Distribution of Fishes in North and Basins affected by The Garrison Diversion Unit

by John B. Owen Dean S. Elsen and Gordon W. Russell

Published by Fisheries Research Unit University of Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202 1 981 Copyright C) 1981 by John B. Owen, Fisheries Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Printed by University Press, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N.D. 58202, U.S.A.

Additional copies may be obtained by writing to Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202. Price $7.00 plus postage.

Key Words 1. Fish distribution 2. Life histories 3. Fish 4.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... vii

LIST OF TABLES ...... viii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ...... ix

ABSTRACT ...... xv

Chapter I INTRODUCTION ...... 1

II DRAINAGE RELATIONSHIPS ...... 5

A. Pre-Wisconsonian Glaciation Conditions 5

B. Effects of glaciation on drainage systems and distribution of fishes ...... 5

C. Human impact on watersheds and fishes 11

III THE PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES IN NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA BASINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED GARRISON DIVERSION UNIT ...... 13

A. Basin ...... 13

B. Wild Rice River Basin, Sheyenne River Basin, Devils Lake Basin, and Souris River Basin 64

IV DISCUSSION 129

A. James River Basin 129

Distribution of fishes 129 Possibility of interbasin transfer of fishes 132

B. Wild Rice River Basin 134

Distribution of fishes 134 Possibility of interbasin transfer of fishes 134

C. Sheyenne River Basin ...... 135

Distribution of fishes 135 Possibility of interbasin transfer of fishes 135

D. Devils Lake Basin ...... 135

Distribution of fishes 135 Possibility of interbasin transfer of fishes 135

E. Souris River Basin 136

Distribution of fishes 136 Possibility of interbasin transfer of fishes 136

V LIFE HISTORIES OF FISHES IN DRAINAGES AFFECTED BY THE GARRISON DIVERSION UNIT ...... 137

Petromyzontidae 137

Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard--chestnut lamprey 137

111

PAGE Acipenseridae 137 Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque--lake sturgeon ...... 137 Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes and Richardson)--pallid sturgeon ...... 138 Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque)--shovelnose sturgeon ...... 138 Polyodontidae 139 Polyodon spathula (Walbaum)--paddlefish 139 Lepisosteidae 139 Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus)--longnose gar 139 Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque--shortnose gar 140 Amiidae 140 Amia calva Linnaeus--bowfin ...... 140 Clupeidae 141 Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur)--gizzard shad ...... 141 Hiodontidae 142 Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque)--goldeye ...... 142 Hiodon tergisus Lesueur--mooneye ...... 143 Salmonidae ...... 143 Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)--lake whitefish 143 Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum)--coho salmon ...... 144 Salmo gairdneri Richardson--rainbow trout ...... 144 Salmo trutta Linnaeus--brown trout 145 Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum)--lake trout ...... 145 Osmeridae ...... 146 Osmerus mordax (Mitchill)--rainbow smelt ...... 146 Umbridae ...... 146 Umbra limi (Kirtland)--central mudminnow ...... 146 Esocidae 147 Esox lucius Linnaeus-- ...... 147 Esox masquinongy Mitchill--muskellunge 147 Cyprinidae 148 Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque)--stoneroller 148 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)--goldfish 149 Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz)--lake chub ...... 149 Ctenopharyngodon idellus Valenciennes--grass carp ...... 149 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus--carp ...... 150 Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs--brassy minnow 150 Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz--silvery minnow ...... 151 Hybognathus placitus Girard--plains minnow ...... 151 Hybopsis gelida (Girard)--sturgeon chub ...... 151 Hybopsis gracilis (Richardson)--flathead chub ...... 152 Hybopsis meeki Jordan and Evermann--sicklefin chub 152 Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland)--silver chub ...... 152 Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland)--hornyhead chub 153 Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill)--golden shiner 153

iv PAGE

CYPRINIDAE (cont.)

Notropis anogenus FORBES--PUGNOSE shiner ...... 154 atherinoides RAFINESQUE--EMERALD shiner 154 Notropis blennius (GIRARD)--RIVER shiner 154 Notropis cornutus (MITCHILL)--COMMON shiner ...... 155 Notropis dorsalis (AGASSIZ)--BIGMOUTH shiner ...... 156 Notropis heterodon (COPE)--BLACKCHIN shiner 156 Notropis heterolepis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN--BLACKNOSE shiner 156 Notropis hudsonius (CLINTON)--SPOTTAIL shiner 157 Notropis lutrensis (Baird and GIRARD)--RED shiner ...... 157 Notropis rubellus (AGASSIZ)--ROSYFACE shiner 158 Notropis spilopterus (COPE)--SPOTFIN shiner 158 Notropis stramineus (COPE)--SAND shiner 159 Notropis topeka GILBERT--TOPEKA shiner 159 Notropis volucellus (COPE)--MIMIC shiner 160 Phoxinus eos (COPE)--NORTHERN REDBELLY dace 160 Phoxinus neogaeus COPE--FINESCALE dace ...... 161 Pimephales notatus (RAFINESQUE)--BLUNTNOSE minnow 161 Pimephales promelas RAFINESQUE--FATHEAD minnow ...... 162 Rhinichthys atratulus (HERMANN)--BLACKNOSE dace 162 Rhinichthys cataractae (VALENCIENNES)--LONGNOSE dace 163 Semotilus atromaculatus (MITCHILL)--CREEK chub ...... 163 Semotilus margarita (COPE)--PEARL dace 164

CATOSTOMIDAE 164

Carpiodes carpio (RAFINESQUE)--RIVER CARPSUCKER 164 Carpiodes cyprinus (LESUEUR)--QUILLBACK 164 Catostomus catostomus (FORSTER)--LONGNOSE sucker ...... 165 Catostomus commersoni (LACEPEDE)--WHITE sucker 165 Cycleptus elongatus (LESUEUR)--BLUE sucker ...... 166 Erimyzon sucetta (LACEPEDE)--LAKE CHUBSUCKER 166 Ictiobus bubalus (RAFINESQUE)--SMALLMOUTH buffalo ...... 167 Ictiobus cyprinellus (VALENCIENNES)--BIGMOUTH buffalo 167 Ictiobus niger (RAFINESQUE)--BLACK buffalo ...... 168 Moxostoma anisurum (RAFINESQUE)--SILVER REDHORSE 168 Moxostoma erythrurum (RAFINESQUE)--GOLDEN REDHORSE 168 Moxostoma macrolepidotum (LESUEUR)--SHORTHEAD REDHORSE 169 Moxostoma valenciennesi JORDAN--GREATER REDHORSE 169

ICTALURIDAE 169

Ictaluras furcatus (LESUEUR)--BLUE catfish 169 Ictalurus melas (RAFINESQUE)--BLACK bullhead 170 Ictalurus natalis (LESUEUR)--YELLOW bullhead 170 Ictalurus nebulosus (LESUEUR)-- ...... 171 Ictalurus punctatus (RAFINESQUE)--CHANNEL catfish 171 Noturus flavus RAFINESQUE--STONECAT 172 Noturus gyrinus (MITCHILL)--TADPOLE MADTOM 172 Pylodictis olivaris (RAFINESQUE)--FLATHEAD catfish ...... 173

PERCOPSIDAE 173

Percopsis omiscomaycus (WALBAUM)--TROUT-PERCH 173

GADIDAE 174

Lota Iota (LINNAEUS)--BURBOT 174

CYPRINODONTIDAE 175

Fundulus diaphanus (LESUEUR)--BANDED killifish 175 Fundulus sciadicus COPE--PLAINS TOPMINNOW 175 PAGE

GASTEROSTEIDAE 176

CULAEA INCONSTANS (KIRTLAND)--BROOK STICKLEBACK 176 PUNGITIUS PUNGITIUS (LINNAEUS)--NINESPINE STICKLEBACK 176

PERCICHTHYIDAE 177

MORONE CHRYSOPS (RAFINESQUE)--WHITE BASS 177

CENTRARCHIDAE 177

AMBLOPLITES RUPESTRIS (RAFINESQUE)--ROCK BASS 177 LEPOMIS CYANELLUS RAFINESQUE--GREEN SUNFISH 178 LEPOMIS GIBBOSUS (LINNAEUS)--PUMPKINSEED 178 LEPOMIS HUMILIS (GIRARD)--ORANGESPOTTED SUNFISH 179 LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS RAFINESQUE-- 180 MICROPTERUS DOLOMIEUI LACE-PEDE—SMALLMOUTH BASS 180 MICROPTERUS SALMOIDES (LACEPDE)--LARGEMOUTH BASS 181 POMOXIS ANNULARIS RAFINESQUE--WHITE CRAPPIE 181 POMOXIS NIGROMACULATUS (LESUEUR)--BLACK CRAPPIE 182

PERCIDAE 182

ETHEOSTOMA EXILE (GIRARD)-- DARTER 182 ETHEOSTOMA NIGRUM RAFINESQUE--JOHNNY DARTER 183 PERCA FLAVESCENS (MITCHILL)--YELLOW PERCH 183 PERCINA CAPRODES (RAFINESQUE)--LOG PERCH 184 PERCINA MACULATA (GIRARD)--BLACKSIDE DARTER 185 PERCINA SHUMARDI (GIRARD)--RIVER DARTER 185 STIZOSTEDION CANADENSE (SMITH)--SAUGER 185 STIZOSTEDION VITREUM VITREUM (MITCHILL)-- 186

SCIAENIDAE 187

APLODINOTUS GRUNNIENS RAFINESQUE--FRESHWATER DRUM 187

APPENDIX 189

KEY TO THE FISHES OF NORTH DAKOTA 189

REFERENCES 201

VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This book would not have been initiated and could not have been completed without the interest and sustained support of a number of individuals and organizations. The original fish collections, preliminary reports, and this book were financially supported by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Missouri-Souris Projects Office, Bismarck, North Dakota, and the Garrison Diversion Conservancy District, Carrington, North Dakota. The Office of Research and Program Development of the Uni- versity of North Dakota also contributed financial support for printing. We are grateful for the assistance of Eric Bakke who was the principal field assistant in 1974 and 1975. We greatly appreciate his conscientious work and pleasant companionship. Many other people in North and South Dakota assisted us during our collections. Dale Henegar, Chief of Fisheries, North Dakota Game and Fish Department and Robert L. Hanten, Chief of Fisheries, South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, gave us permission to collect and provided other valuable assistance throughout this study. Personnel of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in North and South Dakota were helpful in many ways, especially managers of National Wildlife Refuges who gave us permission to collect in the refuges and discussed local problems with us. Special appreciation is due Dr. John Peters, Dr. James LaBounty, and Richard D. McCabe of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation for their sustained assistance in developing and reviewing this book. We wish to express our appreciation for the reviews of the manuscript by Dr. Frank B. Cross, Uni- versity of Kansas; Dr. James C. Underhill, University of ; Dr. John C. Peterka, North Dakota State University; Dr. John P. Bluemle, Dr. Harry Holloway, Jr., and Dr. Joe K. Neel, University of North Dakota; and Dale Henegar and Fred Ryckman, North Dakota Game and Fish Department. Special appreciation is due Dr. Frank B. Cross for the use of the plates of fishes. The North Dakota Game and Fish Department provided the colored photographs of the walleye, fathead minnow, and emerald shiner on the cover. Candace Ketterling Gaylord did the early bibliographic research and prepared the first draft of the life histories of fishes which was developed into chapter five. Susan Schmidt Killingbeck and Marsha Thompson Sampson collected additional bibliographic references. The fish distribution maps were prepared by Marsha T. Sampson from base maps drawn by the drafting section of the Bureau of Reclamation. Shannon Martin drew the maps in Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 106. Steven Kelsch had earlier prepared the key to fishes of North Dakota and permission to include it in this publication is greatly appreciated. Kim Peterson was secretary during preparation of final drafts. A special debt is owed Diane L. Johnson for her diligent effort in typing the final manuscript. Kenneth Ness handled the intricate details of preparing the manuscript for printing. Finally we wish to thank Alice K. Owen who assisted with the final proofreading. Although we gratefully acknowledge the help and advice we received from the large number of people interested in this project, the authors are solely responsible for the collections and all interpretations expressed in the text.

John B. Owen Dean S. Eisen Gordon W. Russell

vii LIST OF TABLES PAGE

Table I Fishes reported in the James River Basin 19

Table II Fishes reported from tributaries of the Red River and the Devils Lake Basin 69

viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE

Figure 1 Garrison Diversion Unit, Initial Stage 3

Figure 2 Major drainage systems in North and South Dakota prior to glaciation 6

Figure 3 Major drainage systems in North and South Dakota after Pleistocene glaciation 7

Figure 4 Location of major glacial lakes in North and South Dakota of probable significance in postglacial distribution of fish species 9

Figure 5 Area covered by glacial 10

Figure 6 River basins in the Garrison Diversion Unit area in relation to the Continental Divide ...... 14

Figure 7 James River basin in North and South Dakota with location and heights of larger dams ...... 15

Figure 8 Fish collection stations in the James River basin used by Russell and Elson in 1974 and 1975 18

Figure 9 Location of shortnose gar collected in the James River Basin in 1975 23

Figure 10 Location of gizzard shad collected in the James River Basin in 1975 24

Figure 11 Location of goldeye collected in the James River Basin in 1975 25

Figure 12 Location of northern pike collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 26

Figure 13 Location of central stoneroller collected in the James River Basin in 1975 27

Figure 14 Location of carp collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 28

Figure 15 Location of emerald shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975 29

Figure 16 Location of common shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 30

Figure 17 Location of bigmouth shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975 31

Figure 18 Location of spottail shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975 32

Figure 19 Location of red shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975 33

Figure 20 Location of sand shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 34

Figure 21 Location of Topeka shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975 35

Figure 22 Location of fathead minnow collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 36

Figure 23 Location of blacknose dace collected in the James River Basin in 1975 37

Figure 24 Location of creek chub collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 38

Figure 25 Location of river carpsucker collected in the James River Basin in 1975 39

Figure 26 Location of white sucker collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 40

Figure 27 Location of smallmouth buffalo collected in the James River Basin in 1975 41

ix PAGE

Figure 28 Location of bigmouth buffalo collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 42

Figure 29 Location of shorthead redhorse collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 43

Figure 30 Location of black bullhead collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 44

Figure 31 Location of yellow bullhead collected in the James River Basin in 1975 45

Figure 32 Location of channel catfish collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 46

Figure 33 Location of tadpole madtom collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 47

Figure 34 Location of flathead catfish collected in the James River Basin in 1975 48

Figure 35 Location of plains topminnow collected in the James River Basin in 1975 49

Figure 36 Location of brook stickleback collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 50

Figure 37 Location of white bass collected in the James River Basin in 1975 51

Figure 38 Location of green sunfish collected in the James River Basin in 1975 52

Figure 39 Location of orangespotted sunfish collected in the James River Basin 1974 and 1975 53

Figure 40 Location of bluegill collected in the James River Basin in 1975 54

Figure 41 Location of smallmouth bass collected in the James River Basin in 1975 55

Figure 42 Location of largemouth bass collected in the James River Basin in 1975 56

Figure 43 Location of white crappie collected in the James River Basin in 1975 57

Figure 44 Location of black crappie collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 58

Figure 45 Location of Iowa darter collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 59

Figure 46 Location of Johnny darter collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 60

Figure 47 Location of yellow perch collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 61

Figure 48 Location of walleye collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975 62

Figure 49 Location of freshwater drum collected in the James River Basin in 1975 63

Figure 50 Fish collection stations in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and the Devils Lake Basins used by Russell in 1974 67

Figure 51 Fish collection stations in the Souris River Basin used by Russell in 1974 68

Figure 52 Location of northern pike collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 75

Figure 53 Location of carp collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 76 PAGE

Figure 54 Location of golden shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 77

Figure 55 Location of common shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 78

Figure 56 Location of spottail shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 79

Figure 57 Location of spotfin shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 80

Figure 58 Location of sand shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 81

Figure 59 Location of bluntnose minnow collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 82

Figure 60 Location of fathead minnow collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 83

Figure 61 Location of blacknose dace collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 84

Figure 62 Location of longnose dace collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 85

Figure 63 Location of creek chub collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 86

Figure 64 Location of white sucker collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 87

Figure 65 Location of bigmouth buffalo collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 88

Figure 66 Location of shorthead redhorse collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 89

Figure 67 Location of black bullhead collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 90

Figure 68 Location of channel catfish collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 91

Figure 69 Location of stonecat collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 92

Figure 70 Location of tadpole madtom collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 93

Figure 71 Location of trout-perch collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 94

Figure 72 Location of brook stickleback collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 95

Figure 73 Location of white bass collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 96

Figure 74 Location of rock bass collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 97

Figure 75 Location of pumpkinseed collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 98

xi PAGE

Figure 76 Location of orangespotted sunfish collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 99

Figure 77 Location of bluegill collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 100

Figure 78 Location of smallmouth bass collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 101

Figure 79 Location of white crappie collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 102

Figure 80 Location of black crappie collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 103

Figure 81 Location of Iowa darter collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 104

Figure 82 Location of Johnny darter collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 105

Figure 83 Location of yellow perch collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 106

Figure 84 Location of blackside darter collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 107

Figure 85 Location of sauger collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 108

Figure 86 Location of walleye collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 109

Figure 87 Location of freshwater drum collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974 ...... 110

Figure 88 Location of northern pike collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 111

Figure 89 Location of golden shiner collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 112

Figure 90 Location of common shiner collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 113

Figure 91 Location of bigmouth shiner collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 114

Figure 92 Location of fathead minnow collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 115

Figure 93 Location of blacknose dace collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 116

Figure 94 Location of creek chub collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 117

Figure 95 Location of white sucker collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 118

Figure 96 Location of black bullhead collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 119

Figure 97 Location of tadpole madtom collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 120

xii PAGE

Figure 98 Location of trout-perch collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 121

Figure 99 Location of brook stickleback collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 122

Figure 100 Location of smallmouth bass collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 123

Figure 101 Location of black crappie collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 124

Figure 102 Location of Iowa darter collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 125

Figure 103 Location of Johnny darter collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 126

Figure 104 Location of yellow perch collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 127

Figure 105 Location of walleye collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974 ...... 128

Figure 106 Number of fish species collected in four sections of the James River Basin 130 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE

Chestnut lamprey ...... 137

Shovelnose sturgeon ...... 138

Paddlefish ...... 139

Shortnose gar ...... 140

Gizzard shad 141

Goldeye 142

Rainbow trout ...... 144

Central mudminnow 146

Stoneroller 148

Common shiner ...... 155

Sand shiner ...... 159

White sucker 165

Trout-perch ...... 173

Plains topminnow 175

White bass ...... 177

Freshwater drum ...... 187

xiv ABSTRACT

The distribution of fishes in the James River basin in North and South Dakota and the Wild Rice, Sheyenne and Souris River basins and Devils Lake closed basin in North Dakota was investigated in 1974 and 1975 by University of North Dakota biologists. The purpose of the study was to obtain current fish distribution records and to identify factors affecting distribution. In 1974 and 1975, 41 species of fish were collected in the James River basin with 60 species previously reported by earlier investigators. In 1974, 12 species of fish were collected in the Wild Rice River with 14 species now known in this river. In 1974, 32 species were collected in the Sheyenne River with 53 species previously recorded. In 1974, 18 species were collected in the Souris River and 5 species were collected in the Devils Lake basin. The University of North Dakota collections showed (1) larger rivers supported many more species of fish than smaller rivers, and (2) downstream stretches of streams and rivers had more species than upstream stretches. Seasonal interruptions of flow, with resultant poor oxygenation, winter- kills, and summer-kills, are believed to be the principal limiting factors affecting distribution of fishes in the eastern Dakotas. More severe adverse conditions occurred in headwaters and smaller streams than in downstream stretches of rivers and larger streams. A large water development project, the Garrison Diversion Unit, is being planned in the above basins for irrigation, municipal and industrial, and fish and wildlife purposes. This project may affect fish distribution and enable fish species to be carried inadvertently from the drainage to the Wild Rice, Sheyenne and Souris River basins which are in the Hudson Bay drainage. Although construction of the Garrison Diversion Unit will increase the risk of interbasin transfer of fish species the probability of interbasin transfer cannot be calculated accurately. Measures are being undertaken to prevent interbasin transfer and their effectiveness are being evaluated by other fishery workers.

XV

Chapter I INTRODUCTION

If constructed as authorized the Garrison to be transported from the Missouri River Diversion Unit (GDU) in North Dakota will drainage into the Hudson Bay drainage. deliver water for irrigation and other purposes The distribution of freshwater fishes is from (Garrison Reservoir) on normally limited or compartmentalized by the the Missouri River to the Wild Rice, Sheyenne divides between major drainage systems, and Souris River basins of the Hudson Bay because under natural conditions fishes rarely drainage and to the James River basin and can cross a divide between basins. Every river Devils Lake closed-basin. Most of the irrigable basin and sub-basin tends to have a unique lands lie within the Hudson Bay drainage combination of fish species based on biological (Figure 1). and physical factors. Water would be lifted from Lake Sakakawea Introductions of new species of fishes into into Lake Audubon by the Snake Creek Pumping any of the basins and the Devils Lake closed- Plant and from there flow eastward by gravity basin as a result of the GDU may be of serious through the McClusky Canal, across the con- consequence to the existing fish populations. tinental divide and into Lonetree Reservoir on Once introduced into the basins of the Hudson the headwaters of the Sheyenne River. From Bay drainage, fishes could move downstream Lonetree Reservoir water would follow one of across the U.S. - Canada border, affecting two canals, the New Rockford Canal flowing existing fisheries. The Bureau of Reclamation eastward to serve the New Rockford area or the has recognized that introductions of harmful Velva Canal flowing northward to the Karlsruhe fishes as a result of this unit should be and Middle Souris areas. From the New prevented. Currently, they are testing a Rockford Canal water would flow eastward screening structure for the McClusky Canal through the Warwick Canal to serve the between Lake Audubon and Lonetree Reservoir Warwick-McVille area and restore and/or for the purpose of preventing passage of maintain Devils Lake and south by the James fishes, fish larvae, and fish eggs. River Feeder Canal to the James River, and In 1974 the Bureau contracted with the from there to serve the LaMoure and Oakes University of North Dakota to undertake three areas in south central North Dakota. The studies on the distribution and characteristics LaMoure area, consisting of a number of small, of fishes in the project area. The overall isolated irrigable areas along the James River in purpose of the studies was to obtain baseline the Missouri drainage would be served by a biological information of North Dakota fishes. series of small pumping plants along that river. The specific objectives of this series of studies The Oakes area would be served by the Oakes were to determine the present and past distri- Pumping Plant which would raise water from the bution of fishes in the basins affected by the James River into the Oakes Canal and from GDU; to determine the ecologic factors con- there water would be pumped into Taayer trolling distribution; and to evaluate the Reservoir, a storage facility serving an East possibility of the fishes becoming established in Oakes area and a West Oakes area. new basins in the event they obtain access Return flows from the East Oakes area through the Diversion Unit. would enter the Wild Rice River, a tributary of This report combines and summarizes the the in the Hudson Bay results of these studies recently completed by drainage. Return flows from the West Oakes biologists of the University of North Dakota. and the LaMoure areas would return to the To facilitate analysis of interbasin transfer James River. impacts, we have briefly described the major Return flows from the Warwick-McVille areas drainage patterns in the region before and after would pass into the Devils Lake Basin or pass Pleistocene glaciation to explain the basis of down the Sheyenne River into the Red River of original fish distributions in Upper Missouri and the North. From the New Rockford area return Hudson Bay drainages. The results of our fish flows will pass into the James River or collections in 1974 and 1975 and past collections Sheyenne River. by others from each basin are summarized. A Return flows from the Karlsruhe and Middle brief life history of each fish species known to Souris areas would enter the Souris River. occur in the project area is included to assist The planned system of canals associated with in evaluation of the possibility of their becoming the 250,000 acre development may also make it established in new basins if they obtain access. possible for fishes and other aquatic organisms Finally, a key to fishes of North Dakota is

1 included to aid in species identification. of interbasin transfer of fishes through any Construction of the GDU has been started, feature of the GDU. This paper attempts to but has been suspended until plans for com- present information on distribution of fishes and pletion of the project can be agreed upon. A describe factors affecting distribution of fishes number of alternative plans are now being in each of the basins in the project area. It evaluated, many of which may eliminate major provides a ready reference to aid in future features or points where interbasin transfer of decisions involving fisheries affected by the fish species might otherwise occur. Therefore, GDU. we have not attempted to predict the probability

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SUBSTATION I U.S B.R

PUBLIC POWER PLANT ( STEAM NON - FEDERAL I

US GOVERNMENT HYDRO POWER PLANT ( U SC E — FEL.C C44,CTL/C,Z, GARRISON CONSERVANCY DISTRICT BOUNDARY

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECREATION DEVELOPMENT AREA

, BISMARC K

Figure 1 - f ■

" - - OEPARTM ENT OF THE INTER I OR ,14! NTL4AA GARRISON DIVERSION CONSERBANCY DLSTRICT BOUNDARY CECIL 0 ANDRUS. SECRETARY

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

R KEITH HIGGINS... COMMISSIONER

OA 1k Es PICK-SLOAN MISSOURI BASIN PROGRAM -57 GARRISON DIVERSION 4 PLA_ UNIT CAW L INITIAL STAGE- 250,000 ACRES - NORTH DAKOTA , 2Z, %..:‘ _ I MAP NO. 769-603-14400 1 0 20

SCALE OF MILES

CAL OF ILOMETERS

SEPTEMBER I S,

GPO 842-564

Chapter II DRAINAGE RELATIONSHIPS

The distribution of fishes on continental of the state (Figure 2). The Missouri Escarp- land masses is largely controlled by the divides ment marks the edge of the Missouri Plateau and barriers between natural drainage systems and the Escarpment forms the bound- and by the environmental conditions within each ary between the and the Drift drainage. Fish species with access to drainages Prairie. The Turtle Mountains are considered a will usually be found throughout the drainages remnant or outlier of the Missouri Plateau. The in reaches to which they are environmentally Missouri Escarpment continues nearly to the adapted. Conversely, physical barriers such as southern border of South Dakota. The south- insurmountable divides between drainages ern extension of the in South exclude species from areas to which they may Dakota, sometimes termed the Central Lowland, be well adapted. is relatively narrow and is bordered on the east All major drainages in the Dakotas and by the higher . surrounding areas were drastically altered by The preglacial had its glaciation in geologically recent times. The headwaters in the Coteau des Prairies in the glaciers obliterated the divides between major drainage as it does today. Prior to drainages and opened new routes for the glaciation the Hudson Bay drainage was sepa- dispersion of fishes. During the retreat of the rated from the Mississippi drainage by a divide glaciers large temporary lakes and rivers were near the headwaters of the ancient Red River of formed which provided new routes for dispersal the North and the headwaters of the Minnesota of fishes. When the glaciers finally disappeared River (Flint, 1955). The exact courses of after the Pleistocene era about 8,000 to 10,000 certain preglacial rivers throughout the Dakotas years ago, new divides between drainages were are still unknown but it seems clear that the established which now serve as natural barriers continental divide between the ancient Hudson hindering or preventing dispersal of fishes. Bay and Mississippi drainages ran east and west For these reasons a comparison of the drainage somewhere through northern South Dakota. systems in the Dakotas prior to the ice age with those that were established at the end of the B. Effects of glaciation on drainage systems ice age is helpful in studying the current and distribution of fishes distribution of fishes. The Pleistocene has been divided into a A. Pre-Wisconsinan Glaciation Conditions number of stages and substages. The last stage, or Wisconsinan, is divided into several The general slope of the land throughout substages, with the Mankato being the most North Dakota and northern South Dakota prior recent. While the net effect of all stages and to glaciation was from southwest to northeast. substages of the ice age was to alter the pre- At that time the ancient rivers such as the glacial drainage patterns we are most concerned Yellowstone, Missouri, Souris and Cannonball in with the advances and retreats of the last North Dakota, and the Grand, Moreau, and substage. The Mankato ice sheets over-rode Cheyenne in South Dakota all were part of a most of the earlier glaciated areas and in their vast river system that flowed northeastward to advances and final retreat established the Hudson Bay (Figure 2). The ancient Red River drainages and left the existing avenues and of the North occupied about the same position barriers to dispersal of fishes in the Dakotas. as it does presently. The preglacial Bad River, The ice sheets affected distributions of White River and Niobrara River in South Dakota fishes in North and South Dakota in two major joined and flowed southeastward in the ways. First, the glacial ice sheets completely Mississippi drainage (Flint, 1955; Lemke et. covered the eastern Dakotas to approximately al., 1965). the present course of the Missouri River, thus There were three dominant topographic eliminating the fishes occurring originally in the areas in North Dakota prior to glaciation as glaciated area. Second, in its final stage the there are today. These are the relatively high vast amount of melt-water from the ice sheet Missouri Plateau occupying the southwestern was forced to cut a new channel to the south half of the state, a central area of intermediate along the face of the ice sheet. This channel height that was later glaciated and is now which established the present position of the termed the Drift Prairie, and the Red River Missouri River became a permanent tributary of Valley at a lower level along the eastern margin the Mississippi drainage (Figure 3).

5 m ""—• cc_ .1•101 / cc xxi, a. f o J

White R COTEAU DES

Niobrar

mosimi am smut rim PRE GLACIAL CONTINENTAL DIVIDE

Figure 2. Major drainage systems in North and South Dakota prior to Pleistocene glaciation.

Redrawn from Bluemle, 1977 and Flint, 1955

6 PRESENT CONTINENTAL DIVIDE

Figure 3. Major drainage systems in North and South Dakota after Pleistocene glaciation.

Redrawn from Bluemle, 1977 and Flint, 1955

7 The aquisition of the vast Missouri River was the predecessor of the Minnesota River drainage by the Mississippi system was of which joins the at St. Paul, paramount significance to the distribution of Minnesota. During the existence of the River fishes in the Dakotas. The surviving species Warren, Lake Agassiz was in the Mississippi of fishes indigenous to the ancient Missouri drainage. Presumably fishes from the River or its tributaries which had been in the Mississippi Basin had access to Lake Agassiz Hudson Bay drainage were now within the and all its connecting tributaries during the Mississippi drainage and were free to move lifetime of the River Warren. Underhill (1957) along the axis of the river to any point to points out that once a fish species had obtained which they were acclimated. Conversely the access to Lake Agassiz from the south through original fish fauna of the Mississippi system the River Warren, widespread dispersal were free to move up the Missouri River to throughout much of the present Hudson Bay occupy environmentally acceptable habitat. drainage would be a relatively easy process Species from both drainages were thus poten- considering the large size of that lake. Eddy, tially available to move into the formerly et al. (1972) also discussed postglacial dis- glaciated areas in the Dakotas between the persal routes of fish species through connec- Missouri River and the new position of the tives of glacial Lake Agassiz and describes the continental divide. present distribution of Minnesota fishes in the The continental divide in its present Red River of the North drainage. location in the Dakotas is low and poorly Sometime after Lake Agassiz had grown to a defined. The divide may never have been a large size it developed a new outlet into Lake totally effective barrier to interbasin transfer of Superior to the east and was drained to a lower fish species. The retreat of the ice sheets in level and the outlet through the River Warren each area in the Dakotas was a long process. was no longer functional (Bluemle, 1977). There were retreats and brief advances of the Sometime later there was a temporary advance glacial lobes with temporary blockage and of the ice sheets which blocked the eastern shifting of drainage outlets at various times outlet of the lake and the water level rose before the final drainages and divides that exist forming Lake Agassiz II which again discharged today were established. through the River Warren outlet. When the ice As the glacial lobes melted, vast lakes filled dam which impounded Lake Agassiz finally the valleys remaining after glaciation. These disappeared, the Red River Valley was drained glacial lakes overflowed and cut through the di- into Hudson Bay by the Red River of the vides confining them, and temporarily or North. Westward extensions of Lake Agassiz permanently joined different drainages. Three were drained by tributaries of the Red River large glacial lakes that may have been signifi- such as the Assiniboine and the Souris Rivers cant in providing pathways for interbasin when Lake Agassiz finally receded. transfer of fishes were Lake Dakota in the The headwaters of the Red River of the lowlands between the Coteau des Prairies and North are now in Lake Traverse which lies in the Missouri Escarpment in South Dakota, Lake Brown's Valley, the former outlet of Lake Agassiz in the Red River Valley and Lake Agassiz. Lake Traverse is separated by a low Souris between the Turtle Mountains and the divide from Big Stone Lake in the same valley Missouri Escarpment in North Dakota (Figure which is the headwaters of the Minnesota River 4). of the Mississippi Drainage. Lake Dakota was formed south of the ice It seems possible that during the life of front in the broad valley between the Coteau Lakes Agassiz I and II there may have been an des Prairies and the Missouri escarpment in interchange of fish species between the northern South Dakota. Lake Dakota was Mississippi drainage, the Red River of the originally in the Hudson Bay drainage but it North drainage and the Great Lakes drainage as cut a permanent outlet to the Missouri River to well. During the life of Lake Agassiz I fishes the south along the present James River Valley. could have entered the lake upstream through The James River remains the principal tributary the Minnesota River and later when the outlet of the Missouri River in east central North and opened to Lake Superior they could have moved South Dakota and is the principal route of downstream into that lake. At the same time access for Missouri Basin fishes into this area fishes from Lake Superior could possibly have that was formerly in the Hudson Bay drainage. moved upstream into Lake Agassiz. Later when Lake Agassiz was formed as the lobe of ice Lake Agassiz II was formed these fishes could that had filled the Red River Valley melted. have moved downstream into the Mississippi Lake Agassiz increased in size as the ice sheet drainage. retreated until it covered the entire Red River was formed in the ancient Valley in North Dakota and Minnesota, about Souris River Valley as the lobe of ice in that one-half of Manitoba, much of Ontario and valley melted and retreated northward. The extended into (Figure 5). At its earliest outlet was near Velva and led directly maximum extent Lake Agassiz was larger than south to the Missouri River (Willard, 1909). all the present Great Lakes (Bluemle, 1977). Lake Souris was small at first and entirely The first outlet of Lake Agassiz was the within North Dakota but as the ice sheet large glacial River Warren which flowed to the retreated northward the lake became larger and south through the present Browns Valley and extended further north. A new outlet was

8 LAKE SOURIS

LAKE ) AGASSIZ

■ ••• •■■•■•

Figure 4. Location of major glacial lakes in North and South Dakota of probable significance in post- glacial distribution of fish species.

9 - R-- - 1I SASKATCHEWAN 4).

I MANITOBA 1 , /

— r— - _ MONT.! i NORTH DAKOTA 1 1 _ , 1c — WISCON SIN SOUTH DAKOTA . WYO.' ■,\

Figure 5. Area covered by glacial Lake Agassiz. (Larger existing remnants of Lake Agassiz are shown as dark areas with crosshatched area showing extent of glacial Lake Agassiz.)

