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ALL ARTICLES ARE FREE OF COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS. SEE P.3 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ MAKING THE MOST THE MAKING G and Technology in. up grew they world the recognize to hard-pressed be would grandparents Our not stoppeople fromclaimingseparate programmes watchedtheworld over, does via satellitesandthe American television tures. The globalcommunications sphere, does notleadtoauniformization ofcul- the defendersofdiversity-globalization their scepticism.Firstandfortunately, say and Internet. Three factorsmayaccountfor new world”runbythefinancialmarkets are lessthanenthusiasticabouta“brave gard globalizationwithapprehensionand the drivingforcebehindglobalization. along withcommunicationtechnologies, 1980s bythemajoreconomicpowersis, liberal ideologyandappliedsincethe lation advocatedbytheproponentsofneo- believe thatthestrategyofmarketderegu- tion thatgoeswithitareinseparable. They and theeconomicfinancialliberaliza- analysts evenmaintainthatglobalization information technologiesandtrade.Some operate worldwideinareassuchasfinance, individuals andorganizations thatalready world culture. This ishowitseenbythe world throughtheadventofauniform mote harmonybetweenthepeoplesof portunity togeneratemorewealthandpro- and actors,bothfascinatesfrightens. economics have rolled back all the familiar frontiers, including those bounding the nation-state, the nation-state, the bounding those including frontiers, familiar the all back rolled have economics OF GLOBALIZATION OF unit or model that has largely structured the world and the identities of its peoples for the last three last the for peoples its of identities the and world the structured largely has that model or unit centuries. We have entered the age of globalization (see below and pp.12-13). But what sort of world of sort what But pp.12-13). and below (see globalization of age the entered have We centuries. is it shaping? How is it affecting peoples’ lives? And how do we solve the new problems it is giving rise giving is it problems new the solve we do how And lives? peoples’ affecting it is How shaping? it is to? Finding answers to some of these questions is the goal of UNESCO’s MOST Programme (Management Programme MOST UNESCO’s of goal the is questions these of some to answers Finding to? Then therearethepessimists,whore- The optimistslookonitasanewop- of Social Transformations, p.16). This month’s Focus looks at three of MOST’s priority areas: migration, areas: priority MOST’s of three at looks Focus month’s This p.16). Transformations, Social of which is increasing at an unprecedented rate (pp.8-9); cities, where most people will live next century next live will people most where cities, (pp.8-9); rate unprecedented an at increasing is which lobalization, amultifacetedprocess (pp.10-11) and isolated and rural communities, which risk being left by the wayside (pp.14-15). wayside the by left being risk which communities, rural and isolated and (pp.10-11) with itscomplexinterplayofnetworks dramatic turnfor theworseforleast where thesituationcansometimes takea most acutelyinthedeveloping countries education andhealthsystems. This isfelt ment andtoworkfortheimprovement of rise ofpoverty, exclusionandunemploy- state underminesitscapacity to stemthe tion ofmarkets. And theweakeningof productivity racefuelledbytheglobaliza- of economicandfinancialpowerthe the state-areerodedbyconcentration social benefits-normallyguaranteedby level. ion) orworld(eg.UnitedNations,G7) lated onaregional(eg.EuropeanUn- control overthemandtheyareoftenregu- diasporas. The nation-statehas lessand and religiousmovements,migrations environmental phenomena,mafias,ethnic tions, theflowoffinanceandinformation, works suchasthemultinationalcorpora- transnational players,processesandnet- for actionareseriouslyunderminedby nation-state, whose sovereignty andscope threat totheestablishedorder. against globalization,whichisseenasa that thesephenomenaareallareaction conflicts. Onthecontrary, itwouldseem munity orengaginginethnicreligious identities, findingrefugeinasenseofcom- FOCUS Third, citizens’livingconditionsand Second, thereistheproblemof This month’s dossier UNESCO S0URCES No.97/ JANUARY 1998 the harmfuleffects onglobalization. the opportunitiesoffered, oratleast limit and policieswhichcanmakethemostof as toapplynationaldevelopmentstrategies zation throughsocialscienceresearch,so standing ofthedifferent aspectsofglobali- sential toidentifyandgainabetterunder- ate measurestobetaken. effects ofglobalizationandtheappropri- are, tosaytheleast,uncertainabout for politiciansanddecision-makers,they the increaseinintercommunalconflicts. As sertion ofspecificculturalidentitiesand tion forunemploymentandpoverty, theas- ened, andtheresponsibilityofglobaliza- the state’s scopeforactionhasbeenweak- political expertsdisputetheextenttowhich balization. Economists,sociologistsand developments canallbeattributedtoglo- conflicts. from intercommunalandinter-ethnic ther foreconomicreasonsortoescape among otherthingstomass emigrationei- tions andbetweennationsdeepen,leading privileged groups.Inequalitieswithinna- Executive Secretary, Management ofSocial One thingisbeyonddispute:ites- We needtoaskourselveswhetherthese Transformations Programme Ali KAZANCIGIL (MOST) . 7 FOCUS Dossier

