INDEX

A anti-Japanese movement, 15, 38 Abdul Aziz, Justice, 129 , 156–57, 166, Abdul Razak, 84, 92, 102, 112–13, 169–70, 200, 225 118, 120 Appeals of the Chinese Abdullah Badawi, 167, 169, Organizations (Hua Tuan 226–27 Suqiu), 200–01, 214, 225 ABIM (Angkatan Belia Islam “Articles of Faith of the State”, see ), 156 Rukun Negara Abu Talib, 143–44 Asian financial crisis, 191, 200 Academy of Five Blessings (Wufu Awang Had Salleh, 192 Shuyuan), 3 Aziz Report, 126, 128–29, 221 “administrative grants”, 230 Aziz Salary Scheme, 128–29 Alliance for the Abolition of Teaching Mathematics and B Science in English, see GMP Barisan Alternatif, 200 Alliance Party, 75, 77, 83–85, 101, (National Front), 104, 112, 118, 127 118, 120, 127, 171, 191, election won, 102 194–95, 200, 237–39, 243–45 All-Nation Protect Chinese Barnes, L.J., 60 Education Action Liaison Barnes Report, 59–62 Group, 132 “Basic Demands of Education, American Board of Commissioners The”, memorandum, 145–147 for Foreign Missions, 5 Beloff, Michael, 143–44 Aminuddin Baki, 236 Berita Harian, 169 Aminuddin Baki Institute, 204 Blundell, Governor, 14 Amnesty International, 171 bumiputra, 167 Anglo-Chinese College, 4 Anti-British League, 55 C anti-British sentiments, 24, 26–27, Cabinet Report, on education 54 system, 148–51, 157

271

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Caine, Sydney, 74 curricula in, 30–32, 168 Cambridge University, 180, 220 Education Act 1961, and, Central Advisory Committee on 105–07 Education, 59 general election, and, 236–44 First Report of the, 52–54 government control in, 22–24 Second Report of the, 62–66 grants-in-aid for, 20–22, 27, 38, see also Education Act; 47, 58–59, 67 Education Ordinance independent, 94, 105, 136–41, Chan Man Hing, 164 177, 181, 209–12, Chan Siang Sun, 157, 159 232–34 Cheah Toon Lok, 101, 108 Japanese occupation, during, Cheeseman, H.R., 49 44–45, 47 Cheeseman Plan, 49–50, 52 Malay, teaching, 58–59 Chen Guo Jie, 132 Malayanized textbooks, 64–65, Chen Jia Geng, 29, 50 76, 78 Chen, Michael, 162 number of, 31, 48, 105 Chen Qing Jia, 132, 164 Pacific War, and, 30–36 Chen Shou Min, 18 political activities in, 12–30 Chin See Yin, 101 rehabilitation and growth of, China 47–49 Guomindang, rule in, 25–30 school terms, 59 Japanese invasion, 28, 38 standards in, 32 nationalism, 7 students in, 106, 175–76, 179 Chinese, first arrivals, 1, 30 syllabuses, new, 88–89 Chinese Association (Zhong Hua system, new, 88–89 Gong Hui), 181 see also educational institutions; Chinese Education Advisory National School; National- Council, 100 Type Chinese Primary Chinese Educational Festival, 182 Schools Chinese Communist Party, 22, 27, Talib Report, and, 105–07 51, 56, 77 Chinese school teachers Chinese language qualified, and trained, 176–77, official language, struggle for, 179, 204, 229–30 70, 107–09, 113 salary scheme, 65–66, 68 Chinese schools Chinese society, pillars of, 4 attitude of colonial government Chou An Hui (Work-for-Peace towards, 14–15 Society), 13 closing down, possibility of, 97–98 chou zhen hui (relief fund conversion to English school, committees), 25, 28–29, 91–94 50