Based on map by Bluemle, 1977

10 opened into the James River, a tributary of the it may have crossed over the divide between Missouri, through Big Coulee in Pierce and Big Stone Lake and Lake Traverse in modern Benson Counties, North Dakota. Later as the times. ice sheet damming the lake to the east melted back further, a lower outlet connecting Lake C. Human impact on watersheds and fishes Souris with Lake Agassiz was opened through in the Dakotas: A historical perspective the present Sheyenne River valley. This river carried a great volume of water and rapidly cut Significant impact on natural resources a deep valley. At this time water from the including fishes began with the settlement by large glacial Lake Saskatchewan was flowing into the white man. Prior to settlement, Indians Lake Souris through the from inhabited the Dakotas. They were nomads, the west (Willard, 1921). primarily hunters, and their impact on plants Further retreat of the ice sheet uncovered and was transitory and insignificant in a new outlet from Lake Souris along the comparison with the effects of permanent Rock Lake-Mauvais Coulee-Devils Lake-Stump settlement, including the development of Lake route into the Sheyenne River and into cropland, ranching, and other non-agricultural Lake Agassiz. After the ice sheet retreated development. further north, Lake Souris no longer drained The temporal milestones in the development through the Rock Lake-Mauvais Coulee-Devils of the Dakotas were: exploration; fur trapping Lake-Stump Lake route and Devils Lake no and trading; military pacification; construction longer overflowed into the Sheyenne River. of railroads; and finally, permanent and The lake then became a closed basin with a continuing development of agriculture, ranch- large drainage area to the north from Rock ing , and urbanization. Lake through the Mauvais Coulee. Still later Although adventurers had been engaged in after the ice sheet had retreated well into exploration, fur trading and military pacification Canada a new outlet of Lake Souris was opened in the Dakotas for one hundred forty years, north of the Turtle Mountains along the Pembina the significant human impact on fishes began in River Valley into Lake Agassiz. During these the 1880s after the railroads were completed. phases there were connecting waterways Only after the railroads penetrated the territory extending through Lake Saskatchewan, Lake was it possible for cattle, wheat, and other Souris, Lake Agassiz and the River Warren all agricultural products to be shipped east to within the Mississippi drainage system. markets. A rapid expansion of agriculture and The above discussion indicates that there ranching and an explosive increase in human were numerous waterways which repeatedly population quickly followed the arrival of the connected broad areas of the present Hudson railroads. Bay, Great Lakes and Mississippi-Missouri Agricultural and ranching practices were drainages during the close of the ice age. established in different ways in different parts These waterways were at least potential routes of the state corresponding to differences in for dispersal and widespread mixing of fish physiography, soils, and precipitation. Three species. The time at which the species which major regions were recognized by Kazek (1956): are now present in the respective basins and the Red River Valley in the bed of glacial Lake sub-basins actually moved into the areas where Agassiz is a fertile general farming area; the they now occur cannot be determined. Some central drift prairie is well suited to wheat; and species may have immediately moved through the the Missouri Plateau is best suited to grazing glacial waterways. Other species may have and some dry-land wheat production. been excluded for extended periods of time or Settlement and the rapid conversion of the still may be excluded from potentially available unbroken sod in the Dakotas to cultivated fields areas by environmental conditions such as or to grazing land modified the aquatic habitat temperature. and caused changes in the fish fauna. Con- The possibility of transfer of fishes into the tributing environmental factors have been a Red River basin from the Mississippi River lowering of water tables, loss of base flow from basin through incomplete or temporary barriers springs, increase in siltation of river beds, between the respective drainages in modern reduction of suitable spawning gravel, an times has been recognized by fisheries scien- increase in the nutrient load in water, reduc- tists. Bailey and Allum (1962) and Underhill tion of dissolved oxygen, and a complex array (1957) pointed out that there is an intermittent of effects resulting from the construction of the temporary connection between Lake Traverse many lowhead dams on the rivers. To these (Red River drainage) and Big Stone Lake changes in the environment were added the (Mississippi River drainage). This connection effects of introduction of certain exotic fishes occurs during spring flooding on the divide that have been established in some of the separating the two lakes, although the dispersal basins. of fishes through this shallow divide may be The replacement of native grasses with rare. Stewart and Lindsey (1970) have cultivated crops in the watershed has lowered recently reported the presence of the stonecat, the water tables and reduced the flow of Noturus flavus, in the Red River of the North. springs. Springs assist the survival of fishes This species had not been previously reported by providing base flow in months without in the Hudson Bay drainage, and they believed precipitation. Under present conditions the

11 flow in the rivers is more dependent upon high flow. snow melt and rainfall than formerly (Eisen, Exotic fishes introduced by man into the 1977). basins in various combinations include muskel- The increase in siltation from erosion and lunge, rainbow smelt, coho salmon, rainbow runoff from cultivated fields has covered former trout, grass carp, carp, largemouth and small- sand and gravel stream bottoms. Fish species mouth basses, bluegill and white bass. Carp, that require those types of substrate for which were introduced into the United States in feeding or spawning have been reduced in the 1870s, are well adapted to this area and number or eliminated from certain streams. have spread extensively in all basins in North The nutrient load added to the rivers from and South Dakota except Devils Lake. This feed lots, industry and municipalities has fish has an adverse effect upon many native steadily increased. Nutrients have increased fishes as it disturbs the bottom, makes the the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the water turbid and is destructive to the spawning water and caused fish kills at times of low flow, grounds of other species by its feeding habits. particularly in winter. Carp are also destructive to aquatic plants and The many lowhead dams that have been are a serious problem in the duck rearing constructed in the rivers form long pools and marshes of the National and State Wildlife these pools contain much of the water in the refuges. The bluegill and basses are native to rivers during periods of low flow. The pools more southerly regions in the Mississippi- provide refuges for the fish during times of Missouri River basins. They are well adapted zero flow but they also appear to be nutrient to the standing waters of natural lakes and traps that accumulate silt and organic matter. reservoirs. As a result of man's introduction, The depth of these pools is often insufficient to they have become established in many of the protect against deoxygenation in winter. Up- lakes and reservoirs, especially in South stream migration of many fish species is pre- Dakota. vented at many dams except during periods of

12 Chapter Ili THE PRESENT DISTRIBUTION OF FISHES IN NORTH AND SOUTH DAKOTA BASINS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROPOSED GARRISON DIVERSION UNIT

This chapter summarizes available infor- wheat, oats, and hay. Some irrigated corn is mation on the present distribution of fishes in raised in the southern part of the basin. The river basins adjacent to the Continental Divide river banks support a mixed Gallery Forest in North and South Dakota. These basins except in the headwaters region and in cleared comprise the James River basin of the Missouri areas where cultivation is practiced to the river River drainage, the Wild Rice, Sheyenne, and bank. Aquatic vegetation is most abundant at Souris River basins of the Hudson Bay drain- the headwaters region and on National Wildlife age, and the Devils Lake closed basin (Figure Refuges. During high water periods, the river 6). Fish collections were made in 1974 and 1975 broadens onto shoreline vegetation. by University of North Dakota biologists Eisen The James River basin has a continental and Russell under the direction of the senior climate of hot summers and cold winters. The author to obtain current fish distribution basin is semi-arid to sub-humid with a mean patterns in the above basins. Particular annual precipitation of 16-18 inches in central attention was focused on potential routes of North Dakota (Omodt, et al. , 1968), and dispersal of fishes from the Mississippi-Missouri precipitation up to 20-22 inches annually in drainage to the Hudson Bay drainage. southeastern South Dakota (Westin, et al., Transport of water from the James River to 1967). Most of the precipitation occurs during the headwaters of the Wild Rice River for the spring and early summer. Rainfall is irrigation has been proposed and represents a variable and often localized. Winters are severe potential for inadvertent transfer of fishes to with extended periods of temperature below the Hudson Bay drainage. Recent collections of freezing. Snow cover and winter freeze-up fishes in the James River basin were made by occur usually from middle or late November Russell (1975) and Eisen (1977) to update until March or early April in North Dakota. comparisons between fishes in that basin and Winters in southern South Dakota are less the adjacent basins of the Hudson Bay drainage severe. in North Dakota. Russell also collected fishes The leveling action of glaciation has created in the Wild Rice River basin in 1974. a relatively gentle slope throughout the basin. The Sheyenne River basin and the Souris Lakes, marshes, and ponds receive much of the River basin in the Hudson Bay drainage and surface runoff. the Devils Lake closed basin were to receive The river drops about 360 feet in the 260 water from Lake Sakakawea in the Missouri river miles in North Dakota, and 100 feet in the River drainage if the Garrison Diversion Unit 450 river miles in South Dakota. The slope of was built as authorized. Russell collected the channel is 2.5 feet per mile near the fishes in each of these basins in 1974. headwaters, 0.5 feet per mile in the Lake Dakota area in the central part of the basin, A. James River Basin and 0.2 to 0.4 feet per mile in the remaining South Dakota portion. The James River basin is located in the No comprehensive biological survey of the Central Lowlands Province of the upper Great riverine ecosystems of the James River has been Plains (Rothrock, 1943). The area is often made. Reconnaissance studies indicate, how- termed the glaciated drift prairie. The James ever, there are four distinctive free-flowing River basin has a total land area of about segments of the James River varying in flow 21,000 square miles, 8,400 in North Dakota and characteristics, fish communities and other 12,600 in South Dakota. The maximum width of ecological differences. the basin is about 100 miles, and the length of The first, or headwaters segment of the the basin is about 350 miles from north to south James River begins west of Fessenden in Wells (Figure 7). County, North Dakota, where much of the year The area was once covered with prairie it is a series of intermittent pools. The head- grasses interrupted by trees along stream waters segment which has intermittent flows courses and marsh vegetation in low areas. including zero discharges in winter extends Today, the land is used for a mixture of approximately 125 miles downstream to a series pasture and cultivated dryland crops such as of impoundments in Arrowwood National Wildlife

13 HUDSON BAY DRAINAGE

SOUR IS RIVER BASIN

- RED ;DEVILS \ L AKE RIVER BASIN Lake / \ BASIN ••• SHEYE NNE Lake .." ..1° RIVER Sakakawea Audubo\ BASIN

WILD RICE RIVER BASIN \ JAM Wild Rice River NORTH DAKOT 1 Lake • Traverseerse SOUTH DAKOTA

RIVER "1444S ;::CONTINENTAL DIVIDE / Big BASIN 1 (StLoankee

Minnesota MISSOURI River RIVER DRAINAGE

M 0 Max) pp

Figure 6. River basins in the Garrison Diversion Unit area in relation to the Continental Divide.

14 /—` likkROCKFORD

\._ Arrowwood National Wildlife Refuge dams

ames town dam, ,35 f

A4ESTOWN

LALMOURE Dakota Lake National Wildlife OAKE5,-Refuge dam NORTH DAKOTA_ Sand Lake National Wild life SOUTH DAKOTA Refuge dams

/ABERDEE Tacoma Pork dam

■ JAMES RIVER

/\ ■.) Spink County dam; 9 feet /REDFIELD •

James River diversion '. dam, 1 5 feet

Third Str•‘t dam, 9 feint

IT HELL Milltown dam, 8 feet

1 Wolf Creek dam, 6 feet

Olivet dam, 6 feet

Figure 7. James River Basin in North and South Dakota with location and heights of larger dams.

15 Refuge and Jamestown Reservoir. National Wildlife Refuges; and the LOWHEAD The four shallow impoundments of Arrow- reservoirs in the river channel impounded by wood National Wildlife Refuge are situated in a dams only a few feet high. broad marshy area and have areas ranging up STREAMFLOW in the James River is affected to 1,600 acres with an average depth of 6.2 primarily by melting snow in spring and by feet. In contrast, Jamestown Reservoir imme- rainfall. Peak stream discharges are usually diately downstream from the refuge pools lies in the result of early spring SNOWMELT. STREAMFLOW a relatively narrow valley with a greater slope is greatly diminished during the summer unless and has an area of 1,977 acres with an average heavy rains occur. Extended periods of low depth of 13.6 feet. flow often occur in the North Dakota portion The second segment extends 105 miles from and in much of the South Dakota portion of the the foot of the nearly to the river. During the months of some dry summers North Dakota-South Dakota border. In this the river becomes a series of pools, with little section flows are nearly perennial except in water flowing over the riffles. STREAMFLOW from years of drought. October to March is usually very meager and Within South Dakota a third section extends winter kills of fish are common. A winter fish 165 miles from Columbia to Frankfort, and lies kill in the James River near Tacoma Park, within the bed of glacial Lake Dakota. Dakota South Dakota, in March, 1976, was reported by Lake National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota, LOCKARD (personal communication Robert HANTEN, and Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, South 1981*). Inadequate volumes and duration of Dakota, are situated in the low-lying bed of the flows were found to be major limiting factors on old glacial lake. The channel has a gradient of fish populations in a 120 mile study area in the 0.5 feet or less per mile and there is pro- James River between Tacoma Park and Redfield, nounced meandering in this section. The river South Dakota, by TOL (1976). is impounded by a low-level dam in the Dakota There have been few LIMNOLOGICAL studies in Lake National Wildlife Refuge and by two control the James Basin. The United States Public structures in Sand Lake National Wildlife Health Service (1952) studied sources and Refuge. effects of pollution in the basin and PETERKA The fourth section extends 295 miles from (1976) and Hanson (1978) recently studied the the Dakota Lake Plain area to the confluence of LIMNOLOGY of the impoundments in ARROWWOOD the James River with the Missouri River near National Wildlife Refuge and Jamestown Reser- Yankton. It has more stable and greater flows voir with emphasis on nutrient accumulation and than upstream portions of the river and more water quality. species of fish are found. A comprehensive report summarizing fish ELSEN (1977) listed a total of 50 dams on the and wildlife resources of the James River basin James River, many of which are low-head dams was compiled by KANNOWSKI (1979). This one to six feet in height. Most of the low-head study, undertaken for the Missouri River Basin dams in southern South Dakota are in sections Commission, was for use in future regional man- three and four where the slope of the riverbed agement plans. It contains much valuable is about 0.5 feet per mile and the resultant technical data on fishery and wildlife resources long and narrow impoundments lie within the in this area. normal channel of the river. In these areas the Studies of parasites of fishes in the North backwater is about two miles long per one foot Dakota basins affected by the GDU were in dam height, and it is difficult to determine recently made by Holloway and his students. exactly how many dams there are, or to dis- Results of these studies are found in FORSTIE tinguish impoundments from the free-flowing (1979); FORSTIE and Holloway (1977); Holloway river. and FORSTIE (1979); Holloway, et al. (1977); The present James River might be regarded REINISCH, et al. (1977); Sutherland (1976) and as a river/reservoir system or heterogeneous Sutherland and Holloway (1976, 1979). mix of reservoir and river environments. The Early fish collections in the James River in James River Diversion Dam 18 miles north of North Dakota were made by WOOLMAN (1896) Huron is 15 feet high and is the largest and HANKINSON (1929). These collections were concrete structure on the river in South made primarily at Jamestown and LAMOURE, Dakota. Other sizeable dams in the lower river North Dakota. The North Dakota Game and include a structure 9 feet high in the SPINK Fish Department recently sampled fishes in County recreation area and the 9-FOOT-HIGH 3RD Jamestown Reservoir, PIPESTEM Reservoir, Street Dam in Huron. A large rock dam at ARROWWOOD National Wildlife Refuge impound- Milltown is 8 feet high, and rock dams at Wolf ments, and in the headwaters of the James Creek and Olivet are 6 feet in height (Figure River (personal communication, James Ragan, 7). Most of the low-head dams are not effec- 1974**). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service tive barriers to fish as they are submerged also collected fish in the impoundments of the during high flows. Impoundments on the James River can be *Robert L. HANTEN, South Dakota Department placed in three categories: relatively large, of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre, South Dakota. deep reservoirs, such as Jamestown Reservoir, designed for maximum capacity; the broad, **James Ragan, North Dakota Game and Fish shallow marsh-like pools impounded in the Department, Bismarck, North Dakota.

16 ARROWWOOD National Wildlife Refuge (personal made in the summers of 1974 and 1975 as a part communication, Ron Ulrich, 1974*). of the requirements for Master of Science Additional records of fish species stocked at degrees at the University of North Dakota. various locations in the James River basin in Russell collected fishes at 24 stations in the North Dakota were provided by the North James River in North Dakota between June 24 Dakota Game and Fish Department's annual and August 12, 1974. ELSEN collected fishes at statewide investigations of lakes, streams, and 69 stations in the James River Basin throughout impoundments (DUERRE, 1967; 1969; 1973; 1975A; North and South Dakota between June 10 and 1975B; Hill, 1968). October 19, 1975 (Figure 8). Legal descrip- EVERMANN and Cox (1896) collected fishes in tions of stations, methods of collection, and the the James River in South Dakota. Churchill dates fishes were collected at each station are and Over (1938) described the fish fauna in found in Russell (1975) and ELSEN (1977). Data South Dakota, but did not delimit all species by from these theses were used by the senior drainage basins. Fishes of the James River author to compile species lists and current drainage in South Dakota were included in a distribution maps of fishes in each of the study of the James River basin by the U.S. basins. Public Health Service (1952). Bailey and ALLUM The 41 species collected by Russell and (1962) listed species from the James River ELSEN compared to 60 species previously re- drainage in South Dakota. Their collections ported by others in the James River basin are were the best source of recent information on listed in Table 1. Distribution maps of each fish distribution in the James River in South species collected by Russell and ELSEN are Dakota. There was no recent documentation of presented in figures 9 through 49. Scientific the ranges of fishes throughout the James River and common names used are those listed by the in North and South Dakota prior to the col- American Fisheries Society (1970), except for lection of ELSEN (1977). the central STONEROLLER, Campostoma anomalum, The collections of Russell (1975) and ELSEN and the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, (1977) which are the basis of this report were which follow the names given by PFLIEGER (1975). Representative fishes (i.e. specimens) from ELSEN'S and Russell's collections are *Ron Ulrich, United States Fish and Wildlife retained in the Biology Department, University Service, Bismarck, North Dakota. of North Dakota.

17

: 11 ° - or _ ' R5E9 ;

RIO 415

R6E 11413112R: 7-:R81

• E6 o '

RA9, Ali N E -L18 ,

R12 !: ,013. [2 Enj --- :-.. 014 015 — .------i- R16E22 , . , 0 • E23

R17 E[ 2 245„ : 1

------. E26 L 1 I ;" -E27 I 021 1 "-- Rh , E29R19

NORTH DAKOTA 1323 E3(0 R29 : SOUTH DAKOTA 4 - [31 7 - 1

L331 36 E34 t:., 4, .1 1 F12---:::'`?[37 1

„

135 EM t

' E40 E41 1

I I

' ,--') J, I

E42

E43 1e. % E44

[45

E46

E48 ,E49

E5-0

s1

7— E52 • 54

...E53

,E55

H E56' • E57 E58 ' 1 E59

1 E60

E62

.T63 - 1 fi4

E5

66 167

NE B RAS K A [68

'E69

1

Figure 8. Fish collection stations in the James River Basin used by Russell (R) and Elsen (E) in 1974 and 1975.

18

TABLE 1

Fishes Reported in James River Basin

Family Collector Scientific Name Russell Elsen Other investigators Common Name 1974 1975 reporting species Station No. Station No. (investigators for common fishes not listed)

Polyodontidae Polyodon spathula (Walbaum) Personal Communication, Paddlefish Catlin, 1977*; Bailey and Allum, 1962

Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque 56,59,63,64,65, Personal Communication, Shortnose gar 66,67,68,69 Hansen, 1977**

Clupeidae 50,51,52,55,56, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) 57,58,60,62,63, Gizzard shad 64,65,66,67,68, 69

Hiodontidae Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) 63,64,65,66,67, Goldeye 68,69

Salmonidae Salmo gairdneri Richardson Bailey and Allum, 1962 Rainbow trout

Esocidae Esox lucius Linnaeus 5,7,13,14,15,16, 5,10,11,12,14,16, Northern pike 17,18,19,20,21,24 17,19,20,22,23,24, 25,26,27,29,30,31, 32,33,35,36,37,39, 40,41,42,44

Esox masquinongy Mitchill Personal Communication, Muskellunge Van Eeckhout, 1977***

Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque) 61 Woolman, 1896 Central stoneroller Bailey and Allum, 1962

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 3,8,9,16,17, 4,5,6,11,12,13,14, Carp 18,19,20,24 15,25,28,30,31,32, 34,35,36,37,38,39, 40,41,42,43,44,45, 46,47,48,49,50,51, 52,53,55,56,57,59, 60,61,62,64,65,66, 67,68

Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes) Personal Communication, Grass carp Henegar, 1977****

Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs Bailey and Allum, 1962 Brassy minnow

Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz Woolman, 1896 Silvery minnow Hankinson, 1929

Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland) Woolman, 1896 Hornyhead chub Hankinson, 1929

*Ronald Catlin, South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre, South Dakota **Douglas Hansen, South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks, Pierre, South Dakota , ***Gene Van Eeckhout, North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Bismarck, North Dakota ****Dale Henegar, North Dakota Department of Game and Fish, Bismarck, North Dakota

19

TABLE 1--Cont.

Fishes Reported in James River Basin

Family Collector Scientific Name Russell Elsen Other investigators . Common Name 1974 1975 reporting species Station No. Station No. (investigators for common fishes not listed)

Cyprinidae--Cont. Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) Bailey and Allum, 1962 Golden shiner

Notropis anogenus Forbes Hankinson, 1929 Pugnose shiner

Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque 65,66,67,68,69 Emerald shiner

Notropis blennius (Girard) possibly in James River shiner River near the mouth Bailey and Allum, 1962

Notropis cornutus (Mitchill) 11,12,13,16 17,18,19,20,21,23, Common shiner 27,33,61

Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz) 61 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Bigmouth shiner

Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann & Eigenmann Woolman, 1896 Blacknose shiner Hankinson, 1929 Evermann and Cox, 1896

Notropis hudsonius (Clinton) 57,58 Hankinson, 1929 Spottail shiner Evermann and Cox, 1896 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Notropis lutrensis (Baird & Girard) 43,44,47,48,52, Red shiner 53,57,62,63,64, 65,66,67,68,69

Notropis stramineus (Cope) 12,13,15,16 20,21,23,24,27,29, Sand shiner 32,33,34,35,40,41, 43,44,46,47,48,50, 52,53,55,56,60,61, 62,63,64,65,66,67, 68,69

Notropis topeka Gilbert 32,33,57 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Topeka shiner

Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) Woolman, 1896 Bluntnose minnow Hankinson, 1929

Pimephales promelas Rafinesque 1,2,3,4,5,9,10, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Fathead minnow 11,12,13,15,18, 10,11,12,13,14,15, 19,20,21,22,23, 16,17,18,20,21,22, 24 23,25,26,27,28,29, 30,31,32,33,34,35, 36,37,38,39,40,41, 42,43,44,45,46,47, 48,49,50,51,52,53, 54,55,56,57,59,60, 61,62,63,64,65,66, 67,68,69 Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) 20,21,23,27 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Blacknose dace Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) 10,11,12,13,15, 17,23,27,32,33, Creek chub 22 34,40,48,53,61 Catostomidae Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque) 25,39,50,63,64, River carpsucker 66,69

20 TABLE 1--Cont.

Fishes Reported in James River Basin

Family Collector Scientific Name Russell Elsen Other investigators Common Name 1974 1975 reporting species Station No. Station No. (investigators for common fishes not listed)

Catostomidae--Cont. Catostomus commersoni (LacePede) 6,10,11,12,13, 4,5,6,14,16,18, White sucker 14,16,18,19,20, 22,27,30,31,32, 22 35,37,38,41,47, 48,57,58,61,63

Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur) Beal, 1967 Blue sucker

Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) 60,61,63,64,65, Smallmouth buffalo 66,68,69

Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes) 20 30,36,37,38,39,40, Bigmouth buffalo 41,42,43,44,45,46, 47,50,51,52,55,56, 57,59,60,62,63,64, 65,67,68,69 Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque) Moen, 1970 Black buffalo

Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur) 17,19,20 25,46,47,58,64,65, Shorthead redhorse 66,67,68,69

Ictaluridae Ictalurus furcatus (Lesueur) Personal Communication, Blue catfish Catlin, 1977

Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) 2,4,8,10,12,13, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Bailey and Allum, 1962 Black bullhead 14,16,17,18,19, 10,11,12,13,14,15, 20,21,22,23,24 16,17,18,19,20,21, 22,24,25,26,28,29, 30,31,32,33,34,35, 36,37,38,39,40,41, 42,43,44,45,46,47, 48,49,50,51,52,53, 54,55,56,57,58,59, 60,61,62,63,64,65

Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur) 44 Woolman, 1896 Yellow bullhead

Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) Woolman, 1896 Brown bullhead

Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) 35,41,42,46,47,49, Channel catfish 50,52,55,56,59,62, 63,64,65,66,67,68, 69

Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) 17 24,25,26,40,43,46, Tadpole madtom 49,53,55,61

Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque) 68,69 Flathead catfish

Cyprinodontidae Fundulus sciadicus Cope 53 Evermann and Cox, 1896 Plains topminnow

Gasterosteidae Culaea inconstans (Kirtland) 1,3,11,21 1,2,3,4,5,8,9,10, Brook stickleback 12,14,15,17,36,37, 38,39

21

TABLE 1--Cont.

Fishes Reported in James River Basin

Family Collector Scientific Name Russell Elsen Other investigators Common Name 1974 1975 reporting species Station No. Station No. (investigators for common fishes not listed)

Percichthyidae Morone chrysops (Rafinesque) 67,68,69 White bass Centrarchidae Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque 32,33,34,35,38,40, Green sunfish 41,42,43,44,46,47, 48,50,51,52,53,54, 55,56,57,60,61,62, 63,64,65,66 Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) Bailey and Allum, 1962 Pumpkinseed Lepomis humilis (Girard) 19,23 18,20,21,27,28,29, Orangespotted sunfish 32,33,34,40,41,42, 43,44,45,46,48,49, 50,51,52,56,57,60, 62,63,64,65,66,67, 68,69 Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque 16,20,50,57,59,69 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Bluegill

Micropterus dolomieui LacePede 57 Personal Communication, Smallmouth bass James Ragan, 1975

Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) 38,39,57 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Largemouth bass

Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque 35,39,40,41,42,43, White crappie 44,45,46,47,48,49, 50,51,52,53,55,56, 57,58,59,60,61,62, 63,64,65,66,68,69

Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) 19,24 25,28,32,34,35,36, Black crappie 37,38,40,41,42,43, 44,45,46,47,48,50, 51,52,55,56,57,58, 59,60,62,65,66,67, 69

Percidae Etheostoma exile (Girard) 11,24 9,11,21,27 Bailey and Allum, 1962 Iowa darter

Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque 11,13,15,21 14,21,27,32,33,39, Johnny darter 43,44,46,48,50,51, 52,55,60,61,65

Perca flavescens (Mitchill) 9,17,19,20,22 6,7,12,13,14,15, Bailey and Allum, 1962 Yellow perch 16,18,25,26,28,30, 32,33,34,36,37,38, 39,41 Percina maculata (Girard) Woolman, 1896 Blacksided darter Stizostedion canadense (Smith) Personal Communication, Sauger Ronald P. Catlin, 1977 Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill) 19,20 16,33,37,40,42,45, Evermann and Cox, 1896 Walleye 46,47,50,58,64 Hankinson, 1929

Scianenidae Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque 50,55,58,59,60,62, Tol, 1976 Freshwater drum 63,64,65,66,67,68, 69 22 I L''AN L , 1 1

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T •

r , •

. / F H A 1 H Il■Rx L_

L. i

sox aomark C NEBRASKA

Figure 9. Location of shortnose gar collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

23 •IINLS

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T -

plANK

--1 I .• ,•,' I' ' I' - I I-._ 1_

•-.

I

L ' .

N E RR ASKA

Figure 10. Location of gizzard shad collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

24 NORTH DAKOTA 11

Figure 11. Location of goldeye collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

25

•

1 r o HARXES

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T- . PoCil VA 4 I

0 _L, • - . PO,TC9 I - iLT E

1. COJCY 1 r 4

• " I

. -

.,11 0 0 0 oc

4

— •040,10x40 N E BR A K A

Figure 12. Location of northern pike collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

26 E A • • E A 1

1 L „,

i • • I L__ ___ 1 1 ..-':—• • NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

ur AVERS c"47

'

r rT

I I . . :. -1

,_..- T ___L_

r_' ;' (1', I) , 1 A LI A 0 11,1■:' ,,,,,,,.",5.0. ■,, ,:o 11 l'. .il,", C A 0 0 a . .. ]

.1.ru., CHIN

• ,s• II co w:alf. E B R A SK A

Figure 13. Location of central stoneroller collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

27 °

R E 5

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T — I

1 i ./ _L, /'

1 .

' ,".• — .,.. I __ _ 1 A N N

N E B RASKA

Figure 14. Location of carp collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

28 NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T A X / ,Le ti — — ./— —1—, POTTER 1 ,...S I

NE BR A SKA

Figure 15. Location of emerald shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

29 Figure 16. Location of common shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

30 -

NORTH DAKOTA — SOUTH DA K—OTA ==

0 R 11 0 Ie.C. COOK

S as 04 ,14,11

, . '16 C11 1. 0 ,4* NEBRASKA

Figure 17. Location of bigmouth shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

31 NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T — —

I • I

; JEAA H,O.

L777 7°71—±—

" o •, - I FrwcHixs I

ION N E S R ASIKA

Figure 18. Location of spottail shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

32 E.•

A R N

R

S A R

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

, r—

,S ROT ,R

1—EL , 1 A a L7

AURORA 0,AVISOP 0 I

°AAA.* N E B RASKA

Figure 19. Location of red shiner COLLECTED IN THE JAMES RIVER Basin in 1975.

33 •

,SH T

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T ..R I „ - , Im_Te .t •

L •

I AS L,....„..0.704, ,w6:4_44,N

_ e 000 0,•. • TO N E BRASKA

Figure 20. Location of sand shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

34 Figure 21. Location of Topeka shiner collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

35

r- 0 - I ,r,• „. ,

7 1 .

5 , V 7 t, 1.1 •11 N 5 5 Li .. ' ;' I lI

I ___I______L.__ :_,,___, •, i

P A N N r 1.1 1

----1 I ' ' • ' 1 ! ' 5 514 E N T I NORTH DAKOTA-- k SOUTH DAK OTA r • • _10 ITF,:. I I . ., . I I ' I ._, -°::::,. ' 1- T'w_C'ri i ■ .!.".1„.!

I 1 '' • -. L, -, _I_ F I

-I I 1

0

..! . 1. • I 1

. 0 0 '. I I I : I • . I I 1 _1

. •55 : . N I N 1 I

I

I NUN 05}.: „„SO, ON L

L _ NOV NI. •5 .15-114-5 NIX

NEBRASKA

Figure 22. Location of fathead minnow collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

36 , 0411 FOES

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAN-OTA T

P0,7“

-.-C■111

'

0 OUOLAS

- _ 9011 NONZlir N EBR ASKA

• _

Figure 23. Location of blacknose dace collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

37 •4,1

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T -

—rt•

I ., j_, / ,-'. . ,.:' :-

',.7------;,,..--1--1----i---- q -' --'

-1-1--- L. 1 .. .. 1.' . • ---1 i ' 0 E • A I I J,.. —,... .. 11:-- 1 - _ I [ J E P ■ A A l' NEK I

_

-1 El -

I

I

N EBR ASKA

" " 1

Figure 24. Location of creek chub collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975. 38 •■•■■•■••■ ■. ..., .11

; NORTH DAKOTA Ll SOUTH DAKOTA T • I ..r I p , p , , , .,• „ ,-- s :.-,..-...„

. I

-

N 0 X LOOM

U G. 1. • S.

- N E B RASKA

Figure 25. Location of river carpsucker collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

39 Figure 26. Location of white sucker collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

40 Figure 27. Location of smallmouth buffalo collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

41 1 1 - • 1 t, H. - - _1

,

44454. 44

L_

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T r, .. , P HII4450_714

Ir' — — ------— I:I-4

V I

-1 I . c I I le s.. ' 0 H I , I • • . ' 1 4- c• c r L' '... A c 0 . 1 . •v• 1_ _ L___ 1

I . . I ' • I ' •

' • . - _] - 1 7 I • 7

l 1 L "-7 " ' '+'. . ' ' • ' ' . '!' " ' " ' T 7 .1___., •_±i..::_4_____ L__I

7 1 —00. , .-., 0. L ... ' 9 ___1 - .• i

-----__ : -- .

- ___'±._-. • _1

1 I — . f .,. 44 0 YII4 04 ,,,,.■ NEBRASKA

Figure 28. Location of bigmouth buffalo collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

42 1

a.

-

14 A R M E S 1

"MACY I -11

NORTH DAKOTA - SOUTH DAKOTA T

R S C M 14-4 1CA 4

I1 "

77:■;;All

J-A

I

a

Figure 29. Location of shorthead redhorse collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

43 Figure 30. Location of black bullhead collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

44 Figure 31. Location of yellow bullhead collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

45 1 •17 " H1- L NORTH DAKOTA i SOUTH DAKOTA .

_ ,-,-- ;40•

0

• , I 1-- • . - ,

N EBR AURA

4

Figure 32. Location of channel catfish collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

46 D . I L_ •;::: '-:•••

Hf k • .I A R R E S — 1 1_

R • N • _

a _ •

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T

- I

.1

`•,• Lox Hou■U'ir AAA 0 N EBRASKA

Figure 33. Location of tadpole madtom collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

47 --]

5 U

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T 1 1E1,4 1

, ,_,L. .41 - , I . _

I .1

1 I 'PO 5,11 14 1-mase,my j ,., , , _,,,0 i...H_ . 1 [ ______1 _ ,. ,R-Z :__ 1 i X 5 Ow .._. ]

( sc. mom - A ON N E BRASKA

'

Figure 34. Location of flathead catfish collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

48 _

44.

■444-- -

1

S R N E S

R A M S

S A R

NORTH DAKOTA - - SOUTH DA-K-OTA T

, MC ' H E R S

_

I I . ' _.1.—,. .,• I" .—J

/

, ------,,7 L —' .----- —', -- —, .„. 1 ' 1 - - t G A R . , •' ' '--. '

Fox 14 4,14* NEBRASKA

G-.. ...f_ I. V . ...7 .... i ■444,4.41.---e _—_ __14 4

Figure 35. Location of plains topminnow collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

49 N E S

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

L- 1

i c

--- N E BRASKA

Figure 36. Location of brook stickleback collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

50 ?-0

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T

s

1 0 i . .--• 1• ' I . - . • --;

(' P 4 1' 7 4 R ". . 1 /-''S I • • ' ::1 -- 1

------1 "., , °

1 _

4 S4JR4 I 1.

EFAILD

S 0

N E BR A SK A

Figure 37. Location of white bass collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

51

e.■■ .rar Fl

' : "“ S 'M

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DA—K—OTA•

1,01 P—S I

I

1 AURCIALAI: I coo t I

•.•

N E BRASKA

I.

Figure 38. Location of green sunfish collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

52 A R N E

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

C

F OTTEN

N E B R-A 5 HA

Figure 39. Location of orangespotted sunfish collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

53 1 A R N E S

-

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T

, b

i

N E BRASKA

Figure 40. Location of bluegill collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

54 1

v / 3 AI R N E

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

fI S C/1

i

fQT7C9 - - _ ! •

N E RR AURA

Figure 41. Location of smallmouth bass collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

55 NORTH DAKOTA - SOUTH DAKOTA T r R "S.

1 "

POTTER

1

-o

A

L. DOUGLAS . frU,

ra oxmolir A N E BR ASKA

Figure 42. Location of largemouth bass collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

56

F ' ;.^:' - •11 • I 1 , , T__;;:_ E ,•.: 4. • ,. ,,1 , _L_H .

I , , 1v • ' •,_. F _I_ 1 , . 7 _.1 ,. I / . : . L, ROTLER 1 I — I .----' I • 4 ' '-: .•'-'4: :- , '-' '}-,, —4, : ,, 1 •

. 46' • 1 .•• e E`.< C .," I, 1.1 1 ;I G ROJRY

0S 1

eox mom■a* 11 0 X ASKA

11 _ —11 .•

Figure 43. Location of white crappie collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

57

1------T -I---'----1

1 —.-- .

' -, VI • A X E 5 1

1.. ;

L - , • _____,,,

■ -,

1 • . '' . T I

NORTH DAKOTA L I I bi-__ . , SOUTH DAKOTA 7 I , • . '' 0 '.'" A-os,■.14 I 1 - " - ! _ _ - - ^: :3 •, I 4------= ------z-1- - '.10 „ ----:.r, i'' ! .. • , _ .-,! .)— _±,_• ,___,_, %! ,,--_

1 -7- ' 1 pLERIEI 1 . 1 0 . : L ; ' ' ''' . '.. 11--...--■- L---■ I . ' E I i L,— j_ 4 .. J- ' —..'—.- --,---\ ' ' ' - —,--. LL ..—•- - -1

J E E: 7 L •0 ,10E11 1 - -T7) • I . J. cooc I •!.• !!! .„. J

OUGE•S _d

BOX 110MEli; TO T N E B R A SK A

Figure 44. Location of black crappie collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

58 NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T

on e. P H , R O N

?')

, (

I •u9011,9, • 1 3 0

of00„,

00x 1•1 0 AP 0 N EBR A SK A

Figure 45. Location of Iowa darter collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

59 7-1

R A X

A

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T

t y

-1---- L

1 , - -- 1 I ' \ 0 I

1 I 1. .. ,

N E B RASKA

Figure 46. Location of Johnny darter collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

60 NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

•

c BON NONNI-N• TON NEBRASKA

Figure 47. Location of yellow perch collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

61 7 -1

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA

_Cs - , I 7,7 s i2 11:1„1.

_

C L A R A

1

J E A A 1, 1.1, 0

A0 , A0.11

Ltft11

ec x m om'A * N E B RASKA

Figure 48. Location of walleye collected in the James River Basin in 1974 and 1975.

62 °"." •

NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA T 1

I o

PO , T OR

_

I ]

-

T-7 I L

N EBR A S A

Figure 49. Location of freshwater drum collected in the James River Basin in 1975.

