DOCSLIB.ORG

Ontogeny of OPN4, OPN5, Gnrh and Gnih Mrna Expression In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ontogeny of OPN4, OPN5, Gnrh and Gnih Mrna Expression In animals Article Ontogeny of OPN4, OPN5, GnRH and GnIH mRNA Expression in the Posthatch Male and Female Pekin Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) Suggests OPN4 May Have Additional Functions beyond Reproduction Brooke Van Wyk 1 and Gregory Fraley 1,2,* 1 Biology Department, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-765-496-2725 Simple Summary: Birds perceive light differently than mammals. Unlike mammals, birds’ retinas do not participate in the non-image forming, seasonal breeding aspects of light perception. Birds have deep brain photoreceptors that are involved with the seasonal increase in fertility. Until this study, it was unknown how these brain photoreceptors developed after hatching. Our novel finding is that at least one of the photoreceptors, OPN4, is expressed at high levels on the day of hatching, which suggests that this photoreceptor has functions beyond just the reproductive system. These findings could change how we light poultry barns to improve the growth, health and welfare of our poultry species. Citation: Van Wyk, B.; Fraley, G. Abstract: The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) is known to be regulated by daylength Ontogeny of OPN4, OPN5, GnRH through the deep brain photoreceptor (DBP) system. The post-hatch ontogeny is not known for any and GnIH mRNA Expression in the of the DBPs. We set out to determine the ontogeny of OPN4 and OPN5 gene expression relative Posthatch Male and Female Pekin to GnRH and GnIH using qRT-PCR. Brains and serum were collected from five drakes and five Duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) hens on the day of hatching (Day 0) and again at 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 19, 25 and 31 weeks of age and Suggests OPN4 May Have Additional analyzed by qRT-PCR. Hen and drake serum was assayed for circulating levels of estradiol and Functions beyond Reproduction. testosterone, respectively. Data were analyzed between sexes over time using a repeated measures Animals 2021, 11, 1121. https:// two-way ANOVA. Interestingly, the results show that on the day of hatching (Day 0), ducks showed doi.org/10.3390/ani11041121 adult-like levels of relative OPN4, but not OPN5, gene expression. During week 10, DBP levels Academic Editor: Michael E. Davis increased, achieving highest relative expression levels at week 19 that maintained through week 31, typically peak fertility in ducks. GnRH mRNA levels increased following the DBP expression Received: 18 March 2021 at the onset of puberty, and gonadal steroids increased after GnRH at week 14 while estradiol Accepted: 9 April 2021 preceded testosterone. GnIH mRNA levels did not appreciably change during the time course of this Published: 14 April 2021 experiment. These observations suggest that OPN4 may be active during the peri-hatch period and may have physiological roles beyond puberty and fertility. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in Keywords: melanopsin; puberty; neonate; photoreception published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Lighting systems in commercial poultry have come under increased scrutiny over the Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. last decade. Long daylengths are necessary in order to maintain reproduction in all poultry Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. species, and the duck is no exception [1–3]. Previous studies have attempted to understand This article is an open access article how types of lighting, intensity of light, and color spectra of light are critical to maximize distributed under the terms and the reproduction and welfare of both meat and breeder ducks [4–7]. As with all of our conditions of the Creative Commons poultry species, ducks are seasonal breeders and as such require a minimum of 14 h of light Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// per day in order to maintain fertility [8]. Despite being maintained on a long daylength, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ there are still inexplicable drops in fertility during winter months, along with increased 4.0/). Animals 2021, 11, 1121. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041121 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2021, 11, 1121 2 of 10 unwanted behaviors, such as feather picking, aggression, and mislaid eggs [9–11]. In the large part, we do not understand these seasonal phenomena because there is a dearth of information in the literature about how ducks—or other birds—perceive light, not only visually but for seasonal reproduction. However, a series of deep brain photoreceptors (DBPs) have been described in the diencephalon that are involved with maintaining fertility in response to daylength in poultry. DBPs activate the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) through a neuroen- docrine cascade that involves thyroid hormone. At least four DBPs have been putatively identified in the duck, including opsin 4 and opsin 5 [7,12]. It has been shown that DBPs stimulate neurons that signal the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), which is used in pho- toperiodic time measurement. Upon stimulation, the MBH produces the type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) that converts thyoxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). Conversely, during short day lengths, the MBH produces a thyroid hormone (TH)-deactivating enzyme from the DIO3 gene, which converts T4 and T3 into inactive reverse triiodothyronine, an inactive form of thyroid hormone [13]. Thyroid hormone is critical for many physiological changes