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Sejarah Perkembangan Dan Kemajuan the International Bussines Machines

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SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN DAN KEMAJUAN THE INTERNATIONAL BUSSINES MACHINES Oleh : ANGGARA WISNU PUTRA 1211011018 CIPTA AJENG PRATIWI 1211011034 DERI KURNIAWAN 1211011040 FEBY GIPANTIUS ZAMA 1211011062 NOVITA LIANA SARI 1211011118 RAMA AGUSTINA 1211011128 FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS LAMPUNG BANDAR LAMPUNG 2014 BAB II PEMBAHASAN 2.1 Sejarah berdirinya THE INTERNATIONAL BUSSINES MACHINES (IBM) 1880—1929 Pada tahun 1880-an, beberapa teknologi yang akan menjadi bisnis IBM ditemukan. Julius E. Pitrap menemukan timbangan komputer pada tahun 1885. Alexander Dey menemukan dial recorder tahun 1888. Herman Hollerith menemukan Electric Tabulating Machine 1989 dan pada tahun yang sama Williard Bundy menemukan alat untuk mengukur waktu kerja karyawan. Pada 16 Juni 1911, teknologi-teknologi tersebut dan perusahaan yang memilikinya digabungkan oleh Charles Ranlett Flint dan membentuk Computing Tabulating Recording Company (CTR). Perusahaan yang berbasis di New York ini memiliki 1.300 karyawan dan area perkantoran serta pabrik di Endicott dan Binghamton, New York; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Washington, D.C.; dan Toronto, Ontario. CTR memproduksi dan menjual berbagai macam jenis mesin mulai dari timbangan komersial hingga pengukur waktu kerja. Pada tahun 1914, Flint merekrut Thomas J. Watson, Sr., dari National Cash Register Company, untuk membantunya memimpin perusahaan. Watson menciptakan slogan, ―THINK‖, yang segera menjadi mantra bagi karyawan CTR. Dalam waktu 11 bulan setelah bergabung, Watson menjadi presiden dari CTR. Perusahaan memfokuskan diri pada penyediaan solusi penghitungan dalam skala besar untuk bisnis. Selama empat tahun pertama kepemimpinannya, Watson sukses meningkatkan pendapatan hingga lebih dari dua kali lipat dan mencapai $9 juta. Ia juga sukses mengembangkan sayap ke Eropa, Amerika Selatan, Asia, dan Australia. Pada 14 Februari 1924, CTR berganti nama menjadi International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). 1930—1979 Peneliti NACA menggunakan mesin pemroses data elektronik IBM type 704 pada tahun 1957 Pada tahun 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., menjadi presiden IBM, mengakhiri hampir 40 tahun kepemimpinan ayahnya. Pada tahun 1956 Arthur L. Samuel, peneliti IBM Pughkeepsie, New York, menciptakan program pertama yang bisa belajar sendiri. Pada tahun 1957, IBM mengembangkan bahasa pemrograman ilmiah FORTRAN (FORmula TRANSlation). Pada tahun 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr. ditunjuk sebagai ketua dewan direksi dan Albert L. Williams sebagai presidennya. IBM juga mengembangkan sistem reservasi SABRE (Semi- Automatic Business-Related Environment) untuk American Airlines pada tahun yang sama. Pada tahun 1964, karyawan dan komputer IBM membantu NASA merekam jejak penerbangan astronot Mercury. Di tahun 1965, IBM memindahkan markas pusatnya dari New York City ke Armonk, New York. Selama sisa dekade hingga awal tahun 70-an, IBM banyak mendedikasikan diri pada program peluncuran manusia ke bulan oleh NASA. Pada 7 April 1964, IBM memperkenalkan IBM System/360 yang sangat populer pada masanya. Pada 1973, insinyur IBM George J. Laurer mengembangkan sistem Universal Product Code.[7] Beberapa bulan setelahnya, pada Oktober 1973, IBM memperkenalkan IBM 3660, sebuah pemindai barcode yang mempermudah retailer menjual produknya. Di akhir tahun 1970-an, IBM mengalami perpecahan internal antara manajemen yang ingin berkonsentrasi pada bisnis mainframe dengan manajemen yang ingin berinvestasi besar- besaran di industri komputer personal yang sedang berkembang kala itu. 1980—saat ini Swap keuangan pertama kali diperkenalkan di publik saat IBM mengadakan perjanjian swap dengan World Bank. IBM PC, yang awalnya bernama IBM 5150, diperkenalkan pada tahun 1981, dan kemudian menjadi standar industri ketika itu. Pada tahun 1991, IBM menjual Lexmark, dan pada tahun 2002, IBM membeli bagian konsultasi PwC. Pada tahun 2003, IBM memulai proyek untuk menuliskan kembali nilai-nilai perusahaannya dengan menggunakan teknologi bernama Jam—sebuah diskusi berbasis dalam jaringan yang membahas isu-isu bisnis selama 3 hari. Diskusi ini diikuti oleh 50.000 karyawan dan hasilnya dianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak eClassifier. Sebagai hasilnya, nilai-nilai perusahaan didefinisikan: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters—for our company and for the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships". Pada tahun 2004, sesi Jam lainnya dilakukan dengan 52.000 karyawan dalam 72 