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Christian evangelization, 4–5 see also Central Advisory Christian missionary schools, 4–5 Committee on Education; Chung Hua Confucian, 8 Education Ordinance citizenship privileges, 98 Education Act, 1996, 195–200, Commercial Press, 34 209, 214, 224 communist uprising, 54, 84 Education Bill, 1990, 193–95, 224 Confederation of Overseas Chinese Education Development Blueprint, Schools, 18 233, 235–36, 239–40 Confucianism, 4 education development, funds for, Confucius Society, 8 56 curriculum, 3-M issue, 157–60, education expenditure, 57 162, 165, 173, 178, 223 education memorandum, and MCA, 147–48 D Education Ordinance, 1952, 66, Damansara National-Type Chinese 68–70, 76–77, 107, 200, Primary School Incident, 219 see SJK (C) Damansara revoked, 87 Incident see also Central Advisory DAP (Democratic Action Party), Committee on Education; 112, 120, 132, 159, 162–64, Education Act 170, 194–95, 237–38, 243 Education Ordinance, 1957, “development grants”, 230–31, 84–87, 89, 95, 102–03, 107 234 education system, Cabinet Report Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 109, on, 148–51, 157 233 Education Week, 54 Dong Jiao Zong, 141, 163, 199, educational institutions, 35 213, 222, 239–40, 245 Christian missionary schools, Dowager, Empress, 7 4–5 defensive measures, 9–10 Free Schools, 5–6 Driver, J., 14 old-style schools, 3–4 see also Chinese schools; E National School; National- Education Act, 1961, 130, 150, Type Chinese Primary 159, 165, 177, 192, 195–96, Schools 206, 208, 219–22, 231 educational policy, objective, 85 Chinese schools after the, Educational Reform Group, 210 105–07 Educational Research Center (Jiao primary school, under the, 102 Yu Yan Jiu Zhong Xin), 173 secondary school, under the, Eighth Malaysia Plan, 231, 236 103–04 Employees’ Provident Fund, 128

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English schools GMP (Gerakan Memansuhkan conversion to Malay schools, Pengajaran-Pembelanjaran 110, 120–22, 133, 135 Sains dan Matematik dalam European war, 29 Bahasa Inggeris), 242 evangelization, Christian, 4–5 government control, in Chinese Examination Syndicate, 149–50 schools, 22–24 grants-in-aid, for Chinese schools, F 20–22, 27, 38, 47, 58–59, 67 Federated Malay States, 2, 18–19, Great Depression, 30 22, 25–26, 29, 35, 43 “Great Education Blueprint”, 237 Federation of Malaya, 46, 51–52, Gu Guang Xing, 125, 250 58–59, 75, 77 Guang Xu, Emperor, 7 Six-Year Education Plan in, “Guideline on the Expansion and 55–58 Rebuilding of Schools”, 240 Federation of Malaya Agreement, Guo Quan Qiang, 191, 199 70 Guomindang, 12–13, 22, 24, 31, Fenn, W.P., 61 34, 47, 51 Fenn-Wu Report, 61–65 rule in China, 25–30 First World War, see World War I FMC (Federation of Malaya H Certificate), 146 Han Jiang International College, , 209, 214 212, 214, 218, 224 Foo Wan Thot, 138–39, 211, 222 higher institutes of learning, Foon Yew College, 181 Chinese students in, 181 Free Schools, 5–6 Higher School Certificate, see Association, 32, 34 HSC Higher Studies Counselling G Centre, 144, 223 , 6 Hishammuddin Hussein, 240 General Association of Overseas Hogan, M.J., 64, 66 Chinese Education, 20 Hogan Report, 66–67 general election, 101, 111–13, Hokkien Association, 74 193–95, 200, 236, 238–39 Holgate, M.R., 52 Chinese schools, and, 236–44 Holgate Report, 52–54 Georgetown Municipal Council, 99 Hong Leong Group, 214 Gerakan (Gerakan Rakyat Hou Kok Chung, 239 Malaysia), 112, 120, 159, HSC (Higher School Certificate), 163–64, 170, 206, 237–38 104, 122–23 , 172 Hua Ren Education Foundation globalization, 189, 206 (Hua Ren Jiao Yu Ji Jin), 190