63 B. Wild Rice River Basin, Sheyenne River. A large Corps of Engineers Sheyenne River Basin, Devils Lake Basin, dam, BALDHILL Dam, forms Lake Ashtabula north and Souris River Basin of Valley City and is a barrier to upstream movement of fishes. Smaller dams at Valley These basins lie within the Hudson Bay City, Kathryn, Fort Ransom, Lisbon, and West drainage. The Wild Rice and Sheyenne rivers Fargo may also be barriers at times of low flow are smaller western tributaries of the Red River (PETERKA, 1978). Periods of no flow occa- of the North within southeastern North Dakota. sionally occur in the headwaters during the The Devils Lake basin is a closed basin in winter and summer. However, median annual northeastern North Dakota. The Souris River runoff is relatively high (Crosby et al., 1973). basin extends into north-central North Dakota There is usually some flow in the Sheyenne as a tributary of the ASSINIBOINE River which River downstream from Lake Ashtabula joins the Red River in Manitoba. (PETERKA, 1978). WOOLMAN (1896) and HANKINSON (1929) Wild Rice River Basin provided the earliest information on Sheyenne The source of the Wild Rice River is in River fishes. Both workers collected fishes at Sargent County, North Dakota. Wild Rice Valley City and Lisbon, North Dakota. Fishes Creek and other intermittent headwater tribu- were collected during the summer of 1949 by taries drain the northernmost portions of the Wilson (1950) in the upper Sheyenne River. Sisseton Hills in Marshall County, South This was the last collection made in the drain- Dakota. The Sisseton Hills form the northern age prior to the closing of BALDHILL Dam which margin of the Coteau des Prairies (Figure 3). impounded Lake Ashtabula that same year. The river flows east and north through the bed Subsequent to impoundment of the river, fish of glacial Lake AGASSIZ in Richland and Cass studies were made by Copes (1965). Tubb, counties of North Dakota before joining the Red Copes, and Johnston (1965) reported on their River of the North approximately eight miles collections of fish at 25 stations throughout the south of Fargo. length of the Sheyenne River. Stream gradients for the Wild Rice River PETERKA (1978) recently collected fishes vary from about four feet per mile near the downstream from BALDHILL dam in the Sheyenne headwaters to about 0.8 feet per mile near the River and summarized all previous studies of mouth. Large portions of the Wild Rice River the distribution of fishes throughout the river. are usually reduced to a series of intermittent He found 31 species known upstream from the pools during the summer; however, extensive dam and 49 species downstream from BALDHILL flooding occurs during the spring of most Dam for a total of 53 species known from the years. Discharge in upper reaches of the river river. PETERKA recognized three habitat types is partially regulated by dams operated by the downstream from BALDHILL Dam; river sites in U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in the TEWAUKON the Drift Prairie, river sites in the Sheyenne National Wildlife Refuge. Lake TEWAUKON, with Delta, and spring-fed sites in the Sheyenne a capacity of 7,200 acre feet is the largest of Delta. The northern REDBELLY dace, the these impoundments. pumpkinseed sunfish, and the Iowa darter were Copes (1965) described fishes from the Wild found exclusively in spring-fed sites in the Rice River and its tributaries (later published Sheyenne Delta. He concluded that the distri- by Copes and Tubb, 1966). North Dakota State bution of fish species in the Sheyenne River Game and Fish Department test-netted Lake was dominated by the distinctive habitat types TEWAUKON in 1973 (personal communication, found in the Drift Prairie, Sheyenne Delta and James Ragan, 1974), as did the U.S. Fish and old Lake AGASSIZ through which the river Wildlife Service in 1974 (personal communication, flowed. PETERKA also discussed the effects of Ron Ulrich, 1974). BALDHILL Dam and other dams on the Sheyenne River which are barriers to fish movement in Sheyenne River Basin the river. The Sheyenne River rises in Sheridan Test netting and fish stocking records at County in north central North Dakota. The the North Dakota State Game and Fish Depart- river is approximately 550 miles long, with a ment contributed additional information on drainage area of 10,700 square miles, of which Sheyenne River fishes. Farmer (1974) reported 5,850 square miles are considered noncontrib- netting 12 fish species in Lake Ashtabula uting. From the headwaters to near Anse1M in during the summer of 1972. A number of eastern Ransom County the river flows through studies have been made in Lake Ashtabula for glacial sediments in the Drift Prairie. Between fishery management purposes including food Anse1M and Kindred, the river passes through habits of northern pike, black bullheads, and sand and silt associated with the Sheyenne white bass by Ober (1976), and studies of Delta (PETERKA, 1978). The Sheyenne Delta is a various aspects of COMMMERCIAL fish harvests by sandy area deposited by the river in glacial Ragan (1970), Owen and WAHTOLA (1970), Owen times when it discharged into Lake AGASSIZ. and Duerr (1974) and RYCKMAN (1977). From Kindred to the mouth the Sheyenne River cuts through silt and clay sediments of glacial Devils Lake Basin Lake AGASSIZ. The Devils Lake drainage area is a closed Numerous small dams have been built on the basin with an area of approximately 3,580

64 square miles in Towner, Ramsey, Benson, and WESTHOPE , North Dakota. Near WAWANESA , Nelson Counties, North Dakota. Intermittent Manitoba, the Souris joins the ASSINIBOINE River coulees and a number of small shallow lakes and which flows into the Red River at Winnipeg, sloughs occupy most of the drainage basin. Manitoba. Devils Lake is located in the southern part of The river is 357 miles long in North the basin. Dakota ; average stream gradient is about 0.6 Other lakes in the southern part of the feet per mile. The drainage area for the Souris basin include Sweetwater, Morrison, Cavanaugh, at WESTHOPE , North Dakota, is 16,900 square Dry, Chain, Lac Aux MORTES , Irvine, Ibsen, miles, of which approximately 10,300 square Stink, Silver, and Pelican. These lakes are miles are considered as non-contributing. quite shallow and weed or algal growths may be Stream discharge tends to show considerable extensive. Intermittent coulees may connect fluctuation despite regulation of stream flow by any number of these lakes during spring refuge dams. Severe flooding occurs during flooding. MAUVAIS Coulee discharges into West the spring of most years ; however, low winter Bay of Devils Lake. flow may result in frequent winter fish kills. Historically, high evaporation rates have Two national wildlife refuges, the Upper contributed to water level fluctuation in Devils Souris and the J. Clark Salyer, are located Lake, resulting in highly mineralized conditions on the Souris River. The Des Lacs National when levels were especially low. In 1867, the Wildlife Refuge is located on the Des Lacs surface of Devils Lake was 1,438.3 feet above River, a tributary of the Souris. The three mean sea level (M. S .1. ) (Young, 1924) . The national wildlife refuges in the Souris Loop water level fell until 1940, when the elevation create physical and chemical barriers to fish reached 1,400.9 feet M . S .1. Since 1940 there movement. There are eight low head dams in have been gains and losses in water level. In the Des Lacs Refuge, four in the Upper Souris 1972 the surface of the lake reached 1,422.3 Refuge and five in the J. Clark Salyer Refuge. feet M . S . I . and there have been minor fluc- These dams serve as physical barriers to fish tuations since that date. In 1979 the surface of movement at certain times of the year, and low the lake was 1,424.1 feet M. S .1. dissolved oxygen and poor water quality in the The fishes of Devils Lake were described shallow pools behind the dams serve as chemical by Lord (1884) . A flourishing northern pike barriers at times. As a result, the fishery in fishery was present in the lake at that time. the Souris Loop, except in Lake Darling, is Pike disappeared from the lake in 1889, and transitional. possible reasons for this disappearance were A report by the U . S . Environmental discussed by Pope (1908) and Young (1924) . Protection Agency (1971) gives sources of HANKINSON (1929) made collections in MAUVAIS nutrients and pollution in the Souris Loop. and Edmore Coulees, Devils Lake, and other Data are presented on dissolved oxygen, lakes in the drainage basin. biochemical oxygen demand, inorganic con- White suckers were collected in 1958 and stituents, nitrate and phosphates, bacterial 1959; however, they have not been taken concentrations plus sediments from stations on during recent sampling (Russell, 1975) . Black the Souris River in North Dakota. Biological bullheads were stocked in Sweetwater and evaluations of pollution or nutrient effects on Cavanaugh Lake in 1958. The North Dakota BENTHOS and PHYTOPLANKTON are given. The State Game and Fish Department netted two Souris River is heavily enriched with nutrients. black bullheads in Sweetwater Lake in 1966 Intense algae blooms and other indications of (DUERRE , 1967) ; none were found in 1974 EUTROPHICATION were found by the U . S . Environ- (Russell, 1975) . mental Protection Agency (1971) . Waste sources The North Dakota State Game and Fish contribute substantial loads of nitrogen and Department (N . D . ) stocked northern pike in phosphorus to the river. Nitrate and phos- Devils Lake during the late 1950s. These phate levels were diminished in refuge waters plantings generally were successful, but occa- as nutrients entering the pools were assimilated sional winter kills during the 1960S necessi- by PHYTOPLANKTON , rooted aquatic vegetation and tated periodic restocking of these game fish. the bottom sediments. Rising water levels in recent years have JORDE (1978) studied the LIMNOLOGICAL effects made possible the successful introduction of a of the National Wildlife Refuges on water quality number of game fishes including northern pike, in the Souris River in the United States. JORDE walleye, white bass and yellow perch. North (1978) also found that the nutrients were Dakota State Game and Fish Department assimilated in the refuge impoundments and the stocking and test-netting records in recent dissolved oxygen content in the shallow pools years indicated excellent growth and survival was sometimes low. The U . S . Fish and Wildlife and no winter kills. Service made a LIMNOLOGICAL survey of the Souris River in the United States in 1975. Samples Souris River Basin were taken at 42 stations and dissolved oxygen The Souris (Mouse) River rises north of levels and conductivity were measured, and , Saskatchewan, Canada, and enters plankton, MACROINVERTEBRATES and fishes were the United States near Sherwood, North Dakota. collected (Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975) . The river flows south, then loops north, WOOLMAN (1896) made collections in the crossing into Manitoba, Canada, north of Souris River at Minot during his 1892 INVESTI-

65 GATION of fishes of western Minnesota and Fishes were collected during 1974 at 12 eastern North Dakota. Ernest SETON Thompson stations in the Wild Rice River basin, 26 (1898) published an account of species collected stations in the Sheyenne River basin, 8 stations in the Souris and Red Rivers in Manitoba. in the Devils Lake basin and 30 stations in the HANKINSON (1929) listed species occurring in Souris River basin. Figures 50 and 51 give Willow Creek, a tributary to the Souris River. general locations of the above stations; for ATTON and Johnson (1955) and Symington (1959) descriptions of stations, and methods and dates discussed the Souris River fishes in Saskatch- of collections see Russell (1975). Table 2 lists ewan. A stream survey of the Souris River species reported by Russell (1975) and includes made by Sprague (1960) listed fishes collected species previously collected by others in these at various stations from Minot downstream to basins and in the Red River and adjacent the Canadian border. North Dakota State Game tributaries of the Red River. Data from Russell and Fish Department (N.D. ) unpublished (1975) were used by the senior author to stocking and test-netting results are available compile species lists and prepare current for Lake Darling, an impoundment on the Souris distribution maps of fishes in each of the basins River. (Figures 52 through 105).

66 C A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA

1 R c E E E 1

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JR- OS EN

Figure 50. Fish collection stations in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and the Devils Lake Basins used by Russell in 1974.

67 C A N ADA NORTH DAKOTA 1 R79 zr------11 --'--) 2 9 t' . , i ! ' : R95

,- I ' R75 Ril I R84841, '-- 0 T T 0

T-- 1_ -1 R96 I --; --. \ k97 I 1144 1 -- Z I y 0 R I 0 I

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irt /\ L L

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S HERIDAN ! I I

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j 4

SOURIS PIVEX ORAINACE BASIN

Figure 51. Fish collection stations in the Souris River Basin used by Russell in 1974. TABLE 2

Fishes Reported from Tributaries of the Red River and the Devils Lake Basin

Family Russell's Collections Other investigators Scientific Name Souris Wild Rice Sheyenne Devils Lake reporting species in Common Name River River River Basin Red River or Hudson Station No. Station No. Station No. Station No. Bay Drainage.

Petromyzontidae Ichthyomyzon castaneus (Girard) Hankinson, 1929 North Dakota Chestnut lamprey Tributaries Red River

Acipenseridae Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque) Keleher and Kooyman, 1957 Lake Sturgeon Assiniboine River Surber, 1920 Red River

Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus) Woolman, 1896 Red River Longnose gar

Amiidae Amia calva (Linnaeus) Eddy et al., 1972 Red River Bowfin

Hiodontidae Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) Hankinson, 1929 Red River Goldeye

Hiodon tergisus (Lesueur) Copes, 1965 Red River Mooneye Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Woolman, 1896 Red River

Salmonidae Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) Eddy et al., 1972 Lake whitefish Keleher and Kooyman, 1957 Large Lakes Hudson Bay drainage

Salmo gairdneri Richardson Copes, 1965 Stocked in Rainbow trout Red River Tributaries Eddy, et al., 1972 Stocked in Red River Tributaries

Salmo trutta Linnaeus Copes, 1965 Stocked in Brown trout Red River Tributaries Eddy et al., 1972 Stocked in Red River Tributaries

Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) Keleher and Kooyman, 1957 Lake trout Large Lakes Hudson Bay drainage

Umbridae Umbra limi (Kirtland) Copes, 1965 Tongue River, Central mudminnow North Dakota Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Tributaries of Red River

Esocidae Esox lucius Linnaeus 73,81,82,85, 27,32,33,34, 37,38,39,43, 65,66,68, Northern pike 86,88,90,91, 35,36 43A,46,47,48, 69,70 98,99,100 49,56,59,60

Esox masquinongy Mitchill North Dakota Game and Fish Muskellunge Dept., n.d. Stocked in Lake Ashtabula, Sheyenne River

Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque) Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Stoneroller Tributaries of Red River Feldmann, 1963 Forest River, North Dakota

Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) Copes, 1965 Goldfish Sheyenne River

69

TABLE 2--Cont.

Fishes Reported from Tributaries of the Red River and the Devils Lake Basin

Family Russell's Collections Other investigators Scientific Name Souris Wild Rice Sheyenne Devils Lake reporting species in Common Name River River River Basin Red River or Hudson Station No. Station No. Station No. Station No. Bay Drainage.

Cyprinidae--Cont.

Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) Eddy et al., 1972 Hudson Bay Lake chub

Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 26,27,28,28A, 57,60 Carp 33,34,35,36

Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs Copes, 1965 Sheyenne River Brassy minnow Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Symington, 1959 Souris River Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 Souris River

Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz Copes, 1965 Pembina River, Silvery minnow North Dakota

Hybopsis gracilis (Richardson) Hinks, 1943 Flathead chub Keleher, 1956 Willock, 1969

Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland) Cox, 1897 Red River Silver chub Tributaries Eigenmann, 1895 Red River Tributaries Hankinson, 1929 Red River Tributaries Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Woolman, 1896 Red River Tributaries

Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland) Copes, 1965 Forest River Hornyhead chub Feldmann, 1963 Forest River, North Dakota Keleher, 1956 Lake Winnipeg Tributary

Notemigonus chrysoleucas (Mitchill) 88,89 43,44,60 Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Golden Shiner Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 Souris River

Notropis anogenus (Forbes) Copes, 1965 Turtle River, Pugnose shiner North Dakota Hankinson, 1929 Sheyenne River

Notropis atherinoides (Rafinesque) Copes, 1965 Sheyenne River Emerald shiner Keleher, 1956 Hudson Bay

Notropis blennius (Girard) Hankinson, 1929 Red River River shiner Keleher, 1956 Hudson Bay Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 Souris River Woolman, 1896 Red River

Notropis cornutus (Mitchill) 100 42,47,48,49, Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Common shiner 50,53,53A,54, Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 54A,59 Souris River

Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz) 86 Copes, 1965 Sheyenne River Bigmouth shiner Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Tributaries Red River Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Scott and Crossman, 1973 Pembina River Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 Souris River

Notropis heterodon (Cope) Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Blackchin shiner Tributaries Red River

70 TABLE 2--Cont.

Fishes Reported from Tributaries of the Red River and the Devils Lake Basin

Family Russell's Collections Other investigators Scientific Name Souris Wild Rice Sheyenne Devils Lake reporting species in Common Name River River River Basin Red River or Hudson Station No. Station No. Station No. Station No. Bay Drainage.

Cyprinidae--Cont. Notropis heterolepis Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) Tributaries Red River Blacknose shiner Hankinson, 1929 Sheyenne River Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Woolman, 1896 Sheyenne River

Notropis hudsonius (Clinton) 49,50,60 Keleher, 1956 Hudson Bay Spottail shiner Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 Souris River Woolman, 1896 Souris River

Notropis rubellus (Agassiz) Eddy et al., 1972 Rosyface shiner Sheyenne River Hankinson, 1929 Red River Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Woolman, 1896 Red River

Notropis spilopterus (Cope) 58,59,60 Copes, 1965 Sheyenne River Spotfin shiner Hankinson, 1929 Sheyenne River Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River

Notropis stramlneus (Cope) 47,48,49, Atton and Johnson, 1955 Sand shiner 59,60 Souris River Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Symington, 1959 Souris River Ulrich and Pfeifer, 1975 Souris River

Notropis volucellus (Cope) Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Mimic shiner Tributaries Red River Scott and Crossman, 1973 Hudson Bay

Phoxinus ens (Cope) Copes, 1965 North Dakota Northern redbelly dace Tributaries Red River Eddy and Underhill, 1974 Minnesota Tributaries, Red River Keleher, 1956 Hudson Bay Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River

Phoxinus neogaeus (Cope) Copes, 1965 North Dakota Finescale dace Tributaries, Red River Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Tributaries, Red River Keleher, 1956 Hudson Bay

Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) 59,60 Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Bluntnose minnow Tributaries Red River Keleher, 1956 Hudson Bay Drainage Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Tubb et al., 1965 Sheyenne River

Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque) 71,72,73,74, 26,27,28,30, 37,38,40,41, 63,64,66,67 Fathead minnow 75,76,77,78, 31,32,33,34, 42,45,49,51, 81,87,92,93, 35 52,53,53A,54, 94,95,96,99, 54A,59 100

Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) 95,96 53A,54,54A Copes, 1965 North Dakota Blacknose dace Tributaries, Red River Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Scott and Crossman, 1973 Hudson Bay Drainage

71

TABLE 2--Cont.

Fishes Reported from Tributaries of the Red River and the Devils Lake Basin

Family Russell's Collections Other investigators Scientific Name Souris Wild Rice Sheyenne Devils Lake reporting species in Common Name River River River Basin Red River or Hudson Station No. Station No. Station No. Station No. Bay Drainage.

Centrarchidae--Cont. Micropterus salmoides (Lace'pede) Copes, 1965 Sheyenne River Largemouth bass North Dakota Game and Fish Dept. n.d., 1952 Stocked in Lake Tewaukon and stocked in Souris River Scott and Crossman, 1973 Southeastern Manitoba Pomoxis annularis (Rafinesque) 60 Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River White crappie

Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) 89 28 43A,55 Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Black crappie Scott and Crossman, 1973 Red and Assiniboine Rivers

Percidae Etheostoma exile (Girard) 71 38,43,46,53 Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Iowa darter Scott and Crossman, 1973 Manitoba and Saskatchewan

Etheostoma nigrum (Rafinesque) 100 43,47,48,49, Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Johnny darter 59 Scott and Crossman, 1973 Manitoba and Saskatchewan

Perca flavescens (Machin) 72,81,82,83 28A 38,43,45,53, Common in all basins Yellow perch 55,56,57,58, 63,64,65 60

Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) Copes, 1965 Goose River, ND Logperch Eddy et al., 1972 Minnesota Tributaries Keleher and Kooyman, 1957 Manitoba Scott and Crossman, 1973 Manitoba and Saskatchewan Percina maculata (Girard) 49,59 Atton and Johnson, 1955 Blacks ide darter Souris River, Saskatchewan Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River Scott and Grossman, 1973 Red, Assiniboine, and Souris Rivers

Percina shumardi (Girard) Hankinson, 1929 Red River River darter Keleher and Kooyman, 1957 Manitoba Scott and Crossman, 1973 Red River Woolman, 1896 Red River, North Dakota

Stizostedion canadense (Smith) 62 Copes, 1965 Red River Sauger Scott and Crossman, 1973 Southern Hudson Bay

Stizostedion vitreum vitreum 82,88,89,91 28A 59 70 Peterka, 1978 Sheyenne River (Machin) Scott and Crossman, 1973 Walleye Hudson Bay

Sciaenidae Aplodinotus grunniens (Rafinesque) 36 60,62 Scott and Crossman, 1973 Freshwater drum Hudson Bay in Manitoba and Southern Saskatchewan

74 A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA I ,

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Figure 52. Location of northern pike collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

75 A N A 0 A

, I - --"-'). 0 NORTH DAKOTA i ' 1 - ' - \ I • I 1 . l)' ,- )'\ ' ' • -- I I , , I \ ,ot■ 4- [ n o E k T E-1 C A V ALIER - V,1"1114 '• I .\ 1 . 1 - —. , - _ \ T 0 *VS E Fi : NE,..., ---,----,

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ANSDANDS WILD PICA Ar0 VIPS AND ODA LS LAND DP. xa, Sa9 Figure 53. Location of carp collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

76 A N A A

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I, I / t L , p, o p1, ^ x ( V, L ,s-, e e .• N Figure 54. Location of golden shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

77 A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA / , I . \ 1 • , .•

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MAL NL E OF of RFL -• • ` FY Figure 55. Location of common shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

78

A N A A - NORTH DAKOTA I 1- • \ -

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5- X, - o PIC, p,o p y `. A o o`y L ^ OP^ M• Figure 56. Location of spottail shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

79 C A N A D A _ _ NORTH DAKOTA ( . 1 I • \ \I ' • *,

R C I :\ c A ,, c, 1 E LE.1, y A ‘L ■ E — ,..., 1, 1 , --. _,, • , \ •••,. , . [. li - -, • ek, , FT ,c. ; 1 : ' . ,,.. , ,.,,. . ,, H TLIO LL ,„..i, , -- '.... \ . 1. 7.. .. ,. r-d,, ----, I ::1 '..:*-1.- '..;s1 ;I, • o1, ,, -,-; )-. , N,,\,..- :I. ' ,,...„ .. . , ) 1 , v 1 c . - - - - - 1 L . . .' ._ -'-:,:. '7-----=-- , n -I • <. i ' . E L .S ''N N • .1 1 1 -.4 I ; E •

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Figure 57. Location of spotfin shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

80

NORTH DAKOTA

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sitr vow, mi. N.. MO Riven Moo DEvn., Wm.. SAS ix, Figure 58. Location of sand shiner collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

81 C A N A A

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SHEYENNE WI. RICE PLO OWENS AND 0EvmS LANE OPAINABE Figure 59. Location of bluntnose minnow collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

82 •

A N A A

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----- 1- ---1--t —7.1 0 _-,1 . . _1 ' - I- 1 _t__ I II i I, :1\

_ I , FN. ,,t \. _ L. I %, [ ' i

-I . . '.. .."' " "1 ---- . ‘. ,:i OHS I _,...A. 7 :/

1 \

SH,RIDAN . I Vo I L L S I ITO F 0 S T I R I kb*GS I S O A

■■`7' 7 - - I 1

I ) H, ' 1 .

S OUTH D A K O TA

ueRS,14. L . t.

I4 S 16.11.,li

9 '1 L. - ^IC, p1, ^, • e`y I L•11 ..•,.•., • 4 1 Figure 60. Location of fathead minnow collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

83

A N A

NORTH DAKOTA / ' I I i , , I i • ) 1\ .' 1 . , l R C E I. T E 1 \ I I, • 1 . \ 0 V A E R RENE111.1A_ - I.' 7 0 w N,N, E R 1, \,,,, -- , I1 \ - , ' I r L — I • I - ----:: ..7 --- I--I ---7 1 1 . FT '• - - 1 r ■ • 1 , . - --,,,, . I 4 --- - - I .7.- i.' Li , , • 00: II I I ' • . t \ _I m c . E N R Y • I ,N- . I I ' ' - I ;..-4.::: ',.:. ! ,I i '",\ _ _ _,, , .• , ; R, / L ' \ L "'-.- I ', , :S 2RSTT 1 . 1 AN, [ _, ...-.1- . .. .-..-7---77- -...,-7= -- ■.- -/ , , . S• I , • j ..' '`...- , D , 1 N. R LI, 5055,5„0 . 1 0 — — R __------* 1 _, I. F O S T E R eillOGS ___I_____

A 0

t, 5 0 T 9 5 0 9 I I) R _ S -4 1 ,

N S CO

R C 14_1, a N -

S A R G.E T'

S OUTH D A K O TA

SMEVIM111, VnLO *ID VCR, Ary0 DIVI„ LAKE 0.1.e BA.N1

Figure 61. Location of blacknose dace collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

84 C A N A D A

NORTH DAKOTA \ i 1 ' • \I ' ' *, ) I \

T E 1 j \ C A V S , LIES Bi■S 1 I .\

-- F. L-.. J ■ ' ----..\ - __I ,

N _Il _ , .-- p ' I i . ,--' Pk , \ - a • :fi , - - , ... . •,... 1 \ . 1 -r, / , t401t,. ,,,, , I .1

[ '.. . ' .. ' . - ` "V. - V :. ..S J i \ . 7 i,..., , FTtl, r . jj . o 1 • i '„ . ' " I 1 E .,..N\ s - _ 2,- x - ■,. L : '.] - . , , , , ___ 1 I i 1:;."%s----:‘\11 . . - , : -?,,„ . ,

• " 7 , . 7 --- -

. ..• LI , i 1------•,4•

I

I F O S T E R 1 091. 1 1G I I

L 1

I h---t— 1 I 1 I

I i, s . o E S S A N ,..,..., )I" II I I

S OUTH D A K 0 T A

Figure 62. Location of longnose dace collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

85 •

A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA I /' 1

1 , i R O E \ T E I , 0 i H E R 1-1 1 — 1 . I' 0 W N,O., E N 1 1

L__I______1__ - - 77- 1-7 I 17 7:. 1 _ [ I . ,,, 1 El 1 1--r-- -- ' .-- --.- 1 1 •-- 1 1 - _ E 1 . m C H E N . L .1 ...„ 1 ,..H....:::: ,.....„.\ 1'

•... . -- ‘, 1 ,,■,_ [ H E ' I:\\, s': 0 " L . ,. . .j ,.._,... P a t,' 2 • ,

H SHI.AIOAN . I

F 0 S T t R /01:1Q0 rn

1 1 0

I i A O O F R A H O l ) 1 7-•-•

C 4 T. A N

S A R G E NT

S OUTH D AKO TA

MARSH 1

.Mmx, Ime 4E0 .Ens AND KM] LAKE 4.1. Figure 63. Location of creek chub collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

86

C A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA

', 1 ' \ 'W\''' 0 -, i

LI 1 ,■

_ .....-_. :,,.., . L ,...... ,. ' R• ,.‘[.:J C'. 1--- L' ' '..- 1 ' ' . L ,)

-- ''• k % I ' . F LAO ER 1 11 ,G [' i 4 ± 1 • I____ ---1, , ---- 1 "' 1 i 0

, ,, T , , I " I °, C A 5 1 -

RICXL. AN

S OUTH D AKOTA

--,„------, -- Figure 64. Location of white sucker collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

87 C A N A A

—.A.------..-. NORTH DAKOTA / • \ I . . *,

- 8 1 n ‘ I _. ---,---. i.....27j I •

A

1 - H-: , ■:.--.- --11 )11 A"'''. I '-'\ .J., ' .. ; ..., •-• ..- ', F .-.\ -- . - ‘ • r,

___L, _L -__._ - i :ei-'''' ' ; ':•)) f,017,5

n _i I•.

f 0 5 7 F A etglac 1 1 j ----

— 777"

RIGM,L. AMO

- I 5 A A A E NT ,

------I S 0 UTH D A K O T A . •

mA1,511Al't

' ,Roe

Figure 65. Location of bigmouth buffalo collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

88 C A N A D A

NORTH DAKOTA 1 r ) 11, 0 E T [ , \CAC . N .L I E R 1 N,____ \ i --7-- i I - 7-1-- j I I \ . l 4,,. MC N E N N E .1 i ii

i ... L r ''.--- ___b_r_l __L__ - ... , 1 -_____-_,

•1

S OUTH D A K O TA

Figure 66. Location of shorthead redhorse collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

89 A N A 0 A

..... • •, • ...... ■ -..-. ■ ... -1- - - ■ 2,..Z ■''' -,..., .- 7 -■ .. c ■i■- -

NORTH DAKOTA r ' I I I I \ \I ' ' ... - i 1 . T) F \ ,I w 1, I. , . i \.\ C A V ALIER , \ 1 r o Er VI E R 1 .._.. • N . _ _ _ ' ." I N I - --, \ --... 1 r — • L. I 1 __•', , ' l 1 1-] I 1 Ji I ---. Toii- ., , ..0T, R• ,,,, FT ; Li G 4„, ,"; at**. %. , I \.‘• „.... - ....1 ,F.4.:;.E h..l..E., ,I i ...... \ 1 . — I , I ;• ,, I %, ■-- si '' ' \' 2 • J. v • [, • ' ., . ,.: lti .1 • _ RANI F ORES , I

.._,, I. ---_

, I SHFRIDEN. 1 . 1 . 0 1 F O S T E R I G IVIOG STE 0 l. I I .- '

S OUTH D A K O TA • • 1

.. , MARSHA:L ..I \ I I N. . isa 0 8 E,01 L ______...R.., _1

, k .. , -1fr1

Figure 67. Location of black bullhead collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

90

A N A A _ ,- -, NORTH DAKOTA c , - --- ;-, c•-..4 . \ 1 • ,.. / / ■ I I _, I 1 . ‘,..) 1\ • 1. 1 1 C I T E 1 \ I n o I , 1 f .,., C A V .4 .1, 0 7 1 - 1 ‘ TO 4\4E10 1 N 1 L auL 1 11 ,... 1 __ 1 • I I - -, - - r \ 11'11 r I , 1 . .. • 1 1 \ 1 1 L 1. .i_J

I

1 j_____ 1----- 1 1 1 't I I . • ....1 . <• H , N y .. I c..., 1 \ . ‘` -.Y. /sr RtiV,..".`yo .'- , -,„ ; JI____„;:--- .., ...... ,77 .,‘..,1, ji i ■_, \ , I 1 :. ...' 4 , _ . v L I • '[ ' \s , \ , 1 1 11 11 5 , 1.4,1 L )1 N 1 " .40 , . . --.. 1 111 N , 11_ S I,______1_, •

, , ri . — .7..... 1.1 . i 1

, 0 .-• 11 4 • . T 111 1 1 r E L:1 11. T 11 L rn 1 i { 0 S T E N 1 L 17, 1 SS 1 I

1 1 L ± I.+ 1 ---- 1 1 - " 7'. 1-7 — 1- 1 ■ ' 0

L., s l' U T S A A N I 1) 111 E 5- - Al ; 1r1 L I —4 1 1 1111 1 11 1 1 1 1

1 1 I 1 ..

-- 1— _ _i__ -, ___1 .

I S C

R I C UI. A N 0 —

I

I ; A 14 1

S OUTH D A K O T A

1 1 1 MARSHAL .. .L ... 1 .... A

A 1{0 5 j R 68

1 1

1 1

Figure 68. Location of channel catfish collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

91 A N A C A — _ NORTH DAKOTA I //' I • ' I N i 1 RO EL(E I • • i- \ \ C A V 4,1_ i E A L EN,Si• A . • • I , T 0 W V E R 1 N r — I — — - -- LL' Y— -/* i . _ .- -j_..7 7:7- ! I 1 - --....) _;... I —.2,— _ , E. — — I ._•:. LI '-----'-.---'.----- I "I— ' Li • • 11 I ).0k :, - -'- _- , \ • v _, - L — I i . ' I t —.1 ,1,1. , \ . I,. .. c HENRy --7- 7- (---- ,, . \ - . -,_ , • , .. : r--0 7 L • ! • •,1 • '-- , ,..) 1 0, L ___L, _j___ —7----:.., . _ ' - • — I .- ' 7 - .S. , — : •... ,1 _-,:-. -_ L 1F-1 . IE .— 1 0 H Y R I 00 N . J Si t L 1_ 1L------; i 5 I FOSTER 000 sr r I- on ■1 I' I 1. 0 EE 1 I 4'

I 0 1i 1

p.

0 I I 9 On r

S OUTH D A K O TA I 1 M N R 5 H A C r• I , 1i ., c . )R '1,- Y g- ' ______I I I ) - ______1_ r

wILD R.r Riv.• .0 0.1/9 LANE 00.4A0I B.1. Figure 69. Location of stonecat collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

92

A N A 0 A

NORTH DAKOTA ' I II' I , II 1 AO E L E I ,I, I.\.\ CA v A,LIER I, 1 1 TOW iEA -r: \ V — —7—, I ,

_ ./ I : , p I\ •... I s. C 11 E N A y .1 • 1 i I\ :s, "46., I. 1 ," 1 1 ''.: ,I . \ 1 • ' " , ; r t i --,1 t. ,14',_, ). ' .. "L' rET- r ■ . r„ L . •_I i , \ ,„,,,. . :"7M, ;hi • —• .„.. \ ' • .1 I • L.. , "an n 1 - s. -- _ "— • • --- ' • ,• i ■Ify:E'L • ) .1 - - - 6 A'A R'''r f 7 0 A 5 5 L. 1_- — 1 .. , _ i ,.. 4 -=-7. 4--,----- 1,- • • • 1 7 .

I FOSTER eiRIOGS STEEL.E, I rn

I -- 1 L -'. I - I 1 1 1 1 i H , uTss A ' 1 ')ao A E 5 1 0 R 5 1 I 1 . i 1 1 ..• ,,,,,,L2.- I 1 , .: -'---: 1 ..." —1--=•:—

S C M

1 AlcSt,.AN 6

SAAGE.; ,

S OUTH D A K O T A V . MARSHAL.r.,I • A On E,RiiSr.

_

Figure 70. Location of tadpole madtom collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

93

C A N A D A . ..

NORTH DAKOTA / ' 1 . \ I • , ,,,, I J

ii,, ; R O E TE I 1. i i REMS1118 I—; . —T T 0 W VI E R ; '.\ ,... \ I

- \ 1 I . I

1. '' .-:_L-1 ' ' -- 1-1 r---E-I it. 1 1 1t . 1 '''--''' --''''' ' 1 I . ' ' 't.- • , t \ . . -_ -_,.‘., F R F V t . -, 1 7" . 1.:::4 .:: 1 . `-\ _ —'._ I ...:-, :)...\', - F F F 5 _ .0 — N ,

I I R ( R. I

F . I ,

j i —4 E • • • l 7 — SHYRIDAR . I V/ F C r I T e*,Gs E R i

—12 1 7

S . U T S K A N E S $ I —4 1

..t•J

R I • 11

S A P S E .00 ' I I - -_-_-_-_-_-_-_-__ S OUTH D A K O T A

I HORS H H

3.■001( MILD Ma RED n■vEns DEVILS L.( DRAINAGE •ASIIIS Figure 71. Location of trout-perch collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

94 C A N A D A , NORTH DAKOTA I, I I , , • \ I • . ., - .1 . -

I R O E k T E 1 [ .\ O A V A ,L —1 E R 1, , R E MBII A 1 11.'111 1 row \sip 1, \• ... _ i FT . L,,. i ; i -. • 1 ------. ' N ______J______1 T T 1 • .r ---::-.---:77 ‘•- .. , _ ,. j -- - —---- r 7 , j,/er. ' -..... , 1.s - - —9"- — . ,'4 '1 11 1 ..1 :!:•., ..,! j ...\ r ti - I ' -2 0,....,_ ,,' , •,- 1 -,. , , , AS\ St 0 , , , .... , , : .11 v C

, -.,... ' 1 'el• 1 1 / 11.111:' ,1„) I• ORAN! F OR." _ ----:,.,_,... I .,_.___ 7 ;) i . - : ' • . '.:' :

• - i -- .N.-. 4.1 i..L .‘ 1 ' ' -----.-..,1,, 1 ,... '1 1% blitRIDAN . 1 R A A A s 1 -- I 1 r ;.... . _7,-., 7 A•__,-, S T E R , , , - , L • , '1.'''L - .,,,,, , ''' • __L,_ _ --12__.

0 1 _L s I i u T S A N E S 1 C S 1 ) " 1 : I I '

• N S C 1A

1 I R G E .; I S A • • •

S OUTH D A K O T A 1 ' 1 . I s.s pRSISACt , : \ .1 • ,-s I 1,1ROE 1E.AT P I______,_ __I i

SHEYENNE w LO niCE nto SS AND NEILS EMIL DRAINS. BASINS Figure 72. Location of brook stickleback collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

95

C A N A D A

— — NORTH DAKOTA 7 / , 1 I i i , ) . , , 1 I { . k k \ ., i 1, R C A I E R , E I0 b1 a

T 0 WV/ 6 Fl 1 N ,__ - —I \ 7 I • I .• . I L-_—_!

--i - 1----77—';---11-C--`:- T— -- r —I i 1 ' LI L 1 _i___ . i ''' IL Fr . • 4 ,. - , I , , y • ! ,..„. , \.,,, .... ,r, R t.v, ,.. , E. ..„, :•■••.f 4 .. ! I , ....,_ --- c I, , i F. t I L . , ,,,, • 1 r --- -,..,., •, . i • — , --- _,_ •,... I 4-• ‘ ,.. i s 5 e. N: L __ __ 1_, __ _ _,...... i.. ,,,i ,,. . I L __ ri ...' -.... I L ' I ' rr, jz. , 1 JT _ i---- — -- - -_--....* • ,..; . ',... S111. 17 1 DAN . 1 VI t , L s 1 '1 i F 0 S T E I is 1 , ". 4 _L _1 , L# 1_,_ _ L 1 1 1 i , 1 , LI 7 " E : " I ) AP ' I 1 '

1

S OUTH D A K O T A

Figure 73. Location of white bass collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

96 A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA ! , , • `,1 . 1\ 1 P O E LE I 1; \...... • I I -

L I • — ' \ -- ,--t- 5-1 - - j ------.- - - F - - 7 1 1 ------iv 7 , ---- -•••• ,7. 1 ..,. I _____:;„: I 0 I I , 2 I )1/1 :< -': ! J ;11, \ A. I i ..... ' . 9

`—'\1 ' ‘11 I . 1 '..-

, 9• Y r j

I 1 9 NPRIDAN . W Al 1 P O S T E R 1 5. rn I

L-I ----„----1-----„,,-T —I------—t+ , , tf I — I ' I

I 0

II i ' 5 . u 7 5 I A N l I) A, A

I 1 1 ' I

C

RICHAAN

I S A P S E .& T. I I

S OUTH D A K O T A

I MARSNi „. \

1 - 6-19 E-9

- - ' I ,

smt.ry. wma poCE pto nivEPI AN. DEVILS ••Xt D9.94. 9•5■NS Figure 74. Location of rock bass collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

97 C A N A D A

NORTH DAKOTA \I I / ' I . • ' ' .• r - , 1 1. ‘,) 1\ , 1 AO A L E -I ',' r' \.\\ 0 A V . A ,. . I i R ri\ ' . 1., PEMBII_ _..._ Towv ,„ , I LA -1 \ -_,_1..------

-. ,■ ------1 _i,. j 1 1 -,--'-\---,_ ,..------I----- L L ------i 1 E - r- p „ if .- .■,-,,R -. 'A__ _A- --N 1 A . E 3" - 3 ? • I I. t M '4 E Y ,

, 2 ,Li v ti ' ...... , ,:., l• G R A M'I'' L,_7_,:07_____L..,__7,_]__.,___ . I - •• E Y I 1_,. _ _1- J • ,....-" ii ' 1 '' -'-- -- LI .A- I SHPRIDAN . I W t L. L S , -;:.," - I, , ., eitISIOS s r A E y t1 1 T A, 01„, I I 1 1 i [ '( I. ' . , _ _ rti„.7 _.., u7,_____LcL___. 1--- – I

I C-R

1 1 ' , ]

RICH_ L ANO _

I SA W-II

7 1 _ _—_ S OUTH D A K O T A I 1 MARSHA 1. . t I \ 1 N A S E N I I 2

Figure 75. Location of pumpkinseed collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

98

A N A A

NORTH DAKOTA - -1- / ' I I / i ' ' \1

! 1c ' ) \ R O ECF I I, I .\\ I -1 \ 1 TOWViER 7, N I 7 i---.7.---'7-7 1 L - -- ___I_L. _- I ll LI I 7 T ip H I . 5 I 1 . L .- y ...1 . C A E X A r , ! •1,... 1 \ . - ..C. ,,, /,;, \ t O _L • '11 A::: "..:' : ,j :. ***--- \ _ • - 1:—\ L' 7 ...,1 ...,1.„,,1 - ,, E..,,N „. s 5 --. 13 ^ 5 . '": ti . : ‘ j. ,', L s 7 i . • —_, •' , t, L :5 )N

6. 7 50 D A l b A 5 . - I sr 06 F 0 5 T E R I eiTIOSS C E 1 -i1

0

I s u T 5 A A N V I

I

S OUTH D A K 0 T A

sNeVINNt W DO DiCr NED DivIDS AND ODVD.7 ,•DE ortA NADD OAS. Figure 76. Location of orangespotted sunfish collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

99 C A N A D A ' - NORTH DAKOTA . \ 1 • . I I' I I I. ■ \

L I A R 8 A 1 N ‘ TO W\N,E ' I \ 1 % \ I I ' ------1 -1 71 I L 7=7-' 1 \ -- I __I__ 1 — 7 • I\ 1 ' I 1 ''' .4 . ,,. .. .. ,., -.. ,1 .1■ . _ •-.... . 1 \ .7 11, . a. . JE t PK- x • , ,.., '.F. 1. • , -: f 0-._:\ , ‘,....,..: " ' 1-,-,V.„ 1 • ---'-‘ ' • . \s.... - . 1 :-_‘._...„ , • , _ • ., r "-— " 7 t:,1. :s ...2f)i+ •1 -F- 0 I . ../.,, \

RID" . —" r% 1 F O S T ER 1 H GS HO

i_ J_

, L- I 1 i 0 LA , JAYS,. —4 1 ' Y i g'

N S C

I R1CN A,ANO

S H A G

------I S OUTH D A K O T A

;. ADOER . 1

Figure 77. Location of bluegill collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

100 C A N A D A

7,;.__ , i__ NORTH DAKOTA II ■ .i\ .. ". ,4, -._ Jr- - 1 I . II ■ , i )\. \ ,- R "" -I i' i.s .\ GA VPLLER. L, PEM0114 1 ‘ i ,,,,,,1c \ i -, \ .. • -----, ,1---. —. L- — 1 - i 1 • „ : , 1 , , i. I I. _.' • - —I ' l 1 lit 1•1, ,„,1 i , R tio,vv i. %,E. ; . LI\ t ' MC HENRY . I ... I \ r..,1 6 i, / ,.. ----- •• : [ ti —,--- - — -.-.:-- .1 i ---'''' 1,, . ... „ ' I ...: , „.,.....,\, . E, $7,\ 1.-• _ -a- .., ', ' ..,.,... '. .: \ % I , • u , I • 1. ",... ;-....., I • ' L1 :$ .?4 N • 'i .." , I --- T :i 1 1 •

\ Ns I . • • -1 s 1 FOSTER I. et110G L ±_

r F • I - I i 1. 1 I : T 1 I ' I ',h.'

