framework ITIL foca-se em descrever "O QUE FAZER"e n~ao"COMO FAZER", explicando em detalhe todos os processos mas n~aoindica como devem ser implementados. Neste documento propusemos implementar os processos de Gest~aode Configura¸c~oese Gest~ao de Altera¸c~oesconsiderados priorit´ariospara suportar as opera¸c~oesdi´ariasdecorrentes da gest~ao da infra-estrutura de uma organiza¸c~ao. Utilizando o m´etodo Action Research, esta tese foi aplicada numa associa¸c~aocient´ıficae t´ecnicade utilidade p´ublicacujos projectos de investiga¸c~ao, desenvolvimento e implementa¸c~aos~aocentrados sobretudo no dom´ıniodas infra-estruturas de computa¸c~aodistribu´ıdae computa¸c~ao grid. Foi constru´ıdoum sistema prot´otipo, sendo poss´ıvel efectuar altera¸c~oesrelativas `ainfra- estrutura de hardware de forma mais r´apida,onde cada interveniente no fluxo de trabalho conhece qual o estado da tarefa a realizar e existindo a garantia que no final da altera¸c~ao,essa informa¸c~ao´eregistada na CMDB de forma correcta e actualizada. iii iv Abstract Currently managing an enterprise or institution would be impossible without the use of In- formation Technology. Providing quality services that allow the user an easy and transparent handling of information is a daunting task for anyone who provides it. ITIL is a framework that can help to provide solutions that improve practice management, integration and manipulation of information. ITIL describes "WHAT TO DO"and not "HOW TO DO", explaining in detail all the processes but does not indicate how they should be implemented. In this document we proposed to implement Change Management and Configuration Ma- nagement processes considered to be a priority to support the daily management operations of an organization. Using Action Research Method, this thesis was applied to a scientific and technical associ- ation of public utility whose research, development and implementation is also focused in the field of managing a distributed computing infrastructure. A prototype system was built, and now is possible to make faster changes on the hardware infrastructure. There is also the guarantee that, by the end of the change, this information is recorded in the CMDB correctly and updated. v vi Palavras Chave Keywords Palavras Chave ITIL Implementa¸c~aoITIL Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes CMDB Open Source Keywords ITIL ITIL Implementation Change Management Configuration Management CMDB Open Source vii viii Acr´onimos AUGER The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory CC Centro de C´alculo CCTA Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency CERN Organiza¸c~aoEuropeia para a Pesquisa Nuclear CMDB Configuration Management Database EGI European Grid Initiative ESA Ag^enciaEspacial Europeia EXIN Netherlands IT Examinations Institute FCCN Funda¸c~aopara a Computa¸c~aoCient´ıficaNacional GA Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes GC Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes IC Item de Configura¸c~ao INGRID Iniciativa Nacional Grid ITIL Information Technology Infrastructure Library KPI Indicador Chave de Desempenho LIP Laborat´oriode Instrumenta¸c~aoe F´ısicaExperimental de Part´ıculas NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration RfC Request for Change RT Request Tracker SNOLAB Sudbury Neutrino Observatory Laboratory TI Tecnologias de Informa¸c~ao ix x ´Indice 1 Introdu¸c~ao 1 1.1 Motiva¸c~ao. 1 1.2 Quest~oesde Investiga¸c~ao. 3 1.3 M´etodo de Investiga¸c~ao . 3 1.4 Estrutura da Tese . 5 2 Trabalho Relacionado 7 2.1 Gest~aoda Infra-estrutura . 7 2.1.1 Gest~aoe Opera¸c~aoda Infra-Estrutura de Rede . 7 2.1.2 Gest~aoe Opera¸c~aoda Infra-Estrutura de Servi¸cosComputacionais . 10 2.1.2.1 Aplica¸c~oespara Gest~aode Desempenho . 10 2.1.2.2 Produtos para Gest~aode Eventos . 10 2.2 ITIL . 12 2.2.1 Areas´ Relevantes para a Gest~aode um Centro de C´alculo . 13 2.2.1.1 Suporte aos Servi¸cos . 13 2.2.1.2 Benef´ıciosResultantes do ITIL . 