associated with post-hatch development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS). Thyroid hormone is also necessary for normal growth and CNS development, as well as the onset of puberty [14]. Puberty is defined as the initial increase in GnRH secre- tion [15,16]. However, the temporal ontogeny of DBPs relative to hypothalamic maturation of the HPG (GnRH and GnIH) is currently unknown in any avian species. The normal development of the CNS and sexual maturation of GnRH could be driven by differential temporal expression among the DBPs. The purpose of our study was to determine the temporal expression of opsin 4 and opsin 5 as they relate to the ontogeny of GnRH and GnIH gene expression. In order to accomplish this, we euthanized male and female ducks from hatch through the age associated with peak fertility. A more thorough understanding of the expression pattern of DBPs and their respective roles prior to puberty could enable us to better understand the physiological role of light beyond just reproduction, and ultimately to design lighting systems to utilize the temporal expression of each individual DBP in order to maximize the reproductive performance, production, and welfare of Pekin ducks. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Animals Brains from 54 ducklings/ducks were collected at Maple Leaf Farms (Leesburg, IN, USA) from breeder stock housed in commercial barns that produces Gx strain of meat birds. Three male and three female birds were randomly selected on the day of hatch (week 0), and again on weeks 2, 4, 6, 10, 14, 19, 25, and 31. All ducks were raised following industry stan- dards for heat, water, and feed. Further, all ducks were raised under fluorescent, J-lamps, which emit a full spectrum of visible light ([17]; ~5000 kelvin, ~65 lux/25.74 uW/cm2), with lights on at 0300 h (LD 18:6). Visual signs of puberty, as defined by age at first lay, typically occur reliably between 15 and 16 weeks of age [9]. The onset of puberty is defined here as the initial rise in GnRH mRNA (for review see [18]). All samples were collected between 0600 and 0800 h each day. Procedures were approved by Hope College’s IACUC (#011803R). 2.2. Tissue and RNA Collection Brains were removed from the ducks, diencephali (thalamus and hypothalamus) dissected, and immediately frozen on dry ice for transportation. Diencephali were dissected rostrally at the septomesencephalic tract, caudally at the third cranial nerve, and dorsally ~5 mm above the anterior commissure. Diencephali were stored at −80 ◦C until being processed. RNA was isolated from the diencephali using commercially available columns following the manufacturer’s recommendations (kit #75162, Qiagen, Germantown, MD, USA). RNA was stored at −80 ◦C until being used for qRT-PCR. Prior to euthanasia, blood was collected from the tibial vein and placed into serum separator tubes, centrifuged, and Animals 2021, 11, 1121 3 of 10 the serum was stored at −20 ◦C until being analyzed for circulating testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) in drakes and hens, respectively. 2.3. qRT-PCR To complete qRT-PCR analyses, we utilized a Superscript VILO Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA) cDNA synthesis kit. Single-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 2 µg total cellular RNA using oligo(dT)16 primer and superscript II Reverse Transcriptase (Gibco BRL, Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA, USA), as recommended by the manufacturer. Five micrograms of RNA were used to perform a reverse transcription reaction using second round primers, and then second strand was synthesized using oligo(dT) primer. The 30 end specific oligonucleotide primers were designed within 300 bp from the 30 end of the transcript and used in qRT-PCR for each of the DPBs or neuropeptides (see Table1 ). Developmental reference genes (GAPDH and β-actin) were averaged and used at every time point for all gene expression analyses. The amplification profile of β-actin and GAPDH, DBPs and the neuropeptides consisted of 36 cycles each for 1 min at 95 ◦C, 30 s at 54 ◦C, and 1 min at 72 ◦C, respectively. The cycles were previously determined to be within the linear range. Final qRT-PCR was performed using the iTaq SYBR Green Supermix (BioRad Inc.; Hercules, CA, USA) following the manufacturers recommendation using a CFX96 Touch REalt Time System (BioRad Inc.; Hercules, CA, USA). Fold changes were determined following by first averaging the ct values for all samples. The delta ct was determined by taking the gene of interest average minus the β-actin average.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Camello-XR Enables Visualization and Optogenetic Control of Gq/11 Signals and Receptor Trafficking in GPCR-Specific Domains
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0292-y OPEN CaMello-XR enables visualization and optogenetic control of Gq/11 signals and receptor trafficking in GPCR-specific domains Dennis Eickelbeck1, Raziye Karapinar1, Alexander Jack 2, Sandra T. Suess1, Ruxandra Barzan3, Zohre Azimi3, 1234567890():,; Tatjana Surdin1, Michelle Grömmke1, Melanie D. Mark1, Klaus Gerwert4, Dirk Jancke3, Petra Wahle2, Katharina Spoida1 & Stefan Herlitze1 The signal specificity of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including serotonin receptors (5-HT-R) depends on the trafficking and localization of the GPCR within its subcellular signaling domain. Visualizing traffic-dependent GPCR signals in neurons is difficult, but important to understand the contribution of GPCRs to synaptic plasticity. We engineered 2+ CaMello (Ca -melanopsin-local-sensor) and CaMello-5HT2A for visualization of traffic- 2+ dependent Ca signals in 5-HT2A-R domains. These constructs consist of the light-activated 2+ Gq/11 coupled melanopsin, mCherry and GCaMP6m for visualization of Ca signals and receptor trafficking, and the 5-HT2A C-terminus for targeting into 5-HT2A-R domains. We show that the specific localization of the GPCR to its receptor domain drastically alters the dynamics and localization of the intracellular Ca2+ signals in different neuronal populations in vitro and in vivo. The CaMello method may be extended to every GPCR coupling to the Gq/ 11 pathway to help unravel new receptor-specific functions in respect to synaptic plasticity and GPCR localization. 1 Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. 2 Developmental Neurobiology, ND6/72, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr.