RION. _

. S t A . E tle

S OUTH D A K 0 TA

Figure 78. Location of smallmouth bass collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

101 C A N A D A

NORTH DAKOTA I /

I . ' Co E VE-I 1 f \NOE V A ,L ; E R I TOWVER 1 N , \ — • 1 S , it:- i I LI \ -—--,-, -1— .. , r. i 1 1 L i -i, . l i Li1 I ' P■ i I . 0 - —J ,.. C HENRY ,I C. i \ , % . ...„ ----,. L -7- I . — r—ti T —

, L ____1_, _ ------77c -L, , S. o R

I I StIFRIOAR . I 1 / , r F O S T E P 1 elq110 S T E I

_l_

C

S OUTH D A K O T A

SHEYENNE al. WE. RES nua PS sosO DEvits s•xE oFcx.ce BEE.. Figure 79. Location of white crappie collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

102 A N A 0 A

— — — "• _ _ ---7 NORTH DAKOTA , \ I ( • k) SoETE C A V ALLE3 Tc.w\gcf,

I

1._ I ' , — - P y h • C F ee :‘‘ –

• -

' ▪ •, L L_ • - 3 11 1.1 F OR

e- RIDLN . I ve 3 r I F 0 S T E R I 9. i■ G S T T —1_ t-+ 7- V I

1 1 II i l, E S I

I

I

S A R G E

S OUTH D A K O TA

1 Os LR TI _ _

Figure 80. Location of black crappie collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

103 C A N A D A .. . L'Z _i____ 7' NORTH DAKOTA / ' I I I , i

R C ELCE \ 1 y .\ C A v q .L I E R L, REMB1111

TO *VIER 1, '‘. T- --, ••••■ _ I 1 1 I I. , IA il :::•:" ".:.‘• .1 :. '". \ L 1 i r - - - r 1 - - I ------, ..... ,_;‘■ :, c .,, s-_ -o - ., ' o. . ". + \' I ".. ' , ------j ' 'i < - 1,------,--.

I - • • i ------•—„.4., - . -- . ,...) 'I, _."- e. R A tE 't ; T,0 R R S

L _j_. _J_____ E. ./ i .:•:..-TrU., - - : -_, . I ...... 7 - .- 'Th'• - .%. • • ..• - '.. . , -.---, i .'' ,.. L •y , I Li ' , — H• .. — . .:;.i■ 1 , NcRIDAR . I W c L L S . T A , I 4 —••••• e • , . I ,,,, F 0 S T E R I elE 1 SG S T E E 1: T', i R '•,.#\.,1 L 1.,, I i -[___ _L 1 _I 14. A

4,1

S C

RICMAAN

•

S A R G E-11

S OUTH D A K O T A

___,ROBERT , 1 - 1

AMA YANNA 1VLO ce AIL A VAP3 AND ory Laxt DAM.. SAS NS Figure 81. Location of Iowa darter collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

104 A N A A _ _ _ _ NORTH DAKOTA ' \ I ,, . ' ■ R O EIC E H c J 1 E L' \ T‘ W E A N — 1 -. • 1 I • 1'

NIn, I., 1 _t_ . _i • i 1 Li , FT: . 7--TtK al, :, ' C H E N v PA I 1 R ‘ *,t.'v ,'. ; _1,1 -. e' It'''' R • ! C, , \ .%' * , 'A - '111 :•■:: '..",f. it ir .\ I .., , I—, t ii- , I.. L .. •J C----, ._ ...... —, •, • i 7 1- :$ N .--__,. ' ' " , ) - , ■ . E I> 'V 1 1 . _.:, L_ , r SHFRIDAN . • • .• 11 VI A L L 5 - 1 —.. ., --,---,1:- 1 L ,A. I F O S T E R eiRIIG S T E CLEA T ii-4,„,0,,, I

, I , _ 1- I I 0 i U T S . A N F E S- ---. i ', _C' A S

1 ' 1

N S C

R I C 11.1. AN O

I - S A R 4 5 4 4' • d

S OUTH D A K O T A I SASS F AI. t I

NI OH E.F. 4'

Figure 82. Location of Johnny darter collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

105 A N A 0 A

NORTH DAKOTA

" 0 " [ V P,1.10 N 00\q, ,

HENRY FT • • Tek it„, = tcR.. .t.

• I - ;)

I

FRIOAN I '

Li S U T S I A N

S OUTH D AKO TA

Figure 85. Location of sauger collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

108 - -

A N A 0 A

______:r__ NORTH DA KOTA ' 0 I I / --1 I • I I 1 . ) \ 1 A O E 10E I j . ' 1 \ \ C A J A , A i E R ' L - \ ! TOWVER J \ I ---, , -... ! r * L- I______1I __ L_I 1— L ,__I _1 • I . 11 LI A 1 1 . , • TtPk „, , , 11\ ' ' E N , ■ 1 1 , 1 ...... 1 • ' 6. 1-' n I ,.. \ S TA"V ''''''' ; ' -

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N A c

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S A R C E .;I T

S OUTH D A K O T A • j.• ij • MARSHALL.,

OR ERTISj A

Figure 86. Location of walleye collected in the Wild Rice River Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

109 A N A D A — — - NORTH DAKOTA 7 -

I L- I I • 1 -• i \

I I T , ' I • \

I I. _L • ] ' I 1 Li I r—T--

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. 5 A R G E ; ' H L

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1

---, --- Figure 87. Location of freshwater drum collected in the Wild Rice River, Sheyenne River, and Devils Lake Basins in 1974.

110 C ANADA NORTH DAKOTA

MO M T PAIL

. M C "' L C A N

SHE RIDAN

Figure 88. Location of northern pike collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C A N AD A 771b --- NORTH DAKOTA c

I 1/ % R

<

41, N T R AIL Y I PIERCE I

B E N S O N "; I 1,1 4.-Jv 0- _J I t

MC"LEAN

SHE RIDAN

I ,

Figure 89. Location of golden shiner collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974.

C A N ADA

i NORTH DAKOTA

0 T

PIERCE

B E N S ()

_

M C '''' L C A N SOW ---- ` 1. --,,,,----- _-\? SHERIDAN S I I

( j

Figure 90. Location of common shiner collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C ANADA

I I NORTH DAKOTA

0 I V I

' e I N fl H E R Y I I M°UNTRAIL 4.01r# et I )__ W A L L,' I I PIERCE1 ' M B E N S 0 N Î ' \ il L ,\ 7 L.0 01,-. WIWI,. G' \, i' ' *ep I ___ J-.. 1--. L

"'" ' . \■9 h? I k

R 90W M C L C A ,

AN ■ sHE N RID

1

Figure 91. Location of bigmouth shiner collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974.

A N ADA P NORTH DAKOTA i

0 1 1

L. B E N S 0 N hi /"\ 17 WIIIIERIM

SHERIDAN 1 I

7 - -

Figure 92. Location of fathead minnow collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. NORTH DAKOTA •

•Nr.'

L N

Figure 93. Location of blacknose dace collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C A N ADA i NORTH DAKOTA

o T T D I I

_ •

H 0 U NT R A I L, HE Y 1 PIERCE 1 A i I B E N S O N

- L_

I A,' I i “'* 17 M C l_ C A N

- I 1 SHE RIDAN 1 1

S I 1

L----i

Figure 94. Location of creek chub collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C ANADA ^ 1.51w NORTH DAKOTA

0 I V I

O T T 0

L,

O U NTR AIL I PIERCE; A L,

B E N s 0 N I tr, / 2,-sv

( I—T

M C L CA N

SNERIDAN11 I

S 1 i ■.,'x j------j L . 1 ; I (

— S —y1

',DM, ['Wei; npsmenr FilffM Figure 95. Location of white sucker collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974.

C A N ADA 1,90W. NORTH DAKOTA i

R Er 0 T T 1 7.-/T 5 I z I

, J- MOUNT 1 "- HE RY

. PIERCE .

H 1 ! B E N S O N irt

WAN'FRoN6 i ( I

L-- i- jr. re.

I I ,V. I ' 'w i M C L E A N PI 75W I '11■— I SHE RIDAN ,

I 1 I

S I 1

I ? "—"

Figure 96. Location of black bullhead collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C ANADA 75.• NORTH DAKOTA

V I 0 E 1 8 U R ilI) I i I z I.L111.1" — .,..—OY 0 — 0'4/ I 210 2 IF— 'X — • 41 1 MOUNT RAIL Y PIERCE. 1 L, i I L E N 5 0 N h , L. 8

WAIFER. o' r-- "- hke' I I ... NI C L E A N 5'5w L i I I SHERIDANI I 1 1 I , ------ri - — - -1

I

SOORM WWWW npemenr RAWm Figure 97. Location of tadpole madtom collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C A N ADA

TINIORTH DAKOTA ! I R L

L--- I L I 1*--, 1 ' , 1 MOUNTRAll HENRY i 12 / 1 PIERCE I W A [.._, I --') . E N S 0 II H, L, 1- [11 /\ , L LE J'' % O'■., ., ( 1 c r-- i__

1 E A N R tAW L I - + I SHERIDAN 1 1 I

S I i ,■.,:, L r1.-'-'------1

Figure 98. Location of trout-perch collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. A N ADA 7 NORTH DAKOTA

't • 1 , I V I fl E I )

1 ,

tÇ < = - _ z., , o 0 IV A. 2 1 L,

'cr . MO HE R Y 1 2 U NT RAIL I PIERCE . W A 1

-') 8 B E N S 0 N .....\ ,- I-' 1- Ni , I1 J ' ,_, N.) ) o- VICRIN I ( _ 'OW

'1 4 7

SHE RIDAN >

L

-

Figure 99. Location of brook stickleback collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C A N ADA NORTH DAKOTA

R I

- - Z

o !NE o ,‹ mlo

CR — I 12 "i MOUNTRAIL 1 I I PIERCE 1 I , . . . LI I, 2-0 A,— O' I --I

I 1 .,.- i L 4 MC's5w L C A N

SHERIDAN 1 I I

Figure 100. Location of smallmouth bass collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C A N ADA Fra,O* " 1. I NORTH DAKOTA I

$0 N

, <

1 < . ■■-■. 4.< ;1Z 11 0 -.■ . X

. O < H 210

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I 1 .5* i L R BOW 4 m c L E A N I

...... "1 I t , ...... \ I SHE RIDAN 1 ,...... ''.....10... e) AI

S I 1 ""'" j------1 I

Figure 101. Location of black crappie collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C A N ADA ---,------__ L 2-- NO, TNORTH DAKOTA

• B 0 T L i 1 L . 1 1 --, B E N 5 0 ,--‘ L - L A ,---. 2 o' '■, WINFERING I I 1 r--

i ... MC L. 4 C A N I H_ SHE RIDAN I 1

Figure 102. Location of Iowa darter collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C ANADA 7 NORTH DAKOTA

D I V

-.- i

1 I . PIERCE , L.

1 I '' , B E N S O N ,

I /1 J\ I- \ , A I I "I _ __:i .- 1-- -- -1- --

`''' M C L E A N

>

_

SOURIS P ORLIM9 SIN Figure 103. Location of Johnny darter collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C ANADA 7 NORTH DAKOTA

I

7

- _ z.y o 2 1 0

' X 1 Z MO

Ici /\ ?— 0" A

Figure 104. Location of yellow perch collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. C ANADA NORTH DAKOTA

D I V ( R 0 i y < —

_ . •

_ -c; --- MOUNT R AIL PIERCE I L.

Th B E N N O N Ir., /-\ L 4-0' A ,--.• WW,ouni I I ( —7 r--- ! I k

C A N tlOW RHw

SHE RIDAN ) I

(__._j

qmpiq PIVFP nn s PAC. Figure 105. Location of walleye collected in the Souris River Basin in North Dakota in 1974. Chapter IV DISCUSSION

A. James River Basin white crappies are not abundant because of a lack of suitable sand or gravel spawning areas Distribution of Fishes and inability to withstand conditions during Examination of the distribution of the fishes periods of low flow. recently found in the James River Basin clearly The many tributaries to the James River are demonstrates a number of distinct patterns. varied in their ecological characteristics and Some fishes are found throughout the length of support a corresponding variety of small stream the river, others are found in the headwaters fishes. Some species such as the creek chub or in a few tributaries. Some species may be and the common shiner are widespread in many found only near the mouth of the James River tributaries, but other species are restricted to or may range only a limited distance upstream one or only a few streams in the entire basin. from the mouth. A few species are abundant For example, in South Dakota the plains top- only in the standing water of impoundments or minnow has been found only in Sand Creek in lakes. Sanborn County; the Topeka shiner only in the There are progressively more species found Elm River and in Firesteel Creek; and the in the downstream portions of the James Basin. bigmouth shiner and the stoneroller only in Elsen (1977) found that of the 59 species re- Enemy Creek. The reasons for the limited ported in the basin whose locations could be distribution of such species cannot be fully determined only 14 species were found up- explained. stream from the Jamestown dam, 20 species The historical changes in the aquatic from Jamestown dam to the South Dakota environment which have resulted in changes in border, 28 species from the border to the distribution or elimination of certain fish Frankfort, South Dakota, and 44 species from species provide additional evidence of the Frankfort to the mouth of the river (Figure dominant importance of the habitat and envi- 106). ronment on the distribution of the fishes in this Fishes in the extreme headwaters are limited basin. to species such as the fathead minnow, black Early fishery investigations of the James bullhead, and sticklebacks that can survive in River in North Dakota, especially those by the small pools under no or low flow conditions. Woolman (1896) and Hankinson (1929) indicated Populations of headwater species increase in that the iiver was ecologically different from numbers during the spring and summer as a the present silty and intermittent stream. result of spawning migrations of adults of some Woolman (1896) sampled the James River on a species and reproduction and recruitment. gravel bed near LaMoure, and at Jamestown In the Lake Plain section of the river in where the river was "quite clear and cool" with Brown and Spink Counties, South Dakota, there an August water temperature of 60°F indicating is a greater number of species, individuals considerable spring water supplying the river. attain larger sizes, and larger, more stable At Jamestown, he described the James River as standing crops are produced. Forage fishes "swarmed with small fishes; Rhinichthys include sand shiners, fathead minnows, red (blacknose dace) was taken by hundreds", shiners, young-of-the-year black bullheads and along with brown bullhead, bluntnose minnow, young-of-the-year carp. Adult northern pike, black bullhead, white sucker, shorthead black bullheads and carp are also abundant redhorse, stoneroller, silvery minnow, common during the spawning season or during periods shiner, sand shiner, blacknose shiner, horny- of increasing or stable flows and may comprise head chub, creek chub, northern pike, Johnny from 70% to over 95% of its adult fishes during darter, blackside darter, Iowa darter, and those times (Tol, 1976). yellow perch. The Lake Plain section of the James River Since the area has undergone settlement, provides areas of flooded vegetation favorable the James River has gradually changed and the for spawning of carp and northern pike. The fish fauna has undergone an accompanying mainstream of the river has a silt or mud transformation. One of the ecological altera- bottom that is unsuited for spawning of most tions of the James River in North Dakota has species other than carp and bullheads, but been a drop in the water table and a resulting tributaries provide a variety of habitats suitable loss of flow from springs into the river. for a number of other species. Although Willard (1909) described several springs on the present, such species as walleye and black and slopes along the river valley. The State

129 NUN ROCK FORD Above Jamestown Dam, 14 species collected in this section.

JAitESTOWN

Jamestown to the border, 20 species collected in this section.

A ‘MOU RE

OAKES 1 NORTH DAKOTA' 1■111Mil SOUTH DAKOTA)

Border to Frankfort, A/ESE RDE EN 28 species collected in this section,

.) F ANKFOFit A REDFIELD •

II 41U R N 1 Frankfort to the mouth 44 species collected in this section. MITC 4E LL

LEGEND - L. DAMS

Mis sour River

Figure 106. Number of fish species collected in four sections of the James River Basin.

130 Planning Board and Works Progress Adminis- BLACKNOSE shiner, all of the 20 fish species tration (1939) discussed the lowering of the collected in the South Dakota portion of the groundwater levels in some areas along the James River by EVERMANN and Cox (1896) are James River and the diminished yield from still present in the James River in SCUTH springs. The springs, which once provided the Dakota. river with some flow in months without precipi- Present ecological conditions in the upper tation, are now few. This has created a portion in the James River offer a harsh envi- greater dependence upon SNOWMELT and rainfall ronment to fishes in the river. One of the for maintaining STREAMFLOW in the James River strongest limiting factors regulating distribution and flows are less stable. of fishes in the upper James River is WINTERKILL. Another influence on the fishes of the During the harsh Dakota winters, flows are James River in North Dakota has been increased often minimal or zero, REOXYGENATION is re- siltation resulting from more intensive agri- stricted by a thick ice cover, photosynthesis is culture. This has reduced habitat diversity limited by the ice and snow cover, and a high and food production. Willard (1909) stated biochemical oxygen demand built up in the river that much of the James River in STUTSMAN uses up the oxygen in the water. The United County, North Dakota (Jamestown area), had a States Public Health Service (1952) found winter gravel and sand bottom. Today gravel bottoms dissolved oxygen as low as 0.5 ppm in the are found in some parts of the river, but much James River near LUDDEN, North Dakota. The of the river bed has undergone heavy siltation. North Dakota Game and Fish Department A third factor which has altered the river (DUERRE, 1975B) found winter dissolved oxygen is the increased nutrient load resulting from at 0.0 mg./1 at New Rockford, North Dakota, feedlots, industries, and municipalities along and 0.4 mg./1 at Jim Lake, ARROWWOOD National the river. Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota. Another change in the river's character- Stream habitats of the prairies present a istics stems from the construction of low-head fluctuating, unstable environment with respect dams on the river. Although providing in- to flow, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and creased depth and volume to stretches of the temperature. PFLIEGER (1971) stated that river which would dry up or become shallow in survival in the unstable prairie environments in dry months, these pools also accumulate organic Missouri placed a premium on adaptability and material with high BOD in the river which generalized requirements, whereas stable envi- causes low oxygen concentration during winter ronments of streams with permanent flow, or periods of stagnation. Migration of many fish gravel or sand bottom, and low turbidity place species is prohibited or inhibited by some dams less of a premium on adaptability and permit during all conditions except during periods of greater specialization. Specialization leads to high flow. the occupation of more ecological niches and The fish community has responded to these greater faunal diversity. changes in the James River. Several species The natural lakes and impoundments in the which formerly inhabited the cooler, gravel- James Basin are relatively shallow. Typical bottomed river near Jamestown, North Dakota, indigenous fishes adapted to the standing when WOOLMAN (1896) sampled the river's fish waters in lakes and reservoirs throughout the have now been eliminated from the river. basin include northern pike, white suckers, These probably include the BLACKNOSE shiner, buffalo fishes, golden shiners, fathead min- silvery minnow, BLUNTNOSE minnow, HORNYHEAD nows, black bullheads, walleye, and yellow chub, brown bullhead, and the BLACKSIDE perch. The gizzard shad, which is better darter. Other species formerly found in much adapted to warmer waters, is abundant as far of the James River in North Dakota appear to north as Lake Mitchell in the lower James River have been restricted to a few areas of suitable Basin. Several non-native species that are habitat. The STONEROLLER, formerly abundant at adapted to lakes and reservoirs farther south Jamestown (WOOLMAN, 1896), is now absent from have been introduced into suitable waters in the the North Dakota portion of the river and James Basin. These include the white bass, appears restricted to gravel-bottomed tributary the largemouth and SMALLMOUTH basses, the areas in South Dakota. The BLACKNOSE dace, black and white crappies, and the BLUEGILL and formerly abundant near Jamestown (WOOLMAN, pumpkinseed sunfishes. 1896), is now restricted to a few high-gradient The fifty or more low-head dams that have tributaries in North Dakota. The Iowa darter been constructed in the James River over the appears to have had its habitat compressed to a years are of various heights. The reservoirs few gravel-bottomed riffle areas in the James created by these dams have different depths River. and volumes, different flow rates through them, Two South Dakota species, the Topeka different temperatures and other factors. The shiner and the bigmouth shiner, appear re- dams are barriers to fish movement under stricted to a few portions of tributaries where certain conditions. The physical and chemical the old channel is relatively undisturbed. conditions in the reservoirs in turn affect the Eight of the 20 fish species collected by fish populations in them and in the adjacent WOOLMAN (1896) in the James River in North stretches of river. Dakota are now eliminated in the North Dakota Reservoirs in the James Basin tend to portion of the river. With the exception of the support fishes adapted to standing water or

131 reservoir conditions in contrast to purely to survive winter conditions. riverine species. There is considerable inter- Superimposed on the distribution patterns is change of reservoir and riverine species along the effect of the upstream migration made (or the river. Populations of carp and bullheads attempted) by most species each year. The build up in the shallow ponds of the National distances each species can migrate upstream Wildlife Refuges, and carp, bullheads and depends on flow conditions which are not bigmouth buffalo are numerous in Jamestown uniform from year to year. Since 1975 was a Reservoir. Reservoirs of the mainstream James high water year, the higher flows over a River could provide suitable habitat for north- sustained period permitted upstream migration ern pike but are too rich in nutrients, small and establishment of transient populations that and shallow, and lack the gravel spawning beds might not be found in years of low flow. necessary for suitable walleye habitat. Elsen's collections in 1975 and reports from Certain species of fish of the Missouri River South Dakota workers such as Bailey and Allum (paddlefish, blue sucker, blue catfish, flathead (1962) and Tol (1976) represent the best catfish and sauger) were found in the James available estimate of the northern limits of the River only near the mouth. They may occa- various species under present flow conditions in sionally stray or seasonally migrate for short the James River. distances into the lower James River for A balance of ecological conditions permits spawning or other purposes. Others, such as the existence and controls the distribution of all the shortnose gar, have been found upstream fish species in the James River. Any change in nearly as far as the North Dakota border. The the environment is expected to bring about young of some of these species utilize the James corresponding changes in species composition, River as a nursery area (Eisen, 1977). abundance, and distribution of fishes in the Exotic fishes introduced into the basin river. If the flow regime and water quality in include muskellunge, rainbow trout, carp, the James River are altered, the resident and largemouth and smallmouth basses, bluegill and migratory fish species can be expected to adjust white bass. Rainbow trout have been introduced to the new ecological conditions and move either in Lake LaMoure, a reservoir in North Dakota, upstream or downstream to occupy favorable and in other waters in North Dakota and South niches. Dakota. The James River has limited spawning Completion of the proposed Garrison habitat for trout, and self-sustaining popu- Diversion Unit would result in diversion of lations have not been established. Missouri River water into the headwaters of the Carp, which were introduced into the James River for irrigation and other uses. This United States in the 1870s, have spread would increase flows in the upper James River throughout the basin. This fish is well adapted directly at the time the releases were made and to rivers and reservoirs and has an adverse at other times from increased seepage and effect upon many native fishes. Carp are return flows. Flows are predicted to be more bottom feeders, are destructive to aquatic sustained with GDU than present flows. vegetation, increase water turbidity, and are a Although peak flows would be about the same as very serious pest in the controlled marshes of historical peaks, low water periods are pre- National Wildlife Refuges. dicted to be reduced. The bluegill and basses are native to more Because the critical period for survival of southerly regions in the Mississippi-Missouri certain James River fishes presently occurs River basin. They are well adapted to the during the winter, higher flows between standing waters of natural lakes and reservoirs. September and March will improve environmental As a result of introduction they have become conditions and enhance survival of these established in many of the lakes and reservoirs species. Some species, especially those adapted in the James Basin in North and South Dakota. to large rivers, could become permanently The significant features controlling distri- established further upstream if the GDU bution of fishes in the James Basin are basically becomes operational. environmental and include (1) the gradient of Not all the species will extend their ranges ecological factors along the mainstream of the upstream as far as the North Dakota portion of James River, (2) the varied habitat diversity in the river. Winter conditions, although im- the tributaries, (3) the habitats in the natural proved, are expected to be severe in the upper lakes and reservoirs, and (4) the Missouri river. Depth and other factors in the river River, which provides opportunity for periodic and distance from the Missouri River should recruitment of fishes in the lower reaches of operate to control the upstream distribution of the James River. It is evident that fishes that species. However, because the North Dakota have access to the James Basin are distributed portion of the river is relatively species-poor, according to their ecological requirements and an extension of the range of a few fish species are found in the greatest numbers or in some may be significant. cases only in the limited areas in the basin to which they are best adapted. Possibility of Interbasin Transfer of Fishes Most species which are distributed along the The likelihood of fishes being transferred entire length of the James River appear to have from the Missouri Basin to the Hudson Bay more generalized habitat tolerances. Their drainage as a result of GDU cannot be eval- abundance is largely influenced by their ability uated in terms of a specific plan at this time.

132 The Garrison Diversion Unit is in abeyance and not well known. The grass carp has a vora- alternatives to the authorized plan are still cious appetite and should receive some attention being evaluated. However, it is possible to and be monitored. It can have serious impact make some general statements about the river on aquatic vegetation and may also outcompete basins we have studied in terms of fish species some of the native fish species for food and present and the possibility of interbasin trans- space. fer of fishes under certain conditions. Hybognathus nuchalis , the silvery minnow, If fish species now restricted to the down- was last collected in the James River by stream portions of the James River in South Hankinson (1929)*. It appears to be absent in Dakota could migrate upstream under improved the river now, but it is in the Missouri River flow conditions and become established in North (Bailey and Allum, 1962) and may enter the Dakota the risk of interbasin transfer to the James River from this source. Hudson Bay drainage would be increased. A Notropis lutrensis, the red shiner, is a point of possible transfer of fishes occurs at common inhabitant throughout most of the James the Oakes area in North Dakota, and involves River in South Dakota. This species currently development proposed on the divide between the is found as far north as immediately below Sand James Basin and the headwaters of the Wild Lake National Wildlife Refuge, or about 30 miles Rice Basin in the Hudson Bay drainage. below the North Dakota border. Tentative plans for this feature include pumping Notropis topeka , the Topeka shiner, water from the James River which may permit appears confined to relatively undisturbed return flows to enter the Wild Rice Basin. We tributaries in South Dakota. Very little is cannot predict what the final plans may be for known of its ecological requirements. In the Oakes area, but if augmented flows in the Missouri, Pflieger (1975) found this species in James River are a part of the plan that is small, clear creeks with sand, gravel, or rubble implemented, we expect more species of fish in bottoms and permanent pools maintained by the the James River near Oakes than occur there percolation of water through the stream bed. now. Its presence in the Elm River in South Dakota We have selected 15 fish species in the puts it about 40 miles below the North Dakota James River Basin not presently found in the border. Since this species is apparently limited Red River of the North, and will briefly discuss to specialized habitats found only in a few possible upstream movement with improved flows tributaries, its range is not expected to be resulting from the diversion. affected by alteration of flows in the mainstream Polyodon spathula , the paddlefish, is a of the river. species adapted to large rivers. It is found in Carpiodes carpio, the river carpsucker, , the Missouri River, and occasionally enters the appears very mobile in the James River, and mouth of the James River. adults ranged into North Dakota in 1975. It Lepisosteus platostomus , the shortnose gar, could reach the Oakes area. migrates upstream when streamflow allows them Cycleptus elongatus , the blue sucker, to pass over the low-head dams. No young-of - which is adapted to large rivers, apparently the-year were found by Eisen in 1975, but gar enters the lower James River for spawning in may be able to spawn in the James River as the spring (Beal, 1967). gravid females have been found (personal Ictiobus cyprinellus , the bigmouth buffalo, communication, Douglas Hansen, 1977), and is a resident in the James River both in they may reach the Oakes area if stream flows Jamestown Reservoir and in the lower portion of are increased. the South Dakota river. Its presence in Dorosoma cepedianum, the gizzard shad, Jamestown Reservoir provides this species with occurs in the Missouri River and in the lower an opportunity of moving downstream to the reaches of the James River. Early summer vicinity of the Oakes area. It could also move spawning runs evidently bring the gizzard shad upstream from the lower James River. at least as far north as the Huron area, and Ictiobus niger, , the black buffalo, is known young-of-the-year use the quiet shallows as a only from Lake Mitchell, South Dakota (Moen, nursery area. At least two different sizes of 1970). This species can be easily confused young-of-the-year were clearly evident in 1975, with I. bubalus , the smallmouth buffalo, and indicating more than one "peak" of reproductive may be in the lower James River. activity. Winter survival may be critical in de- Ictalurus furcatus , the blue catfish, is a termining the gizzard shad's northern limit in rare inhabitant of the Missouri River in South the James River. Thompson and Hunt (1930) Dakota. It is known to enter the lower reaches listed the gizzard shad as especially susceptible of the James River. to winterkill in streams. This species may Ictalurus natalis, the yellow bullhead, is an extend its range upstream if volume and inhabitant of the James River in South Dakota. duration of flows are improved. Ctenopharyngodon idellus , the grass carp, *Pflieger (1975) divided the silvery minnow into is an exotic species presently expanding its two species: the central silvery minnow, range northward in the Missouri River system. Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz, and the western The distance it will move in the James River is silvery minnow, Hybognathus argyritis Girard. difficult to predict as this species' ecological If this is accepted Hybognathus argyritis is the preferences and spawning ability in the wild are species found in the Missouri River system.

133 The last collection of this species in North or at most of the 12 stations sampled. One Dakota was by Woolman (1896). Thorn and species, the freshwater drum, was found only Starostka (1969) found that the yellow bullhead at one station one-half mile upstream from the had been transplanted into small ponds in mouth of the Wild Rice River. Four species, northeastern South Dakota. The 1975 collection the bigmouth buffalo, the black crappie, the of the yellow bullhead was about 60 miles below yellow perch, and the walleye, were found only the North Dakota border. in the impounded water of Lake Tewaukon. Pylodictus olivaris, the flathead catfish, is The small number of species found in this a large river fish that enters the lower reaches basin can be attributed to its relatively small of the James River. UND collections were size and conspicuous lack of ecological diver- young-of-the-year. Adults are occasionally sity. Russell (1975) described the Wild Rice caught by anglers in the lower James River River as intermittent upstream from Lake (personal communication, Ronald P. Catlin, Tewaukon. All stations throughout the river 1977). were described as having a silted bottom. The FundUlus sciadicus, the plains topminnow, river winds through dirt cut banks in its entire appears limited to areas of the James River in length and there is only one named tributary, southern 8outh Dakota where warm spring-fed Antelope Creek. Nearly all of the river lies in tributaries occur. In the Sand Creek tributary the bed of ancient Lake Agassiz. of the James River, plains topminnows were found in a small, spring-fed pool with a sandy Possibility of Interbasin Transfer of Fishes bottom, abundant aquatic vegetation, and a Proposals have been made and plans have water temperature of 80°F. Plains topminnows been developed and are under study for a GDU are not expected to expand their range as a irrigation project utilizing water pumped from result of any alteration of flows in the main- the James River for use on the divide between stream of the river as this species is restricted the James River Basin and the headwaters of in its habitat requirements. the Wild Rice River. Plans for this project A sustained increase in volume or duration include provisions for release of Missouri River of flow in the James River as a result of the water through a canal system into the head- GDU can be expected to extend the range of waters of the James River. If a project is fishes that are adapted to larger streams. developed between the James River Basin and These species include the shortnose gar, the the Wild Rice Basin, which includes return river carpsucker, the blue sucker and the flows entering the Wild Rice River, it would flathead catfish. Fishes now present in the increase the chances of interbasin transfer of basin that are highly specialized or adapted to fishes. conditions found only in a few tributaries may The limited number of fish species presently be unaffected by changes in flows in the main- found in the Wild Rice Basin indicates that it stream of the James River. provides little variety of habitat for fishes. If The above list of species does not imply fishes from the James or Missouri Basin find that other fish species are not present in the their way into the headwaters of the Wild Rice James River. Additional species may be found River, many of these species would also find a if more intensive collections are made. More hostile environment. The Wild Rice River would Missouri River species probably can be found at be a relatively poor or inhospitable conduit for the mouth of the river during some periods of transfer of many species of fishes, especially the year. Underhill (1959) collected or re- those that require sandy bottoms and clean ported Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, the silver waters to live and carry out their life process. lamprey; Scaphirhynchus platorhynchus, the For example, the species of minnows now found shovelnose sturgeon; Lepisosteus osseus, the in one or two spring-fed creeks in South longnose gar; Hybopsis gracilis, the flathead Dakota would probably not become established chub; Notropis schumardi, the silverband in the Wild Rice River, or even survive there shiner; Notropis blennius, the river shiner; or at points in the James River along the way. Noturus flavus, the stonecat; Anguilla rostrata, Darters which require clean water and sandy the american eel; and Lota Iota, the burbot; substrate would probably not find suitable from the mouth of the Vermillion River. These habitat in the Wild Rice River. The importance and other Missouri River species may occur in of suitable habitat to the species which are the lower reaches of the James River during presently restricted to limited areas can not be some periods of the year. precisely evaluated or predicted, but habitat controls their distribution. B. Wild Rice River Basin If the GDU results in increased winter flows in the James River, the possibility of interbasin Distribution of Fishes transfer of fishes would appear to be increased. Only 12 species of fish were found in the In the event increased flows occur in the James Wild Rice watershed. Even with this small River, the fishes that might be transferred number of species, patterns of distribution can through the Wild Rice Basin may come from be recognized. several sources. 1) Fishes presently down- Four species, the northern pike, carp, stream in the James River that would be able to fathead minnow, and black bullhead, were found establish themselves further upstream under essentially throughout the length of the river increased flow conditions. 2) Fishes from

134 points upstream in the James River such as reproduce if they reached Lake Ashtabula Jamestown Reservoir that may move downstream Reservoir. assisted by increase of flows in the James River. 3) Fishes from Lake SAKAKAWEA or Lake D. Devils Lake Basin Audubon that might be inadvertently added to the James River through the James River Distribution of Fishes Feeder canal in the event of a failure of the The small number of fish species in the fish screen or the introduction of fishes into Devils Lake Basin can be explained in the LONETREE Reservoir. following manner. Devils Lake is broad and relatively shallow, and is situated in a semi- C. Sheyenne River Basin arid/sub-humid area with an evaporation rate which often exceeds annual precipitation. Distribution of Fishes Available climatological data suggests total The total of 53 species of fishes which have annual precipitation slowly shifts from a series been found in the Sheyenne River Basin by of wet years to a series of dry years. The various collectors is twice the number of species surface elevation of the lake has fluctuated as that have been found in any other tributary of much as 30 feet between wet and dry weather the Red River of the North in North Dakota cycles (Young, 1924). (PETERKA, 1978). Over four times as many fish Young described a dry cycle which began species were found in the Sheyenne River than about 1700 and he felt that if it continued in the Wild Rice River, although the basins are beyond 1924, Devils Lake would soon become a adjacent to each other. The lack of habitat relic. At that time the stickleback was the only diversity in the Wild Rice River, including lack fish species that Young found in the lake, al- of sand and gravel substrate, riffles, springs, though northern pike had been abundant earlier and tributaries that are present in the larger when the lake was deeper (Lord, 1884). Fat- stream, accounts for the relatively few species head minnows and stickleback were apparently found in the Wild Rice River compared to the also present earlier. The dry cycle ended in Sheyenne River. the 1950S, the lake level slowly became higher, It is noteworthy that the Sheyenne River and presently northern pike, walleye, yellow with its headwaters in the Drift Prairie, its perch, and white bass, which were introduced several reservoirs, its spring-fed tributaries, into the lake in the 1970S, have thrived. its terrain which passes through ancient lake Currently, Devils Lake is subject to winter beds, and its proximity to a larger river, kills of fishes when water levels are low during closely parallels the several types of habitat a dry weather cycle. Apparently the fathead available to fishes in the James River. The two minnow and stickleback are the only natural basins have almost the same number of species survivors of the last dry cycle. Water levels in in them, 53 in the Sheyenne and 60 in the Devils Lake are relatively high at present, and James River, although there is a different apparently many fishes can survive under combination of species in each basin. existing conditions if introduced. However, fishes do not have natural access to the closed Possibility of Interbasin Transfer of Fishes Devils Lake basin, hence the present population Plans are under study for a GDU project comprises only the species introduced by the that would divert water from Lake Audubon via North Dakota Game and Fish Department, plus a canal system to areas within the upper the stickleback and fathead minnows, which Sheyenne River Basin. If implemented and if survived the low-water winter-kill conditions of return flows enter the Sheyenne River, there the 1920S and 1930S. would be a chance of INTERBASIN transfer of fish species. Missouri Basin fishes might be trans- Possibility of Interbasin Transfer of Fishes ported into the Sheyenne Basin and Sheyenne Plans for diverting water to Devils Lake River as a result of one or more of the follow- and maintaining water levels at desired locations ing events: 1) Inadvertent passage of fishes are being considered. Maintaining a relatively from Lake Audubon through the fish screen into high surface elevation in Devils Lake would LONETREE Reservoir. Establishment of a species prevent winter kills of fishes. Additional in LONETREE Reservoir would mean a potential species of fishes, desirable or undesirable, continual source of supply. 2) Unauthorized might survive and reproduce in the lake if "stocking" or accidental release of illegal bait introduced. minnows into LONETREE Reservoir. 3) Overflow Additional fishes could come from three or failure of canal delivery system or overflow sources: 1) North Dakota Game and Fish system within the Sheyenne River Basin. 4) Department introductions for management Passage through a WASTEWAY from the New purposes. 2) The GDU canal system, which Rockford Canal to the Sheyenne River. delivers water from Lake Audubon to LONETREE If fishes from the Missouri Basin were Reservoir and then to Devils Lake via the New accidentally released into the upstream reaches Rockford Canal might inadvertently introduce of the Sheyenne River by any means, the river unwanted species into Devils Lake. 3) Sports- appears to provide the variety of habitats that men or lay public could introduce unwanted would favor survival and dispersal. Species species into either LONETREE Reservoir or Devils such as carp and buffalo would readily Lake.