15 2.2.2 Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes. 15 2.2.3 Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes. 18 2.3 Suporte `aGest~aode Processos ITIL . 24 2.3.1 Software para Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes. 24 2.3.2 Software para Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes . 26 3 Problema 29 3.1 Contextualiza¸c~ao . 29 3.2 Causas e Problemas Principais nos Procedimentos do LIP . 30 3.3 Colec¸c~aoe Caracteriza¸c~aode Requisitos . 31 3.3.1 Requisitos de Neg´ocio . 31 3.3.2 Requisitos N~aoFuncionais . 31 3.3.3 Requisitos Funcionais . 31 xi xii ´INDICE 4 Proposta 33 4.1 Sistema da Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes . 33 4.1.1 Modelo de Actividades . 33 4.1.2 Estados das Altera¸c~oes. 35 4.1.3 Categorias de Altera¸c~oese Crit´erios de Avalia¸c~ao. 36 4.1.4 Identifica¸c~aode Funcionalidades . 37 4.2 Sistema de Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes . 39 4.2.1 Modelo de Actividades - Planeamento . 41 4.2.1.1 Defini¸c~aodos Itens de Configura¸c~ao . 41 4.2.1.2 Modelo da CMDB e Fluxo Operacional de Implementa¸c~ao . 41 4.2.2 Modelo de Actividades - Identifica¸c~ao . 42 4.2.3 Modelo de Actividades - Especifica¸c~ao . 44 4.2.4 Modelo de Actividades - Controlo da Configura¸c~ao. 46 4.2.5 Modelo de Actividades - Auditoria e Verifica¸c~ao . 47 4.2.6 Identifica¸c~aode Funcionalidades . 47 5 Concretiza¸c~aoda Solu¸c~ao 49 5.1 Request Tracker ..................................... 49 5.1.1 Arquitectura . 50 5.1.2 Modelo L´ogico . 51 5.1.3 Raz~oesda Adop¸c~aodo Request Tracker ................... 52 5.1.4 Configura¸c~aodo Request Tracker ....................... 54 5.1.4.1 Ticket Actuando como RfC . 54 5.1.4.2 Fluxo de Tarefas (Workflows) ................... 56 5.1.4.3 Ciclo de Vida de um Ticket .................... 57 5.1.4.4 Inser¸c~aodas Altera¸c~oesna Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes . 62 5.2 Zenoss . 62 5.2.1 Monitoriza¸c~aoOrientada ao Modelo de Configura¸c~ao. 62 5.2.2 Principais Funcionalidades . 63 5.2.3 Arquitectura . 65 5.2.4 Modelo . 66 5.2.5 Raz~oesda Adop¸c~aodo Zenoss . 68 5.2.6 O Zenoss como Gestor de Configura¸c~oesno LIP . 68 5.2.7 Modelo de Actividades do Processo de GC e sua Concretiza¸c~aono Zenoss 68 6 Avalia¸c~ao 71 7 Conclus~ao 77 7.1 Trabalho a Desenvolver . 78 ´INDICE xiii Bibliografia 79 A Simbologia Utilizada nos Diagramas do Processo da Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes85 B Descri¸c~aodos Principais Casos de Uso do Sistema de Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes 87 C Descri¸c~aodos Principais Casos de Uso do Sistema de Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes91 D Modelo L´ogicodo Request Tracker 93 E Request Tracker Ticket Template 95 F Scrips Configurados no Request Tracker 97 G Estrutura do Ficheiro XML Gerado pelo Processo de Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes 99 xiv ´INDICE Lista de Figuras 1.1 Fases da Investiga¸c~ao-Ac¸c~ao. 5 2.1 Exemplo de Ferramentas de Monitoriza¸c~ao,Alerta e Reac¸c~aopara V´ariosRecur- sos e Servi¸cosde um CC. 8 2.2 Quadrante M´agicoque Permite Avaliar um Fabricante de Produtos APM [14]. 11 2.3 Quadrante M´agicode Produtos ECA [15]. 12 2.4 Estrutura da Framework ITIL (ITIL V2) [11]. 13 2.5 Modelo de Suporte aos Servi¸cos (ITIL V2) [11]. 14 2.6 Gest~aodas Altera¸c~oese Outros Processos ITIL [14] . 19 2.7 Processo da Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes. 20 2.8 Estados de um RfC [15] . 22 2.9 Software para Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes[17]. 25 2.10 Avalia¸c~aodo Software para Gest~aode Configura¸c~oes[17]. 25 2.11 Avalia¸c~aodo Software para Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes[17]. 27 4.1 Processo de Gest~aode Altera¸c~oesAdoptado. 34 4.2 Diagrama de Estados de uma Altera¸c~ao.. 35 4.3 Casos de Uso do Sistema de Gest~aode Altera¸c~oes. 39 4.4 Fases do Processo de GC, Proposto para o LIP. 40 4.5 Fase de Planeamento da Configura¸c~aoProposta para o LIP.
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