    [Show full text]
  • TRPV1 and Endocannabinoids: Emerging Molecular Signals That Modulate Mammalian Vision
    Cells 2014, 3, 914-938; doi:10.3390/cells3030914 OPEN ACCESS cells ISSN 2073-4409 www.mdpi.com/journal/cells Review TRPV1 and Endocannabinoids: Emerging Molecular Signals that Modulate Mammalian Vision 1,2,†, 1,2,† 1,† 1,2,3,4, Daniel A. Ryskamp *, Sarah Redmon , Andrew O. Jo and David Križaj * 1 Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (A.O.J.) 2 Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA 3 Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA 4 Center for Translational Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA † Those authors contributed equally to this work. * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: [email protected] (D.A.R.); [email protected] (D.K.); Tel.: +1-801-213-2777 (D.K.); Fax: +1-801-587-8314 (D.K.). Received: 1 July 2014; in revised form: 27 August 2014 / Accepted: 5 September 2014 / Published: 12 September 2014 Abstract: Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) subunits form a polymodal cation channel responsive to capsaicin, heat, acidity and endogenous metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids. While originally reported to serve as a pain and heat detector in the peripheral nervous system, TRPV1 has been implicated in the modulation of blood flow and osmoregulation but also neurotransmission, postsynaptic neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity within the central nervous system.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes
    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 1112-1142; doi:10.3390/ijms15011112 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review G Protein-Coupled Receptors: What a Difference a ‘Partner’ Makes Benoît T. Roux 1 and Graeme S. Cottrell 2,* 1 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UB, UK * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-118-378-7027; Fax: +44-118-378-4703. Received: 4 December 2013; in revised form: 20 December 2013 / Accepted: 8 January 2014 / Published: 16 January 2014 Abstract: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important cell signaling mediators, involved in essential physiological processes. GPCRs respond to a wide variety of ligands from light to large macromolecules, including hormones and small peptides. Unfortunately, mutations and dysregulation of GPCRs that induce a loss of function or alter expression can lead to disorders that are sometimes lethal. Therefore, the expression, trafficking, signaling and desensitization of GPCRs must be tightly regulated by different cellular systems to prevent disease. Although there is substantial knowledge regarding the mechanisms that regulate the desensitization and down-regulation of GPCRs, less is known about the mechanisms that regulate the trafficking and cell-surface expression of newly synthesized GPCRs. More recently, there is accumulating evidence that suggests certain GPCRs are able to interact with specific proteins that can completely change their fate and function. These interactions add on another level of regulation and flexibility between different tissue/cell-types.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation
    DISSERTATION THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC DUCKS IN THE MAINTENANCE AND SPREAD OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN INDONESIA Submitted by Kristy L. Pabilonia Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2012 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Richard Bowen Tawfik Aboellail Doreene Hyatt Anthony Knight ABSTRACT THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC DUCKS IN THE MAINTENANCE AND SPREAD OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES IN INDONESIA Wild waterfowl and aquatic birds serve as the natural reservoir host for influenza A viruses. As the reservoir, wild waterfowl play an important role in the persistence and transmission of influenza viruses among bird populations and to other mammalian species. In many Asian countries, domestic ducks are raised for meat and egg production. Some of these domestic ducks are ranged on rice paddies or post-harvest rice fields. The ducks provide service to the rice fields by fertilizing the field with feces and aerating the field by swimming and walking through the ground cover. Additionally, the ducks serve as a form of insect control through their natural grazing behaviors. The role that domestic ducks play in the ecology of influenza viruses is poorly understood. Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus (HPAI H5N1) originated in Guangdong Province, China in 1996, which was followed by global dissemination of the virus that began in 2003. This virus is unprecedented in geographical spread, economic consequences and public health significance. At the present time, HPAI H5N1 virus is endemic six countries, including Indonesia. Indonesia has experienced the highest incidence of human infections with HPAI H5N1 virus and one of the highest case fatality rates.