135 Fishes in Devils Lake could not be trans- Fish species might possibly be introduced ferred to the Hudson Bay Drainage under into the Souris River Basin through the canal present conditions because there is no outlet. system from Lonetree Reservoir. As previously However, it is conceivable that if the GDU discussed, Lonetree Reservoir could conceivably restores and maintains elevations in Devils become contaminated with undesirable fishes Lake, a wet weather cycle that occurred there- either during a malfunction of the fish screen after might cause lake levels to rise beyond or because of introduction by the public. We desired levels. If this occurred, it might be cannot predict the probability of such an event necessary to provide an emergency outlet, and occurring. such an outlet would have a potential for There will be changes in water flow regimes transfer of fishes to the Hudson Bay drainage. and water quality in the Souris Loop if an irrigation project becomes operational. Return E. Souris River Basin flows from the project will affect the Souris River as a habitat for fishes in several signifi- Distribution of Fishes cant ways. The total volume of flow will be Eighteen species were collected in the increased and the duration of seasonal flows Souris River and its tributaries in North may be extended. Increased flows are expected Dakota. The most abundant and widely distri- to improve oxygenation in the Souris River buted species in the drainage included the downstream from Wintering River. Increased white sucker, black bullhead, fathead minnow, flows and extensions of seasonal flows could and northern pike. Numerous collections prevent winter kills in the Salyer refuge area consisted entirely of one or more of these and diminish the effectiveness of the refuge as species. Bullheads, fathead minnows, and an ecological barrier to movement of fishes. northern pike are relatively resistant to low If projected return flows and water con- levels of dissolved oxygen and winter-kill ditions significantly change ecological conditions conditions. in the Souris drainage, fish species now in the Seven species were represented by col- river will adjust their locations up or down the lections at one station only. These included river to correspond with the changes in eco- the common shiner, bigmouth shiner, trout- logical conditions. Carp which occur in Canada perch, smallmouth bass, black crappie, Iowa immediately downstream from the refuge might darter, and Johnny darter. Many of these be able to move upstream and become estab- stations were in tributaries with special envi- lished as a result of the increased stream flows ronmental conditions such as sand and gravel in the Souris Loop Area. It is significant that bottoms and riffles. The smallmouth bass was carp have not become established in the J. taken in Lake Darling, a reservoir on the Clark Salyer Refuge even though they are Souris River upstream from Minot. Species present in the Souris River in Manitoba immedi- taken in tributaries were typically less resistant ately downstream from the refuge (McCrimmon, to low oxygen than northern pike, bullheads, 1968). The dams in the J. Clark Salyer or fathead minnows, which were widespread in National Wildlife Refuge are not in themselves the Souris loop. Carp have been collected physical barriers to fish movement during occasionally in the Souris loop. However, there periods of high flow (personal communication, is no evidence of a self-sustaining population. Wally Steucke, 1975)*. In general, the Souris River drainage in North Dakota offers a variety of habitats if the various tributaries are considered. The Souris River downstream from Minot receives organic pollution with high oxygen demand. Flows are reduced in winter and fish kills are frequent in late winter (Jorde, 1978). The series of pools in the J. Clark Salyer Wildlife Refuge are too shallow for fish to live over winter, at present flow levels.

Possibility of Interbasin Transfer of Fishes Plans have been considered for a major irrigation development in the Souris loop as a part of the GDU. If additional water is brought into the Souris River Basin by the GDU, fish populations in the Basin may possibly be affected in two ways: 1) by the possible introduction of new fish species from the Missouri River Drainage that presently do not occur in the Souris River Basin or Hudson Bay Drainage and 2) by possible changes in the environment of the Souris River by the addi- tional flows which might cause changes in the *Wally Steucke, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, distribution of fishes within the basin. Bismarck, North Dakota.

136 Chapter V LIFE HISTORIES OF FISHES IN DRAINAGES AFFECTED BY THE GARRISON DIVERSION UNIT

Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard PETROMYZONTIDAE chestnut lamprey

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA to spawn; dams may prevent spawning migra- DRAINAGES: tions (Trautman, 1957). (Hankinson, In the Red River in North Dakota REPRODUCTION: 1929; Dotson, 1964; Copes and Tubb, 1966), Adults usually ascend small streams to spawn the Assiniboine and Red River in Canada during the spring; nest sites selected by males (Thompson, 1898; Hubbs and Trautman, 1937; in swift, shallow riffles over clean gravel Keleher and Kooyman, 1957); usually not (Cross, 1967); well-oxygenated water essential present in smaller tributaries but reported in throughout their development. the Sheyenne River, North Dakota and the Red Lake River, Minnesota by Woolman (1896); FOOD HABITS: Manitoba is the western limit of natural distri- Larvae filter feeders on desmids, diatoms and bution in Canada, (Keleher and Kooyman, 1957) protozoans predominately (Scott and Crossman, SIZE: 1973); adults parasitic on such fishes as carp, Usually 8 to 12 inches total length (Eddy and buffalo, redhorse, paddlefish, largemouth and Underhill, 1974), but may attain length of 14 to smallmouth bass, green sunfish, burbot, 15 inches (Cross, 1967; Scott and Crossman, channel catfish, white sucker, creek chub, 1973). chain pickerel, northern pike, rainbow, brown and brook trout. HABITAT: Larval lamprey (ammocoetes) lodge in mud UTILIZATION: banks of quiet backwaters (Hubbs and Lagler, May parasitize economically important species 1958); small ammocoetes prefer areas of mod- but overall effects of parasitism may be neg- erate current, stable bottom of sand and silt ligible because it is not abundant, only attains with light growths of Chara (Scott and moderate size, and wounds inflicted are shallow Crossman, 1973); adults inhabit medium-sized and not likely to cause mortality (Scott and rivers and typically ascend smaller tributaries Crossman, 1973). Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque ACIPENSERIDAE lake sturgeon RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: May become 6 to 8 feet long and weigh over 200 Once common in the Red and Assiniboine Rivers pounds (Cross, 1967; Eddy and Underhill, in Canada (Thompson, 1898). Reported in the 1974); sturgeons caught today are usually 3 to Assiniboine River in Manitoba (Keleher and 5 feet long and weigh 10 to 80 pounds (Scott Kooyman, 1957), and in the Red River drainage and Crossman, 1973). in Minnesota (Surber, 1920); but not in North HABITAT: Dakota. Inhabits large rivers and lakes; usual habitat is

This chapter was compiled by Candice K. Gaylord under the direction of the senior author to provide a concise and convenient reference on range, size, habitat, reproductive requirements, food habits, and utilization of all fish species in North Dakota drainages that might be affected by the Garrison Diversion Unit. Life histories are abbreviated, but many references are provided if the reader desires to supplement the information summarized in this chapter.

137 the highly productive shoal areas of large lakes insect larvae (mainly chironomids); fish eggs, and rivers where they are bottom dwellers in 15 rarely fishes, nematodes, leeches, amphipods, to 30 feet of water (Scott and Crossman, 1973). decapods and a few plants (Scott and Crossman, 1973); young sturgeon feed on REPRODUCTION: planktonic microcrustacea until 7 to 8 inches Usually ascends streams to spawn over gravel long and then become bottom feeders (Eddy and bottoms; may also spawn in lake shallows; no Underhill, 1974). nest is constructed; eggs adhesive; spawns UTILIZATION: from early May0 to late June in water tempera- tures of 55 to 64°F (Scott and Crossman, High commercial value in North America since 1973); spawning migration may begin in April the 1860s; populations severely overfished (Carlander, 1969; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). around the turn of the century; flesh and eggs highly prized as gourmet items (Scott and FOOD HABITS: Crossman, 1973). Small bottom organisms: crayfish, molluscs,

Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes and Richardson) pallid sturgeon

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA River system and is native to Montana (Brown, DRAINAGES: 1971). Rare in Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota (Benson, 1968); reported in Lake Audubon REPRODUCTION: (Cassity, 1979); also in the Missouri River in Spawning probably occurs from June to July in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962; Benson, Montana (Brown, 1971) with sexual maturity 1968); and in Montana (Brown, 1971). probably at age 3 or 4 (about 20 inches in length). SIZE: May exceed 60 pounds, but Montana specimens FOOD HABITS: ranged from 30 to 40 pounds and were from 58 Aquatic insects and minnows have been found in to 66 inches in length (Brown, 1971). stomachs (Brown, 1971), but food habits are little known. HABITAT: UTILIZATION: Prefers strong currents of river channel over Limited sport value although may be valued as a sand or gravel bottoms (Bailey and Cross, trophy fish due to its large size and rare 1954); found throughout the main stream and occurrence; flesh is savory and eggs are valued mainstream reservoirs of the Mississippi-Missouri for caviar (Brown, 1971).

Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque) shovelnose sturgeon

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Maximum size probably 5 to 6 pounds and Considered common in the Missouri main stem length probably 30 to 36 inches (Cross, 1967; reservoirs (Benson, 1968) including Lake Eddy and Underhill, 1974); adults usually weigh Sakakawea (Berard, 1973); also reported in 1 to 3 pounds and are 18 to 24 inches long South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962), the (Brown, 1971). Missouri River drainage in Montana (Brown, 1971); also found in the Hudson Bay drainage HABITAT: in Canada but not reported for the Red River Usually found near the bottom of large rivers in North Dakota (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). over firm, sandy bottoms where the current is

138 strong (Brown, 1971); seems to avoid smaller adhesive and incubation usually lasts about a tributaries and may congregate where small week at 60° to 70°F(Brown, 1971). clams and snails are abundant (Trautman, 1957); adverse to increases in turbidity (Bailey FOOD HABITS: and Cross, 1954; Trautman, 1957). Bottom feeder; diet a variety of aquatic inver- tebrates including insect larvae, small molluscs and other bottom organisms, algae and bits of REPRODUCTION: higher aquatic plants (Harlan and Speaker, Spawns between April and June, probably 1951; Cross, 1967); some fishes also may be ascending smaller streams for that purpose eaten but probably mostly as carrion (Brown, (Forbes and Richardson, 1920); spawning 1971). occurs on rocky bottoms in swift water (Coker, 1930); will concentrate below lowhead dams in UTILIZATION: spring, indicating a prespawning upstream Limited sport value; flesh palatable especially migration into tributaries for spawning when when smoked, and roe is sold as caviar (Eddy streams are high (Cross, 1967); eggs are and Surber, 1947; Brown, 1971).

POLYODONTIDAE Polyodon s athula (Walbaum) paddlefish

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawning occurs as early as April in Missouri Present range includes the Missouri River and takes place in midstream, over submerged drainage in North Dakota (Benson, 1968; gravel bars when the water level is high and Berard, 1973), South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, temperature is about 60°F (Purkett, 1961); 1962), and Montana (Brown, 1971); common in spawning observed as early as April 12th in all mainstem reservoirs of the Missouri (Benson, Montana when water temperature was 54°F 1968), occasionally present in the lower reaches (Brown, 1971); eggs adhesive and stick tightly of the James River in South Dakota. to substrate. FOOD HABITS: SIZE: A filter feeder; strains out food by means of a Maximum size about 100 to 130 pounds (Cross, highly developed gill raker system (Brown, 1967; Brown, 1971), but commonly about 20 1971). pounds. UTILIZATION: HABITAT: May support important sport or commercial Restricted to, or usually found in large turbid fishery in some areas (Eddy and Underhill, streams and their impoundments (Hubbs and 1974); flesh is of good quality and the eggs are Lagler, 1958; Brown, 1971). valued as caviar (Brown, 1971).

Lepisosteus osseus (Linnaeus) LEPISOSTEIDAE longnose gar

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA HABITAT: DRAINAGES: Usually inhabits quiet weedy shallows of warm Probably not in North Dakota although Woolman lakes or large rivers where there is plentiful (1896) reported it in the Red River in aquatic vegetation, and can even live in stag- Minnesota and Bailey and Allum (1962) and nant water (Scott and Crossman, 1973); was Benson (1968) reported it in the Missouri River described as being most common in sloughs in South Dakota but only as far north as Lewis along the Mississippi River by Eddy and and Clark Lake. Underhill (1974); frequently found in brackish water (Carlander, 1969). SIZE: Maximum 5 to 6 feet; however 2 to 3 foot REPRODUCTION: specimens are more common (Kuhne, 1939; Scott and Crossman (1973) reported that Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Scott and Crossman, spawning takes place in the warm water of lake 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). shallows or large rivers over vegetation in late

139 spring or early summer; there may be some make up 59 to 88% of the diet (Scott and upstream migration; eggs are scattered ran- Crossman, 1973); may or may not feed on dead domly, and they are adhesive, sticking to the fish (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and vegetation; Breder and Rosen (1966) cited that Underhill, 1974). 51°F water temperature was required and spawning usually occurred in shallow water from UTILIZATION: the middle of May to the middle of June; Eddy Limited sport value; may exert significant and Underhill (1974) stated that gar spawn in predation upon both desirable and undesirable June in open sloughs and backwaters, and that species (Scott and Crossman, 1973); eggs are the green eggs are deposited among aquatic poisonous to mammals, including man, and to weeds and grass. birds (Scott and Crossman, 1973); this species FOOD HABITS: of gar is host to glochidea of economically Very small gar feed on invertebrates such as important Lampsilis anodontoides, the yellow aquatic insect larvae; adults are piscivorous sand-shell, in the Mississippi drainage (Scott from the time they are 2 inches long and fish and Crossman, 1973).

Lepisosteus platostomus Rafinesque shortnose gar

—11111W - • **AAA' V- W.111.1/0:111:s. 1111.1b. LELETALTV4,4,..R.R..

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawns in May or June at water temperatures of Occurs in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; 65° to 70°F (Brown, 1971) in shallow water Berard, 1973) found in the Missouri drainage in where aquatic vegetation is abundant; eggs are Montana only below and con- adhesive and stick to vegetation and submerged sidered common in main stem reservoirs below objects (Pflieger, 1975). Fort Peck (Benson, 1968); also occurs in the James River as far upstream as Tacoma Park, FOOD HABITS: Brown County, South Dakota (Elsen, 1977). Young gar eat zooplankton, small insects, SIZE: crustaceans and fry of other fish (Cross, 1967; Seldom exceeds 2 to 3 feet in length (Forbes Brown, 1971); gar larger than 2 or 3 inches and Richardson, 1920; Cross, 1967; Eddy and primarily piscivorous, although some insect Underhill, 1974) and is usually 20 to 30 inches larvae and crayfish are occasionally consumed at maturity (Harlan and Speaker, 1951). (Harlan and Speaker, 1951). HABITAT: UTILIZATION: Found in large rivers, backwaters and im- Limited or no sport or commercial value; adults poundments (Brown, 1971); also inhabits predaceous upon game and forage fishes; host lowland lakes, oxbows, backwaters, still waters (like the longnose gar) to glochidea of Lam silis of pools of rivers, and may prefer clear waters anondontoides in the Mississippi drainage Scott (Trautman, 1957). and Crossman, 1973).

AMIIDAE Amia calva Linnaeus Totidin

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Those commonly seen are usually 18 to 24 Eddy et al. (1972) reports bowfin for the Red inches long and weigh 2 to 3 pounds (Scott and River tributaries in Minnesota but it is not Crossman, 1973); may attain lengths up to 30 reported for North Dakota. inches and weights to 8 pounds (Cross, 1967).

140 HABITAT: FOOD HABITS: Inhabits swampy, vegetated bays of warm lakes A voracious piscivorous predator; food is and rivers and can tolerate stagnant conditions largely other fishes, crayfish, and frogs; (Scott and Crossman, 1973); clear, calm waters probably not significant scavengers, although in lowland areas are preferred, especially in opportunistic and will consume a variety of backwaters of rivers and oxbows that have aquatic insects (Scott and Crossman, 1973); extensive growths of aquatic vegetation (Cross, Lagler and Hubbs (1940) gave following diet of 1967). bowfin in southern Michigan: 59% game fishes (perches, catfishes, panfishes), 17.1% other REPRODUCTION: fishes (mainly minnows), 14.1% crayfish. Spawns from May through June when water temperature is 61° to 66°F (Reighard, 1904, UTILIZATION: cited by Scott and Crossman, 1973); males move Of little commercial value; may provide some into shallow vegetated water in lakes and rivers sport as it readily will take bait and lures; to prepare nests; eggs are adhesive and the male actively guards the nest until young are usually considered detrimental to sport fish capable of leaving (Breder and Rosen, 1966). habitats (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur) CLUPEIDAE gizzard shad

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA does not commonly exceed 10 to 14 inches DRAINAGES: (Miller, 1960). The gizzard shad occurs in the Missouri River as far north as in South HABITAT: Dakota (Benson, 1968). Carufel and Witt Most numerous in lakes, oxbows, sloughs, (1963) reported that they collected one gizzard impoundments or large streams where the shad immediately below in 1953, gradient is basic or low (Trautman, 1957); but this specimen was not saved and cannot be occurrence in many areas is believed to be due verified. This was before Oahe and Big Bend to migration through canals and waterways Dams were closed. Benson apparently either (Scott and Crossman, 1973); sudden changes in discounts this collection or perhaps feels that if temperature seem to be a cause of mortality shad were present in the river at that time (Jester and Jensen, 1972; Miller, 1960); toler- they did not survive above Oahe and Big Bend ates clear or turbid water if plankton concen- Dams after closure. Gizzard shad are common tration is high, and can winter-kill rapidly in the James River as far north as Huron, (Trautman, 1957). South Dakota about 110 miles or 220 river miles from the North Dakota-South Dakota border REPRODUCTION: (Eisen, 1977). The bulk of populations that inhabit the warm to temperate waters of the United States spawns SIZE: during April, May, and June at temperatures Usually 5 to 6 inches long, however can range between 50° and 70°F (Miller, 1960); spawning up to 18 inches (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); occurs most often in the shallow water___. of

141 protected bays and inlets (Pflieger, 1975); UTILIZATION: Mississippi River adults may ascend streams and Gizzard shad cannot be caught on hook-and-line ditches to spawn (Miller, 1960); eggs are except by sheerest accident (Cross, 1967); adhesive, readily becoming attached to any young shad are the predominant food of game- object they may contact (Miller, 1960); the fish such as the white bass (Morone chr so s) species is prolific, producing numerous young in many lakes and strongly influence angling (Pflieger, 1975). success of these gamefish (Cross, 1967); FOOD HABITS: growth of the young gizzard shad is rapid and Larval and postlarval gizzard shad feed mainly adults quickly become so large that they are on plankton; after attaining a length of relatively immune to predation (Pflieger, 1975); about an inch, the young develop the long gut adults can become so numerous that they are and slender gill-rakers characteristic of "filter- thought to compete for food and space with feeders"; thereafter straining microorganisms more desirable species (Pflieger, 1975); Jenkins indiscriminately from water as it passes over (1957) demonstrated that gizzard shad reduce the gills (Cross, 1967); Tiffany (1920) de- growth, weight, and length of some fishes in scribed gizzard shad as "living tow nets" small lakes; the gizzard shad is not valued as straining algae from the water; little feeding food for man because of its soft and rather occurs in winter and early spring (Bodola, tasteless flesh and the numerous fine bones 1960). 1966). (Miller,

Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) HIODONTIDAE goldeye

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA tolerant of turbidity than of industrial pol- DRAINAGES: lutants (Trautman, 1957). Abundant in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; Berard, 1973); present in Lake Audubon REPRODUCTION: (Cassity, 1979), the Little Missouri River Spawning begins in the spring just after the ice (Hankinson, 1929), the Missouri River in goes out and continues0 over a period of 3 to 6 Montana (Brown, 1971) and South Dakota weeks (temperature 50 to 55°F), taking place (Bailey and Allum, 1962); also in the James in pools in turbid rivers or in backwater lakes River in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962) and ponds of such rivers (Scott and Crossman, and in the Red River drainage in North Dakota 1973); the eggs are semibuoyant (Battle and (Woolman, 1896; Hankinson, 1929; Copes, 1965) Sprules, 1960); hatching occurs in about 2 and Canada (Eigenmann, 1895; Thompson, 1898; weeks (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Keleher and Kooyman, 1957). FOOD HABITS: SIZE: Food items include surface insects, aquatic Usually 10 to 15 inches (Harlan and Speaker, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, limited numbers 1951; Crossman, 1973; of small fishes, and practically any other food Scott and Eddy and Sprules, 1974). item that is available (Kennedy and Underhill, 1967, cited by Scott and Crossman, 1973); goldeye in large impoundments found to depend HABITAT: heavily upon plankton (eg. Cladocera) and Generally found in large turbid rivers and lakes surface insects due to the lack of benthic and (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Brown, 1971; Scott littoral organisms (Evenhuis, 1970; Schadewald, and Crossman, 1973); appears to be far more 1973).

142 UTILIZATION: 1973); their adaptation to turbid waters An important commercial item ("Winnipeg possibly limits competition with other species, goldeye") in Canada, however, catches have and goldeye may be preyed upon by fishes such declined since the 1930s (Scott and Crossman, as northern pike, walleye, and sauger.

Hiodon tergisus Lesueur mooneye

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA mostly in swift waters, such as occur below DRAINAGES: dams; ordinarily less tolerant of silted habitats Occurs in the Red River drainage in North than goldeye. Dakota (Woolman, 1896; Copes, 1965), in Minnesota (Surber, 1920; Eddy and Underhill, REPRODUCTION: Spawning occurs during the spring (April to 1974) and in Canada (Eigenmann, 1895; Keleher May) when large numbers of migrate and Kooyman, 1957). mooneye up large, clear streams (Scott and Crossman, 1973); spawns at random in shallow water (Eddy SIZE: and Underhill, 1974). Usually 10 to 14 inches long (Forbes and Richardson, 1920; Harlan and Speaker, 1951; FOOD HABITS: Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Food items include aquatic and terrestrial Eddy and Underhill, 1974). insects, snails, small crustaceans, minnows and other small fish (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). HABITAT: Prefers the quiet waters of rivers and lakes UTILIZATION: and it may occur in the same waters as the Probably not an important sport or commercial goldeye (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Trautman fish (Scott and Crossman, 1973); competes for (1957) stated that mooneye were abundant only food only with other surface feeders, but may in the clearest and largest waters of Ohio where compete with other species for space and there was an abundant supply of small forage spawning sites; may serve as forage for a fishes; he also stated that although they were number of predatory species (Scott and often found in non-flowing waters, mooneye fed Crossman, 1973).

Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) SALMONIDAE lake whitefish RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawning occurs in fall after temperatures fall Lake whitefish have been stocked in Lake to 46°Fin shallow water (less than 25 feet) on Sakakawea, North Dakota and now occur in hard, stony bottom (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Lake Audubon (Cassity, 1979); stocked in eggs are deposited randomly and hatch during Fresno and Nelson Reservoirs of the Missouri spring (temperatures of 33° to 43°F); spawning drainage in Montana (Brown, 1971); also occurs season extends from October to January in in headwater lakes of streams tributary to the Montana (Brown, 1971); spawning occurs at Red River in Minnesota (Eddy et al., 1972) and night or evening and eggs are broadcast the Arctic drainage in Canada (Eddy and randomly near the surface above rocky or Underhill, 1974). sandy bottoms.

SIZE: Average length is 15 inches (Scott and FOOD HABITS: Crossman, 1973); may reach 20 inches in length Adults are bottom feeders; wide variety of (Brown, 1971); rarely exceeds 4 pounds (Eddy invertebrates and small fishes consumed in- and Underhill, 1974). cluding aquatic insect larvae, molluscs, amphi- pods; young feed on copepods and cladocerans HABITAT: (Scott and Crossman, 1973). A lake species; prefers cool water of hypo- liminon during summer in the southern part of UTILIZATION: its range (Scott and Crossman, 1973); maximum The most valuable commercial freshwater fish in abundance may be at depths of 50 to 90 feet Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973); also (Brown, 1971). supports an active sport fishery.

143 Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) coho salmon

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA spawning process is similar to that of rainbow DRAINAGES: trout (Brown, 1971). Coho salmon were stocked in Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota in 1971 (Berard, 1973) and in FOOD HABITS: Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana in 1969 (Brown, Food consists mostly of fish after the coho 1971). reaches 10 inches or more; aquatic insects are SIZE: utilized by fingerlings still in streams and many Usually 10.8 to 25.8 inches long in freshwater kinds of invertebrates are eaten after the fish populations (Scott and Crossman, 1973); reaches the lakes or the sea (Brown, 1971); ordinarily weighs 4 to 5 pounds (Eddy and larger individuals in Great Lakes populations Underhill, 1974). utilize abundant rainbow smelt and alewife populations established there (Scott and HABITAT: Crossman, 1973). Stocked in lakes and reservoirs (Brown, 1971); adults utilize gravelly streams for spawning. UTILIZATION: Has long been of considerable importance as a REPRODUCTION: commercial and sport fish (Scott and Crossman, Spawning takes place in swift shallow, gravelly 1973); considered an excellent game fish areas of river tributaries from October to (Brown, 1971); recently propagated and planted January in North America (Scott and Crossman, in various waters by Minnesota and 1973); mature coho select redds and the biologists (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Salmo gairdneri Richardson rainbow trout

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA tancy (6 to 8 years) of stream rainbows (Scott DRAINAGES: and Crossman, 1973). Not native to North Dakota but have been widely introduced in the state and maintained HABITAT: by stocking; rainbow occur in Lake Sakakawea Stream rainbows usually prefer small to mod- (Benson, 1968) and in Lake Audubon (Cassity, erately large, shallow rivers with moderate 1979); and the upper Missouri drainage in flow, gravel bottoms, riffles, and pool con- Montana (Brown, 1971) and Canada (Willock, ditions (Scott and Crossman, 1973); lake 1969); also recorded in the Sheyenne River populations are usually found in moderately (Tubb et al., 1965) and the Souris River basin deep to deep, cool lakes with adequate shallows (Duerre, 1973) in North Dakota and in the Red and vegetation for good food production; most River drainage in Minnesota (Eddy et al., successful in habitats around 70°F (Scott and 1972). Crossman, 1973); this species is able to live under a wider range of temperature conditions SIZE: than most trout, and fares well in lakes, reser- 3 pounds, while Stream varieties rarely exceed voirs and farm ponds (Brown, 1971). rainbows in lakes may reach 15 pounds (Eddy 1974); and Underhill, have been taken weighing REPRODUCTION: up to 20 pounds in Montana (Brown, 1971); lake populations may have twice the life expec- Spawning normally occurs from April to July

144 depending upon water temperatures; rainbows feed mainly on aquatic insects, but will eat migrate upstream or from lakes into tributaries what is available to them such as small fish and (Brown, 1971); redds are built in gravel beds, invertebrates (Brown, 1971). and eggs hatch at 50°F; spawning temperature is between 50° and 60°F(Scott and Crossman, UTILIZATION: 1973). Probably one of the top five sport fishes in North America (Scott and Crossman, 1973); FOOD HABITS: reportedly the most important game fish in Food consists of mayflies, caddisflies, stoneflies Montana (Brown, 1971), and more widely and their larvae, small molluscs, fishes and propagated than any other trout both as a terrestrial insects (Harlan and Speaker, 1951); sport fish and for commercial purposes.

SaImo trutta Linnaeus brown trout

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawns from October to December, ascending Brown trout are not native to North America streams to shallow headwater brooks (Eddy and but have been introduced into the state and are Underhill, 1974); spawning requirements are maintained by stocking; reported in Lake basically the same as those of brook trout, that Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; Berard, 1973); is, shallow gravelly headwaters; favorable water Brown (1971) reported introductions in the temperature in Ontario, Canada observed to be upper Missouri drainage in Montana are now between 44° and 48°F (Scott and Crossman, self-maintaining populations; also reported in 1973). the Red River drainage in North Dakota (Copes, 1965) and in Minnesota (Eddy et al., 1972). FOOD HABITS: Are carnivorous and consume a wide variety of SIZE: organisms, including aquatic and terrestrial Average size in inland streams is usually 1 to 2 insects and their larvae, crustaceans, molluscs, pounds, although they may exceed 10 pounds and a wide variety of fishes (Scott and (Scott and Crossman, 1973); seldom weigh more Crossman, 1973); fishes and crayfish are than 12 pounds in Minnesota (Eddy and prominent food items of larger trout; larger fish Underhill, 1974). tend to feed at dusk and after dark (Needham, 1938). HABITAT: Thrives in valley portions of larger rivers UTILIZATION: where gradients are low and summer tempera- Considered to be an excellent game fish tures range from 60° to 70°F; also does well in (Brown, 1971); larger brown trout are thought reservoirs and lakes but must seek streams to to be more resistant to angling pressure than successfully spawn (Brown, 1971); in Canada brook trout (Scott and Crossman, 1973); brown trout have been introduced mainly into moreover, they can probably inhabit lower streams or river habitats where they usually stream reaches than brook trout, and they are compete with native brook trout; optimum reported to grow faster and live longer than temperature range for brown trout is 65° to brook trout (Scott and Crossman, 1973). 75°F(Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) lake trout

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA can exceed 50 pounds in inland lakes and even DRAINAGES: reach 100 pounds (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Are not native to North Dakota but were the average lake trout caught in small inland stocked in Lake Sakakawea in 1973 and 1974 lakes usually weighs about 3 pounds (Eddy and (Personal communication, Dale Henegar, 1974); Underhill, 1974). although native to the upper Missouri River in Montana, they are not abundant (Benson, 1968; REPRODUCTION: Brown, 1971); also occurs in the northern Spawning occurs in October or November over Hudson Bay drainage (Keleher and Kooyman, rocky shoals at depths of 10 to 120 feet; eggs 1957). develop in rock crevices and hatch in March or April when temperature reaches 34° to 38°F (Brown, 1971); optimum water temperature for SIZE: spawning is near 40°F (Eddy and Underhill, ToRzEl length usually 15 to 20 inches and weight 1974); in small inland lakes spawning usually generally under 10 pounds, however lake trout occurs just before the ice forms.

145 FOOD HABITS: troutperch, and longnose sucker (Scott and Small lake trout feed on plankton and aquatic Crossman, 1973). invertebrates, while older fish depend primarily upon fish (Brown, 1971); young lake trout feed UTILIZATION: on crustaceans such as Mysis and Pontoporeia Highly valued as both a game and commercial (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and fish (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); ciscoes seem to be a preferred Underhill, 1974); artificially propagated in forage of adult lake trout, while other fishes hatcheries; hybridized with brook trout to consumed include whitefish, smelt, perch, produce a fertile hybrid known as "splake" sculpin, emerald shiner, ninespine stickleback, (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Osmerus mordax (Mitchill) OSMERIDAE rainbow smelt

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Great Lakes region (Scott and Crossman, 1973); DRAINAGES: spawning runs seem to occur in the temperature Rainbow smelt were introduced in Lake range of 48° to 65°F, generally just after the Sakakawea in 1971 and are now self-maintaining ice goes out in March, April or May; LANGLOIS (Personal communication, Dale Henegar, 1974); (1936) described the spawning act which they are not native to North Dakota and do not reportedly occurs at night; a high post- occur in drainages of neighboring states. spawning mortality may occur with many popu- lations (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973). SIZE: Usually 6 to 9 inches long (Scott and Crossman, FOOD HABITS: 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). Smelt are carnivorous; Mysis and other crusta- ceans may form a significant proportion of their food in the Great Lakes region (Scott and HABITAT: Inhabits midwaters of lakes or inshore coastal CROSSMAN, 1973); adults feed on Mysis, Pontoporeia, small COREGONIDS, and other fishes waters and are essentially pelagic, schooling including their own kind (Eddy and Underhill, fish (Scott and Crossman, 1973); especially sensitive to light and to a lesser extent tem- 1974). perature, staying at or near the bottom during daylight and preferring temperatures around UTILIZATION: 45°F Important commercial fishery in the Atlantic (Scott and Crossman, 1973). coastal waters and in the Great Lakes region (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973); also a popular REPRODUCTION: sport fish, especially during spawning runs Spawning generally occurs in streams but may when vast numbers are taken with DIPNETS and also take place over gravelly lake shoals in the seines (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Umbra limi (Kirtland) UMBRIDAE central mudminnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Reaches lengths of 6 to 7 inches, but commonly Occurs in the tributaries and main stem of the observed to be between 2 and 4 inches (Forbes Red River in North Dakota (Copes, 1965), in and Richardson, 1920; Harlan and Speaker, Minnesota (Eddy et al., 1972) and in Canada 1951; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and (Keleher and Kooyman, 1957). Underhill, 1974).

146 HABITAT: spawning of 55° to 60°F were given by Scott Abundant in clear water streams of basic or low and Crossman (1973). gradient where bottoms contain soft organic FOOD HABITS: material and there is an abundance of aquatic Mudminnows are carnivorous (Peckhan and vegetation (Trautman, 1957); summer habitat is Dineen, 1957); chironomids, copepods, usually heavily vegetated ponds or pools of ostracods, cladocerans are food items for young small creeks (Scott and Crossman, 1973); of the year; small crustaceans are less impor- inhabit stream margins where vegetation is tant in the diet of adults, and in addition dense (Peckhan and Dineen, 1957); can with- chironomids, mayflies, caddisflies, and molluscs stand temperatures as high as 84°F (Scott and are chief foods for adults; a few fish are eaten Crossman, 1973) and stagnant conditions by mudminnows and any plant material found in (Hubbs and Lagler, 1958); upstream migrations stomachs appears to be accidental in the diet; probably do not occur as often as lateral mudminnows remain active during the winter migrations to flooded areas following heavy months, and stomachs may contain more food rains (Peckhan and Dineen, 1957). then than in other times of the year (Peckhan and Dineen, 1957). REPRODUCTION: Breeding season (April) correlated with heavy UTILIZATION: rains and flooding and adhesive eggs are Preyed upon by a variety of stream fishes, deposited in vegetated flooded areas (Peckhan including esocids, sunfishes, and catfishes (Scott and Crossman, 1973); also used as a bait and Dineen, 1957); water temperatures during fish.

Esox lucius Linnaeus ESOCIDAE northern pike

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA high as 1000 ppm, pH as high as 9.5 (Scott DRAINAGES: and Crossman, 1973). Although native to North Dakota waters, this species is stocked by the North Dakota Game REPRODUCTION: and Fish Department in all drainages in the Spawning usually occurs soon after the ice state; Russell (1975) collected northern pike in breaks up (March to May); adults move into all the drainage basins which he surveyed, i.e. streams, shallow flooded marshes or backwaters the Wild Rice, Souris, Sheyenne, James, and where spawning takes place; eggs are adhesive Devils Lake drainage basins; wide range and stick to the vegetation and other substrates throughout the northern United States east of (Brown, 1971); spawning observed in various the Rocky Mountains; reported in Montana, geographical areas at temperatures between 34° Minnesota, South Dakota, and Canada. and 57°F (Carlander, 1969). SIZE: FOOD HABITS: Attains a length of 3 to 4 feet and may weigh Young feed mainly on microcrustaceans, while over 30 pounds; individuals commonly caught adults feed extensively on fish (Brown, 1971); are between 18 and 30 inches in length and adults also observed to feed on frogs, crayfish, weigh between 1 and 5 pounds. salamanders, leeches, and young waterfowl (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Eddy and HABITAT: Underhill, 1974). Bays of lakes and reservoirs; also common in pools or backwaters of streams where vegetation UTILIZATION: is present (Brown, 1971); usually found in Valued as a game fish to various degrees in clear, warm, slow, meandering, heavily vege- different regions (Brown, 1971; Scott and tated rivers or warm, weedy bays of lakes Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); (Scott and Crossman, 1973); found over a wide there is an important commercial fishery for range of habitats; can tolerate alkalinities as pike in Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Esox masquinongy Mitchill muskellunge RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Range in length from 30 to 46 inches (Scott and Were stocked in Lake Ashtabula in 1959 (North Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974), Dakota Game and Fish Department, n.d.), but although the angler record is a fish of 69 have not been collected since; a few were also pounds. stocked in Turtle Mountain lakes; not recorded in adjacent drainages in neighboring states.

147 HABITAT: tributary streams and shallow lakes (Eddy and Occurs in warm, heavily vegetated lakes, Underhill, 1974); have been observed to stumpy, weedy bays, and slow-moving, heavily hybridize in nature with northern pike. vegetated rivers (Scott and Crossman, 1973); seldom abundant in any lake as a large area of FOOD HABITS: water may be necessary to support sufficient Young muskellunge generally feed on larger quantities of forage (Eddy and Underhill, zooplankton such as cladocerans (Scott and 1974); optimum water temperature is about 77° Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); to 79°F (Scott and Crossman, 1973), and adults prey mainly on fishes such as perch, apparently the species can withstand low suckers, minnows, mooneyes, catfishes, oxygen conditions. sunfishes, and other muskellunge (Harlan and REPRODUCTION: Speaker, 1951; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy Spawning occurs in the spring (late April or and Underhill, 1974); crayfish, frogs, early May) when the water temperature is muskrats, mice, shrews, and waterfowl also are between 49° to 59°F, optimum 55°F(Scott and eaten at times. Crossman, 1973); reproduction usually takes place in shallow water (10 to 20 inches) in UTILIZATION: heavily vegetated flooded areas; eggs are Once a commercially sought species in Canada scattered randomly and are not adhesive; but now an elusive, highly prized game fish spawning for muskellunge generally follows that (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and of northern pike when both species occur in Underhill, 1974).

CYPRINIDAE Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque) stoneroller

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA sand for spawning, however seems to tolerate DRAINAGES: moderate siltation (Cross, 1967). In the James River in South Dakota (Elsen, 1977) and reported in the James River in North REPRODUCTION: and South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962); Spawning occurs in the spring between temper- also reported in the Red River drainage in atures of 65° to 80°F; stonerollers migrate North Dakota (Woolman, 1896; Feldmann, 1963; upstream to spawn in swiftly flowing shallows Copes, 1965) and in Minnesota (Eddy et al., over fine gravel above riffles (Hankinson, 1972). 1920). SIZE: Maximum size usually from 6 to 10 inches FOOD HABITS: (Forbes and Richardson, 1920; Harlan and Feeds on diatomaceous matter and mud with its Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Eddy and insect larvae, small molluscs, and filamentous Underhill, 1974). algae (Simon, 1946); a bottom feeder, relying mainly on plant material (Eddy and Underhill, HABITAT: 1974). Inhabits permanent clear creeks with clean bottoms and frequent small riffles; can occur UTILIZATION: wherever springs maintain stream flow during Probably of little value as a bait minnow or winter and early spring; need gravel or coarse forage fish (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

148 Carassius auratus (Linnaeus) goldfish

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawns from late spring to midsummer, when Not native to North Dakota but reportedly water temperatures exceed 60°F (Brown, 1971); occurs in the Sheyenne River (Copes, 1965); no deposits adhesive eggs in warm, weedy shallows other record of goldfish is known for North in May or early June (Scott and Crossman, Dakota. 1973).