THE MIGRATION BOOM An estimated 100 million people now live outside their country of origin. More women are migrating than ever before. And work offered to migrants is increasingly temporary. igrations are as old as human history, often ignored and wages and conditions have coping with permanent settlement by M but took on new forms from the often appalling. workers or refugees. The unplanned shift 1600’s with the emergence of European A key development in recent years has from temporary sojourn to new ethnic di- mercantile interests and the conquest of the been the feminization of migration: about versity questions traditional ideas on cul- ‘New World’. Slaves and indentured work- 1.5 million Asian women for example ture and identity. Thus, developed coun- ers were shipped between continents to work abroad, most of them in jobs regarded tries with democratic traditions founded on work plantations, mines and construction as “typically female”: domestic workers, individual freedoms are redefining who can projects in the Americas, Asia and Africa. entertainers (often a euphemism for pros- and cannot belong. Citizenship is now a Industrialization in Western Europe and titution), restaurant and hotel staff, assem- prized possession as it means access not North America last century saw new move- bly-line workers in clothing and electron- just to the economy, but to broader social ments of settlers to build railways, ports and ics. Domestic service leads to isolation and institutions which determine rights and cities, and work in the new factories. Be- vulnerability for young women migrants, freedoms. Post-colonial states such as tween 1860 and 1920, some 30 million peo- who have little protection against the de- Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore and Korea ple sailed to the United States. mands of their employers. In 1995, the find it difficult to reconcile immigration However, with globalization has come execution of Flor Contemplacion, a and growing cultural diversity with the for- a dramatic increase in the volume and scope of international migration: an esti- mated 100 million people now live outside their country of origin. This mobility is transforming societies and cultures, creat- TODAY THEY ARRIVE BY . . . . .8 . ing diasporas and developing transnational identities - the feeling of belonging to two JUMBO or more societies at once. Community links JET are forming between people across the (Photo © globe: family reunion is now the means by Harlingue- which the majority of migrants arrive in Viollet). countries like France and Australia (65% in 1995), or Great Britain (85% in 1995). The cities of North America, Europe and Oceania have become multicultural, while new immigration areas in Asia, Africa and Latin America are rapidly following the Filipina maid in Singapore who was con- mation of their own national identity. De- same path. Formerly homogenous victed of murder, made world headlines portation campaigns, stricter border con- populations now experience a bewildering and highlighted the vulnerability of Over- trols and measures to prevent permanent diversity of languages, religions and cul- seas Contract Workers (OCWs). settlement are increasingly the norm. How- tural practices. However, few migrant-sending coun- ever closing borders usually only turns a tries would be willing to hobble what has legal movement illegal. Trafficking of mi- SEEKING GREENER PASTURES become an important commodity: esti- grants has become a lucrative trade, with Many people do not move by choice: in mates of migrant workers’ remittances private agencies providing everything from 1995, the United Nations High Commis- have been placed at more than $67 billion information and travel assistance to forged sioner for Refugees (UNHCR) counted annually, making labour second only to oil documentation and direct smuggling of about 18 million political refugees and asy- in global trade. people across borders. lum seekers throughout the world. How- While economic globalization has The rapid internationalization of eco- ever, the vast majority move in search of made labour more mobile, it has also seen nomics and culture virtually guarantees work and a better life. the work available become more tempo- that migration will continue to grow in the Most of the world’s migrants and refu- rary. The era of permanent settlement years ahead. The pressure for long-term so- gees begin their journey as internal rural- which characterized post-war migrations lutions remains. Encouraging the mobility urban migrants in developing countries, be- from Europe is over. Labour markets in of labour to fit the needs of a globalized world fore moving on to other places where op- many countries now look for workers, both is one thing. Managing immigration to ad- portunities seem better. An estimated six skilled and unskilled to occupy specific jobs mit only those who’re “economically de- million Asian migrants currently work with a fixed duration rather than invite them sirable” is something else again. abroad, many in so-called Free Trade Zones to participate in the economy and infrastruc- established to attract foreign investment, ture of a country. This is partly due to the Stephen CASTLES and Patrick BROWNLEE, where labour standards and regulations are difficulties migrant-receiving countries University of Wollongong, Australia