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Hua Tuan Suqiu, see Appeals of the K Chinese Organizations Kang Yu Wei, 35, 38 Hui Yi Pian Pian Lu reforms, and, 7–10 (Reminiscences), book, 104 Kerk Choo Ting, 163 , 130, 142, 155 Kesatuan Guru-guru Melayu Semananjung (Malay I Teachers’ Union of the IMP (Independence of Malaya Peninsula), 107 Party), 75 Khaw Kai Boh, 111 independent Chinese school, 94, Khir Johari, 93, 97, 111 105, 136–41, 177, 181, Khoo Seok Wan, 8 209–12, 232–34 Koh Tsu Koon, 164 “Independent Chinese Secondary Kua Kia Soong, 171, 239, 245 Schools’ Reform Plan”, 210 Kuang Qi Fang, 205 Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 161 L Integrated School Plan, 167–68, Labor Party, 99 190–91, 223–24 language, Chinese integration, of races, 167 official language, struggle for, Internal Security Act, 171 70, 107–09, 113 International Islamic University, LCE (Lower Certificate of 161–62 Education), 89–90, 93, Islamic Youth Movement, 95, 97, 99, 106, 122, 129, Malaysia, see ABIM 136–37, 140, 147 Ismail bin Dato Abdul Rahman, League of Islamic Universities, Dr, 87, 124 161 Lee, Alex, 124 J , 170 Japan , 103, 124, 127– anti-Japanese movement, 15, 38 28, 144, 150, 159, 163–64 invasion of China, 28, 38 Lee Siok Yew, 103 Yuan Shi Kai, agreement with, Leong Yew Koh, 104 13, 27 Li Yun Tian, 103 Japanese occupation Light, Francis, 1, 14 Chinese schools during, 44–45, Lim Boon Keng, 8, 18 47 Lim Chong Eu, 88–89, 99–101, Jiang Jie Shi, 22, 25–27, 31 116, 125 Jiao Yu Yan Jiu Zhong Xin Lim Fong Seng, 156, 171, 194 (Educational Research , 124–25, 163, 170 Center), 173 Lim Kit Siang, 162, 163, 164

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Lim Lian Geok, 61, 70, 72, 76, Malayan Chinese Association, see 85, 87–89, 92, 96, 98–100, MCA 104, 107, 111, 182–83, 220 Malayan Chinese Association Lim Lian Geok Foundation, 182, Chinese Education Central 233 Committee, see MCACECC , 168, 191 Malayan Communist Party, 26, 51, London Missionary Society, 4–5 58, 77 “Look East”, 162 Malayan Indian Congress, see MIC Loot Ting Yee, 111, 156, 161, Malayan Secondary School 164, 167, 206, 220, 233 Entrance Examination, 90, Lower Certificate of Education, see 103, 105 LCE Malayan school system, 37 Malayan Union, 45, 47–48, 75, 77 M Malayanization, 51–52, 58 MacDonald, Malcolm, 74 Malayanized textbooks, 64–65, 76, MacGillivray, Donald, 70, 75 78 MacMichael, Sir Harold, 45 Malaysia , 131, 140, formation of, 107 144, 150, 155–57, 159, Malaysia Examination Council, 171–72, 187, 189, 191–92, 149 194, 197, 200–01, 226 Malaysian Certificate of Education, Majid Report, 122–23, 142, 221 see MCE sultanate, 1 Malaysian Chinese Cultural Malay Society, 165 nationalism, 51, 88 Malaysian Chinese National Unity preference in public universities, Movement, 125, 126 122–24 Malaysian Chinese Schools’ Old Malay language, see National Boys’ Association, 243 Language Malaysian Higher Certificate of Malay Nationalist Party, see MNP Education, 233 Malay Peninsula “Malaysian Malaysia”, 108 Chinese immigration into, 2 Malaysia Plan, Eighth, 231, 236 schools set up in, 10 Malaysia Plan, Ninth, 231, 233 Malay schools Malaysia Plan, Seventh, 190, 231 conversion from English schools, Manchu Dynasty, 3–4, 26–27 110, 120–22, 133, 135 Xue Bu (Ministry of Education), Malay Teachers’ Union of the 9 Peninsula (Kesatuan Guru- Manifesto on Mother Tongue guru Melayu Semananjung), Education (Mu Yu Jiao Yu 107 Xuan Yan), 200–01, 214, 225