    [Show full text]
  • G Protein-Coupled Receptors
    S.P.H. Alexander et al. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors. British Journal of Pharmacology (2015) 172, 5744–5869 THE CONCISE GUIDE TO PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16: G protein-coupled receptors Stephen PH Alexander1, Anthony P Davenport2, Eamonn Kelly3, Neil Marrion3, John A Peters4, Helen E Benson5, Elena Faccenda5, Adam J Pawson5, Joanna L Sharman5, Christopher Southan5, Jamie A Davies5 and CGTP Collaborators 1School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK, 2Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK, 3School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK, 4Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK, 5Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2015/16 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 1750 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/ 10.1111/bph.13348/full. G protein-coupled receptors are one of the eight major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, other ion channels, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading.
    [Show full text]
  • Rods Contribute to the Light-Induced Phase Shift of The
    Rods contribute to the light-induced phase shift of the retinal clock in mammals Hugo Calligaro, Christine Coutanson, Raymond Najjar, Nadia Mazzaro, Howard Cooper, Nasser Haddjeri, Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl, Ouria Dkhissi-Benyahya To cite this version: Hugo Calligaro, Christine Coutanson, Raymond Najjar, Nadia Mazzaro, Howard Cooper, et al.. Rods contribute to the light-induced phase shift of the retinal clock in mammals. PLoS Biology, Public Library of Science, 2019, 17 (3), pp.e2006211. 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006211. inserm-02137592 HAL Id: inserm-02137592 https://www.hal.inserm.fr/inserm-02137592 Submitted on 23 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. RESEARCH ARTICLE Rods contribute to the light-induced phase shift of the retinal clock in mammals Hugo Calligaro1, Christine Coutanson1, Raymond P. Najjar2,3, Nadia Mazzaro4, Howard M. Cooper1, Nasser Haddjeri1, Marie-Paule Felder-Schmittbuhl4, Ouria Dkhissi- Benyahya1* 1 Univ Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France,
    [Show full text]
  • Seeing the Light
    RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS File name: NRN0305_RJ2_HL.doc Word count: 540 Accompanying picture: YES/no SENSORY TRANSDUCTION File name of picture: Seeing the light Three studies have shown that ity, three groups expressed the pig- opsins themselves can carry out the melanopsin — a pigment that is ment in different types of cell — photoisomerase activity that is found in the type of retinal ganglion Xenopus oocytes, human embryonic needed to regenerate the chro- cell that allows light to entrain the cir- kidney (HEK293) cells and a mouse mophore. Both Melyan et al. and cadian clock — can function as a neuronal cell line called neuro-2a. In Panda et al. provide evidence that photopigment in other types of cell. each case, the expression of melanopsin resembles invertebrate As well as confirming that melanopsin caused the cells to opsins in that it has an intrinsic pho- melanopsin is photosensitive, the become photosensitive. toisomerase activity that can convert studies reveal that it is closer in some The three groups also investigated all-trans-retinaldehyde into 11-cis- ways to invertebrate photopigments the signalling pathways that mediated retinaldehyde. than to other photopigments in ver- phototransduction in the transfected Although further studies are tebrates. cells. Molyan et al.found that, in needed to pin down the exact mecha- Circadian entrainment in mam- neuro-2a cells, melanopsin signals nism by which melanopsin mediates mals relies on a set of intrinsically through a G-protein signalling path- phototransduction in ipRGCs, these photoreceptive retinal ganglion cells way to regulate the opening of an three studies provide proof that (ipRGCs). Although these contain intrinsic ion channel.