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ALL ARTICLES ARE FREE OF COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS. SEE P.3 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ A NEW COUNTRY, A NEW LIFE NEW A COUNTRY, NEW A perous life. and childreninthehopeofamorepros- programme -rejoiningpartners,parents rived under Australia’s familyreunion selection criteria,themajorityhavear- the late1980s,however, anddespitestrict gees afterthefallofSaigonin1975.Since ese, whostartedarrivingaspoliticalrefu- two decades. The majorityare Vietnam- the steadystreamofarrivalsoverpast WASP identityhasbeentransformedby is usuallywesternSydney, whoseformer migrant intake. And theirfirstportofcall tralia eachyear-some37%ofthetotal their customers. and an Asian languagetosuittheneedsof etable shopstheattendantsspeakEnglish buskers. Inheavilystockedfruitandveg- Chinese chessplayersand Vietnamese shops, andshoppingarcadesarefullof sandwich takeawaysandthefishn’chip noodle restaurantsareside-by-sidewiththe and Thai areasprevalentEnglish. The in Asia. Vietnamese, Cambodian,Chinese could easilybelieveyouweresomewhere education because ofthewar, or livedin The majorityofothermigrants havelow ics. IhadsomeEnglishandan education. cipal ofaschoolteachingmaths andphys- compatriots. “ has beenmuchluckierthanmost ofhis and biomedicalengineering.Nhu thinkshe eldest childrenareworkingincomputing and refugeessettleinto Australia. Histhree with alocalcouncil,helpingothermigrants they soldup.Nhuisnowaliaisonworker raising sevenchildrentoodemanding,so ever, theyfoundrunningabusinessand pany, successfullyrunbyMrsTran. How- setting upaclothesmanufacturingcom- ice station. The profitswereturned into themselves intobusinessrunningaserv- joined byNhu’s twobrothersandasister. since hadfourmorechildrenandhavebeen dren followedsixyearslater. They have education camp.Hiswifeandthreechil- Nhu fled Viet Namin1977toescapeare- MOST Nhu Tran andhisfamilyareatypicalcase. THAN LUCKIER conditions economic W tougher despite Asia from migrants draw to continues Australia and strict selection criteria. selection strict and About 30,000 Asians migrateto Aus- He andhiswifeinitiallylaunched alk throughsomeareasofSydney’s western suburbs(Australia)andyou In Viet NamIwastheprin- quickly totheirnewenvironment. higher levelofskillsandtheabilitytoadapt tech orserviceindustrymarketsmusthavea dustry, andmigrantjobseekersintoday’s hi- has seentherestructurationof Australian in- quire muchEnglish.However, globalization to findworkinmanufacturingthatdidn’t re- refugees fromViet Namweregenerallyable pared withthenationalaverageof8.4%. of themigrantpopulationisjoblesscom- tralia, tosettlingin lish isabig,bigbarrier Aus- areas.isolated country ThelackofEng- question theirparents andteachers. taught fairness,andright wrong, and thority figures,butin Australia childrenare Nam, heexplained,parentswere theau- tween Australia andViet Nam.In Viet one ofthemostprominentdifferences be- young people’s attitudesto theirparentsis each other, the waypeopleinacommunitycare for and culture thatwehaveinViet Namand “ have foreachotherandtheircommunity. lack ofneighbourlyconcern Anglo-Saxons newcomers findithardtounderstandthe example, saysNhan,most Vietnamese cultural adjustmentremainsdifficult. For lure ofabetterlifeispowerfulone,but of lifeanditssystemoperation need to says thatafterEnglishandajobcomesthe coordinator inthesuburbofBankstown, We missthe neighbourhood atmosphere DUEL IDENTITIES: DOING IT THE IT AUSTRALIAN FOCUS This was not always thecase. This wasnotalways The first Nhan Tran, a Vietnamese community WAY (Photo © (Photo Robin Smith). ” hesays.InwesternSydney, 14.4% “learn aboutthe Australian way ” saysNhan.ForNhuTran, UNESCO S0URCES No.97/ JANUARY 1998 ”. The and halfVietnamese. ship, andhastwochildren,“... other Vietnamese with Australian citizen- she isan Australian citizen,marriedtoan- others inafishingboatbuiltforsix.Now no English,afteranepicvoyagewith55 she arrivedin Australia, pennilessandwith not wanttobenamed.Shewas19when says onefamilyhealthcounsellorwhodid in termsofeducationandemployment political process. grants areincreasinglyparticipatinginthe Intermarriage isincreasinglycommon.Mi- signs thatthehurdlesarebeingovercome. support migrantsreceive. country’s “Asianization”andresentthe amongst white-Australianswhofearthe is acertaindoseof“anti-Asian”sentiment these communities,nottheleastofwhich Vietnamese culture. arts programmepreservesandpromotes counselling services,andavigorouscultural munity workersprovideinformationand and tohonetheirjob-huntingskills.Com- children adapttothenewschoolsystem, benefits. Educationprogrammeshelptheir government policiesandsocialsecurity such ashousing,health,domesticviolence, aimed atbriefingnewarrivalsonissues established arangeoffreeprogrammes “ Nonetheless, lotsofdifficulties afflict The federalandstategovernmentshave There wasnofuture forusinViet Nam ”

