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The West Kennet Avenue in the Vicinity of Sarsen Kennels, Near Avebury, Wiltshire NGR SU 1155 6812 ______

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The West Kennet Avenue in the Vicinity of Sarsen Kennels, Near Avebury, Wiltshire NGR SU 1155 6812 ______ Historic Environment Assessment: the West Kennet Avenue in the vicinity of Sarsen Kennels, near Avebury, Wiltshire NGR SU 1155 6812 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Prepared by: Ben Urmston On behalf of: Mr N. Baldock Document No: ACW912/1/2 Date: March 2017 AC archaeology Historic Environment Assessment: the West Kennet Avenue in the vicinity of Sarsen Kennels, near Avebury, Wiltshire Centred on NGR SU 1155 6812 Contents Summary 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Assessment methodology 2 3. Archaeological investigations, historic maps and other information 3 4. Heritage assets within the broader area 6 5. Air photographs and LiDAR 9 6. Geophysical survey 10 7. Comments 11 8. References 12 APPENDIX 1: Geophysical Survey Report APPENDIX 2: Setting Assessment Summary This document has been prepared in support of a scheduled monument consent application relating to the Sarsen Kennels site, West Kennet. The document sets out a review of existing information for the existence of the course of the West Kennet Avenue, results from new geophysical surveys and an assessment of the current and enhanced setting of the site that may results from the SMC proposals. There has been a long history of investigations into the archaeology of Avebury and its historic landscape, which began in the middle of the 17th century, when John Aubrey visited the area. One of the central questions has always been the relationship between the main Avebury henge complex and nearby sites like the Sanctuary, which is located approximately 2.4 km southeast of the henge site. The West Kennet Avenue is a double line of upstanding sarsen stones that is believed to link these two sites. Although a significant amount of archaeological fieldwork has been undertaken along the northern part of the West Kennet Avenue in the vicinity of Avebury itself (e.g. Keiller in 1934-35), there has been no archaeological fieldwork in the areas closer to the Sanctuary, apart from excavations in 1930 in the area of the stone circle itself (Cunnington 1931). We do know from the mid-18th century antiquarian writings and illustrations of William Stukeley that farmers were removing Avenue stones from near the Sanctuary, and the last ones appeared to have been removed in the 1720s, either to use as building material or to clear fields to improve agricultural efficiency. This has resulted in there being some uncertainty as to whether the Avenue linked directly with the Sanctuary and, if it did, the precise location of the route of the double line of stones. This is partly due to the removal of the stones and that the route of the Avenue may have been obscured by later activities, such as the construction of the A4 London Road, and buildings such as the Sarsen Kennels site itself. It is in fact possible that broken sarsen stones may have been used in the construction of the road and buildings within Sarsen Kennels. Two plans/ maps dating to 1812 (R. Colt- Hoare) and 1884 (A.C. Smith), however, show that a stone may have survived in the northwestern corner of the Sarsen Kennels site, together with four to the west of the site. However, by the time of the publication of the 1887 OS map, there is no stone marked within the site. Considering how much work has been undertaken elsewhere in the Avebury landscape, it is surprising that no archaeological fieldwork has been carried out in the areas of Sarsen Kennels and the Sanctuary, to further our knowledge of the West Kennet Avenue. This current study therefore presents an opportunity to contribute to our understanding of this part of the Avenue. This initial stage of work compiles the available historic record, including early maps and other published sources, in order to assess the potential for locating evidence for the Avenue. The results of geophysical survey do not provide a confirmed alignment for the Avenue through the Sarsen Kennels site, but allows the promotion of a hypothetical route based on the best available evidence. West Kennet Avenue in the vicinity of Sarsen Kennels, near Avebury, Wiltshire Report no. ACW912/1/2 Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 This assessment has been prepared by AC archaeology Ltd, on behalf of Mr. N. Baldock and was carried out in June and July 2016, and updated in March 2017. The location of the site is shown on Fig. 1. 1.2 This report sets out the results of a desk-based assessment of the historic environment (archaeological and cultural heritage) issues relating to the proposed redevelopment of the Sarsen Kennels site near West Kennet, along with a review of aerial photography, LiDAR datasets and a geophysical survey. 