    [Show full text]
  • Melanopsin: an Opsin in Melanophores, Brain, and Eye
    Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 95, pp. 340–345, January 1998 Neurobiology Melanopsin: An opsin in melanophores, brain, and eye IGNACIO PROVENCIO*, GUISEN JIANG*, WILLEM J. DE GRIP†,WILLIAM PA¨R HAYES‡, AND MARK D. ROLLAG*§ *Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814; †Institute of Cellular Signaling, University of Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and ‡Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064 Edited by Jeremy Nathans, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, and approved November 5, 1997 (received for review September 16, 1997) ABSTRACT We have identified an opsin, melanopsin, in supernatants subjected to SDSyPAGE analysis and subse- photosensitive dermal melanophores of Xenopus laevis. Its quent electroblotting onto a poly(vinylidene difluoride) mem- deduced amino acid sequence shares greatest homology with brane. The blot was probed with a 1:2,000 dilution of antisera cephalopod opsins. The predicted secondary structure of (CERN 886) raised against bovine rhodopsin and detected by melanopsin indicates the presence of a long cytoplasmic tail enhanced chemiluminescence. with multiple putative phosphorylation sites, suggesting that cDNA Library Screen. A X. laevis dermal melanophore this opsin’s function may be finely regulated. Melanopsin oligo(dT) cDNA library was screened with a mixture of mRNA is expressed in hypothalamic sites thought to contain 32P-labeled probes. Probes were synthesized by random prim- deep brain photoreceptors and in the iris, a structure known ing of TA-cloned (Invitrogen) fragments of X. laevis rhodopsin to be directly photosensitive in amphibians. Melanopsin mes- (7) (759 bp) and violet opsin (8) (279 bp) cDNAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Ciliary Photoreceptors in the Cerebral Eyes of a Protostome Larva Passamaneck Et Al
    Ciliary photoreceptors in the cerebral eyes of a protostome larva Passamaneck et al. Passamaneck et al. EvoDevo 2011, 2:6 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/2/1/6 (1 March 2011) Passamaneck et al. EvoDevo 2011, 2:6 http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/2/1/6 RESEARCH Open Access Ciliary photoreceptors in the cerebral eyes of a protostome larva Yale J Passamaneck1*, Nina Furchheim2, Andreas Hejnol1,3, Mark Q Martindale 1, Carsten Lüter2 Abstract Background: Eyes in bilaterian metazoans have been described as being composed of either ciliary or rhabdomeric photoreceptors. Phylogenetic distribution, as well as distinct morphologies and characteristic deployment of different photopigments (ciliary vs. rhabdomeric opsins) and transduction pathways argue for the co-existence of both of these two photoreceptor types in the last common bilaterian ancestor. Both receptor types exist throughout the Bilateria, but only vertebrates are thought to use ciliary photoreceptors for directional light detection in cerebral eyes, while all other invertebrate bilaterians studied utilize rhabdomeric photoreceptors for this purpose. In protostomes, ciliary photoreceptors that express c-opsin have been described only from a non- visual deep-brain photoreceptor. Their homology with vertebrate rods and cones of the human eye has been hypothesized to represent a unique functional transition from non-visual to visual roles in the vertebrate lineage. Results: To test the hypothesis that protostome cerebral eyes employ exclusively rhabdomeric photoreceptors, we investigated the ultrastructure of the larval eyes in the brachiopod Terebratalia transversa. We show that these pigment-cup eyes consist of a lens cell and a shading pigment cell, both of which are putative photoreceptors, deploying a modified, enlarged cilium for light perception, and have axonal connections to the larval brain.