jam untuk menemukan ide-ide yang mendukung tiga nilai perusahaan di atas. Pada tahun 2005, perusahaan menjual bisnis komputer personalnya kepada Lenovo, dan pada tahun yang sama membeli Micromuse. Pada tahun 2009, IBM membeli perusahaan perangkat lunak SPSS Inc., dan pada tahun yang sama, superkomputer IBM Blue Gene mendapatkan penghargaan National Medal of Technology and Innovation oleh presiden AS Barrack Obama. Pada tahun 2006, IBM meluncurkan Secure Blue, desain perangkat keras berbiaya rendah untuk enkripsi data yang dapat dijadikan mikroprosesor. Pada tahun 2011, IBM mendapatkan perhatian dunia ketika berhasil menciptakan Watson, yang diujicoba dan berhasil memenangkan kuis Jeopardy!. Hingga tahun 2011, IBM merupakan salah satu penerima paten terbanyak dari pemerintah AS selama 19 tahun berturut-turut. Pada 16 Agustus 2012, IBM mengumumkan rencananya untuk membeli Texas Memory Systems dan beberapa hari setelahnya, 27 Agustus 2012, IBM mengumumkan akan membeli Kenexa dengan nilai $1,3 milyar dolar AS. 2.2 Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan International Bussines Machines 2.2.1 Produk Produk dari IBM mencakup keseluruhan teknologi informasi : 1. Perangkat keras Mesin server o System P (Server Unix) o System I (Dulu namanya AS/400) o System X (Server dengan Prosesor intel/AMD) Teknologi penyimpanan (storage) Pencetak 2. Perangkat lunak DB2: pengelolaan data WebSphere: aplikasi dan penengah (middleware) Tivoli: pengelolaan sistem dan jaringan Rational: pembuatan aplikasi Lotus: kolaborasi dan portal 3. Pelayanan (service) Pelayanan kelangsungan bisnis Pelayanan perubahan bisnis Pelayanan sistem aplikasi Perawatan komputer Perawatan perangkat lunak Contoh – contoh produk IBM: komputer generasi pertama : - MARK I, MARK II, IBM 650, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 705, IBM 709. Komputer generasi kedua : - IBM 7070, IBM 7080, IBM 1400, IBM 1401, IBM 1600, IBM 1620. Komputer generasi ketiga: - komputer IBM S/370, IBM S/360. Komputer generasi keempat : - IBM 370, IBM 308. Komputer generasi keenam, IBM Roadrunner. Mesin-mesin dan produk IBM yang sukses adalah Mainframe dengan sistem 370 (pada tahun 1960-an), IBM PC, AS/400 dan RS/6000 (1980-an), PowerPC CPU (1990-an, bekerja sama dengan Motorola, - sekarang Freescale). Sejak diluncurkan oleh IBM, IBM PC memiliki beberapa keluarga, yakni IBM 4860 PCjr IBM 5140 Convertible Personal Computer (laptop) IBM 5150 Personal Computer (PC yang asli) IBM 5155 Portable PC (sebenarnya merupakan PC XT yang portabel) IBM 5160 Personal Computer/eXtended Technology IBM 5162 Personal Computer/eXtended Technology Model 286 (sebenarnya merupakan PC AT) IBM 5170 Personal Computer/Advanced Technology 2.2.2 Price 2.2.3 Place Kompleks kantor pusat IBM terletak di Armonk, Town of North Castle, New York, Amerika Serikat, dengan luas bangunan 26,300 m2. Kantor ini ditempati IBM sejak tahun 1964.[8] IBM juga memiliki dua belas laboratorium penelitian di seluruh dunia—Almaden, Austin, Australia, Brazil, China, Dublin, Israel, India, Tokyo, Watson (New York), Zurich and Nairobi—dengan Watson sebagai markas pusat divisi riset dan menjadi pusat pertemuan tahunannya. IBM juga memiliki IBM Scientific Center, Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, dan the Somers Office Complex. Bangunan milik IBM, 330 North Wabash yang didesain oleh Ludwig Mies van der Rohe mendapatkan Honor Award dari National Building Museum pada tahun 1990 2.2.4 Promotion 2.2.5 People Menurut situs Wikipedia, pada tahun 2012 jumlah pegawai yang bekerja dengan perusahaan IBM kurang lebih sekitar 433.362 orang pegawai di seluruh dunia. Dimana orang – orang tersebut bekerja di berbagai divisi yaitu Jasa, Keuangan, Perangkat Keras, dan Perangkat Lunak. Penghasilan per karyawan : US$ 234.000 Perolehan laba per karyawan : US$ 34.750 CEO IBM sekarang adalah Samuel J. Palmisano yang menggantikan Louis V. Gerstner sejak tanggal 29 Januari 2002. Dewan Direksi IBM terdiri dari 14 anggota dan bertanggung jawab terhadap manajemen perusahaan. Salah satu anggotanya, Cathie Black, mundur pada November 2010. 13 anggota lainnya adalah: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex). 2.2.6 Psycal Evidence Penemuan terkenal yang dihasilkan oleh ilmuwan IBM antara lain: Automated teller machine (ATM) Floppy disk Hard disk drive Electronic keypunch Magnetic stripe card Mesin virtual Scanning tunneling microscope Reduced instruction set computing Basis data relasional Universal Product Code (UPC) SABRE airline reservation system Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) Watson artificial intelligence Hampir semua sistem konsol game dari mikroprosesor generasi terbaru menggunakan prosesor yang dikembangkan oleh IBM.
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