But therearealso Dossier Robin SMITH half Aussie Sydney ,” . 9 FOCUS Dossier

AN URBAN KALEIDOSCOPE The peaceful homogenous city is a thing of the past. But it will take more than technological and rational planning to build a humane place where social ties flourish. t the start of the 21st century, most of channels - a place which crystallizes cur- as a socially useful initiative, has a key Athe world’s population will live in cit- rent social transformations: like globali- role to play. A look at different forms of ies. By 2015, nine of the 10 biggest cities zation, which brings a new global and lo- city government shows that the new struc- will be in Asia, Latin America and Africa. cal overlap in addition to changes in the ture of local politics, strongly linked with According to United Nations statistics, cit- nature of work, including higher unemploy- both decentralization and globalization, ies in developing countries are growing by ment, under-employment and job insecu- parallels a new division of authority be- 62 million people every year. By 2015, the rity. Then there are the inequalities featur- tween the state, civil society and the mar- number of city-dwellers in these countries ing marginalization and the resulting quest ket. Their contractual relationships are de- will double, and for the first time overtake for social integration. Or multiculturalism fined by competition and cooperation the rural population. Growth of urban ar- and ethnic affirmation. Or urban violence, through the art of negotiating and manag- eas will account for 88% of world popula- or the arrival of the information society and ing the conflicts of interest between dif- tion increase, 90% of it in poor countries. the scientific and technological revolution ferent elements of the local community for While 28 of the world’s 38 cities with more and ecology, etc. Cities must now be seen the common good. than five million people were in the South as places where diverse realities get mixed in 1995, as many as 59 out of 71 will be in up. So in one we find the global city, the INNOVATION 2015. divided city, the multicultural city, the The final share of costs and benefits from solving social conflicts depends on the ca- pacity of these coalitions and institutions to take action in the city’s public spheres and on the speed at which institutions ma- ture. By building partnerships between pub- . . . .10 . . ‘CREATING’ lic sector, private sector and citizenry in MORE LAND IN many institutional forms, the state as pro- HONG KONG tector can be transformed into one which (Photo © serves as a driving force. Citizens are no RAPHO/ longer just passive users but initiators, while Michael companies leave their role as suppliers to Yamashita). become partners. But current territorial units and their institutional expressions only allow citi- zens a limited role. The challenge next cen- tury is to humanize cities making them more active and creative in terms of civic ideals and mingling of cultures, and so This urban explosion goes along with governed city, the technological city and more democratic. Three basic commit- a very heavy “social debt,” including in- the ecological one... ments are needed to achieve this - consoli- adequate housing, even in “globalized” cit- The peaceful, homogenous city is no dating democracy, guaranteeing citizens’ ies (which are the motor of economic glo- more. Ruptures and uncertainty are the rule, rights, and drawing up a new social con- balization), poor infrastructure and public political plans for social change are a pri- tract. services like water and garbage collection. ority and rapid change in the most dynamic The first condition of this new social This emerging urban civilization faces social areas is speeded up by technologi- contract is to redefine the pattern of devel- head-on all the conflicts of a changing so- cal innovations. The rationally-planned city opment. The destructive “economic” ciety as well as exacerbating and symbol- with a technological future has to yield to model, which leads to “dehumanizing” ur- izing them. Like mirrors, the cities of both a humanistic place where social ties pre- banization, must be replaced by a more the South and the North reflect ill-advised dominate. This is why management of “social” version which treats the economy development and the cost of modernity. changes in social structure is vital for a as an instrument and not an end in itself. The overall impression is one of fragmen- city’s future, because the city is both a place Solidarity is not just a routine aspect of tation, where social exclusion, spatial seg- and an actor. Furthermore, city government democracy but one which determines free- regation and increasing violence are the should be seen as a complicated process of dom, human rights and how long democ- norm. But these places are also centres of mutual coordination and adjustment be- racy itself lasts. creativity and innovation. tween its various actors. A city is a physical, visible place where Comparative international social sci- Céline SACHS-JEANTET political decisions are made, where there ence research, such as that carried out Urban planner are economic restraints and collective under the MOST programme, conceived Paris

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ALL ARTICLES ARE FREE OF COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS. SEE P.3 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ Mohamed Soumaré, fromtheNGOEnda appear tobecredible alternatives,” what unstructured groups, theseinitiatives nesses... Despitethenumberof these some- associations, residents’ committees,busi- tions, theyorganize themselves intoyouth the faceofsuchprecarious livingcondi- taminated byfaecalcoliformbacteria. found thattwooutofthreewellsarecon- UNESCO andtheUniversityofDakar or gotoawell.However, arecentstudyby a monthlyfeeof100FCFA perhousehold) for abasinofwaterfromthefountain(plus lutions: forkout25FCFA (aboutfivecents) tion hasnorunningwaterandjusttwoso- Djiby Diouf,morethanhalfofthepopula- Even worse,insiststheschooldirector, of which52%areundertheage20)? schools forapopulationofover100,000 only onesecondaryandsevenprimary nating onthewallsoftheirschools(with lic toilettes,howcanyoustopchildrenuri- is apriority?” “How canthingsimprove wheneverything WELLS DIRTY install suburb Dakar a of A residents respond, to authorities TERRITORY municipal for waiting DIVIDED of ON Instead GROUND COMMON is limitedtotwomainroads. authorities, theirregularrubbishcollection pumps.” go intothelackoflandandmotorized two metres itusedtotake.Let’s noteven metres before findingwater, insteadofthe dens becauseyouhavetodrill1015 enough, norcantheygrow vegetablegar- vate thefieldsbecauseitdoesn’t rain people are unemployed; theycan’t culti- drink pollutedwater,” administration inJanuary1996.“ municipality byDakar’s decentralizing this regionofDakar, Senegal),setupasa (the Lébouweretheoriginaloccupantsof deputy mayorofthisformerLébouvillage have nothing,” has moreseriousworries. tell hertodootherwise. plies sharplytoanyonewhomightwant me todowhenthere’s nodrain?” scales ontothesoil. water whitenedfromricemixedwithfish pound nexttothesmallclinic.Shepours their own infrastructure despite more than one social divide. social one than more despite infrastructure own their Yet, Yeumbeulans don’t giveup. Like mostwomenfrom Yeumbeul, Awa bowlbalancedonherhead, Awa Dniaye emerges fromherfamilycom- Provided intheorybymunicipal lamentsSaer. Without pub- explainsLayeSeyeSaer, “What doyouexpect he says. “People here “The young shere- notes They “In of life nity dynamicsandimprovementinquality the word: for UNESCO’s Citiesproject.Concreteis Geneviève Domenach-Chich,responsible being grows from concrete action,” ing asolidlocalcitizenry? square oneofsocialmobilizationtoform- Third World. Buthowcantheygetpast as acommunity forthecollectivegood. dividual problemstoorganize themselves ficult togetpeoplesoconsumed within- economically drainedcommunity, itisdif- and themunicipalauthorities. cial groupsaswellbetween thepeople balance ofpowerbetweenthedifferentso- project hasenabledthevillagetoalter and handymentrained.Beyondthat,the local leaders,businesswomen,carpenters womens’ groupswerealsosupportedand Savings andcreditfacilitiesfor10 tions plusthreerubbishcollectioncarts. age ponds,32toiletsandfivewatersta- $100,000 sawtheconstructionof44sew- project. In1996-1997,abudgetof of thebudgetwhileEndacoordinates initiatives. UNESCOprovidestwo-thirds of structuringandreinforcinglocalhygiene LAYING DOWN MORE THAN WATER PIPES WATER THAN MORE DOWN LAYING FOCUS “Our theoryisthatcollectivewell- The firstlessonlearntisthatin such an ” undertakenat Yeumbeul consists (Photo UNESCO). (Photo “ project supportingcommu- UNESCO S0URCES No.97/ JANUARY 1998 says and thelike,” they’re illegallyoccupiedbystreet vendors not evenavehicletoclearthestreets when the problems. totally overwhelmedbythemagnitudeof self asapartnertotheauthoritieswhoare giene campaign.” more equipmentaswe’re organizing ahy- the Toucouleurs isimpatient. very popularElHadjiIbrahimaNdiayeof ment oftheirvillage zens’ associationsfocusedonthedevelop- assessors note are veryinvolvedintheproject.Finally, the migrants (predominantly Toucouleurs) who power givingwaytosecondgeneration arises astheLébousseetheirtraditional don’t seemready togive.” original membersofthetraditionalvillage right toparticipateinthedecisionsthat most part,isalsoaproblem. Integrating newarrivals,ruralDiolasforthe TAKE & GIVE ported ontheground bythepublicservice.” UNESCO’s support-tofollow upandbesup- be considered asleads-legitimatedby nicipal authorities.Theirinitiatives should groups cannotreplace thestateandmu- “show thattheNGOsandcommunity Ndiaye. ForSoumaré,theproject’s limits pate inmunicipalmeetings,” “We are regularly consultedandIpartici- litical worlds,” to developbetweentheassociative andpo- lation thantheyare, competition fromleadersclosertothepopu- ofsomelocalpoliticiansfearing suspicion to hire clandestinetaxis!” Abdsoul KarimGueye. sessing theproject,PapeSalifSeckand local organizations,” noticed conflictualrelations betweenthe members preference. territories wanttheprojecttogivetheir sociations andcorrespondingtodefined cally, threegroupsrepresentedbyas- nic (Wolof, Toucouleur, Diola,etc.).Basi- resources arerareandtheymulti-eth- The interpersonalconflictsareasbitter The populationisstartingtoimposeit- lamentsSaer. “We don’t havethemeans, “seeing thecreation ofciti- S.B. andDanielBEKOUTOU saysDomenach-Chich. “exchange isbeginning