    [Show full text]
  • Proteomic Analysis of 1-D Sarcoplasmic Protein Profiles of Pekin Duck Embryos’ Pectoralis Muscle As Influenced by Incubation Temperature
    Proteomic analysis of 1-D Sarcoplasmic Protein Profiles of Pekin Duck Embryos’ Pectoralis Muscle as Influenced by Incubation Temperature THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Yang Cheng Graduate Program in Animal Sciences The Ohio State University 2014 Master's Examination Committee: Dr. Michael Lilburn, Advisor Dr. MacDonald Wick Dr. William Pope Copyrighted by Yang Cheng 2014 Abstract The objective of this study was to identify sarcoplasmic proteins responsive to incubation temperature in Pekin duck embryos. Previous studies reported that a 1-degree Celsius increase in incubation temperature during the first 10 days can accelerate embryonic development and this study was designed to identify the effects of early incubation temperature on embryonic myogenesis. Pekin duck eggs were incubated at 37.5 ͦC or 38.5 ͦC for the first ten days and subsequently transferred to 37.5 ͦC for the rest of incubation (ED 11-28). The embryonic pectoralis muscle (PM) was collected at ED12, 18, 25 and hatch and sarcoplasmic proteins were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE. Gels were digitized into TotalLabTM to acquire the mean band percentage (MBP) of bands. The body weight (BW) of embryos and pectoralis muscle weight (PMW) of the Pekin duck embryos were analyzed in SAS 9.3. An acceleration in BW at ED12 in the 38.5 ͦC treatment was observed but not at later ages. MIXED model is performed to determine bands responding significantly to incubation temperature. Three proteins/bands are determined to significantly respond to temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Raising Ducks
    , . , RAISING DUCKS UNITED STATES FARMERS' PREPARED BY DEPARTMENT OF BULLETIN SCIENCE AND G AGRICULTURE NUMBER 2215 EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS Breeds _________ ______ _____ ____________ ______ ____ _ PAOli I ~eat b~8 ______ ___ ____ ___ _____ __ _______ __ _ _ I Egg-producingbreeds ______________________ __ __ 3 Breeding stock. ___ ____ ___ _____ _____________ ______ _ 4 Selection of breeders. _______ __________ ___ ____ _ _ 4 Breeder (acilities ___ _____ ___ ____ __ ______ __ ____ _ _ 4 EggXli~ucuon---- --- - - ---- --- -- --- --- -------- 5 HaD g eggs __ ____________________ __ ___ _____ _ 5 Incubation __ ___ __ _______ _____ ___ _______ _______ ____ 6 Artificial incuba.tion __ _____ __ . _. ___ • ______ .. __ . __ 6 Natural incubation. ____ __ • __ ____ _ . ___ ___._ . __ _ 8 Brooding and rearing __ __ ____ ______ _____ ____ __ ___ __ _ NuUition _______________ ____ _____ ____________ __ __ _ 8 10 ~arketing ____ _______________ __ ________ __ __ ______ _ II Diseases ______ ___ ______ ___ ____ ___ _____ __ __• __ ___ __ 13 lasued Mareh 1966 Slightly revi8ed AllgU/It 1969 W!l!!hington, D,C, Approved for reprinting September 1976 For ~ale by tho SU()(lrintondont of Doeumenlli, U.S, Government Printing Office Wa!hlnlton, O.C.!lru02 Stock No. 001-000-00070-6 11 RAISING DUCKS By William J. Ash, Department ot Biology, St. T..uwren(!c Uni\'crsity, Canton, N.Y. 13617' The number of ducks raised an­ are marketed through supply nually for meat in the United States houses and retail grocery outlets.
    [Show full text]
  • Opn5 Is a UV-Sensitive Bistable Pigment That Couples with Gi Subtype of G Protein
    Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi subtype of G protein Takahiro Yamashitaa,1, Hideyo Ohuchib,1, Sayuri Tomonarib, Keiko Ikedac, Kazumi Sakaia, and Yoshinori Shichidaa,2 aDepartment of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; bDepartment of Life Systems, Institute of Technology and Science, University of Tokushima, 770-8506, Japan; and cDivision of Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan Edited by Rosalie K. Crouch, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, and accepted by the Editorial Board November 1, 2010 (received for review August 23, 2010) Opn5 (neuropsin) belongs to an independent group separated achieved by the advance of the techniques to produce and purify from the other six groups in the phylogenetic tree of opsins, for the recombinant proteins in mammalian cultured cells. which little information of absorption characteristics and molecular The Opn5 (neuropsin) group was first identified in mouse and properties of the members is available. Here we show that the human genomes and found to be expressed in neural tissues (7), chicken Opn5 (cOpn5m) is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that but its function had remained uncharacterized. An interesting couples with Gi subtype of G protein. The recombinant expression character of Opn5 is that Opn5 is phylogenetically closely related of cOpn5m in HEK 293s cells followed by the addition of 11-cis- and with retinal photoisomerases, RGR, and peropsin. In fact, Opn5 all-trans-retinal produced UV light-absorbing and visible light- shares intron positions with peropsins and, in some phylogenetic absorbing forms, respectively. These forms were interconvertible trees, the pigment is considered to be diverged from peropsin and by UV and visible light irradiations, respectively, indicating that retinochrome/RGR after diversification from other opsin groups cOpn5m is a bistable pigment.
    [Show full text]