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May 4th movement, 15–18, 33, 38 Mini Education Development May 13th, see racial riots Blueprint, 240 MCA (Malayan Chinese MNP (Malay Nationalist Party), Association), 57–58, 66, 46, 54 68–70, 72, 74–76, 78, 83–84, Morrison, R., 4 88, 92, 97–99, 101, 103–04, mother tongue, 6, 14, 100, 145, 108–09, 111–13, 118, 120, 193, 201, 206, 237, 241–42 130, 132, 144, 145, 151, Mu Yu Jiao Yu Xuan Yan 157–59, 162–65, 169–70, (Manifesto on Mother Tongue 189–91, 206, 219, 237–38 Education), 200–01, 214, between pluralism and 225 unitarianism, 234–35 Mui, G.D., 89 education memorandum, Multimedia Super Corridor, 189 147–48 Murad bin Mohd Noor, Hj, 167 winning back Chinese support, , 142–43, 157, 172 124–28 Musa Mohammed, 240 MCA Youth, 167 MCACECC (Malayan Chinese N Association Chinese , 170, 190, 196, 210 Education Central Nanyang Girls’ High School, Committee), 68–70, 73, 78, 18–19, 55 90–93, 96–97, 99–100 Nanking University, 214 MCE (Malaysian Certificate of Nanyang Overseas Chinese General Education), 90, 93, 111, 122, Association for the Relief of 129, 136–37, 146, 220, 233 Refugees in the Fatherland, Meiji Restoration, 27 29 Merdeka University, 111, 141–43, Nanyang University, 74–75, 220–21 110–11, 143, 146–47, 201, Merdeka University Limited 220 Company, 111, 142–44, 213, establishment of, 74–75 221–22 National Accreditation Board (Lan) MIC (Malayan Indian Congress), Act, 212 69, 83–84, 191, 238 National Education System, 196 Milne, W., 4 National Front, see Barisan Min Quan Zhu Yi (Principle of Nasional People’s Sovereignty), 26 National Higher Education Min Sheng Zhu Yi (Principle of Council Act, 212 People’s Livelihood), 26 National Language, 139, 145, 158, Min Zu Zhu Yi (Principle of 166, 196, 235, 241 Nationalism), 26 National Language Act, 109–10, 120

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National Language Action Front, Ong Ka Ting, 234 109 Onn Jafaar, 46, 53, 59, 75 National Operations Council, 112 “Operation Lalang”, 171, 183 National School, 60, 63, 66–68, “Operation Torch”, 96 71, 74, 76–77 Opium War, 5, 7 definition of, 72 overage students, 94, 97–98 see also Chinese schools; Overseas Chinese Anti-Enemy educational institutions Back-up Society, 29 National-Type Chinese Primary Overseas Chinese Commission, 48 Schools, 102, 132–36, 151, Overseas Chinese High School, 169, 190, 196–97, 206, 227, 54–55 229, 230, 238 Overseas School Certificate, 88, during mid-1980s, 173–77 93, 95, 111, 220 during 1990-2003, 202–04 see also Chinese schools; P educational institutions; Pacific War, 44, 47, 51, 55, 219 National School Chinese schools and, 30–36 Neilson, J.B., 50 educational scene, and, 36–39 New Economic Policy, 118–20, Pakatan Rakyat, 238, 243–44 128, 175 Pang Yong Zhong, 245 New Era College, 210–14, 218, Partai Rakyat, 99 224, 233, 238–39 PAS (Parti Islam SeMalaysia), trouble at, 244–45 112, 119–20, 156, 195, 238, New Salary Scheme, 68–69 243–44 Ngee Ann College, 146–47 Payne, E.M.F., 73, 93 Ninth Malaysia Plan, 231, 233 Pearl Harbor, 28 Noramly Muslim, 167–68 Penang Free School, 5 Northern Expedition, 22, 25–27, Penang Island First Self-Governing 38 School, 19 Northern Expedition Army, 24 People’s Action Party, 108 Northern University, 192 People’s Alliance, see Pakatan Rakyat O People’s Justice Party, see PKR ‘O’ level examination, 180 People’s Progressive Party, see PPP Office for Upholding Educational Perak Council of Chinese School Matters of the Overseas Committees, 211, 233 Chinese in British Possessions, Perak Overseas Chinese 18 Educational Association, 20 old-style schools, 3–4 PKR (Parti Keadilan Rakyat), 238, one-medium schooling, 119 243