1.3 The study has been prepared to support a Scheduled Monument Consent, as well as a future planning application to be submitted to Wiltshire Council, should the SMC be granted. The proposed development comprises the renovation and conversion of an existing building that may well be located to the south of where the Avenue stones would have been positioned. The removal of other structures on the site may also have the potential to enhance the setting of the line of the Avenue. 1.4 The aim of this report is primarily to assess all available evidence for the line of the West Kennet Avenue in the vicinity of the proposed application area, and secondly: to identify other known heritage assets within a defined study area, centred on the Sarsen Kennels site; to consider their significance; and, where possible at this level of assessment, to identify any potential impacts on those assets. 1.5 The application area occupies the site of the Sarsen Kennels located approximately 200m south east of the village of West Kennet. The site area forms a triangle of land south of the A4 and east of the road leading to East Kennet. These two roads form the western and northern boundaries of the site. 2. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 2.1 The study consists of a desk-based assessment, as defined by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Standard and Guidance for Desk-Based Assessment (1994, revised 2014). Baseline data have been gathered from up to a 500m radius around the application area. 2.2 The scope of the study is based on gathering sufficient information to answer a specific question that relates to whether there is any clear evidence that the line of the West Kennet Avenue extends into the site area of Sarsen Kennels. The site is believed to be located within the projected line of the Avenue as it extends eastwards to link with the Sanctuary, which is located 300m southeast of Sarsen Kennels. 2.3 The information derived from the study has been used: • to identify and assess the significance of the currently recorded heritage assets in the study area; • to assess the potential for the discovery of additional heritage assets within the boundaries of the proposed application area; • to identify possible effects of the proposed development, whether adverse or positive, as far as is possible at this stage of assessment; and West Kennet Avenue in the vicinity of Sarsen Kennels, near Avebury, Wiltshire Report no. ACW912/1/2 Page 2 • to recommend survey methods that may further confirm the presence of the Avenue within the study area. 2.4 The results of the assessment are discussed in Sections 3 to 7. The main heritage assets within 500m are summarised in Table 1 and shown on Fig. 1. Relevant map extracts and other plans are included as Figs 2 to 6. 2.5 This assessment has consisted of a review of archaeological and historical information including: • published archaeological studies of Avebury and its landscape; • data held by the Wiltshire Council Historic Environment Record (hereafter WCHER), acquired in June 2016; • data held by the Historic England Archive (hereafter HEA), Swindon, acquired in June 2016 and a review of oblique photographs in February 2017; • historic records and maps held by the Wiltshire Record Office in Chippenham; • online information including exploringavebury.com (a website set up by Steve Marshall); • Magic website (www.magic.gov.uk) and on the Historic England National Heritage List for England (NHLE), accessed on 11th March 2016; • a site walkover undertaken on 1st July 2016; • personal communications with Professor Tim Darvill regarding his current fieldwork in the Avebury landscape and other discussions, and; • Lidar data held by the Environment Agency; 2.6 This assessment has provided a summary of all recorded heritage assets within the study area based on a search of a range of archaeological publications and databases. The key information for this study has been the extensive range of publications based on a long history of field investigations in the Avebury area. Other sources such as early maps, air photographs have also been consulted. However, each source has its own limitations. Aerial photographs are of variable usefulness depending on geology, land-use, the particular season and weather conditions, while certain types of remains produce no cropmarks or soil marks. Documentary sources were seldom compiled for archaeological purposes, contain inherent biases, and provide a comprehensive basis of assessment only for the last two hundred years. National and county heritage databases are also limited in that they only provide a record of known archaeological data. 2.7 The geophysical surveys have comprised gradiometer and resistivity surveys and have been undertaken in accordance with a Section 42 licence issued by Historic England. 2.8 The assessment of setting has been undertaken in accordance with Historic England’s Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning: 3 The Setting of Heritage Assets. 3. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, HISTORIC MAPS AND OTHER INFORMATION 3.1 In 1986, the prehistoric landscape of Avebury, in which the Sarsen Kennels site is located, was designated as a World Heritage Site (Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites – ICOMOS 2011).
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