of origin.” underlinethoseas- “Straightaway we Another divide Dossier “They claima “We’re forced Despitethe Indeedthe “We need confirms Dakar . 11 FACTS IN FIGURES

A MOBILE, BORDERLESS WORLD One of the main characteristics of our globalized world is movement: of goods, money and people. This is not new in itself, but the speed with which it is happening and the sheer volumes involved

TRADE GROWTH OUTSTRIPS PRODUCTION INCREASES

1234 The constant growth in world trade over 1234 1234 the past 50-odd years is clearly shown in 2000 1234Production this graph. Until the mid-70s this growth International trade was fairly closely matched by increasing 1000 production. With the rise of the market

1234 economy and the spread of liberalization

123 1234 500 123 1234 policies aimed at lowering real exchange 123 123 1234

123 123 1234 rates, stimulating exporters and reducing

1234 123 123 1234

1234 123 123 1234 quotas and tariffs, trade began to leap

1234 123 123 1234 200 1234 123 123 1234 ahead. According to the Organization for 1234 123 123 1234 1234 1234 123 123 1234 Economic Cooperation and Development 1234 1234 123 123 1234 1234 1234 123 123 1234 (OECD), between 1984 and 1994 world 1234 1234 123 123 1234 123 1234 1234 123 123 1234 trade increased by 5.3% annually as 100 123 1234 1234 123 123 1234 123 1234 1234 123 123 1234

123 1234 1234 123 123 1234 against a mere 1.9% rise in production.

123 1234 1234 123 123 1234

123 1234 1234 123 123 1234 Between 1990 and 1994, the rate was 5% 50 123 1234 1234 123 123 1234 as against about 0.5%. The World Trade 1950 1990 1960 1970 1980 1994 Organization (WTO) reports that in 1996, 12 ...... the total value of exports topped $5 tril- THE LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF GLOBAL TRADE AND PRODUCTION (BASE YEAR 1950=100) (Source: WTO, 1995). lion for the first time ever.

RIVERS OF MONEY

$ millions $ millions 300,000 2,500,000 1985 INFLOWS 250,000 1990 2,000,000 OUTFLOWS 1996 200,000 1,500,000 150,000 1,000,000 100,000

500,000 50,000

0 0 INFLOWS OUTFLOWS 1971-1980 1987-1996

DIRECT INVESTMENT FLOWING INTO AND OUT OF OECD COUNTRIES (LEFT) AND CUMULATIVE FLOWS FOR THE SAME (RIGHT) (Source: OECD).

Money is also moving in far greater vol- is shown here, the amount of direct invest- increased from $191b between 1971-1980 umes. This graph, although incomplete ment flowing into and out of the OECD has to $1.5 trillion between 1987-1996 while because it only deals with OECD coun- multiplied five times over in the past 12 cumulative outflows rose from $304 b to tries, is nonetheless a telling example. As years. Similarly, cumulative inflows just over $2 trillion.

UNESCO SOURCES No. 97 / JANUARY 1998 FACTS IN FIGURES

are unprecedented, making such movement a chief agent of change that societies everywhere are searching for ways to deal with.