SIZE: FOOD HABITS: length usually 5 to 10 inches (Scott and Feeds mainly on phytoplankton, vegetation, and Crossman, 1973); full grown specimens may some aquatic invertebrates including insect attain a weight of 2 to 3 pounds (Cross, 1967). larvae and crustaceans (Simon, 1946; Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Brown, 1971). HABITAT: Thrives in small bodies of water such as ponds, UTILIZATION: often where there is a good growth of aquatic Valued as aquarium fishes and pets; also widely plants (Scott and Crossman, 1973); prefers used as laboratory animals, especially in little or no current, low turbidities, and an physiological experiments (Scott and Crossman, abundance of vegetation (Brown, 1971). 1973); of little or no commercial or sport value.

Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) lake chub

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Either migrates up streams or moves into Is rare in Lake Sakakawea and Fort Peck tributaries from lakes from early spring to Reservoir (Benson, 1968); Brown (1971) also midsummer to spawn; preferred spawning reports the lake chub in the upper Missouri temperatures are probably between 50° and 66°F drainage in Montana. (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973); eggs are non-adhesive. SIZE: Average size of adults is about 4 to 6 inches FOOD HABITS: (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy CHIRONOMID larvae and other aquatic insect and Underhill, 1974). larvae form a large part of the diet, with ZOOPLANKTON and algae also being consumed (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973); reportedly an HABITAT: obligatory sight feeder since it has relatively Highly adaptable to either the lake or large few taste buds (Davis and Miller, 1967). river habitat (Scott and Crossman, 1973), but appears to prefer deeper parts of lakes during UTILIZATION: summer; in Montana lake chubs are reported to Useful as a bait fish and as forage for other be more common in the creek type of habitat fishes under natural conditions (Brown, 1971; (Brown, 1971). Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973).

Ctenopharyngodon idellus Valenciennes grass carp

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Missouri River may be suitable habitat DRAINAGES: (PFLIEGER, 1975). Spreading northward in the Missouri River system, currently as far north as the mouth of REPRODUCTION: the James River in South Dakota (personal Spawning in channels of large rivers, eggs communication, Dale HENEGAR, 1977). Intro- hatch as they are carried by the current duced into SPIRITWOOD Lake, a closed lake in (PFLIEGER, 1975). North Dakota for experimental purposes. FOOD HABITS: SIZE: Eats submerged aquatic vegetation. Very large, reported to be able to reach 100 pounds (PFLIEGER, 1975). UTILIZATION: (PFLIEGER, 1975); it may be a serious pest, HABITAT: eliminating aquatic vegetation in waterfowl areas Introduced into ponds in Arkansas, the species and competing with native fish species for food has spread into rivers; larger streams like the (PFLIEGER, 1975).

149 Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus carp

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA spring; often prefers recently flooded locations DRAINAGES: less than 18 inches deep; eggs are adhesive Presently established in all basins in North and stick to aquatic vegetation, submerged Dakota except Devils Lake and the Souris, but grasses, and any other available substrates occurs in the Souris River in Manitoba, Canada, (McCrimmon, 1968); water temperature is immediately downstream from the United States- probably a primary stimulus for spawning, and Canadian border, Russell (1975). The carp is a temperature around 63°F would seem optimal, not found in the Sheyenne River above Baldhill while spawning will cease when water tem- Dam (Lake Ashtabula). Carp are abundant in perature exceeds 82°F (McCrimmon, 1968; Scott Lake Audubon (Cassity, 1979). and Crossman, 1973). FOOD HABITS: SIZE: May commonly attain or exceed length of 18 to Carp are omnivorous, consuming quantities of 24 inches, and weights of 15 to 25 pounds both animal and vegetable materials (Harlan and (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Speaker, 1951; McCrimmon, 1968; Brown, 1971; McCrimmon, 1968; Brown, 1971; Eddy and Scott and Crossman, 1973); feeding behavior typically involves the sucking up of a mouthful Underhill, 1974). of bottom mud and materials, ejecting it, and selecting food items suspended in the water; HABITAT: will also root around in soft bottoms, uprooting Prefers shallow marshy environments with aquatic vegetation and leaving the water roiled abundant aquatic vegetation, and areas of and turbid (McCrimmon, 1968). deeper water in order that the species can overwinter (McCrimmon, 1968); apparently able UTILIZATION: to tolerate eutrophic or polluted waters often Usually considered detrimental to native fish unsuitable for many other fishes (Brown, 1971; and waterfowl populations because the feeding Scott and Crossman, 1973). habits of carp are often harmful to habitats (McCrimmon, 1968; Scott and Crossman, 1973); REPRODUCTION: are harvested commercially in some areas, and Moves into shallow water to spawn in the are occasionally sought by anglers.

Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs brassy minnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA (Brown, 1971); reportedly abundant in cool, DRAINAGES: dark acid waters of silt-bottomed bog ponds in Occurs in the Missouri River (Berard, 1973) Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973). and the James River (Hankinson, 1929; Bailey and Allum, 1962); Copes (1965) collected it in REPRODUCTION: the lower Sheyenne River, Symington (1959) Spawning occurs in May or June over silt collected it in the Souris River and Eddy et al. bottom in quiet water (Scott and Crossman, (1972) reported it in the Red River drainage in 1973); water temperature of 50°-55°F required, Minnesota; not reported in the Devils Lake and the adhesive eggs are deposited over sand, drainage basin. weeds, or debris (Dobie, et al., 1956). FOOD HABITS: SIZE: Food may consist of phytoplankton, algae, Usually 2.5 to 4 inches long (Harlan and zooplankton, and some aquatic insects (Scott Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973); ordinarily herbivorous to and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, a large extent, and commonly feeds on diatoms 1974). and other algae which it scrapes from the bottom (Brown, 1971); long coiled intestine HABITAT: probably an adaption to its plant diet. Typically inhabits creeks or small rivers, but is more commonly found in stained waters of bog UTILIZATION: streams and lakes, especially in the eastern Valued to some extent as a bait or forage part of its range (Bailey, 1954); prefers clear, species (Dobie, et al., 1956; Brown, 1971; slow streams with sandy bottoms in Montana Scott and Crossman, 1973).

150 Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz silvery minnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA flow and silted bottoms (Cross, 1967); in quiet, DRAINAGES: weedy inshore waters of lakes and large rivers Lake Sakakawea (Berard, 1973) Fort Peck (Scott and Crossman, 1973); less frequently (Benson, 1968); and the James River in North found in creeks and impoundments (Brown, Dakota (Woolman, 1896; Hankinson, 1929). 1971). Pflieger (1975) divided the silvery minnow into two species: the central silvery minnow, REPRODUCTION: Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz, and the western Breeding habits not well known; it is somewhat silvery minnow, H. argyritis Girard. Although unique in that nonadhesive eggs are deposited it is not yet accepted by the American Fisheries on the bottom ooze (Pflieger, 1975). Society (1970), under this division the western silvery minnow is the species found in the FOOD HABITS: Missouri River system. Bottom ooze and algae commonly constitute major food items (Simon, 1946; Brown, 1971; Scott SIZE: and Crossman, 1973); long coiled intestine Commonly 3 to 6 inches long (Harlan and would suggest an adaptation to plant feeding.

Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967) • UTILIZATION: HABITAT: An important forage or bait fish for species In the Missouri River and creeks and back- such as northern pike, sauger, and channel waters with relatively deep water with sluggish catfish (Brown, 1971).

Hybognathus placitus Girard plains minnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA channel of the Missouri River where there is DRAINAGES: sandy bottom and some current (Pflieger, In the smaller plains streams of the western 1975). part of South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962); in western tributaries of the Missouri River in REPRODUCTION: North Dakota (Reigh, 1978). Not known, but similar to the silvery minnow (Pflieger, 1975). SIZE: Commonly 3 to 5 inches with a maximum of FOOD HABITS: about 6 inches (Pflieger, 1975). Not known, but similar to the silvery minnow, which scapes up mud and bottom ooze (Pflieger, HABITAT: 1975). In the upper courses of streams; also in the middle courses where it is associated with or UTILIZATION: replaced by H. nuchalis, the silvery minnow May be a common forage fish in the Missouri (Bailey and Allum, 1962); prefers the river River and tributaries.

Hybopsis gelida (Girard) sturgeon chub

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA HABITAT: DRAINAGES: In swift current of the Missouri River over a Found throughout the Little Missouri River and bottom of sand or fine gravel (Pflieger, 1975); in the in North Dakota in Missouri, it occurs only in the Missouri River (Reigh, 1978). Van Eeckhout (1974) also and does not ascend tributaries (Pflieger, collected sturgeon chub in the Little Missouri 1975); suited for the continuously turbid waters River; Bailey and Allum (1962) listed this of the Missouri River (Pflieger, 1975); lives in species in the Missouri River and its larger a strong current, usually over a gravel bottom western tributaries in South Dakota; Brown (Bailey and Allum, 1962). (1971) found sturgeon chub in the Yellowstone River system in Montana. REPRODUCTION: Spawning habits are not known. SIZE: Adults are usually 1.7 to 2.5 inches long, with a maximum size of about 3 inches (Pflieger, FOOD HABITS: 1975). Nature of the diet is unknown.

151 UTILIZATION: gered in Montana, South Dakota, Nebraska, The sturgeon chub is listed as rare or endan- Wyoming, and Missouri (Miller, 1972).

Hybopsis gracilis (Richardson) flathead chub

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA the plains streams, large and small where DRAINAGES: turbidities are normally high; often found in Occurs in all main stem Missouri reservoirs intermittent stream pools (Brown, 1971). (Benson, 1968); also reported in the Garrison Reservoir (Berard, 1973) and in the upper 1971); REPRODUCTION: Missouri River in Montana (Brown, Spawns during the late summer (July to distribution includes the Hudson Bay drainage September) when water temperatures are high, but has not been collected in the Red River of turbidities are reduced, and sand bottoms are , 1972). the North (Eddy et al. rather stable, such as occurs during seasonal SIZE: low water levels (Olund and Cross, 1961). Reported to attain lengths of 9 to 11 inches (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; FOOD HABITS: Brown, 1971); average length in Canada 5 to 7 Feeds primarily on aquatic invertebrates, but inches (Scott and Crossman, 1973). will also consume some vegetation (Brown, 1971); reportedly eats terrestrial insects which HABITAT: accidentally fall into the water at certain times Inhabits turbid, silty, alkaline streams with of the year. shifting sand bottoms where water levels fluctuate considerably due to heavy rains and UTILIZATION: melting snow (Olund and Cross, 1961); occurs An important forage fish for species such as in turbid, flowing waters of the main channels sauger, northern pike, and channel catfish of rivers (Scott and Crossman, 1973); habitat is (Brown, 1971); also valued as a bait minnow.

Hybopsis meeki Jordan and Evermann sicklefin chub

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Missouri River, usually over a sand bottom DRAINAGES: (Bailey and Allum, 1962). Last collected near the mouth of the Little Missouri River by Personius and Eddy (1955) REPRODUCTION: but recently found at one station in the Unknown. Yellowstone River in North Dakota by Reigh (1978); Bailey and Allum (1962) described early records of this species in the Missouri River in FOOD HABITS: South Dakota. Unknown.

SIZE: UTILIZATION: Typically 2.4 to 3.7 inches long to a maximum Rare or endangered in Missouri and rare in of around 4 inches (Pflieger, 1975). South Dakota (Miller, 1972); uncommon in Nebraska (Morris, et al. , 1974); its survival HABITAT: may be threatened by impoundments and habitat In strong current of the turbid waters of the modifications (Cross, 1967).

Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland) silver chub RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA HABITAT: DRAINAGES: Prefers large rivers and lakes and is rarely Collected in the Turtle River, a tributary to found in smaller streams (Eddy and Underhill, the Red River (Copes, 1965); no other record 1974); occurs in Lake Erie, purportedly at for this species is known for North Dakota. depths of 3 to 60 feet (Trautman, 1957); also inhabits slow-moving streams having clean sand or gravel bottoms (Scott and Crossman, 1973); SIZE: intolerant of higher turbidities (Harlan and May reach 10 inches in length (Harlan and Speaker, 1951). Speaker, 1951; Eddy and Underhill, 1974), but average size is probably 4 to 6 inches (Scott REPRODUCTION: and Crossman, 1973). Spawning reported to occur in June in Ohio

152 when water temperatures exceed 69.8°F copepods, and chironomids, however, adults (Kinney, 1954, cited by Scott and Crossman, seem to prefer mayflies, chironomids and 1973); thought to occur in open waters, amphipods (Scott and Crossman, 1973). although Breder and Rosen (1966) reported that breeding presumably occurred in creeks. UTILIZATION: Unreported and presumably unknown. FOOD HABITS: Young chubs feed mainly on cladocerans,

Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland) hornyhead chub

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Occurs in the spring, when water temperatures Occurs in the James River (Hankinson, 1929) reach about 65°F(Scott and Crossman, 1973); and the Forest River (reldmann, 1963; Copes, male constructs a nest of stones and pebbles, 1965); Copes (1965) postulated that this species usually in riffles less than 20 inches deep is limited to the Forest River in North Dakota; (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). also reported in the Minnesota tributaries of the 1972) Red River (Eddy et al., and the head- FOOD HABITS: waters at Lake Traverse, South Dakota (Bailey Feeds on small aquatic animals and some plant and Allum, 1962). material (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); young may SIZE: utilize plant material (filamentous algae and May attain a length of 12 inches (Harlan and diatoms) to a greater extent, and also consume Speaker, 1951; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); cladocerans and aquatic insect larvae; larger average size about 3.5 inches (Scott and fish depend more upon snails, insect larvae, Crossman, 1973). crayfish, and small fishes (Scott and Crossman, 1973). HABITAT: Prefers smaller streams and tributaries having clear water of moderate flow and some plant UTILIZATION: growth (Lachner, 1952); usually uncommon in Where this chub is abundant it may have a high streams and rivers containing shifting sand and value as a bait species for fishes such as silt; seems to show preference for clear, northern pike (Scott and Crossman, 1973); may slow-moving, gravelly streams, often tributaries not be as hardy as other more common bait of larger rivers (Scott and Crossman, 1973). minnows (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) golden shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA rather than river habitat (Scott and Crossman, DRAINAGES: 1973). Found in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; Berard, 1973) the James River (Bailey and REPRODUCTION: Allum, 1962; Russell, 1975), the Sheyenne Spawning usually occurs during late spring and River (Copes, 1965; Farmer, 1974; Russell, summer with water temperatures around 68°F 1975), and the Souris River (Symington, 1959; (Scott and Crossman, 1973); adhesive eggs are Russell, 1975) in North Dakota; also reported deposited over filamentous algae or rooted for the upper Missouri River drainage in aquatic plants. Montana by Brown (1971). FOOD HABITS: SIZE: Reportedly feed on cladocerans, flying insects, Commonly 3 to 5 inches long in Canada (Scott chironomids, and a little filamentous algae and Crossman, 1973); may attain lengths of 8 to (Keast and Webb, 1966); often feed upon indi- 12 inches (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Cross, vidual zooplankters and is probably a midwater 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). and surface feeder. HABITAT: Prefers sluggish waters of streams, and lakes UTILIZATION: and ponds where aquatic vegetation is abundant A quite popular bait species in North America, (Brown, 1971); commonly occurs in clear, and has been successfully cultured in ponds in weedy, quiet lake waters with extensive shallow various parts of the United States (Scott and areas, and is probably better adapted to lake Crossman, 1973).

153 Notropis ano enus Forbes pugnose shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Very little is known of this species spawning Reported in the Sheyenne River (Woolman, habits, but it probably spawns during the 1896) and the Turtle River (Copes, 1965) both spring, possibly in May or June (Scott and North Dakota tributaries of the Red River; also Crossman, 1973). reported in the Minnesota tributaries of the Red River (Eddy et al., 1972); considered one of the rarest cyprinids in the northern United FOOD HABITS: States (Bailey and Allum, 1962). Probably consumes minute plant and animal organisms, and organic detritus due to its small SIZE: mouth, however little is known on food habits Average length about 1.5 to 2.0 inches (Scott of the species (Scott and Crossman, 1973). and Crossman, 1973); rarely reaches a length of about 4 inches (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). UTILIZATION: HABITAT: Bailey (1959) said that this species is one of Requires clear, weedy lakes and quiet streams the rarest cyprinids in northern United States with clean sand or marl bottoms (Scott and and southern Canada; removal of aquatic Crossman, 1973); extremely intolerant of vegetation from lakes for recreational purposes turbidity; Bailey (1959) indicated that the may have severely disturbed this species species range has probably been restricted due natural occurrence (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). to soil pollution of waters.

Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque emerald shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Ordinarily spawns during late spring or early Occurs in the Missouri River drainage in North summer, presumably in mid-water; water tem- Dakota (Benson, 1968; Berard, 1973), South peratures around 75°F may be optimal (Scott Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962) and Montana and Crossman, 1973); Fuchs (1967) reported (Brown, 1971); collected in the James River that the spawning season in a South Dakota (Russell, 1975) and the Sheyenne River (Copes, impoundment extended from June through 1965); also reported for the northern Hudson August with the majority of spawning taking Bay drainage in Canada (Keleher, 1956). place in late July and August. SIZE: FOOD HABITS: Usually averages between 2 and 4 inches Adults selectively feed on zooplankton (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; (cladocerans, copepods), with insects being Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy consumed to a lesser extent (Fuchs, 1967); and Underhill, 1974). young eat blue-green algae, rotifers, protozoa HABITAT: until large enough to consume zooplankters. Prefers larger streams and lakes or impound- ments; a pelagic species, schooling offshore during the summer and coming closer to shore UTILIZATION: during autumn (Scott and Crossman, 1973); may An important forage species for a great number avoid aquatic vegetation (Brown, 1971); re- of predatory fishes and fish-eating birds (Scott portedly a mid-water and surface swimming and Crossman, 1973); often used as a bait min- species (Trautman, 1957). now, both live and preserved.

Notropis blennius (Girard) river shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA with the Red River in North Dakota (Copes and DRAINAGES: Tubb, 1966) and in the Souris River (Ulrich Not reported in the Missouri River in North and Pfeifer, 1975). Dakota but occurs in South Dakota SIZE: and North Dakota (Benson, 1968); near the Average length about 2.5 to 3.0 inches (Scott mouths of major tributaries of the Missouri and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, River in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1974). 1962); in the Red River and Pembina River (Hankinson, 1929). Collected in the Pembina, HABITAT: Park, and Forest Rivers near their junction Shows a preference for larger streams (Harlan

154 and Speaker, 1951; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); (Cahn, 1927, cited by Breder and Rosen, seems to require flowing water over a sand 1966). bottom, and is most often found in large streams having broad exposed channels (Cross, FOOD HABITS: 1967); occurs in largest numbers over sand and Food consists of a mixture of aquatic insects, gravel bars in large streams (Trautman, 1957). crustaceans, and occasional vegetation (Forbes REPRODUCTION: and Richardson, 1920). Spawns over sand and gravel bars throughout the summer until late August (Trautman, 1957); UTILIZATION: spawning reportedly occurs close to shore in 11 Considered by Trautman (1957) to be numerous to 18 inches of water, and the river shiner may enough in the Ohio River to be important as a seek the protection of submerged vegetation bait minnow.

Notropis cornutus (Mitchill) common shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA ductive habits of the common shiner; spawning DRAINAGES: occurs from May 1 through the middle of July Found in Missouri River tributaries (Reigh, in northeastern states, usually when water 1978) and in the James River (Hankinson, 1929; temperatures reach 60° to 65°F; the common Russell, 1975), the Sheyenne River (Wilson, shiner may simply spawn over existing gravel 1950; Copes, 1965; Russell, 1975), and the beds in running water or excavate a nest in Souris River in North Dakota (Symington, 1969; sandy or gravelly substrates in moving water; Russell, 1975); also occurs in Lake Traverse, however, preferred spawning sites are the South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962), and the existing nests of other species built in either Red River tributaries of Minnesota (Eddy et running or still waters of shallow pools; the al., 1972). eggs sink down among the pebbles, become adhesive after water hardening, and stick to SIZE:- - the bottom of the nest; hybridization is quite ThT largest member of the genus Notropis common due to this shiner's habit of using (Scott and Crossman, 1973); may attain length other species' nests. of 10 inches, but is commonly about 2.5 to 4.9 inches long. FOOD HABITS: Commonly consumes equal amounts of animal and HABITAT: plant material; animal matter consists chiefly of Inhabits streams of moderate or high gradient insects (water boatmen, larvae of mayflies, with clear, cool water, often shaded by brush dragonflies, stoneflies, midges, beetles and or trees; prefers bottoms of clean sand, gravel, flies); a variety of other invertebrates are also bedrock or organic debris; not very tolerant to eaten; plant food chiefly diatoms and algae warm and turbid waters or to silted bottoms, (Hubbs and Cooper, 1936). but will tolerate submerged aquatic vegetation (Trautman, 1957); primarily a stream fish, but is frequently found in the shallows of clear UTILIZATION: water lakes (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Preyed upon by a variety of fishes and by some piscivorous birds; commonly used as a bait REPRODUCTION: species, and is a favorite minnow for northern Raney (1940a) described in detail the repro- pike and walleye (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

155 Notropis dorsalis (Agassiz) 'bigmouth shiner RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA and August to spawn in Iowa (Starrett, 1951); DRAINAGES: spawns in June and July in Kansas (Cross, Occurs in the James River in North and South 1967); relatively little is known concerning the Dakota (Bailey and Allum , 1962); also reported spawning habits of this species. in the upper Sheyenne River (Wilson, 1950) , the lower Sheyenne River (Copes, 1965) , the FOOD HABITS: Souris River (Russell, 1975) and the Minnesota Starrett (1950b) considered this species to be a tributaries of the Red River (Eddy et al . , semi-specialized feeder, consuming primarily 1972). dipterous larvae and aquatic nymphs and larvae (including Ephemeroptera , Trichoptera , Diptera , SIZE: Coleoptera , and others) during the summer; in Commonly about 2 to 3 inches (Harlan and the fall their diet consisted largely of adult Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Scott and terrestrial insects, and adult and emerging Crossman , 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). Diptera ; the shiners fed heavily upon En tomostra ca during winter in addition to HABITAT: dipterous and other insect larvae ; the spring Inhabits brooks and small streams of moderate diet included large amounts of plant material in gradient, usually over a sand bottom addition to insect larvae; bottom ooze formed a (Trautman, 1957); prefers small streams with major food constituent during the summer and sand and silt bottoms and is not abundant in spring. large rivers or in most lakes (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Starrett (1950a) considered UTILIZATION: this shiner as a pioneer fish in small creeks Serves as an occasional bait minnow, but Eddy and that its abundance decreased where stream and Underhill (1974) indicated that this species width exceeded 10 feet. did not survive well in minnow pails. Due to its preference for creeks and small rivers; this REPRODUCTION: shiner probably provides only limited forage for Usually a late spawner, waiting until late July game fish.

Notropis heterodon (Cope) ackchin shiner RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Little is known of this species' breeding Not recorded in North Dakota but is found in behavior. However, spawning reportedly the Red River tributaries in Minnesota (Eddy, occurs in May and June (Forbes and et al . , 1972). Richardson, 1920; Scott and Crossman , 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). SIZE: FOOD HABITS: Usually 2 to 2.5 inches long (Scott and Entomostracans reportedly make up a large Crossman , 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). percentage of the diet (Forbes and Richardson, 1920; Scott and Crossman , 1973; Eddy and HABITAT: Underhill, 1974) and food items include small Prefers clear, weeded waters and is found in crustaceans such as cladocerans , copepods, and quiet pools in creeks and rivers and weedy lake amphipods , small immature aquatic insects, and shallows (Scott and Crossman , 1973); more some filamentous algae. commonly found in lakes, and increased siltation with high turbidities have probably severely UTILIZATION: affected its distribution (Eddy and Underhill, Serves as forage for certain predatory fishes, 1974); high, stable water levels are probably and occasionally is used as a bait species (Scott responsible for periodic population increases. and Crossman , 1973).

Notropis heterolepis Eigenmann and Eigenmann blacknose shiner RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Traverse, South Dakota ; reportedly common in DRAINAGES: the tributaries of the Red River in Minnesota Occurs in the James River (Woolman , 1896; (Eddy et al., 1972). Hankinson , 1929; Bailey and Allum, 1962) and in the Sheyenne River (Woolman , 1896; SIZE: Hankinson , 1929); also occurs in Lake Average length about 2.5 inches (Cross, 1967;

156 Scott and Crossman , 1973; Eddy and Underhill, havior , however the blacknose shiner reportedly 1974) ; Emery and Wallace (1974) found that this spawns during the spring and early summer species usually dies before or during its second over sand bottoms (Scott and Crossman , 1973). winter of life. HABITAT: FOOD HABITS: Prefers clean weedy lakes and streams through- Reportedly feeds on small aquatic insects, out its range and clean bottoms of sand or crustaceans, and algae (Scott and Crossman , gravel (Scott and Crossman , 1973); elimination 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). of aquatic plants and increasing turbidities have severely affected this species' survival (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); occasionally this shiner is UTILIZATION: collected in muddy streams, as Dowell (1962) Probably serves as a forage and bait species reported collecting this species in several where it is abundant; however, its habitat turbid streams in Iowa having silted bottoms requirements (cool, clear, weedy waters) have with occasional gravel or boulder riffles and been severely tested in the process of agri- sparse aquatic vegetation. cultural and recreational development (Cross, 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); it is not REPRODUCTION: abundant in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum , Little is known about the reproductive be- 1962).

Notropis hudsonius (Clinton) spottail shiner RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA increased siltation and pollution (Trautman, DRAINAGES: 1957) . Occurs in the James River (Hankinson , 1929; REPRODUCTION: Bailey and Allum , 1962) , the Sheyenne River Presumably spawns over sandy shoals in June above and below Baldhill Dam (Copes, 1965; and July in Canada (Scott and Crossman , Russell, 1975) and the Souris River (Woolman , 1973); McCann (1959) believed that spawning 1896); Eddy et al. (1972) reported the spottail occurred in May in Iowa; the eggs are re- shiner in the Red River tributaries in Minnesota portedly scattered over the sand or gravel and Keleher (1956) in the Hudson Bay drainage spawning beds (Eddy and Underhill, 1974) . in Canada. The spottail shiner has been stocked in Lakes Oahe and Sakakawea on the FOOD HABITS: Missouri River and was collected in the mouth Generally feeds on entomostracans , amphipods , of the Heart River in Lake Oahe (Reigh , 1978). immature insects and some algae (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Smith and Kramer (1964) SIZE: found that in a Minnesota lake young spottails Usually about 2.5 or 3.0 inches long (Scott and depended upon cladocerans and other small Crossman , 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974) but crustaceans, rotifers and algae ; as the shiners may reach 4 or 5 inches in length. grew, their diet included more larger organisms such as molluscs, mayfly nymphs and corixids ; young-of-the-year spottail shiners and eggs HABITAT: were eaten by larger spottails . Usually found in relatively large lakes and rivers and is often the most abundant minnow UTILIZATION: in northern lakes (Scott and Crossman , 1973) ; An important bait minnow wherever it occurs in may have a preference for areas with only the United States and Canada (Scott and moderate amount of emergent and submerged Crossman , 1973); a major food of the walleye in vegetation, and may withdraw from heavily certain Minnesota lakes (Smith and Kramer, vegetated areas (McCann, 1959); reportedly 1964) and considered an important forage fish move into shallower water at night (McCann, in larger midwestern lakes and rivers (McCann, 1959; Scott and Crossman , 1973); intolerant of 1959).

Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard) red shiner RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA County, South Dakota (Elsen , 1977). It was DRAINAGES: collected in the Heart and Cannonball Rivers by Occurs in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; Reigh (1978). Berard, 1973) and the James River, South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962); it also is SIZE: reported in the Missouri drainage in South Length is generally 3 inches or less (Forbes Dakota (Bailey and Allum , 1962). In the James and Richardson, 1920; Cross, 1967; Eddy and River, it is common from the mouth to Spink Underhill, 1974).

157 HABITAT: both streams and lakes; spawning usually takes Cross (1967) reported this species as being place in calm water, occasionally in shallow ubiquitous in its distribution in Kansas; it is riffles over a gravel substrate; a variety of found most frequently in turbid, often inter- spawning sites are often utilized, including mittent streams, yet will thrive in almost all nests of sunfishes (Minckley, 1959). available habitats from swift riffles to quiet pools, regardless of depth and bottom type (as FOOD HABITS: long as interspecific competition is not ex- Diet includes small bits of aquatic vegetation, cessive); Cross also stated that this species single-celled animals, small insects, and was least common in large rivers and in clear, crustaceans (Simon, 1946). stable streams; and was found to be most UTILIZATION: numerous where few other fish species occur. The red shiner serves as a forage and bait species due to its widespread occurrence in REPRODUCTION: various areas of its range; apparently this Spawning occurs from May to October in Kansas species has the ability to thrive in the often 0 at water temperatures of 60 to 85°F (Cross, erratic plains streams (Minckley, 1959; Cross, 1967), and has been observed taking place in 1967).

Notropis rubellus (Agassiz) rosyface shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Pfeiffer (1955) described the spawning behavior Present only below Baldhill Dam on the of this species in New York; actual spawning Sheyenne River in North Dakota (Copes, 1965); occurred during the last week in June (average reported for the Minnesota tributaries of the water temperature 80°F); spawning site was Red River (Eddy et al., 1972), and the Hudson in shallow water (2 to 3 inches deep) over Bay drainage in Canada (Keleher, 1956). gravel along side a swiftly flowing riffle; Reed (1957b) reported a five week spawning period SIZE: Average length about 2 to 3 inches (Harlan and in June and July in Pennsylvania in a tem- Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Scott and perature range of 68° to 72°F. Crossman, 1973), but may reach a length of 4 or 5 inches (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). FOOD HABITS: Food consists mainly of aquatic and terrestrial HABITAT: insects, while arachnids, vegetation, fish eggs Prefers the flowing waters of lower portions of and fish are also consumed (Pfeiffer, 1955); streams, especially over fine gravel or sand young-of-the-year probably depend more upon (Scott and Crossman, 1973); usually more algae and diatoms for food, switching to largely abundant in relatively clear streams with fairly an insect diet as they grow older (Reed, high gradients (Trautman, 1957; Cross, 1967); 1957a). Reed (1957a) found this shiner to prefer the basal portion of riffles during early spring, UTILIZATION: summer, and fall, followed by a migration into Importance as a forage or prey species for game deeper pools and eddies for the winter; quite fishes is largely unknown (Scott and Crossman, tolerant of high turbidities (Scott and 1973). Crossman, 1973).

Notropis spilopterus (Cope) spotfin shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA inhabits, especially during summer, swifter DRAINAGES: sections of streams over a sand, gravel, or To date, has been reported only for the rubble bottom; may inhabit the fast water of Sheyenne River in North Dakota (Woolman, riffles, but usually occupies pools and eddies at 1896; Hankinson, 1929; Copes, 1965; Russell, the base of riffles in more moderate current; 1975). Trautman (1957) reported this species in Ohio as being very tolerant of siltation, high SIZE: turbidity, and pollution; however, other Usually does not exceed 3 to 4 inches in length authors (Cross, 1967; Scott and Crossman, (Cross, 1967; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy 1973) have indicated the spotfins' preference and Underhill, 1974). for clean bottoms, and clear or only moderately turbid waters. HABITAT: Primarily a stream fish, although occasionally REPRODUCTION: found in lakes and reservoirs (Pflieger, 1965); Spawning reportedly occurs from May or early

158 June through mid-August (Pflieger, 1965; Scott 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974), but also may and Crossman, 1973); submerged portions of consume some entomostracans and algae. logs and tree roots were usually chosen as spawning sites; eggs are deposited under loose UTILIZATION: bark or in crevices or may be scattered over Probably has some value as a bait species where the spawning site, which was usually located it occurs in sufficient abundance (Scott and near riffles, and in the presence of some Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); current (Pflieger, 1965). possibly provides forage for some game fishes which inhabit the same stream. FOOD HABITS: Feeds mainly on insects (Scott and Crossman,

Notropis stramineus (Cope) sand shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Minckley (1969) have indicated that sand DRAINAGES: shiners are able to withstand highly variable Found in Lake Sakakawea, North Dakota flow, and are more abundant in open-water (Benson, 1968), the Yellowstone River, Montana riffle areas. (Brown, 1971) and the main stem Missouri River, South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962); REPRODUCTION: also in the James River (Woolman, 1896; Copes, Summerfelt and Minckley (1969) reported that 1965; Russell, 1975) and the Souris River spawning in Kansas occurred from May through (Woolman, 1896; Symington, 1959) in North August, with a peak in August; they indicated Dakota; rare in the tributaries of the Red River that spawning during the hot, dry portion of in Minnesota (Eddy et al., 1972). the summer (water temperature 70° to 99°F) apparently enhanced survival of the young, as SIZE: flooding and high amounts of dissolved solids Usually averages about 2 to 3 inches (Cross, usually occurred earlier in the summer. 1967; Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). FOOD HABITS: Feeds mainly on small aquatic insects, crus- HABITAT: taceans, and finely divided detritus (Brown, Inhabits both large and small streams with clear 1971) and is apparently omnivorous. water, rapid current, and sand or gravel bottom (Brown, 1971); intolerant of high UTILIZATION: turbidities, intermittent flow, silted bottom or Probably serves as an important forage or bait among rooted aquatic vegetation (Trautman, species (Brown, 1971); but its identification in 1957); also occurs in sandy shallows of lakes stomach contents is often difficult (Scott and (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Summerfelt and Crossman, 1973).

Notropis topeka Gilbert Topeka shiner RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Maximum length usually 2 to 3 inches (Harlan Found in a few tributaries of the James River and Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Eddy and in South Dakota (Elsen, 1977). Underhill, 1974).

159 HABITAT: summer (late June through August); spawns Suitable habitat in many prairie streams has over the nests of the green and ORANGESPOTTED probably been seriously affected by agricultural sunfishes (PFLIEGER, 1975). practices; MINCKLEY and Cross (1959) indicated that the Topeka shiner prefers quiet, open FOOD HABITS: pools of small, clear streams; suitable flow Specific food habits for the Topeka shiner have generally less than 5 C.F.S. ; bottom type of not been studied. PFLIEGER (1975) stated it is gravel with some rubble and sand; and is probably carnivorous; this species schools in rarely found in continuously strong flow; they MIDWATER or near the surface (PFLIEGER, 1975). indicated that this shiner is not tolerant of intermittent flow. Largely restricted to streams UTILIZATION: with sufficient gradient to prevent extensive It is apparent that the Topeka shiner has deposition of silt (PFLIEGER, 1975). decreased in abundance during recent years due to agricultural practices and climate REPRODUCTION: changes (MINCKLEY and Cross, 1959; Cross, Little has been published on the reproductive 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); therefore, its habits of this shiner; however, Cross (1967) current importance as a forage or bait species indicated this species spawns during the may have also decreased.

Notropis volucellus (Cope) mimic shiner

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA littoral zone at night; reportedly they form DRAINAGES: large schools in open water. Is not listed in North Dakota although it is recorded in Minnesota tributaries of the Red REPRODUCTION: River (Eddy et al., 1972) and the Hudson Bay Spawning reportedly takes place in July and drainage in Canada (Keleher, 1956). August (Cross, 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); it is thought that spawning possibly SIZE: occurs at night (Black, 1945) in deep water Average size about 2 to 3 inches (Scott and among dense weeds. CROSSMAN, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). FOOD HABITS: HABITAT: Feeds largely on DIPTERAN pupae, mayfly adults, Occurs mainly in lakes in Minnesota (Eddy and AMPHIPODS, and DAPHNIA pulex (Moyle, 1969, Underhill, 1974) and seems to prefer quiet or cited by Eddy and Underhill, 1974); CHIRONO- still water (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973); MIDS and algae may also form a substantial part Trautman (1957) described its habitat in Ohio of the diet (Black, 1945). as being clear, moderate to large streams of low or moderate gradient over sand or gravel UTILIZATION: bottoms; apparently the species is quite tolerant An important forage for walleye in Minnesota to rooted aquatic plants; Eddy and Underhill lakes (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); may also be (1974) stated that the mimic shiner was usually an important food item for both largemouth and pelagic during the day and moved into the SMALLMOUTH bass (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973).

Phoxinus EOS (Cope) northern re A)ELLYL dace RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA water in these situations often stained and DRAINAGES: slightly acid; bottom usually composed of finely Is reported in the upper Missouri drainage of divided detritus or silt; in Montana (Brown, Canada by WILLOCK (1969) and in Montana by 1971) this species is found in small creeks with Brown (1971); also reported in Red River abundant vegetation and sandy or gravelly-silt tributaries in North Dakota by Copes (1965) substrates; may also inhabit impoundments with and in Minnesota by Eddy et al. (1972). clear water; quite tolerant of a wide tem- perature range: 34° to 90°F (Eddy and SIZE: Underhill, 1974). 'OHABLYPR seldom exceeds 2 inches in length (Brown, 1971; Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). REPRODUCTION: Spawning occurs from May until August HABITAT: (Brown, 1971) among masses of filamentous Scott and CROSSMAN (1973) gave as habitat for algae; the eggs are nonadhesive and hatch in 8 this species beaver ponds, bog ponds, small to 10 days at water temperatures between 70° lakes, or quiet pool-like expansions of streams; and 80°F.

160 FOOD HABITS: UTILIZATION: Food consists of diatoms and other algae, in May provide excellent forage for species such addition to minute zooplankton, bottom ooze, as the brook trout (Scott and Crossman, 1973) and insects (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, and is often used where available as a bait 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). minnow (Brown, 1971; Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Phoxinus neog aeus Cope finescale dace RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA and Crossman, 1973); inhabits small clear DRAINAGES: streams and ponds in Montana (Brown, 1971). Found in the Red River tributaries in North Dakota, (Copes, 1965) and Minnesota (Eddy et REPRODUCTION: al., 1972); also in the upper Missouri River Spawning occurs in April and May in Minnesota drainage in Canada (Willock, 1969) and Montana (Stasiak, 1972, cited by Eddy and Underhill, (Brown, 1971). 1974) shortly after the ice goes out of the lake or pond. SIZE: Average size usually 2 to 3 inches with few FOOD HABITS: individuals attaining 4 inches in length (Scott Insects, crustaceans, molluscs, and plankton and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, have been reported as food items for the 1974). finescale dace (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). HABITAT: Prefers cool bog lakes, streams, and some UTILIZATION: larger lakes of the central and northern part of An excellent bait species in Minnesota (Eddy the continent; most often in stained, boggy and Underhill, 1974), as it apparently is able to water having neutral or slightly acid pH (Scott withstand crowding and is quite hardy.

Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) bluntnose minnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawning occurs in Kansas from late May In the James River (Woolman, 1896), the through early July at temperatures above 70°F Sheyenne River (Woolman, 1896; Copes, 1965; (Cross, 1967); Scott and Crossman (1973) Russell, 1975) and the Souris River (Woolman, indicated that spawning commences when water 1896); range also includes Lake Traverse, temperatures exceed 68°F, and may extend from South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962), Red late May or June until August in some Canadian River tributaries in Minnesota (Eddy et al., areas; Westman (1938) observed that spawning 1972) and the Red River in Canada (Keleher did not exceed 8 weeks in New York; male and Kooyman, 1957). bluntnose minnows choose a nest site such as under a flat stone, board, logs, or any other SIZE: suitable object; eggs are adhesive and are Usual size about 2.5 to 4 inches (Harlan and deposited on the underside of the object over- Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; Scott and hanging the nest site. Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); males ordinarily grow larger than females (Van Cleave and Markus, 1929). FOOD HABITS: A bottom feeder; food consists mainly of bottom HABITAT: ooze (organic detritus); small chironomid Small permanent streams having rocky bottoms larvae, cladocerans, algae, and a few insect are preferred habitat in Kansas (Cross, 1967); larvae have also been reported in the diet Scott and Crossman (1973) indicated that the (Starrett, 1950b; Keast and Webb, 1966). bluntnose minnow was usually found in clear lakes or pond shallows over sand, gravel, or occasionally mud bottom; they also stated that it UTILIZATION: lives in a variety of rocky or gravelly creeks An important forage minnow (Scott and and streams, and seems to avoid dense aquatic Crossman, 1973) but probably is not used as a vegetation; Trautman (1957) discussed this bait species as widely as the fathead minnow, species' ability to survive under a variety of Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, which is more environmental conditions in Ohio, including hardy and survives better in a minnow bucket gradients of 0-100 ft/mile, excessive turbidities, (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). and pollution.

161 Pimephales promelas Rafinesque fathead minnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA other species tends to exclude or replace the DRAINAGES: fathead minnow. Occurs in all drainages in North Dakota and in REPRODUCTION: upstream and downstream portions of rivers Spawning occurs as early as May when water that are in surrounding states; North Dakota temperatures are at least 64°F (Markus, 1934); records include the Missouri River, Lake eggs are deposited on the underside of an Sakakawea (Cassity, 1979), the James River, object such as a rock, board, branch, or leaf the Wild Rice River, the Sheyenne River, the (Wynne-Edwards, 1932; Markus, 1934; Scott and Souris River and Devils Lake (Russell, 1975). Crossman, 1973); the male guards the nest against intruders or predators during incu- SIZE: bation, and keeps the nest free from sediment Average size generally 2 to 3 inches long by agitating the water (Markus, 1934); post- (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Cross, 1967; spawning mortalities may be as high as 80 to Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy 85%, however, growth is quite rapid, and and Underhill, 1974). southern populations may attain sexual maturity during their first summer (Markus, 1934); in HABITAT: many parts of its range spawning continues into Small turbid brooks and creeks, and shallow August (Scott and Crossman, 1973). ponds and lakes, usually where interspecific competition is not great (Trautman, 1957); FOOD HABITS: tolerant to pH extremes, high salinities or Primarily herbivorous (Eddy and Underhill, alkalinities, low oxygen conditions, and a wide 1974); young fatheads feed on algae, while the range of temperatures (Trautman, 1957; Brown, adults utilize aquatic insects, worms, ento- 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973); various mostracans, and other animals in addition to authors, including Starrett (1950a), Trautman bottom algae. (1957), and Cross (1967) have indicated that the fathead is apparently not successful in the UTILIZATION: presence of a large number of other species; An important bait minnow in many areas due to Cross stated that the fathead's adaptability to its extreme hardiness (Eddy and Underhill, erratic conditions common in many prairie 1974); under natural or pond culture con- streams is perhaps a handicap in more stable ditions, fatheads provide valuable forage for environments where niche specialization by game fishes (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) biacknose dace

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA banks, brush or exposed roots for safety from DRAINAGES: . enemies, and adequate shaded areas; occa- Occurs in Oahe Reservoir, South Dakota sionally found in larger streams. (Benson, 1968); James River in North and South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962); upper REPRODUCTION: Sheyenne River (Wilson, 1950; Copes, 1965; Spawning usually occurs in May or June when Russell, 1975); and lower Sheyenne River the water temperature reaches about 70°F; they (Hankinson, 1929); Souris River (Russell, spawn in the fast water of shallow riffles, over 1975); Red River tributaries, Minnesota (Eddy a gravel bottom (Scott and Crossman, 1973). et al., 1972); Hudson Bay drainage, Canada (Keleher and Kooyman, 1957). FOOD HABITS: Feeds on aquatic insects, worms, amphipods, SIZE: and some algae and plant material (Eddy and Averages about 2.5 inches in length (Scott and Underhill, 1974); chironomids, desmids, and Crossman, 1973); however, may occasionally diatoms are also eaten (Scott and Crossman, attain 4 inches in length (Harlan and Speaker, 1973). 1951; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). UTILIZATION: HABITAT: Occasionally used as a bait minnow and is Prefers moderate and high gradient streams considered to be quite hardy (Eddy and having clear water, permanent flow, over Underhill, 1974); due to its preference for swift bottoms of sand and gravel (Trautman, 1957); streams in which brook trout may also be typical habitat also includes well-defined riffles present, it probably provides forage for that for spawning, pools with deep holes, undercut species (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

162 Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) longnose dace

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA streams in Montana as well as in swift mountain DRAINAGES: streams. Reported in the upper Missouri River drainage in Montana (Brown, 1971) and Canada (Willock, REPRODUCTION: 1969); collected in the upper Sheyenne River in Spawns in riffles over a gravelly bottom during North Dakota (Wilson, 1950; Russell, 1975) and the spring or early summer when water tem- the lower Sheyenne River (Hankinson, 1929; peratures reach 53°F (Brown, 1971); apparently Russell, 1975); widespread in the Red River the eggs are adhesive and hatch among the drainage in Minnesota, Eddy et al. (1972). gravel (Scott and Crossman, 1973). SIZE: Usually about 3 or 4 inches long (Harlan and FOOD HABITS: Speaker, 1951; Brown, 1971; Scott and Food consists largely of nymphs or larvae of Crossman, 1973) but may reach 6 inches in mayflies, midges, stoneflies, and blackflies length (Brown, 1971; Eddy and Underhill, (Brown, 1971); Gerald (1966) found that avail- 1974). ability and abundance of food items were primary factors influencing the diet of longnose HABITAT: dace. Inhabits clean, swiftly flowing, gravel or bouldery streams (Scott and Crossman, 1973); UTILIZATION: also occurs in shoals of lakes over gravel or An important forage species in many streams boulder bottoms where pounding waves create (Brown, 1971); Gerald (1966) in his food habits conditions similar to those in swift streams study of this species also collected brown, (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Brown (1971) rainbow, and cutthroat trout, and mountain found the longnose dace in muddy intermittent whitefish in his study area.

Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) creek chub

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Reighard (1910) described the spawning habits Reported in all North Dakota drainages except of the creek chub as occurring from late April the Devils Lake basin; rare in the Missouri to early July in Michigan; shallow, clear, drainage in North Dakota (Benson, 1968) and streams up to about 80 feet wide were used, Montana (Brown, 1971); Russell (1975) collected nests were constructed by the male in a coarse this species in the James, Sheyenne and Souris gravel bottom, usually at the head of a riffle; Rivers in North Dakota; it occurs in Lake no parental care is given to the eggs after the Traverse, South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, male and female complete the spawning act, and 1962), the Red River drainage in Minnesota eggs develop among the gravelly substrate. (Eddy et al., 1972) and the Hudson Bay drainage in Canada (Keleher and Kooyman, FOOD HABITS: 1957). Aquatic and terrestrial insects and their larvae, molluscs, worms, fishes, and occasional vege- SIZE: tation are all included in the diet (Brown, 1971; Adults usually 3 to 8 inches ,long (Trautman, Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1957); however maximum size attained is 1974); Barber and Minckley (1971) found that probably 10 to 12 inches (Harlan and Speaker, creek chubs fed mainly during early evening 1951; Cross, 1967; Scott and Crossman, 1973; and least in morning; they also concluded that Eddy and Underhill, 1974). chubs fed generally in proportion to availability of food organisms. HABITAT: Abundant in creeks or small streams having UTILIZATION: well-defined riffles and pools, and bottoms of Used as a bait minnow in the United States and sand, gravel, boulders, or bedrock (Trautman, Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and 1957); commonly moves to deeper pools of larger Underhill, 1974) and will provide some sport on streams during drought or winter; also occa- light tackle; Brown (1971) considered creek sionally found in lakes or impoundments chubs important forage for northern pike, (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973). goldeye, sauger, and channel catfish.

163 Semotilus mar ARITA (Cope) pear ace

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA occasionally found in large rivers or lakes DRAINAGES: (Brown, 1971). Range in North Dakota apparently limited to Lake SAKAKAWEA (Benson, 1968); also reported REPRODUCTION: in the upper Missouri drainage in Montana Langlois (1929) described spawning habits for (Brown, 1971) and in Canada (WILLOCK, 1969) the pearl dace which he observed occurring in and the Red River drainage in Minnesota a small stream in Michigan in June; water (Eddy et al., 1972) and Canada (Keleher and temperature ranged from 63° to 65°F; spawning KOOYMAN, 1957). took place in or out of the current and in 1.5 to 2.0 feet of water over a sand or gravel SIZE: bottom. Maximum size usually about 6 inches (Brown, FOOD HABITS: 1971; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Canadian Diet includes insects, crustaceans, worms, and populations average about 3.5 inches in length small fishes (Brown, 1971); some algae or (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973). higher vegetation is probably also consumed. HABITAT: UTILIZATION: Typically inhabits small, clear, cool streams; May be an important forage or bait species however, often found in bog ponds and in where abundant (Scott and Crossman, 1973). stained water (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973);

Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque) CATOSTOMIDAE river carpsucker

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawns from May to July (Cross, 1967; Brown, Occurs in the Missouri River (Benson, 1968) 1971); eggs are deposited over vegetation and and Lake Sakakawea (Cassity, 1979), in North debris commonly found along quiet stream Dakota, South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962; banks. Benson, 1968) and Montana (Benson, 1968; Brown, 1971); also recorded in the James River FOOD HABITS: in North and South Dakota. Food items include diatoms, desmids, filamentous algae, small crustaceans and molluscs; insect SIZE: larvae also eaten (Simon, 1946; Brown, 1971); May reach 20 to 25 inches in length and weigh considered to be indiscriminate in its food 10 pounds; maturity is attained when they are habits (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); carpsuckers about 16 or 18 inches long and weigh 2 pounds are bottom feeders and probably eat almost any or less (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Trautman, material they encounter. 1957; Cross, 1967; Brown, 1971).

HABITAT: UTILIZATION: Prefers pools and backwaters of usually larger, Have little value as a sport fish (Eddy and silted and turbid rivers (Trautman, 1957; Underhill, 1974); although they will readily take Cross, 1967); Brown (1971) indicated that the a hook baited with dough balls and may appeal river carpsucker was found in most streams and to some when smoked (Brown, 1971). A limited reservoirs within its range regardless of their number of river carpsuckers are included in size, velocity or turbidity, although it was not commercial fishery harvests in Missouri River found in Montana's colder mountain streams. reservoirs (Hildebrand, 1967).

Carpiodes cyprinus (Lesueur) quiliback RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Maximum size in Ohio is reportedly 24 to 26 The quillback is rare in Lake Sakakawea and inches and 9 to 12 pounds (Trautman, 1957); not found in any other main stem Missouri River maximum size elsewhere reportedly 15 to 18 reservoir (Benson, 1968). It is found down- inches (Cross, 1967; Scott and Crossman, stream from Baldhill Dam on the Sheyenne River 1973). (Copes, 1965; Peterka, 1978) and in the Red River (Dotson, 1964); also in the Hudson Bay REPRODUCTION: drainage in Manitoba (Keleher and Kooyman, Quillbacks migrate to spawning areas in April 1957). and May where they deposit their eggs in the

164 quiet waters of the stream; they are random possibly a competitor for invertebrate food with spawners, eggs are deposited over sand and channel catfish with which they often occur mud bottoms, and no care is given to the (Scott and Crossman, 1973). young (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Scott and Crossman, 1973). UTILIZATION: FOOD HABITS: Commercial value usually limited to where the Reportedly have a scavenging habit, feeding on species is abundant such as in the Mississippi debris in the bottom ooze, plant material and River (Scott and Crossman, 1973); limited sport insect larvae (Harlan and Speaker, 1951); value.

Catostomus catostomus (Forster) longnose sucker

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA 54° to 59°F(Brown, 1971); a migration is made DRAINAGES: upstream or from lakes into tributaries where In Garrison and Fort Peck Reservoirs (Benson, spawning occurs in shallow gravelly riffles; 1968); Willock (1969) reports it in the upper when both the longnose and white sucker occur Missouri drainage in Canada; also in the Souris in the same stream, the longnose run usually River (Thompson, 1898) and is common in the precedes by several days that of the white northern portions of the Hudson Bay drainage sucker (Scott and Crossman, 1973). in Canada (Eddy et al., 1972); not reported in the Red River in North Dakota or Minnesota. FOOD HABITS: amphipods (Hyalella), SIZE: Food items include Usually about 10 to 14 inches in length (Brown, Trichoptera, chironomid larvae and pupae, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973). Ephemeroptera, ostracods, gastropods, Coleoptera, pelecypods, copepods such as Cyclops, cladocerans Bosmina, HABITAT: such as and Prefers clear cold streams and lakes, but is some amount of algae or higher plants (Scott occasionally found in drainages where tem- and Crossman, 1973). peratures are moderately warm and where turbidities are high (Brown, 1971); generally UTILIZATION: restricted to freshwater lake bottoms or Some commercial value in Canada (Scott and tributary streams (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Crossman, 1973); usually of little or no sport value (Brown, 1971); in lakes and streams REPRODUCTION: young and older longnose suckers provide Spawning in Montana may occur from April to forage for predaceous fishes, birds, and even early July when water temperatures are from bears (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Catostomus commersoni (LaceOde) white sucker

_ • -

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: May reach 17 to 19 inches in lakes, while The white sucker has been reported for all usually smaller (8 to 9 inches) in stream North Dakota drainages; Russell (1975) collected habitats (Cross, 1967); maximum size reportedly it in all drainages he surveyed except the about 25 inches (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Devils Lake basin. Scott and Crossman, 1973).

165 HABITAT: FOOD HABITS: Brown (1971) stated that this sucker occurred Young suckers feed on the surface in schools, in nearly every stream east of the Continental eating protozoans, cladocerans, copepods, midge Divide except for those with very cold tem- larvae and diatoms; older fish feed on the peratures and high velocities; adaptable to a bottom on a variety of aquatic invertebrates, variety of habitats, including lakes, streams, diatoms, algae, and debris (Brown, 1971). and their impoundments. REPRODUCTION: UTILIZATION: Spawning takes place in the spring, usually Young or yearling suckers commonly an impor- April or May into June; a migration upstream or tant source of forage for predatory fishes such from lakes into tributaries occurs when water as northern pike, muskellunge, basses, walleye, temperatures reach 50°F(Scott and Crossman, and burbot (Scott and Crossman, 1973); ex- 1973); spawning sites are usually shallow, tensively used as a bait species in many areas; gravelly stream riffles; eggs are adhesive and highly valued as a food fish in certain areas, hatch in the gravel after incubating 12 to 20 and is usually smoked, salted or pickled (Eddy days at 50°F(Brown, 1971). and Underhill, 1974).

Cycleptus elon atus (Lesueur) blue sucker

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA intolerant to turbidity and other pollutants DRAINAGES: (Trautman, 1957). Presently occurs in the Missouri drainage in North Dakota (Berard, 1973); South Dakota REPRODUCTION: Allum, 1962); Spawning reportedly occurs from April to June (Bailey and Montana (Brown, 50°F 1971); Benson (1968) reported that it is rare in when water temperatures have reached all main stem Missouri River Reservoirs. Beal (Brown, 1971); Cross (1967) collected blue (1967) reported the blue sucker from the lower suckers in breeding condition in April at water temperatures of 50° to 60°F; Cross thought that James River in South Dakota. adults overwinter in deep pools and move upstream to spawn in riffle areas. SIZE: Maximum size at least 2 feet (Eddy and FOOD HABITS: Underhill, 1974) and may be over 3 feet Food consists largely of insects and insect (Trautman, 1957); maximum weight reportedly larvae, crustaceans and other small inverte- 10 to 15 pounds (Harlan and Speaker, 1951). brates, and some plant material (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Brown, 1971). HABITAT: Preferred habitat is the deep water of large UTILIZATION: rivers and reservoirs, having low turbidities A highly prized food fish in some areas and swift current (Brown, 1971); probably (Brown, 1971; Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Erimyzon sucetta (Lacepede) lake chubsucker

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA bottoms of sand or fine gravel; Scott and DRAINAGES: Crossman (1973) gave the Canadian habitat for Hankinson's (1929) report of the lake chub- this species as small, shallow, warm, weedy sucker in the Sheyenne River is the only ponds in the Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair area. reported occurrence of this species in North Dakota or the Hudson Bay drainage. REPRODUCTION: Cooper (1935) provided some information on the spawning habits of this species raised in SIZE: Michigan rearing ponds; spawning lasted about Seldom exceeds 10 inches in northern waters two weeks and occurred in June and July; the (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Trautman (1957) nonadhesive eggs were scattered over large and gave average length of 5 to 10 inches, average small beds of aquatic moss, among masses of weight of 2 to 10 ounces. filamentous algae, and among dead grass stubble. HABITAT: Trautman (1957) indicated that the lake chub- FOOD HABITS: sucker inhabited pothole lakes and larger Food items of both small and adult chubsuckers streams of glaciated portions of Ohio, was consist of a variety of bottom organisms, intolerant of turbidity and siltation, and including copepods, cladocerans, and chironomid preferred much submerged vegetation and larvae (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

166 UTILIZATION: was an excellent forage species for largemouth Cooper (1935) found this species to be a and smallmouth bass, and it survived well when rapidly growing forage fish; Bennett and stocked with these predators. Childers (1966) indicated that the chubsucker

Ictiobus bubalus (Rafinesque) smallmouth buffalo

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Eggs are deposited at random over the bottom Common in all Missouri main stem reservoirs or on aquatic vegetation (Brown, 1971). (Benson, 1968), the upper Missouri drainage in Montana (Brown, 1971) and the main stem FOOD HABITS: Missouri River in South Dakota (Bailey and McComish (1967) found that copepods and Allum, 1962); also in the James River in South cladocerans made up 99% of the diet of young- Dakota. of-the-year buffalo in a reservoir on the Missouri River in South Dakota; rotifers, SIZE: cladocerans, copepods, algae, and insect larvae Usually 15 to 28 inches long, weighing between (chironomids) were eaten by subadult and adult 15 and 20 pounds (Trautman, 1957); maximum smallmouth buffalo; McComish noted that the size 25 to 40 pounds. smallmouth buffalo fed opportunistically on organisms that were abundant, and probably HABITAT: concentrated their feeding efforts along the Inhabits rivers and their impoundments in bottom in shallow shoreline areas. shallow and deep water over firm bottoms (Brown, 1971); not often found in small UTILIZATION: streams; attains largest numbers in Ohio in the Rarely taken by anglers, but is valued as a deeper, swifter, and clearer waters of the commercial species along with the bigmouth larger rivers (Trautman, 1957). buffalo (Brown, 1971).

Ictiobus cyrprinellus (Valenciennes) bigmouth buffalo

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA a direct competitor with carp with which it DRAINAGES: commonly occurs (Trautman, 1957). Reported in Lake Sakakawea (Berard, 1973), the upper Missouri River and Fort Peck REPRODUCTION: Reservoir in Montana (Brown, 1971) and the Spawning occurs primarily in May and June Missouri River main stem in South Dakota when water temperatures are between 60° and (Bailey and Allum, 1962); Benson (1968) 65°F (Scott and Crossman, 1973); much considered it common in all main stem reser- splashing and activity in shallow water are voirs; occurs also in the James River (Bailey involved in the spawning act; eggs are adhesive and Allum, 1962; Russell, 1975), the Wild Rice and stick to the vegetation; spring flooding and River (Copes, 1965; Russell, 1975) and the the addition of fresh water are thought to Sheyenne River below Baldhill Dam (Copes, activate spawning activity (Johnson, 1963). 1965); Hubbs and Lagler (1958) report its range includes the Red River but Scott and FOOD HABITS: Crossman (1973) consider it rare throughout the Young bigmouth buffalo feed mainly on copepods Red River basin. and cladocera (Johnson, 1963; McComish, 1967); adult buffalo feed mainly on entomostracans, SIZE: with smaller amounts of molluscs, chironomids, Adiilts usually 15 to 30 inches long and weigh and phytoplankton being eaten; probably a up to 30 pounds (Trautman, 1957); maximum bottom as well as plankton feeder (Johnson, weight of an Iowa specimen was 80 pounds 1963). (Harlan and Speaker, 1951). UTILIZATION: HABITAT: Has considerable commercial value in certain Large rivers and flood plain lakes, sloughs, areas (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, bayous, and shallow lakes (Scott and Crossman, 1973); this species is fished commercially in 1973); very tolerant of turbidity, and probably Lake Sakakawea and Lake Oahe.

167 Ictiobus niger (Rafinesque) buffalouffalo RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawned along the margin of a flooded Dotson (1964) listed the black buffalo in Lake Mississippi swamp where eggs were spread on Sakakawea, North Dakota; Moen (1970) reported fallen tree tops, logs, and bushes (Yeager, this species in Lake Mitchell, South Dakota in 1936); spawning habits in more northern states the James River drainage. have not been studied. FOOD HABITS: SIZE: Feeding largely on plankton, insect larvae, Moen (1970) examined 8 black buffalo ranging vegetation, and some molluscs (Harlan and from 6 to 18 pounds; can obtain a weight of 50 Speaker, 1951); sometimes found in shallow pounds (Pflieger, 1975). riffles of larger rivers, where their fins and backs break the surface as they forage (Cross, HABITAT: 1967). In Iowa, confined to the Mississippi and UTILIZATION: Missouri Rivers, with some living in large lakes Rarely takes natural or artificial lures (Harlan and the larger inland streams (Harlan and and Speaker, 1951); seems to be caught more Speaker, 1951); in the Mississippi and Missouri often than other buffalo species by anglers who Rivers and streams and ditches of the lowlands use doughballs or worms (Cross, 1967); a few in Missouri (Pflieger, 1975); prefers deep, fast individuals included in the commercial harvest riffles in rivers, but common in lakes and can on the Missouri River in Iowa (Harlan and adapt to reservoirs (Cross, 1967). Speaker, 1951).

Moxostoma anisurum (Rafinesque) silver redhorse

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA 1962); less abundant in silted or otherwise DRAINAGES: polluted streams (Trautman, 1957). Red and Souris Rivers in northern North Dakota (Scott and Crossman, 1973) and the Red REPRODUCTION: Meyer (1962) indicated that spawning in Iowa River in Manitoba (Keleher and Kooyman, 1957). probably occurred in May when water tem- perature was 56°F; spawning was assumed to SIZE: take place in the main channel of the turbid Adults usually 11 to 22 inches long and weigh Des Moines River in water 1 to 3 feet deep, 0.5 to 5 pounds (Trautman, 1957); maximum over a gravel-rubble bottom; the silver red- size usually about 24 or 26 inches (Eddy and horse apparently does not utilize tributaries for Underhill, 1974). spawning. FOOD HABITS: HABITAT: Redhorses over 4 inches long feed mostly on Usually more abundant in streams than in lakes immature chironomids, mayflies, and caddis flies or reservoirs; young silver redhorses inhabit (Meyer, 1962). slow-moving waters over soft-bottomed areas, especially near protective overhanging river UTILIZATION: banks; adults prefer slow current and areas Limited commercial value, and is not frequently where long, deep pools are available (Meyer, taken by anglers.

Moxostoma erythrurum (Rafinesque) golden redhorse RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA HABITAT: DRAINAGES: Young inhabit slow-moving waters over soft Not reported in North Dakota drainages but has bottoms along with the silver redhorse (Meyer, been reported in the Minnesota tributaries of 1962); most abundant in relatively clear streams the Red River (Eddy et al., 1972). having riffles with sand, gravel, boulder or bedrock bottoms, and also deep pools free from SIZE: rapidly accumulating silt and aquatic vegetation Adults usually 11 to 18 inches long (Trautman, (Trautman, 1957); less abundant in large lakes 1957; Scott and Crossman, 1973); weigh 0.5 to such as Lake Erie. 2.5 pounds; maximum size in Ohio reported for a fish 26 inches long weighing 4.5 pounds REPRODUCTION: (Trautman, 1957). Reportedly spawn during mid-May when water

168 temperatures slightly exceed 60°F (Meyer, mayflies, and caddisflies, worms and molluscs 1962); spawning takes place in riffles in the (Scott and Crossman, 1973). main stream, as adults usually do not ascend smaller tributaries to spawn (Scott and UTILIZATION: Crossman, 1973). Little commercial value (Scott and Crossman, 1973); valued as a food fish in certain areas FOOD HABITS: and supports a substantial sport gig-fishery in Feed on invertebrates found in bottom sedi- portions of Kansas (Cross, 1967). ments; diet includes immature chironomids,

Moxostoma macrolepidotum (Lesueur) shorthead redhorse

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA killed by domestic and industrial pollution DRAINAGES: (Trautman, 1957); have reportedly withstood Reportedly present in the Missouri drainage temperatures as high as 99°F (Cross, 1967). from Canada southward to South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962; Willock, 1969; Brown, 1971; REPRODUCTION: Berard, 1973) but Benson (1968) did not report Spawning occurs in Iowa during late April when it in Fort Peck Reservoir in Montana, present water temperatures are 52°F(Meyer, 1962); the in Lake Audubon (Cassity, 1979); also occurs shorthead migrates upstream or out of lakes in the James River (Bailey and Allum, 1962; into tributaries to spawn on gravelly riffles Russell, 1975), and in the lower Sheyenne (Scott and Crossman, 1973); spawning usually River (Hankinson, 1929; Copes, 1965; Russell, takes place at night or early morning. 1975); Eddy et al. (1972) record it in the Red River drainage in Minnesota. FOOD HABITS: Food items include insect larvae such as SIZE: chironomids, mayflies, and caddisflies (Meyer, Adults usually 13 to 18 inches long (Trautman, 1962); molluscs and worms have also been 1957). reported in the diet (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973). HABITAT: Inhabits shallow, clear water of lakes or clear UTILIZATION: rivers, over bottoms of sand or gravel (Scott Limited commercial value (Scott and Crossman, and Crossman, 1973); fast moving water is 1973) and is occasionally sought by anglers preferred (Meyer, 1962; Brown, 1971); readily (Brown, 1971; Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan greater redhorse

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Very little is known of the biology of this Reported in the lower Sheyenne River (Copes, redhorse; Scott and Crossman (1973) stated 1965; Robins and Raney, 1957). that the greater redhorse probably spawned from May to early July in Canada, utilizing SIZE: moderately rapid streams. Usually 15 to 18 inches long (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Trautman (1957) gave as maximum size 24.5 inches and weight of 3 to 5 FOOD HABITS: pounds. Probably similar to that of other redhorses; diet undoubtedly includes a variety of immature HABITAT: insects, worms and molluscs (Scott and Prefers large streams having clear waters Crossman, 1973). throughout most of the year and bottoms of clean sand, gravel or boulders (Trautman, 1957); highly intolerant of excessive turbidity UTILIZATION: and chemical pollution; occurs in lesser numbers Probably has little sport or commercial value in the Great Lakes (Scott and Crossman, 1973). because of its limited abundance.

Ictaluras furcatus (Lesueur) ICTALURIDAE blue catfish RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA perhaps near the mouths of the larger trib- DRAINAGES: utaries (Bailey and Allum, 1962); blue catfish In South Dakota, in the Missouri River and formerly were netted in ,

169 but they were evidently unable to adapt to (Pflieger, 1975); it frequents the deeper waters impounded conditions, and is of the river channels in Illinois, coming into the probably the upstream limit in the Missouri shallower sloughs and backwaters in spring River (Walburg, 1964); Eddy and Underhill (Forbes and Richardson, 1920). (1978) included Minnesota in the range of the blue catfish, presumably in the Mississippi REPRODUCTION: River; Harlan and Speaker (1951) stated blue Breeds in June and early July in Iowa when the catfish were occasionally reported from the water temperature reaches about 70° to 75°F, upper Mississippi River or one of the inland after constructing nests similar to those of the streams in Iowa, although authentic records are channel catfish (Harlan and Speaker, 1951). scarce; the blue catfish is often confused with large, breeding channel catfish (Harlan and FOOD HABITS: Speaker, 1951). Feeds mostly on or near the bottom and to a lesser extent in mid-water (Pflieger, 1975); eats SIZE: a variety of animal life including fishes, imma- Usually from 5 to 15 pounds, but blue catfish ture aquatic insects, crayfish, fingernail clams, much larger are not uncommon (Harlan and and freshwater mussels (Brown and Dendy, Speaker, 1951); many early reports of catfish 1961); bulk of the diet of smaller individuals is over 100 pounds almost certainly referred to the composed of small invertebrates (Pflieger, blue catfish (Pflieger, 1975); Cross (1967) 1975). relates some accounts by early writers at- tributing weights of over 200 pounds to this UTILIZATION: species. Angled for in the Missouri River in Iowa, most often taken on heavy trot line tackle (Harlan HABITAT: and Speaker, 1951); propagated in southern Largely confined to the Missouri and Mississippi states, where it has commercial use as a Rivers in Iowa (Harlan and Speaker, 1951); in pondfish (Cross, 1967); because of its large the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers and their size potential and its firm, tasty flesh, the blue principal tributaries in Missouri, usually in catfish is a highly valued food fish (Pflieger, swift chutes and pools having noticable current 1975).

Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) black bullhead

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA the water temperature reaches 69.8°F (Scott DRAINAGES: and Crossman, 1973); eggs deposited in shallow Reported in all North Dakota drainages and in saucer-shaped depressions in mud or sand surrounding states, abundant in Lake Audubon bottom in water 2 to 4 feet deep; nest often (Cassity, 1979). hidden by aquatic vegetation (Brown, 1971). SIZE: Athilts usually 4.5 to 12 inches long, weighing FOOD HABITS: less than a pound (Trautman, 1957); stunting Omnivorous--diet includes aquatic insects, may result from overpopulation. crayfish, worms, snails, small clams, fish and aquatic plants; young are daytime feeders while HABITAT: adults are more active at night (Brown, 1971); Typically inhabits small to medium-sized streams fathead minnows may be important food item of low gradient, ponds and backwaters of larger (Harlan and Speaker, 1951); may be efficient streams, and soft-bottomed areas of lakes or scavengers (Cross, 1967). impoundments; extremely tolerant of high turbidity, heavy siltation, high water tem- peratures, low dissolved oxygen concentrations, UTILIZATION: and pollution (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Usually not heavily preyed upon by large fishes Crossman, 1973). due to bullhead's habitat, nocturnal habits, and protection afforded by spines (Scott and REPRODUCTION: Crossman, 1973); limited sport and commercial Spawns in late spring and early summer when fishery importance.

Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur) yellow bullhead RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: Adults average 5.5 to 15 inches long and weigh Woolman (1896) collected it in the James River up to slightly over 2 pounds (Trautman, 1957); in North Dakota; Elsen (1977) reported it in the maximum length about 17 or 18 inches. James River in South Dakota; also collected once in a Montana tributary of the Missouri HABITAT: River (Brown, 1971). Prefers heavily vegetated, shallow, clear-water

170 portions of bays, small shallow lakes, and FOOD HABITS: slow-moving streams over various bottom types Considered to be a scavenger by habit (Scott from muck to gravel (Scott and Crossman, and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1973); principally a stream fish in Kansas, 1974); food items include fish, crayfish, being most common in clear, permanent trib- insects, snails, aquatic worms, and vegetation utaries over rocky bottoms (Cross, 1967). depending largely upon availability; like most other catfishes the yellow bullhead is more REPRODUCTION: active at night. Spawning lasts for about 2 weeks, usually occurring sometime between late May to early UTILIZATION: June; a shallow, depression-like nest is built, Limited commercial or sport value, occasionally or burrows in stream banks or near submerged being taken by anglers using live bait (Scott objects are used (Scott and Crossman, 1973); and Crossman, 1973). the male will guard the nest and newly hatched young until they reach 2 inches in length.

ICTALURUS NEBULOSUS (Lesueur) brown bullhead

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA spawn twice a season after a temperature of DRAINAGES: 70°F has been reached; both male and female Reported in the James River (Woolman, 1896) work to build the nest, consisting usually of a and in the upper Sheyenne River (Wilson, 1950; natural, sheltered hollow, or a hole deep in Copes, 1965). gravel; parents provide continual agitation and aeration to the eggs, and watch over the young SIZE: after they hatch. Average size commonly about 8 to 14 inches (Scott and Crossman, 1973); maximum size FOOD HABITS: listed by various authors about 18 inches and 2 Omnivorous bottom feeder; diet includes insect to 4 pounds (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Cross, larvae, terrestrial insects, crustaceans, 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). molluscs, worms, and leeches, algae, plant material, fishes and fish eggs (Scott and HABITAT: Crossman, 1973); rubbish and slaughter wastes Usually occurs near or on the bottom in also eaten; young brown bullheads primarily eat shallow, warmwater ponds, small lakes, bays of chironomid larvae, cladocerans, ostracods, larger lakes, and larger, slow-moving streams, amphipods, hemipterans, and small ephemerop- having abundant aquatic vegetation and sand or terans (Keast and Webb, 1966). mud bottoms (Scott and Crossman, 1973); tolerant of high temperatures, low oxygen UTILIZATION: conditions, and polluted situations. Young bullheads serve as forage for fishes such as chain pickerel, northern pike, muskellunge, REPRODUCTION: walleye, and SAUGER (Scott and CROSSMAN, Spawns as early as April and has continued into 1973); also has some commercial and sport August (see Breder, 1935); this bullhead may value.

ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS (RAFINESQUE) channel catfish RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA HABITAT: DRAINAGES: Primarily inhabits moderate to swiftly flowing Common in all Missouri main stem reservoirs streams over a sand, gravel or rubble bottom; Benson (1968), the James River in North and also occurs in some sluggish streams and in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962) and the lakes and reservoirs; often found in muddy lower Sheyenne River in North Dakota (Copes, water streams having a heavy silt load; usually 1965; Russell, 1975); in the Red River and prefers water temperatures above 70°F (Miller, southern part of Lake Winnipeg, Eddy et al. 1966); adult catfish usually seek the protection (1972); and also noted in Lake Traverse, South of deep holes, logs or boulders during the day, Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962). and come into shallow water at night. SIZE: Adults usually 11 to 30 inches long and weigh REPRODUCTION: up to 15 pounds (Trautman, 1957); maximum Spawns in late spring or early summer when size reportedly between 36 and 40 inches, with water temperatures are between 70° and 85°F, weights up to 25 or 30 pounds (Cross, 1967; with 80°F being optimal (Miller, 1966); male Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, locates the site, usually consisting of a dark 1974). cavity such as a muskrat burrow, stream bank

171 depression, or crevice in lodged debris, or various minnows (Scott and Grossman, 1973) . among rocks (Brown, 1971 ) . UTILIZATION: FOOD HABITS: An excellent pond culture fish in the southern Consumes a wide variety of plant and animal United States ; highly esteemed food fish and material ; the young feed primarily on aquatic sought by anglers in various parts of the insects ; adults have been known to feed on country ; an important commercial species in items such as mayflies, caddisflies , chironomids , parts of the United States and Canada (Scott molluscs, crayfish, algae and higher vegetation, and Crossman , 1973; Eddy and Underhill, seeds, and fishes such as yellow perch and 1974 ) .

Noturus flavus Rafinesque stonecat

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawns from early June to late August, with a The stonecat is found in Lake Sakakawea peak in latter June (Carlander, , 1969 ) ; water (Benson, 1968) , and in the lower Sheyenne temperatures around 82°Fare probably optimal River drainage in North Dakota (Russell, 1975) ; (Scott and Grossman, 1973) ; spawning may it has recently been found in the Red River of occur in streams or in rocky lake shallows ; the the North (Stewart and Lindsey, 1970) . eggs are placed under stones and guarded by both parents. SIZE: Usually about 6 to 8 inches long (Scott and FOOD HABITS: Grossman, 1973) ; maximum size in Ohio 12.3 Food items largely consist of immature aquatic inches long, weighing 1 pound, 1 ounce insects (especially mayflies) ; molluscs, minnows, (Trautman, 1957) . crayfish, and plant material also eaten (Scott and Grossman, 1973) ; known to eat the spawn HABITAT: of other fishes (Brown, 1971 ) . The distribution of this species of stonecat is controlled by stream gradient; it prefers riffles UTILIZATION: or rapids of moderate or large streams, usually Little commercial or sport value (Brown, 1971; having numerous large loose rocks (Taylor, Scott and Crossman , 1973) ; Trautman (1957) 1969) ; also occurs in the rocky and gravelly stated that the stonecat was a remarkable index shoals of Lake Erie where currents and wave of the abundance of smallmouth bass ; where action produce stream-like conditions stonecats were usually abundant, so were the (Trautman, 1957) ; populations of stonecat are bass ; a favorite bait for flathead catfish in seriously reduced when streams are impounded, Minnesota (Eddy and Underhill, 1974) . presumably due to the loss of suitable riffle areas, and the lowering of water temperatures (Taylor, 1969) .

Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill) tadpole ma dtom RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA waters, oxbows, and base- or low-gradient DRAINAGES: streams ; very nocturnal in habit, seeking Collected in the James River and all North protection during the day in cavities, cutbanks , Dakota tributaries of the Red River surveyed debris, or vegetation (Scott and Grossman, by Russell (1975) . Reported in the Missouri 1973 ) . River by Berard (1973) and Benson (1968) and in the James River in South Dakota (Bailey and REPRODUCTION: Allum , 1962) . Reportedly spawns during the summer, probably late June and July (Scott and Grossman, 1973) SIZE: in rivers or occasionally in lake shallows ; nests Adults usually 1.7 to 3.5 inches long are built in dark cavities and foreign objects (Trautman, 1957) ; length rarely exceeds 3 or 4 such as tin cans are often utilized (Cross, inches (Scott and Crossman , 1973; Eddy and 1967) . Underhill, 1974) FOOD HABITS: HABITAT: Food has been reported to consist of crus- Inhabits quiet or slow-moving waters, usually taceans such as cladocerans , ostracods , and over a soft muddy, heavily vegetated bottom amphipods ; chironomids and debris are also (Taylor, 1969) ; favorite habitats include lakes consumed (Carlander, , 1969) ; feeding occurs and their outlets, sloughs, ponds, quiet back- primarily at night.