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pluralism, 219, 236 registration of schools, 54–55 MCA, and, 234–35 Registration of Schools Ordinance, political activities, in Chinese 54–55 schools, 12–30 Reid, Lord, 84, 98 PPP (People’s Progressive Party), relief fund committees (chou zhen 99, 104, 112, 120 hui), 25, 28–29, 50 primary school, types of, 85–86 Roman Catholics, 5 Principle of Nationalism (Min Zu rubber cultivation, 2 Zhu Yi), 26 Rukun Negara, 118–19, 125 Principle of People’s Livelihood (Min Sheng Zhu Yi), 26 S Principle of People’s Sovereignty Samad Said, 242 (Min Quan Zhu Yi), 26 , 170 Private Higher Education Council San Min Zhu Yi (Three People’s Act, 212 Principles), 26, 31 Proposals for Independent Chinese , 171 Secondary Schools, 138–40, SC (School Certificate), 146 222 school population, 57 Protestants, 5 “School Pupils Integration Plan, Pu Yi, 27 The”, 168–69, 223 public universities, students in, 123 school registration statistics, 20 schools, in relation to student Q numbers, 202–03 Queen’s Scholarship, 36 Schools Ordinance, 15–18 quota system, 122–23, 142, 147, Schools Registration Enactment, 151, 221 18–19, 38, 219 Schools Registration Ordinance, R 17–18, 38, 219 race-based politics, 238 Second World War, see World races, integration of, 167 War II racial polarization, 167, 223 Secondary School Integrated racial riots, 112–13, 118, 171, 224 Curriculum, 178 Raffles, Stamford, 1 secondary school, types of, 86 Rahman College, 110–11, 127 Sedition Act, 119, 126, 221 Rahman Talib, 102, 104 Seenvisagam, D.R., 99, 104 Razak Report, 84–89, 94–95, 97, Semangat 46, 172, 194–95 102, 107, 192, 219, 235 Senior Cambridge Local “reading rooms”, 10–11 Examination, 36 Reformasi, 200 Sensitive Issues Bill, 119 Reform Party, 8 Seventh Malaysia Plan, 190, 231

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Shen Ting, 138 Sulaiman Daud, 158–59, 162 Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia, Sun Yat Sen, and revolution, 180 10–12, 15, 22, 24–26, 38 Sim Mow Yu, 108–09, 117, 125, Syed Nasir, 109 152, 161, 164, 171, 220–21, Syllabus and Time-Table 245 Committee, 88, 99 Sin Chew Daily, 171 Singapore T Ten-Year Education Plan in, Talib Report, 102, 104, 219–20 50–52 Chinese schools after the, Singapore Chinese Girls’ School, 8 105–07 Singapore Free Press, 4 Tamrin Baba, 192 Singapore Free School, 5 Tan Cheng Lock, 58, 68–69, 72, sishu, old-style school, 3 74–75, 99 Six-Year Education Plan, 55–58 Tan Lark Sye, 74 SJK (C) Damansara Incident, Tan Seng Kiaw, 163 205–06, 225–27, 238–39, 243 Tan Siew Sin, 101, 108, 116, Smart Schools, 187, 189–90, 201, 124–27 214, 224 Tan Tiong Hong, 124 Smith, Sir Cecil Clementi, 6, teachers, in Chinese school 26–27, 35 qualified, and trained, 176–77, Socialist Front, 99 179, 204, 229–30 Society Act, 155 salary scheme, 65–66, 68 Society Amendment Act, 156–57 Teachers’ Provident Fund, 128 Song Jiao Ren, 13 Teachers’ Qualifying Test, 95–96 Southern College, 180–81, 212–14, teaching Malay, in Chinese Schools 218, 224, 238–39 58–59 SPM (Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia), Templer, Gerald, 69, 75 122, 137, 146, 180, 204 , 172, SRP (Sijil Rendah Pelajaran), 122, 194 137, 140, 180 Thomas, Sir Shenton, 29 Star, newspaper, 171 Three Big Organizations, 70 STP (Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan), Three People’s Principles (San Min 122 Zhu Yi), 26, 31 Straits Settlements, 1, 5, 14, 16, Thuraisingham, E.E.C., 71–72, 74 18, 19, 22, 25–26, 29, 35, tin mining, 2 43, 45, 66 Tong Meng Hui, 12 strategy, 3-in-1, 162–64, 194, 224 Too Joon Hin, 92, 99, 101, 104 Students’ Anti-Enemy Back-up Treacher, W.H., 14 Society, 29 Tuang Pik King, 171