PEOPLE ON THE MOVE

EASTERN EUROPE

USA WESTERN EUROPE SOUTH KOREA JAPAN

TUNISIA CUBA MOROCCO PAKISTAN MEXICO DOMINICAN REP. ALGERIA TAIWAN EGYPT GULF JAMAICA COUNTRIES BANGLADESH MAURITANIA LIBYA INDIA MALI THAILAND VENEZUELA PHILIPPINES SENEGAL BURKINA FASO SUDAN MALAYSIA COLOMBIA SRI COTE D'IVOIRE LANKA SINGAPORE BOLIVIA INDONESIA PARAGUAY ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE CHILE BOTSWANA .13 . . . . . URUGUAY SWAZILAND SOUTH AFRICA LESOTHO ARGENTINA

MAJOR CURRENT LABOUR MIGRATION MOVEMENTS (Source: International Labour Office).

According to the International Labour Of- fice (ILO), people move mainly from % “south to south”, from “south to north”, 48 World 44 and from “east to west”. The World Bank 34 estimates that annual remittances from these migrants amount to some $67 bil- Industrial 76 lion. In Yemen, remittances early this dec- 73 countries 61 ade were valued at 150% of the country’s total exports. In Pakistan and Egypt, they Sub-Saharan 34 were worth 75%. 30 The region most affected by migration countries 15 is Sub-Saharan Africa, where some 30 Year 2000 million migrants are concentrated mostly Least developed 25 21 Year 1992 in West and Southern Africa. countries 9 Year 1960 People are also moving within their own countries, with the bright lights of the All developing 40 city serving as a powerful magnet. In all 36 countries 22 countries, in all regions, the number of urban inhabitants continues to swell faster than the capacity of cities to provide jobs, homes, water, sanitation and other basic URBAN POPULATION AS A % OF TOTAL POPULATION (1960-2000) services for them. (Source: UNDP Human Development Report, 1995).

UNESCO SOURCES No. 97 / JANUARY 1998 FOCUS Dossier

LESS TO THE “HAVE-NOTS” The growth opportunities offered by globalization are not extended to all. Isolated rural societies risk being left behind, but losing the little they now have. conomic and commercial globalization so in the social groups making them up. and shielded from foreign competition will, E is a process in which national econo- Its effects may vary according to a coun- as the European Commission coyly puts mies and markets are gradually opened up try’s capacity to take advantage of the it, have employment costs. According to more widely to competition, capital, tech- spinoff from world growth and how open Ravenel, “we know that bringing the Mo- nology and information. But it also involves its economy is. It would seem that the bulk roccan and Tunisian industrial sector up the general introduction of market rules and of the increase in international trade (50- to scratch means shedding 40% of busi- laws to regulate the economies. This situa- 80% according to estimates) is likely to be nesses and the jobs that go with them. The tion springs from the determination of a concentrated in the hands of the developed political choice of free trade will, by ag- large number of countries to become part countries, followed by the newly industri- gravating local, regional and national in- of the global economy in order to reap what- alized countries of Asia and lastly by the equalities, make the public well-being a ever benefits it may offer. other developing countries, which will be political issue.” The rural population, with Along with national authorities, the gathering but crumbs from the globaliza- its low skill level, is the first to be affected. multinationals and the international mon- tion cake. At national level, the regions best We are also witnessing a decline in the etary organizations have played a key role. integrated into the international economy purchasing power of workers in general The IMF and the IBRD have orchestrated and with the best infrastructures will thus and agricultural workers in particular, of the liberalization of developing countries’ improve their economic performance. as much as 20-40% in countries like Tunisia, Morocco or Egypt, over the past decade. This is particularly true of ru- ral populations because their income partly depends on sectors other than . . . . 14. . farming. GATHERING THE CRUMBS RETURNING TO THE LAND (Photo © Increased urban unemployment has, more- Béatrice over, brought about a return to rural areas Petit). of people who are now reverting to subsist- ence farming. We are seeing a levelling out or even an increase in the number of farms and landless peasants, with a rise of over 25% in Tunisia, for example, between 1989 and 1995. However, this option is not for all. In economies by prescribing structural adjust- On the other hand, the less privileged Egypt, after a freeze of 40 years, a prop- ment programmes (SAPs). For agriculture, regions run the risk of even greater exclu- erty counter-reform has made land and this has meant privatizing formerly state- sion because of increasing competition and water marketable again, letting owners owned lands, freeing production prices and a rat race they are less able to cope with. In raise rents and cut small farmers adrift. aligning them with international rates, the developing countries, according to the re- In short, globalization, which offers abolishing input subsidies and relieving the searcher Bernard Ravenel,“globalization growth opportunities for all countries tak- state of its obligation to provide specific turns production systems more and more out- ing part in the process, seems to spell in- facilities for farmers. With regard to agri- wards, thus widening the hiatus between creased insecurity for the most vulnerable cultural produce, the GATT agreements them and countries’ internal economic and fringes of rural society, mainly on account regulating international trade should lead social realities and needs.” This applies of lower welfare payments and dwindling to an increase in the volume of trade, above all to rural society, which in most income and employment opportunities in keener competition, a slight opening up of developing countries still has considerable sectors other than farming. What needs the import markets and, above all, a heftier weight on account of the size of its popu- determining then is how far participation food bill for importing countries. lation and its contribution to national in- in the management of natural resources and Globalization is going to result in big come and employment. rural development, which is presented to changes to national production systems and As globalization weakens the nation- these populations as an alternative to glo- the labour market. It will induce a reorgani- state, it reduces its capacity for financial balization, will in fact be able to offset zation of businesses into small networks intervention, especially for vulnerable some of its adverse effects. and the flexible management of production population groups and fringe regions. and labour. However, its impact will not The dismantling of the industrial sys- Mohamed ELLOUMI be the same in all countries, nor even in all tem which had been established through Research Institute regions within the same country; still less policies of state-administered development on the contemporary maghreb, Tunis

