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Doctoral Studies and Qualifications in Europe and the United States: Status and Prospects

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Doctoral Studies and Qualifications in Europe and the United States: Status and Prospects Studies on Higher Education Doctoral Studies and Qualifications in Europe and the United States: Status and Prospects Edited by Jan Sadlak Bucharest 2004 Studies on Higher Education Editor of the Series: Daniel Lincoln Assistants to the Editor: Maria-Ana Dumitrescu (Editing Clerk) Viorica Popa (Secretary) ISBN 92-9069-179-4 © UNESCO 2004 Table of Contents Preface – and Introduction to Theme ................................................7 JAN SADLAK I. Austria............................................................................................13 HANS PECHAR and JAN THOMAS 1. General Features of Austrian Higher Education ...........................13 2. Doctoral Studies............................................................................14 3. Access to Doctoral Studies............................................................16 4. Recognition of Foreign Degrees .....................................................20 5. Problems and Challenges..............................................................22 6. Recent Developments ....................................................................26 II. France.............................................................................................37 JEAN LEMERLE 1. Introduction ..................................................................................37 2. Quantitative Trends ......................................................................38 3. Award of Doctoral Degrees and Qualifications..............................40 4. Admission to Doctoral Studies......................................................43 5. Recognition of Foreign Qualifications............................................49 6. Note on the Data Presented in the Text and in the Tables............50 References.........................................................................................50 III. Germany............................................................................................51 KLAUS HÜFNER 1. Introduction ..................................................................................51 2. A Statistical Overview....................................................................52 3. Problems in Doctoral Studies........................................................56 4. Recent Developments ....................................................................57 IV. Italy..................................................................................................63 ROBERTO MOSCATI 1. The Recent Evolution of Italian Higher Education ........................63 2. The National Doctoral Programme ................................................65 3. Programme Development ..............................................................68 4. Limits and Difficult-to-Resolve Contradictions..............................73 5. Concluding Remarks.....................................................................75 V. The Netherlands...........................................................................77 EGBERT DE WEERT 1. Towards a More Structured Doctoral Education System..............77 2. Emergence of Research Schools....................................................80 3. Quantitative Trends ......................................................................81 4. Organization of Doctoral Studies...................................................84 5. Trends and Challenges..................................................................91 6. Conclusion ....................................................................................95 VI. Norway............................................................................................99 INGVILD BROCH and BERIT HYLLSETH 1. System of Doctoral Degrees...........................................................99 2. Quantitative Trends ....................................................................104 3. Doctoral Degrees Awarded in Norway and in the Other Nordic Countries....................................................................................108 4. Doctoral Degrees and Qualifications...........................................109 VII. Poland ...........................................................................................119 MAREK KWIEK 1. The Doctorate Environment........................................................119 2. Employment of Doctorate Holders...............................................123 3. The Doctorate and the Habilitation .............................................125 4. Doctoral Students .......................................................................129 5. The Future of Doctoral Studies...................................................132 VIII. Romania.......................................................................................135 CONSTANTIN BRATIANU 1. Structure of the Higher Education System .................................135 2. Doctoral Study Programmes.......................................................138 3. Quantitative Data........................................................................144 4. Conclusions.................................................................................148 IX. The Russian Federation...........................................................153 EVGENY KNYAZEV 1. Introduction ................................................................................153 2. Structure .....................................................................................154 3. Quantitative Developments.........................................................159 4. Doctoral Degrees and Qualifications – Organization of Studies, Examinations, and Procedures.....................................167 X. Spain .............................................................................................189 CARMEN RUIZ-RIVAS 1. General Information ....................................................................189 2. Organization of Doctoral Studies, Examinations, and Procedures..................................................................................191 XI. Sweden .........................................................................................201 HELENA MÄHLER 1. The System of Higher Education.................................................201 2. Institutions entitled to Organize Postgraduate Studies and to Award the Corresponding Degrees .........................................207 3. Quality Audit and Evaluation of Postgraduate Education...........209 4. Regulations Regarding Doctoral Studies and Programmes.........210 5. Financial Support and Employment Status of Postgraduate Students......................................................................................213 6. Examination Requirements and Procedures...............................216 7. Evaluation of Foreign Qualifications...........................................218 8. Difficulties and Challenges Encountered by Students, Supervisors, and Institutions.....................................................219 9. Quantitative Trends ....................................................................221 10. The Labour Market for Degree Holders .....................................226 11. Concluding Remarks.................................................................227 XII. The United Kingdom.................................................................231 JOHN TAYLOR 1. Introduction ................................................................................231 2. Key Trends in Doctoral Education ..............................................231 3. Subject of Study ..........................................................................234 4. The Further Development of Doctoral Studies............................236 5. Quality Matters ...........................................................................247 6. Conclusion ..................................................................................251 7. Appendices..................................................................................251 XIII. The United States: Present Realities and Future Trends.............................................................................259 PHILIP G. ALTBACH 1. Introduction ................................................................................259 2. The Size and Shape of the System ..............................................260 3. Patterns of Doctoral Studies........................................................262 4. Accreditation and Quality Control...............................................264 5. The Funding of Doctoral Studies.................................................266 6. Doctoral Studies as an International Enterprise .........................267 7. Challenges to Doctoral Studies ...................................................269 8. Quantitative Data........................................................................273 9. Conclusion ..................................................................................275 XIV. Developing Doctoral Degrees and Qualifications in Europe: Good Practice and Issues of Concern – A Comparative Analysis...........................................................279 BARBARA M. KEHM 1. Introduction ................................................................................279 2. Requirements of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and the European Research and Innovation Area (ERIA)...........279 3. Issues..........................................................................................283 4. Concerns,
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