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Tunku Abdul Rahman, 75–77, 84, UMNO Malaysia, 172 101, 107–08, 112, 118, 172 UMNO Youth, 170, 192 Unfederated Malay States, 2, 43 U Unified Examination, 180, UCSCA (United Chinese School 195–96, 198, 201, 204, 210, Committee’s Association), 222, 225, 233, 238 69–70, 73, 76, 78, 93, Unified Teaching Service Salary 96–97, 100–01, 126–28, Scheme, 128–29 130–32, 138, 141, 148, 150, unitarianism, 219, 226, 231–32, 155–56, 158–59, 162–65, 235 167–69, 171, 191, 194–96, MCA, and, 234–35 199–200, 202, 204–06, 209, United Chinese School 211, 213, 219–20, 222, 224, Committee’s Association, see 227–30, 234, 236, 239–40, UCSCA 242 United Chinese School Teachers’ “Basic Demands of Education, Association, see UCSTA The”, memorandum, United Democratic Party, 116 145–47 Universiti Islam Antarabangsa, UCSTA (United Chinese School see International Islamic Teachers’ Association), 61, 64, University 68, 70, 72–73, 76, 78, 88, Universities and University 90–93, 96–98, 100–01, 104, Colleges Act, 141, 144, 108, 111, 126–28, 130, 132, 161–62, 221 138, 145, 155–56, 158–59, Universities and University 161–65, 167–69, 171, 173, Colleges Amendment Act, 182, 191, 195–96, 199–200, 212 202, 204–06, 209, 211, 213, university applicants, 143 219–20, 222, 224, 227–31, University Kebangsaan, 167 234, 236, 239, 242 University of Malaya, 74, 88 “ultimate objective”, in education, 83–85, 88, 97, 102, 113, V 141, 151, 192, 195–97, Vintage Height Sdn. Bhd., 214 219–20, 222–26, 229 Vision 2020, 187–90, 206, UMNO (United Malay National 208–10, 212–14, 224–26 Organization), 46, 49, 53, Vision Schools, 187, 189–91, 201, 75–76, 83–85, 100–01, 214, 224, 236 111–13, 119–20, 124, 126, 156–57, 169, 171–72, 191, W 194, 200, 238 Wang Chao Qun, 191 UMNO Baru, 172 Wang Jing Cheng, 91–92

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Watan, 171 Y Waung Yoong Nien, 91–94 Yan Yuan Zhang, 88–89, 104, 220 Wee Ka Siong, 238–39, 243 Yang Cheng Cai, 131 Whitfield, L.D., 63, 72 Yap Sin Tian, 227–28, 244 Windstedt, R.O., 21 Yong Pung How, 101 Woon See Chin, 169, 178, 181 Yu Pei Gao, 18–19 Work-for-Peace Society (Chou An Yuan Shi Kai, 11, 14–15, 22, 31 Hui), 13 agreement with Japanese, 13, 27 World War I, 15, 27 World War II, 12 Z Wu Jian Cheng, 233 Zhang Ya Shan, 245 Wu, T.Y., 61 Zhang Ying, 243 Wu Yuan He, 19 zhong, loyalty to ruler, 4 Wufu Shuyuan (Academy of Five Zhong Hua Book Company, 34 Blessings), 3 Zhong Hua Gong Hui (Chinese Association), 181 X Zhong Le Chen, 18–19 xiao, filial, 4 Zhong Ling High School, 91–94, Xue Bu (Ministry of Education), 99, 139 under Manchu, 9 Zhuang Xi Quan, 18

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