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ALL ARTICLES ARE FREE OF COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS. SEE P.3 ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ plants. foreign professionalspaidforbythe sion, hasbeencoached,forexample,by which regularlytopsNorway’s firstdivi- munity: theBatsfjordvolley-ballteam, back intothelocalindustry-andcom- far afieldasJapan. Their profitsareturned mostly totheEuropeanmarket,butalsoas processing plantsexporttheirproducts affair. Batsfjord’s fourlocally-ownedfish a growingindustrythere. incongruous. Yet internationaltourismis tourists couldthereforeseemsomewhat along thisfrozen,desolatecoastladenwith has declined-alongwiththepopulation. Soviet Union,politicalinterestinthearea remote valleys.Butsincethefallof cellular telephonereceptioninthemost ports, roads,hydro-electricdamsandeven equipped withsuchinfrastructureasair- during thecoldwarensuredthatitwas Batsfjord hasapopulationof2,500. table placestolive.Itslargest town, probably oneoftheworld’s mostinhospi- hordes ofmosquitoeseachsummer, itis With itsweek-longblizzardsinwinterand Sea, isNorway’s northern-mostcounty. best grazingsites. vided bynavigationalsatellites tofindthe snowmobiles andrefertoinformation pro- people. And evenhere,theherdersride the handsofNorway’s indigenousSaami ties isreindeerherding,whichmostlyin smaller, localbusinessprojects. a fundcreatedbylocalauthoritiestofinance electric power. The profitsinthiscasefeed has builtitswealthontheexportofhydro- Swedish border, thistownof1,800people Situated closetotheNorwegian-Finnish- lot bytappingintotheglobalizedmarket. has alsoworkedoutwaysofimprovingits REINDEER Storfjord, inneighbouring Troms county, GUIDED SATELLITE globalization why understand to F tries region polar northern icy the in project SUCCESS research TO MOST A KEYS THE SEEKING to liveinaglobalized world.Isolationism selves inasituationwhere theymust learn ties andregions inthenorth nowfindthem- succeeds for some and proves fatal to others. to fatal proves and some for succeeds innmark, lappedbythefreezingwaters Likewise, fishingisaninternational The sightofaluxurylinercruising This remotearea’s strategicimportance “ The othermainindustryinbothcoun- of the Arctic OceanandtheBarents Even themostperipheralcommuni- ried Norwegian menthere.Inaneffort to the fishplants.Manyofthemstayed andmar- Finnish womenwhowereoffered jobsin bers fell,thewelcomematwas laidoutfor them. Inthelate1970s,when theirnum- effort toensure equalopportunitiesfor northern communitieshavemade areal the lossofwomencouldhave,thesefar well. Consciousofthedestabilizingeffect regularly buyfromRussiantrawlersas fish from Alaska tosavejobs. They now 1980s, forexample,Batsfjordimported of theglobalizationprocesses tomaximize the benefitsfromto try some are beingdevelopedand/orimplemented, and Storfjord, inwhichcopingstrategies selected casecommunities,likeBatsfjord tive effectsthough,wehavedeliberately balization . communities copewiththeimpactofglo- Faeroes andSweden,tostudyhowremote Finland, Denmark,Greenland,Iceland, of researchersinRussia,Canada,Norway, Tromsoe. The projecthassetupanetwork pices ofMOSTattheUniversity Project (CCPP),establishedundertheaus- tor oftheCircumpolarCopingProcesses vival will hardly sufficeasastrategyforsur- A TRADITIONAL SAAMI REINDEER HERDER REINDEER SAAMI TRADITIONAL A FOCUS When fishstockscollapsedinthe ,” saysNils Aarsaether, thecoordina- (Photo © Rosine Mazin). Rosine © (Photo “Instead oflamentingthenega- UNESCO S0URCES No.97/ JANUARY 1998 .” IMBALANCE in. their partinshapingtheworld theylive egies todealwiththeproblems, andplay communities themselves-todevise strat- makers -andmostimportantly, these should, inturn,helppolicyanddecision- and whyothersdon’t. Their findings ditions imposedbytheglobalizedworld, like Batsfjord,succeedunderthenewcon- to helpexplainwhysomecommunities, Newfoundland (Canada)forexample communities. Thisisclearlythecasein ble forthecrisisafflictingmanycoastal side territorialborders islargely responsi- instance, afleetoftrawlersoperatingout- on inthepastexhausted.Infisheriesfor with thenaturalresources theyhaverelied find themselvesonthebrinkofextinction, many ruralcommunitiesinthenorthnow mographic declineofruralregions. Indeed, gions, coupledwiththeeconomicandde- and informationin‘successful’ urbanre- fect istheconcentrationofpower, capital cal imbalance of increasing socio-economicandecologi- social welfare, themore common patternis andincreasedemployment opportunities certain periods,globalizationoffersnew another side.“ open, dynamicandpositive.Butthereis these coastalcommunitiesappeartobevery So farthestorysoundsverypositiveand the like education, electronic communicationand gious life,ethnicityandculturalidentity, hold processes, genderrelations, reli- such asproduction, house- distribution, and thepossibleinteractionbetweenthem, tend toleadusdeepintoverydifferent fields ers experiencedecline.Theanswersweget municipality keepitspopulationwhileoth- ask simplequestionslike,whydoesthis community, explains Aarsaether, “ cricket teaminthisfrozenoutpost! Tamil refugees,whohaveevenestablisheda the plants,doorhasalsobeenopenedto overcome thechronicshortageofworkersfor Through itsresearch,theCCPPhopes To understandthedynamicsofsucha .” ,” said Aarsaether. “ While insomeplaces,andat John GUSTAVSSON Dossier we tryto Tromsoe One ef- .” . 15 FOCUS Dossier

UNDERSTANDING WHAT’S HAPPENING A wide-ranging research programme studies the changes brought by globalization that are affecting societies around the world. t the end of the cold war the profound municipal authorities, elected representa- Apart from its research arm, MOST has A social changes that had been slowly tives and/or non-governmental organiza- a number of field projects underway pro- gathering momentum throughout most of tions working as closely together as possi- moting local or national development, such the 70s and 80s moved into top speed. Con- ble. as the adaptation of cities to the needs of sequently, major challenges such as the de- MOST is guided by the priorities iden- children and adolescents being carried out velopment of the South, the rise of unem- tified by the United Nations world confer- in eight countries or, in Burkina Faso and ployment in the North, social exclusion and ences organized this decade, including the Laos, improving the quality of life for poor poverty, the widening breach between rich Rio Earth Summit (1992), the population women in rural zones, and in Kyrgyzstan, and poor countries and within societies, the conference in Cairo (1994), social devel- providing training in the democratic man- multiplication of internal ethnic and reli- opment in Copenhagen (1995), women in agement of a multicultural society. gious conflicts, and the diversification of Beijing (1995) and cities in Istanbul (1996), The programme is also involved in public and private actors in the international focusing particularly on poverty and social training young researchers, by encourag- arena, needs to be re-evaluated, analyzed exclusion, international migration, the fu- ing their participation in its projects, and and understood. ture of cities and sustainable development. via courses conducted through the 30-odd This task is essentially one for social UNESCO chairs in the social sciences and scientists. But it requires new ways of or- sustainable development that have been set ganizing research, especially on the inter- up in universities in 20 countries. national level, to take the new context into A MOST information exchange cen- account. It also requires the reinforcement tre also exists on the Internet at http:// of the links between social science research WWW.UNESCO.org/MOST. It comprises . . . . 16. . and socio-economic decision-making, to specialized data bases on best practices in translate knowledge gained into develop- These issues are tackled through the per- the struggle against poverty and exclusion, ment policies that are more relevant and spectives of the democratic governance of as well as a discussion forum on the ethi- efficient. multicultural and multi-ethnic societies, cal questions raised by social science re- To this end, UNESCO in 1994 created social problems and citizenship in cities, search. A thematic data base is in the an international social science research and the interaction between national prob- works. programme, known as MOST or the Man- lems and the process of globalization. Re- The programme is led by an intergov- agement of Social Transformations. Its two search is being carried out on such themes ernmental council composed of 35 main goals are to promote research on to- as growing up in the city, urban industrial UNESCO Member States, and an inde- day’s major social issues and make the re- growth and the global economy in South pendent steering committee made up of sulting knowledge known to policy mak- Asia, citizenship and multiculturalism in nine high-level researchers nominated for ers. The programme establishes a frame- Europe, social transformation and drug their individual achievement. Activities are work for international scientific coopera- trafficking, globalization and the transfor- coordinated by a small secretariat based at tion and a source of expertise for policy mation of rural societies in the Arab coun- Headquarters, and MOST national liaison formulation, as well as for the implemen- tries, institutional reform of social policy committees that have so far been estab- tation of development projects in the field. in Latin America, ethnicity and conflict in lished in 40 countries. These diverse activities are carried out by Africa, and migration and ethno-cultural teams of researchers, government or diversity in the Asia-Pacific region. Ali KAZANCIGIL

TO FIND OUT MORE ... CITIES OF THE FUTURE: MANAGING SO- Summit, by Ignacy Sachs, 1995; From Egon Becker, Thomans Jahn, Immanuel CIAL TRANSFORMATIONS: (No. 147 of the Social Exclusion to Social Cohesion: a Stiess and Peter Wehling, 1997. International Social Science Journal, March policy agenda, by Sophie Bessis, 1995; Cy- 1996) presents a series of articles looking bernetics of Global Change: Human Di- THE MOST NEWSLETTER: published twice at the main social transformations shaping mension and Managing of Complexity, by yearly, it provides an update on programme tomorrow’s cities. M. Mesarovic, D. McGinnis and D. West, activities. 1996; Multiculturalism: A policy Re- MOST POLICY PAPERS: present policy sponse to Diversity, by Christine Inglis, MOST DISCUSSION PAPERS: this series implications of research results. Titles in- 1996; Democracy and Citizenship in the publishes contributions from specialists in clude: 21st Century City, by Céline Sachs-Jeantet the MOST research fields. Fifteen papers Searching for New Development Strat- and Sustainability: a Cross-Disciplinary are available to date. egies - The Challenges of the Social Concept for Social Transformations by

UNESCO S0URCES No. 97 / JANUARY 1998