172 UTILIZATION: dant probably provide forage to game fish Madtoms are considered to be excellent bait in (Cross, 1967). some areas of the United States, and if abun-

Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque) flathead catfish

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA water at night; often found to be abundant DRAINAGES: below locks and dams on large rivers such as Collected in the Little Missouri River in North the Mississippi (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); log Dakota (Van Eeckhout, 1974); Benson (1968) jams also provide a favorite haunt. reports it in main stream reservoirs downstream of Lake Sakakawea; collected near the mouth of REPRODUCTION: the James River, South Dakota (Elsen, 1977). Spawns in June and July; a nest is prepared by the male under a log, stump, or brush pile SIZE: in quiet water (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); the Adults usually between 15 and 45 inches in male guards and attends to the eggs until they length and weigh up to 45 pounds (Trautman, hatch; the young remain tightly schooled for a 1957); maximum sizes reported to be 80 to 100 short while until they disperse (Cross, 1967; pounds (Trautman, 1957; Cross, 1967; Eddy Eddy and Underhill, 1974). and Underhill, 1974). FOOD HABITS: HABITAT: Flatheads smaller than 4 inches depend mainly Most frequently taken in large streams; upon aquatic insect larvae for food; fish Minckley and Deacon (1959) indicated that between 4 and 10 inches feed on insect larvae, flatheads were found in various portions of fishes, and crayfish, while larger flatheads eat Kansas streams depending upon size of the mostly fish and crayfish (Minckley and Deacon, fish: individuals less than 4 inches long were 1959); they will eat almost any kind of animal found in riffle areas; those 4 to 12 inches long food whether it be fresh or carrion (Eddy and were usually dispersed throughout the stream; Underhill, 1974); seeds, molluscs, and garbage those 12 to 16 inches long were most often are occasional food items. found near protective cover such as logs, brush piles and rocks, and at intermediate UTILIZATION: depths, while fish larger than 16 inches were Important commercial species in the Missouri and generally found in deep pools, often near logs lower Mississippi River (Eddy and Underhill, or downed trees, and usually were solitary in 1974); sought by anglers, often using stonecats habit; flatheads probably move into shallower for bait (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum) PERCOPSIDAE trout-perch

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA River (Copes, 1965) and the Souris River in DRAINAGES: North Dakota (Sprague, 1960; Russell, 1975); Range includes upper Sheyenne River (Wilson, widespread in the Red River drainage in 1950; Russell, 1975), the lower Sheyenne River Minnesota (Eddy et al., 1972). (Copes, 1965; Russell, 1975), the Wild Rice

173 SIZE: p .m . and midnight (Magnuson and Smith, 1963) ; Average length probably about 3 to 5 inches shallow beaches and tributary streams are (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); maximum size may commonly used for spawning. be up to 8 inches in length. FOOD HABITS: HABITAT: Young trout-perch feed largely on ostracods , Prefers lake shoals and deeper pools of amphipods , and chironomids ; larger fish streams, ordinarily over bottoms of clean sand, consume chironomid and mayfly larvae, other gravel or rubble (Brown, 1971 ) ; occasionally insects, and occasionally small minnows and collected in slow-moving, turbid prairie streams darters (Carlander, , 1969) ; feeding presumably (Scott and Crossman , 1973 ) . takes place at night, when trout-perch charac- teristically move into shallower waters (Scott REPRODUCTION: and Crossman , 1973 ) . Spawning reportedly commences in May and ends in August, with the peak of the first UTILIZATION: spawning run occurring after mean air tem- Greatest utilization is as a forage species for peratures exceed 50°Ffor about 44 to 46 days various predators ; Magnuson and Smith (1963) (Magnuson and Smith, 1963) ; spawning indicated that in a Minnesota lake trout-perch commonly takes place in shallow waters (less had been reported in stomachs of walleye, than 3.5 feet) , and the greatest spawning yellow perch, northern pike, and freshwater effort has been observed to occur between 7 drum.

Lota Iota (Linnaeus) burbot

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA rock slides has been indicated (Robins and DRAINAGES: Deubler, , 1955, cited by Cross, 1967) . Common in the Missouri River in Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota (Bailey and Allum , REPRODUCTION: 1971 ) ; Spawns in mid-winter, usually from January to 1962; Benson, 1968; Brown, present in Crossman , Lake Audubon (Cassity, , 1979 ) ; widely dis- March in northern regions (Scott and tributed in the Hudson Bay drainage except in 1973) ; preferred temperatures are 33° to 35°F, the Red River of the North (Keleher and ordinarily before the ice goes out; spawning commonly occurs in shallow water, less than 10 Kooyman , 1957) . feet deep, over a sand, gravel or rocky bottom; spawning is said to involve a number of SIZE: spawning individuals ; all activity is nocturnal ; Adults usually 16 to 30 inches long, weighing no parental care is given, as large numbers of about 2 to 10 pounds (Trautman, 1957) ; eggs are scattered randomly. maximum size reported to be up to 75 pounds (Scott and Crossman , 1973; Eddy and FOOD HABITS: Underhill, 1974) . A voracious predator which feeds primarily at night; young burbot, while still in shallow HABITAT: streams, feed primarily on amphipods such as Prefers the deep, cold waters of lakes Gammarus , mayfly nymphs, and crayfish; after (Trautman, 1957) ; inhabits hypolimnion during moving to deeper waters in lakes or rivers, the summer; has been caught as deep as 700 burbot consume items such as Mysis relicta , feet (Scott and Crossman , 1973) ; optimum immature aquatic insects, crayfish, and temperature range 60° to 65°F, with 74°F molluscs ; the larger burbot feed almost exclu- probably the upper limit (Scott and Crossman , sively on fishes ; the following species have 1973) ; move into shallower waters at night been reported in burbot stomachs : ciscoes , during the summer, and also during the winter, walleye, yellow perch, alewife, kokanee , smelt, when spawning takes place ; young-of-the-year sculpins , trout-perch, sticklebacks, freshwater often found in along rocky shores and in weedy drum, logperch , and white bass (Scott and tributary streams ; by mid-summer burbot have Crossman , 1973) . taken their place in deep waters along with lake trout, whitefishes, and sculpins (Scott and UTILIZATION: Crossman , 1973) ; burbot also occur in large Ordinarily regarded as a coarse fish of little rivers such as the Missouri and their impound- commercial or sport value ; often taken by ice ments (Cross, 1967; Brown, 1971) ; a preference fishermen ; reportedly a good-eating fish (Eddy for protective cover such as fallen trees or and Underhill, 1974) .

174 Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur) CYPRINODONTIDAE banded killifish RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA early summer (Breder and Rosen, 1966). DRAINAGES: Wright and Allen (1913) found the spawning Reported in the Sheyenne River (Woolman, grounds to be grassy bottoms. When spawning 1896) and in the Turtle River (Copes, 1965); takes place a single egg is suspended from the commonly occurs in the headwater lakes of the genital papilla of a female, the male then Red River tributaries in Minnesota (Eddy et pursues the female into a mass of weeds; a al., 1972). small cluster of eggs is then suspended, SIZE: fertilized by the male, and released to hang Average size usually between 1.5 and 3 inches among the vegetation where they hatch in length (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, (Richardson, 1939). 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); maximum size achieved by this species is probably no more FOOD HABITS: than 4 inches long (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). Quite generalized in its food habits, and found to feed effectively at all water levels (Keast and HABITAT: Webb, 1966); killifish feed heavily on chirono- Prefers shallow, quiet waters of lakes, ponds, mids, ostracods, cladocerans, and copepods; marshes or sloughs, over bottoms of sand, newly hatched Odonata and Ephemeroptera gravel or detritus, usually where aquatic nymphs are also taken, along with some vegetation is rather abundant (Trautman, 1957; molluscs, amphipods, and tubellarians. Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); also found in low-gradient streams and UTILIZATION: brooks. Occasionally used as a bait species; may serve as forage for various game fishes and pisciv- REPRODUCTION: orous birds (Scott and Crossman, 1973). The spawning season occurs in late spring and

Fundulus sciadicus Cope plains topminnow

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA streams, where the water is clear and without DRAINAGES: swift current; Cross (1967) collected this Bailey and Allum (1962) described the plains species in small spring-runs having sandy topminnow as formerly rather common in clear bottoms and abundant aquatic vegetation. creeks in southern South Dakota, but now apparently uncommon; reported in the James REPRODUCTION: River in South Dakota by Evermann and Cox, Mayer (1931) indicated that this species spawns (1896) and Bailey and Allum (1962). Elsen at a temperature of about 70°F, depositing the (1977) recently collected this species in Sand eggs on aquatic plants or algae; Simon (1946) Creek, Sanborne County, South Dakota. likened this species' habits to those of the plains killifish Fundulus kansae which spawns in SIZE: July in Wyoming. Usually does not exceed 2.5 inches in length (Cross, 1967). FOOD HABITS: Largely unknown; Simon (1946) indicated that HABITAT: the plains topminnow's habits were much the Pnieger (1975) described the plains topminnow same as those of the plains killifish which feeds as inhabiting quiet pools of small creeks, and on surface insects and floating matter, occa- backwaters and overflow pools of larger sionally taking bottom organisms.

175 UTILIZATION: largemouth bass; under natural conditions it Simon (1946) stated that this species was occa- probably serves as forage for various species of sionally released by federal fish hatcheries fishes and predatory birds. along with warm water game species such as

Culaea inconstans (Kirtland) GASTEROSTEIDAE brook stickleback

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA May and June at water temperatures between DRAINAGES: 59° and 66°F (Winn, 1960); nests are con- Range includes all drainages in North Dakota; structed from bits of dead organic debris and Russell (1975) collected this species in all the various pieces of live plants such as algae; drainages he surveyed. nests are usually located a short distance above the bottom and are attached to some object. SIZE: Average size of adults commonly about 1.5 to 3 FOOD HABITS: inches in length (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Carnivorous for the most part (Winn, 1960); Trautman, 1957; Brown, 1971; Scott and diet consists mainly of insect larvae and crus- Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); taceans; other food items include snails, water maximum length usually less than 3.5 inches. mites, oligochaetes , fish eggs and algae. HABITAT: Commonly found in cool, clear, vegetated waters UTILIZATION: (Winn, 1960); typical habitats include small The brook stickleback is occasionally preyed headwater streams, ponds, alkali lakes, spring upon by fishes such as the bowfin, yellow holes, and swampy margins and beach ponds of perch, largemouth bass, northern pike, larger lakes; a preference for lower tem- walleye, and brook trout (Winn, 1960); king- peratures probably limits their distribution; fishers and other birds feed on sticklebacks able to tolerate relatively high salinities where abundant; otherwise the brook stickle- (Nelson, 1968a). back probably has little direct economic value for man (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, REPRODUCTION: 1973). Migrates to shallow water to spawn in April,

Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) ninespine stickleback

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawns during the summer in Canada (Scott Has not been reported in North Dakota; Keleher and Crossman, 1973), and from June to July in and Kooyman (1957) report it in the Assiniboine southern portions of its range (Nelson, 1968b); River and Lake Winnipeg in Canada. male constructs a nest commonly from leaf fragments, rootlets, and pieces of algae; nest SIZE: sites are often located on the substrate, and Average size about 2 inches in length (Scott under rocks along barren, often turbulent lake and Crossman, 1973); although rarely will reach shores (McKenzie and Keenleyside , 1970); after a length of 3 inches (Eddy and Underhill, spawning, the male guards the nest and aerates 1974). the eggs until they hatch (Scott and Crossman, 1973); they spawn more than once during a season. HABITAT: Inhabits fresh and brackish waters of the FOOD HABITS: northern hemisphere (Eddy and Underhill, Food consists primarily of aquatic insects and 1978); common in open and inshore areas of small crustaceans (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Lake Superior (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy small fish fry and eggs are also eaten. and Underhill, 1974); this stickleback is restricted to cool surface waters and lake UTILIZATION: depths in southern portions of its range Probably of little value as a bait fish (Eddy and (Nelson, 1968b); cool temperatures and ade- Underhill, 1974) but this species may form a quate summer oxygen conditions probably limit significant part of the diet of fishes such as this species' distribution; quite tolerant of walleye, trout, perch and burbot (Scott and salinities (Nelson, 1968a). Crossman, 1973).

176 Morone chr so s (Rafinesque) PERCICHTHYIDAE white bass

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Spawning occurs in the spring, May or June, at Have been stocked in Lake Sakakawea, Lake temperatures from 58° to 70°F (Scott and Ashtabula, and Devils Lake by the North Crossman, 1973); white bass form schools and Dakota Game and Fish Department (n. d.); move into lake shallows, estuaries, or tributary collected in the James River (Elsen, 1977) and streams; spawning takes place at the surface or Lake Ashtabula and the Sheyenne River in midwater; the adhesive eggs are fertilized as (Russell, 1975; Farmer, 1974). they sink, and become attached to gravel, boulders, or vegetation. SIZE: Mats usually 7.5 to 16 inches long, and weigh FOOD HABITS: over 2 pounds (Trautman, 1957); maximum sizes Trautman (1957) reported that white bass move attained by white bass 18 to 20 inches long, into shallow water during the evening to feed weighing 3 to 4 pounds (Harlan and Speaker, on fishes, and insects such as mayflies; yellow 1951; Cross, 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). perch is probably an important forage item (Scott and Crossman, 1973); other fishes taken HABITAT: include , crappies, gizzard shad, carp, Ordinarily found in the larger and more open and smaller minnows. rivers, impoundments and lakes, often con- gregating in schools at the surface (Hubbs and Lagler, 1958); adverse to turbid or silted UTILIZATION: conditions (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Commercially fished in in past years in Lake Crossman, 1973); white bass tend to prefer Erie (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, shallow or epilimnial waters, less than 20 or 30 1973); reportedly an excellent game fish (Eddy feet deep. and Underhill, 1974).

Ambloplites ru estris (Rafinesque) CENTRARCHIDAE rock bass

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA inches and 1 pound, 4 ounces; he also stated DRAINAGES: that stream populations of rock bass are often In the Red River system of Manitoba and North stunted, rarely exceeding 9 inches in length. Dakota (Scott and Crossman, 1973) and the lower Sheyenne River (Russell, 1975). Occurs HABITAT: in Big Stone Lake in the Mississippi drainage Preferred habitat is clear, rocky streams of (Bailey and Allum, 1962). moderate size and gradient (Trautman, 1957; SIZE: Cross, 1967; Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, Usually does not exceed 10 inches in length 1973); often found in pools, near protective (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and cover of boulders, ledges, or logs (Cross, Underhill, 1974); Trautman (1957) gave 1967); common along weedy margins of small maximum size in Ohio for rock bass as 12 to 15 lakes and shallow bays in large Minnesota lakes,

177 and is often found in mud-bottom lakes and crustaceans, molluscs, and small fishes (Cross, creeks (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). 1967; Brown, 1971); more specifically, Keast and Webb (1966) found that rock bass smaller than 2.8 inches TL fed primarily on chironomid REPRODUCTION: Spawns in spring or early summer, usually May larvae, mayfly nymphs, dragonfly nymphs, 0 cladocerans, amphipods, isopods, and surface or June when water temperatures are about 60 insects; larger rock bass shifted from a pref- to 70°F(Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and erence for chironomid larvae, amphipods, and Underhill, 1974); the male constructs a nest in isopods, water usually less than a foot or two deep; and concentrated on the larger bottom- bottom types vary from gravel to muddy dwelling insects and also ate fish fry and substrates; nests are generally built beside crayfish. objects such as rocks or sticks; the male remains at the nest, guarding the young until UTILIZATION: they hatch and leave the nest (Breder, 1936). Commercially fished in the Great Lakes and Mississippi River (Scott and Crossman, 1973); easily caught by anglers using live and arti- FOOD HABITS: ficial baits (Scott and Crossman, 1973, Eddy Food items generally consist of aquatic insects, and Underhill, 1974).

Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque green sunfish RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA a temperature range of 68° to 82°F(Scott and DRAINAGES: Crossman, 1973); Hunter (1963) observed Found in the Missouri River tributaries in nesting and spawning to occur every 8 or 9 Montana (Brown, 1971) but not reported in days throughout the season; Hunter thought Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968); have been this repeated spawning was correlated with the reported in the Sheyenne River (Copes, 1965) milt regeneration time in the males. Nest and in the James River in South Dakota (Bailey construction and care of the eggs and young and Allum, 1962); Eddy et al. (1972) report it are responsibilities of the male, as is typical of in the Red River tributaries in Minnesota. other centrarchids; nest sites are commonly located in shallow areas with clean, gently SIZE: sloping bottoms (Brown, 1971). Usually does not exceed 5 inches in length (Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy FOOD HABITS: and Underhill, 1974) but may attain lengths of Diet includes insects, crustaceans, molluscs, 10 or 12 inches (Trautman, 1957; Cross, 1967); and small fishes (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; stunting occurs under crowded conditions and Brown, 1971; Scott and Crossman, 1973) mature individuals may only be 3 inches long amphipods such as Hyalella may be important (Cross, 1967). food items (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Cross (1967) reported finding carp, bass, and other HABITAT: fishes in stomachs of green sunfish. Habitat varies from small creeks to large rivers, ponds, and reservoirs (Brown, 1971); commonly UTILIZATION: found in low- or moderate-gradient streams, Larger green sunfish may provide some enjoy- over various bottom types, often in and around ment for anglers (Cross, 1967); however, sunken brush piles or beds of aquatic vege- stunting often occurs in small lakes and farm tation (Trautman, 1957); mainly solitary in ponds; consequently, green sunfish commonly habit, and often found under cover of rocks on are considered a nuisance because of its small dams or exposed tree roots on undercut stream size and overabundance (Cross, 1967; Eddy and banks (Cross, 1967). Underhill, 1974); hybrids of green sunfish with bluegills reportedly grow larger and are more REPRODUCTION: aggressive when striking an angler's lure Spawning occurred from May until August over (Cross, 1967; Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus) pumpkinseed

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA introduced widely in Montana (Brown, 1971); DRAINAGES: reported in the Red River tributaries in Reported in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; Minnesota (Eddy et al., 1972). Berard, 1973), the James River in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962), the Sheyenne River SIZE: (Wilson, 1950; Copes, 1965; Russell, 1975) and Actli ts usually do not exceed 8 inches in length the Wild Rice River (Copes, 1965); sucessfully (Trautman, 1957; Brown, 1971; Eddy and

178 Underhill, 1974) but may reach 9 or 10 inches roots, sticks, leaves, or shells. in length (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Scott and Crossman, 1973) . FOOD HABITS: Feeds on aquatic insects, amphipods such as HABITAT: Hyalella , small snails, small minnows and other Inhabits the quiet, clear waters of small lakes, fishes (Eddy and Underhill, 1974) ; feeding ponds, shallow weedy bays of larger lakes, and reportedly occurs in or beyond weed beds, slow-moving streams (Scott and Crossman, however, flying insects are also taken at the 1973) ; usually prefers clear waters and abun- surface. dant submerged vegetation (Trautman, 1957) ; generally, does not grow well where summer UTILIZATION: temperatures fail to exceed 70°F (Brown, 1971 ) . A commercial species of some importance in parts of Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973) ; REPRODUCTION: attractive as a sport fish, especially to young Spawns in late spring to mid-summer; Scott and anglers; Brown (1971) indicated that intro- Crossman (1973) indicated that nesting may duction of pumpkinseed to Montana waters has occur in temperatures of 68° to 82°F; Carbine had serious impact on the native game fishes in (1939) observed spawning in Michigan from late that state, possibly due to overabundance and May to the middle of July; he indicated that stunting; Scott and Crossman (1973) stated that nests were sometimes colonial, and were usually the pumpkinseed was often a food item for game constructed in water 1 to 5 feet deep over fishes such as bass, walleye, perch, pike and bottoms consisting of gravel, sand, muck, muskellunge.

Lepomis humilis (Girard) GADIDAE orangespotted sunfish

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA the nest, cares for the eggs until they hatch, DRAINAGES: and prevents intruders from entering the nest Found in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; territory ; nests are constructed in shallow Berard, 1973) , below Jamestown Dam water up to 3 feet deep, and consist of shallow, (Hankinson , 1929; Russell, 1975) the James circular depressions dug in sand, gravel, or River in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum , 1962) mud bottoms ; nests often colonial. and the Sheyenne River (Copes, 1965) ; also in Red River tributaries in Minnesota (Eddy et FOOD HABITS: al . , 1972) and Lake Traverse, South Dakota Barney and Anson (1923) reported that in (Bailey and Allum , 1962) . , orangespotted sunfish fed primarily on crustaceans (cladocerans , copepods, and SIZE: ostracods) and insect larvae (especially chiron- Maximum length ordinarily only 4 to 4.5 inches omids) ; small fishes occasionally are taken, (Barney and Anson, 1923; Harlan and Speaker, along with some incidental amounts of plants or 1951; Cross, 1967; Eddy and Underhill 1974) ; algae; the authors indicated that the diet Trautman (1957) gave as average adult size 1.5 closely resembled that of the mosquitofish, to 3.5 inches. Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) . HABITAT: UTILIZATION: Prefers slow-moving streams ; but, also in Probably of little value as a panfish due to its ponds, lakes, and impoundments (Barney and small size (Eddy and Underhill, 1974) ; could Anson, 1923; Trautman, 1957) ; can tolerate offer significant forage to species such as high turbidities , silted bottoms and fluctuating largemouth bass; Barney and Anson (1923) water levels but probably best adapted to sandy considered the orangespot to be a valuable streams (Cross, 1967) . forage item due to its feeding habits (pref- erence for microcrustacea and insect larvae) , REPRODUCTION: its small size (generally less than 4 inches) , This sunfish has an extended reproductive and its prolific spawning habit; they also season; Barney and Anson (1923) observed mentioned the possibility of using this sunfish spawning in Iowa from late May to late August as a mosquito control agent, due to its simi- at water temperatures above 65°F; Cross (1967) larity in diet with that of the mosquitofish; gave 75° to 89°F as favorable water tem- Cross (1967) noted that this sunfish probably peratures for spawning in Kansas, and indi- competes for food with young bass, bluegill , cated that the peak period was in late May and and crappie. June ; nest construction is similar to that of other centrarchids in that the male constructs

179 Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque bluegill

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Breder (1936) gave 76°Fas a favorable water DRAINAGES: temperature for a population in New Jersey; Present range in North Dakota includes Lake males construct well-defined, often colonial Sakakawea (Benson, 1968; Berard, 1973), above nests in about 2.5 feet of water on bottoms Jamestown Dam (Elsen, 1977) upper and lower consisting of sand, gravel, muck, marl, often Sheyenne River (Copes, 1965; Duerre, 1973; with bits of roots, sticks, or leaves (Carbine, Russell, 1975) and the Wild Rice River (Russell, 1939); the male guards the nest, caring for the 1975); Brown (1971) reports successful intro- young and keeping intruders away. ductions in Montana and Eddy et al. (1972) report it in the Red River tributaries in FOOD HABITS: Minnesota. Feeds mainly on small crustaceans and insects (Cross, 1967); Keast and Webb (1966) reported SIZE: the following food items: Chironomid larvae, Usually about 7 to 8 inches long (Scott and Cladocera, Amphipoda and Isopoda, flying Crossman, 1973); stunted populations may only insects, Odonata nymphs, Ephemeroptera be about 3.5 inches long (Trautman, 1957); nymphs, Trichoptera larvae, molluscs and fish occasionally weighs up to 2 pounds (Eddy and fry; they further stated that bluegills generally Underhill, 1974). hover in mid-water, rushing either to the surface or bottom in pursuit of prey. HABITAT: Prefers non-flowing waters, bottoms of sand, UTILIZATION: gravel, or muck, and moderate amounts of Often stocked as forage for game fishes such as aquatic vegetation (Trautman, 1957); commonly largemouth bass or northern pike (Scott and found in shallow, weedy areas of large and Crossman, 1973); serious competition for food small lakes, ponds, and quiet areas of small and space, and subsequent stunting may occur rivers (Scott and Crossman, 1973). where bluegills are stocked, often making them unattractive to anglers; Cross (1967) indicated REPRODUCTION: that bluegills should not be stocked in muddy Generally a late spring or summer spawner; ponds or clear water with extensive aquatic Carbine (1939) observed bluegills nesting in vegetation; rather, this species should be used Michigan from late May through mid-July; Cross in ponds having clear water and steep shore- (1967) indicated that spawning occurred in lines, and should be stocked along with a Kansas when water temperatures exceeded 68°F, predator.

Micropterus dolomieui Lacepvede smallmouth bass

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA banks, boulders, or fallen trees as protective DRAINAGES: cover (Cross, 1967); generally found in tem- Widely introduced in North Dakota. Found in peratures cooler than those preferred by large- Lake Sakakawea (Berard, 1973), the Sheyenne mouth bass; Ferguson (1958) gave 68° to 70°F, River above Baldhill Dam (Copes, 1965; Farmer, and Scott and Crossman (1973) reported 70°F 1974), below Baldhill Dam (Copes, 1965; as typical summer water temperatures for bass Russell, 1975) and the Wild Rice River (Russell, habitat; Scott and Crossman indicated that the 1975); also in the Red River in Canada (Keleher seasonal movement and diet of the smallmouth and Kooyman, 1957); the Montana populations bass could be accounted for partially by tem- are isolated in the western part of the state perature preference. and are non-native (Brown, 1971). REPRODUCTION: SIZE: Spawning occurs in late spring or early Adults usually 10 to 18 inches long (Trautman, summer, usually late May to early July; water 1957); larger individuals may weigh up to 4 temperatures of about 60° to 65°Fare required pounds (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); angler (Breder, 1936); nests are built by the male in record over 11 pounds (Scott and Crossman, shallow water (2 to 20 feet deep), in sandy, 1973). gravelly, or rocky bottoms, often using the protective cover of an adjacent boulder or HABITAT: sunken log (Scott and Crossman, 1973); male Prefers clear, moderately cold, swift-flowing attends to the young, before and after they streams and medium-sized, clear lakes having hatch; however, sudden temperature changes, clean gravel or boulder bottoms (Eddy and water level fluctuations, and fungal infections Underhill, 1974); stream populations usually may result in high egg mortalities (Scott and inhabit pools, especially those having undercut Crossman, 1973).

180 FOOD HABITS: are occasional or incidental food items; little Principal food items include crayfish, aquatic feeding occurs during the winter and bass insects, and fish (Cross, 1967); ordinarily a generally remain inactive in deeper waters shift in importance of food items as bass grow (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and larger; plankton is eaten by the smallest fish, Underhill, 1974). and as the bass grows aquatic insects, crayfish, and finally fishes each become major UTILIZATION: food items; Scott and Crossman (1973) indicated Highly prized game fish, supporting a sig- that most adult bass consume 60 to 90% cray- nificant sport fishery in many areas (Scott and fish, 10 to 30% fishes, and 0 to 10% insects; Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). frogs, tadpoles, fish eggs, and plant material

Micropterus sahnoides (LACEPEDE) largemouth bass

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA although sand or clean gravel bottoms are DRAINAGES: Not reported in the Missouri occasionally used (Carbine, 1939; Scott and drainage in North Dakota but Brown (1971) Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974), reports isolated populations have been estab- largemouth bass often utilize simple rather lished in Montana and Bailey and Allum (1962) inconspicuous nests in soft bottoms or over report it in South Dakota; have been reported dead vegetation or among plant roots (Carbine, in the Sheyenne River in North Dakota 1939); water depths of nesting areas vary from (Woolman, 1896; Wilson, 1950) and Lake 1 to 6 feet; sudden drops in temperature to Traverse, South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, below 48°F usually result in the parents 1962). deserting the nest (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); sudden silting of the spawning beds may have a SIZE: similar result. Usually 8 to 15 inches long in Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Trautman (1957) gave 10 FOOD HABITS: to 20 inches as average adult lengths; Eddy Predominate food items change with growth of and Underhill (1974) stated that northern the bass; reportedly feed on cladocera and populations of largemouth bass may contain fish insects for first month or two of life (up to exceeding 8 pounds. about 2 inches TL); Keast and Webb (1966) reported that fish were eaten when the bass HABITAT: exceeded 2 inches TL; bass larger than 3.1 Prefers clear, non-flowing waters of ponds, inches were found to eat 50 to 90% fish, with lakes, impoundments, oxbows and overflow crayfish being of secondary importance; ponds (Trautman, 1957); commonly inhabits the minnows, perch, and small sunfishes (including warm, upper layers of small, shallow lakes, young largemouths) are common forage fishes shallow bays of large lakes, or occasionally (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and slow-moving, large rivers (Scott and Crossman, Underhill, 1974); feeding often takes place in 1973); usually found over soft bottoms and are shallow weedy areas; especially during mornings especially abundant in areas of aquatic vege- and evenings; temperatures below 50°F may tation and sunken logs or stumps. limit or restrict feeding (Scott and Crossman, 1973). REPRODUCTION: Spawns in spring or early summer; preferred UTILIZATION: spawning temperatures vary: 60° to 65°Fin A major sport fish in the United States and Minnesota (Eddy and Underhill, 1974), 62° to parts of Canada; often stocked by state or 65°F in Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973) federal agencies in ponds and larger water about 70°F in New York (Breder, 1936); bodies.

Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque white crappie RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA SIZE: DRAINAGES: While crappies in Canada usually do not exceed Occurs in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968), Lake 8 to 10 inches (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Audubon (Cassity, 1979), the upper Sheyenne Eddy and Underhill (1974) indicated that in River (Wilson, 1950; Copes, 1965; Farmer, Minnesota white crappies often reach 1 and 2 1974), the lower Sheyenne River (Copes, 1965; pounds; fish larger than 3 pounds are probably Russell, 1975) and in the James River and Lake more common in southern populations; stunting Traverse in South Dakota (Bailey and Allum, may occur with overcrowding (Trautman, 1957; 1962); may occur in the Souris River in North Cross, 1967). Dakota (Sprague, 1960 lists Pomoxis sp.).

181 HABITAT: strates, but preferred sites are generally near White crappies have the ability to survive in a objects or bottom vegetation. wide variety of habitats and can tolerate siltation and turbidity; Trautman (1957) gave as FOOD HABITS: favorite habitats ponds, lakes, and impound- Planktonic copepods and cladocerans were found ments, with smaller populations being found in predominate in the diet of young white crappie sluggish pools of larger streams; reportedly no in South Dakota (Siefert, 1968); other studies preference is shown for bottom types, and this in Illinois (Hansen, 1951, cited by Scott and fish is often found in areas with aquatic vege- Crossman, 1973) indicated that fishes and tation, brush, logs, stumps, or tree roots. aquatic insects constituted major food items for crappie. REPRODUCTION: Siefert (1968) observed spawning in South Dakota during a 20 day period from mid-May to UTILIZATION: early June at water temperatures of 57° to A popular panfish, especially in the So.uth 73°F, with most spawning taking place at 61° to where it is more common (Eddy and Underhill, 68°F; he felt that time of spawning was influ- 1974); stunting may occur quite easily, making enced more by light than water temperature; this crappie unattractive to anglers, despite its Siefert (1968) also found that the white crappie readiness to bite and its fine flavor (Cross, male did not exhibit typical territoriality, and 1967); also a forage species (at least smaller cared for the eggs and prolarvae; apparently individuals) for larger game fish (Scott and nests may be located on a variety of sub- Crossman, 1973).

Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) black crappie

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA water temperatures of 64° to 686F (Areder, DRAINAGES: 1936); Brown (1971) indicated that temperatures Reported in Lake Sakakawea (Berard, 1973), of 58° to 64°F were favorable in Montana Lake Audubon (Cassity, 1979), the James River waters; nests consist of shallow depressions in (Russell, 1975), the James River in South various bottom types (usually sand or fine Dakota (Bailey and Allum, 1962), the Sheyenne gravel) in water 10 inches to 2 feet deep River (Russell, 1975, Copes, 1965; Farmer, (Breder and Rosen, 1966); occasionally under- 1974), the Wild Rice River (Russell, 1975) and cut banks provide protective cover for nest possibly the Souris River (Sprague, 1960). sites (Breder, 1936). SIZE: FOOD HABITS: Adiilts usually 5 to 12 inches in length The diet generally consists of aquatic insects, (Trautman, 1957); in Minnesota the black small crustaceans, minnows and other small crappie generally does not exceed 12 inches in fishes (Brown, 1971); Keast and Webb (1966) length, and usually weighs about half a pound reported that Chaoborus larvae made up the (Eddy and Underhill, 1974). bulk of the diet of the black crappie in an Ontario lake; large numbers of cladocerans were HABITAT: also eaten, along with lesser amounts of cope- Trautman (1957) found this species to be pods, flying insects, immature chironomids and common in rather clear waters having sandy or mayflies, and fish fry; they stated that an mucky bottoms, and abundant growths of abundance of cladocerans in the diet could be aquatic vegetation; typical habitats include accounted for by the crappies' numerous gill ponds, small lakes, weedy bays and shallow rakers. areas of larger lakes, and larger slow-moving rivers (Scott and Crossman, 1973); this crappie UTILIZATION: is apparently less tolerant of excessive siltation An important sport and panfish in many areas and turbidity than the white crappie. of its range; also fished commercially in certain areas (Scott and Crossman, 1973); an important REPRODUCTION: species during Minnesota's winter ice-fishing Spawning occurs from May through July at season (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Etheostoma exile (Girard) PERCIDAE Iowa darter

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA and Little Missouri drainages; occurs in the DRAINAGES: James River in North and South Dakota (Bailey Benson (1968) reports it for Fort Peck and and Allum, 1962); also present in the Sheyenne Lake Francis Case but not for Lake Sakakawea; River (Russell, 1975); listed in the Souris Brown (1971) reports it is native to Montana River (Woolman, 1896; Russell, 1975). and present in smaller streams of the Missouri

182 SIZE: Eddy and Underhill (1974) reported that the Average adult length about 1.8 to 2.5 inches, Iowa darter in Minnesota commonly deposits its occasionally growing as large as 2.7 inches eggs on rocks or pebbles among vegetation (Trautman, 1957). found along sandy or mucky lake or stream HABITAT: margins. Prefers the clear, quiet or slow-moving waters FOOD HABITS: of lakes or rivers, over bottoms of sand, peat, Turner (1921, cited by Scott and Crossman, or organic debris, usually having rooted aquatic 1973) indicated that young Iowa darters fed vegetation (Scott and Crossman, 1973); in- mainly on small crustaceans such as copepods tolerant to excessive turbidity and siltation and cladocerans; adults and juveniles were (Trautman, 1957). noted as feeding primarily on chironomid larvae, REPRODUCTION: mayfly larvae, amphipods , and to a lesser Spawning occurred from late March through May extent snails and immature corixids. in Michigan (Winn, 1958a, 1958b); Iowa darters typically migrated to lake shallows or shallow UTILIZATION: portions of slow streams where eggs were Reportedly makes an excellent aquarium fish deposited under slightly undercut banks in (Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Brown (1971) compact fibrous root material in water 4 to 16 indicated that the Iowa darter serves as a inches deep; Winn (1958b) further indicated forage species for northern pike and sauger; that eggs typically are deposited on sand functional role is one of utilizing small benthic containing roots and other organic material; organisms in the food chain.

Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque Johnny darter

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA REPRODUCTION: DRAINAGES: Winn (1958a, 1958b) reported that Johnny Widespread in small streams; found in Lake darters migrate during April and May to shallow Sakakawea (Berard, 1973), the James River spawning areas, consisting of lake shallows or (Russell, 1975), the Souris River (Russell, slow streams having abundant rubble bottoms; 1975) and the tributaries of the Red River the male ordinarily is the first to arrive and (Copes, 1965). clean off the underside of an object, usually a stone; Atz (1940) stated that although stones are preferred, mussel shell, pieces of tile, or SIZE: other foreign objects also may be suitable; after Adults usually 1.5 to 2.8 inches long the eggs have been deposited and fertilized, (Trautman, 1957) with maximum size up to 3 the male cares for them until they hatch by inches in length. keeping them free from silt and providing constant water flow by fanning with its pectoral HABITAT: fins (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Able to survive under a wide variety of con- FOOD HABITS: ditions (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, Copepods, small chironomid larvae, and 1973); commonly found in small or moderate- cladocerans are eaten by young Johnny darters; sized streams over sandy or gravelly bottoms in midge and mayfly larvae predominate as food moderate or slight current; also occurs in items throughout life, although large amounts of weedy areas and in gravelly, swift-flowing organic debris and silt are also ingested (Scott riffles; its tolerance to siltation due mainly to and Crossman, 1973). its habit of depositing eggs on the underside of stones and other objects (Trautman, 1957); UTILIZATION: when dissolved oxygen conditions worsen in Performs an essential role of converting small streams, Johnny darters will typically move benthic organisms to a form utilized by larger from pools and slow riffles to faster-flowing organisms in the community; serves as forage riffles; have also been collected in depths to for many larger fishes, including lake trout, 138 feet in the Great Lakes (Scott and burbot, white perch, smallmouth bass, and Crossman, 1973). walleye (Scott and Crossman, 1973).

Perca flavescens (Mitchill) yellow perch

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Russell (1975) collected it in all the drainages DRAINAGES: surveyed. Common in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968) and Lake Audubon (Cassity, 1979), and widely SIZE: distributed in all basins in North Dakota; Trautman (1957) gave 4.5 to 12 inches as usual

183 adult size, however, he indicated that in mass is deposited and adheres to submerged stunted populations, mature adults may only be vegetation, brush, or fallen trees (Scott and 3 inches long; in many Minnesota lakes yellow CROSSMAN, 1973), but may be laid over a sand perch grow to be 12 to 15 inches long and or gravel bottom; the egg mass is semi-buoyant weigh over a pound (Eddy and Underhill, and hangs suspended in the water where it is 1974). moved by the currents.

HABITAT: FOOD HABITS: Commonly found in a variety of habitats ranging According to KEAST and Webb (1966), young from large lakes to small ponds or quiet rivers perch feed on CLADOCERANS, OSTRACODS, and (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973); shows preference CHIRONOMIDS; as the fish grow the diet becomes for muck, sand, or gravel bottoms; most abun- more varied, and includes items such as dant in open waters with moderate to heavy dragonfly nymphs, mayflies, small molluscs, aquatic vegetation; rather intolerant to in- OSTRACODS, CHIRONOMID larvae, and small fish; creased turbidity and siltation (Trautman, they indicated that the adult's diet primarily 1957); seasonal distribution probably follows the consisted of crayfish, dragonfly nymphs, and 68°F isotherm within a body of water fish; yellow perch is reportedly a middle-water (Ferguson, 1958; Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973). and bottom feeder.

REPRODUCTION: UTILIZATION: BREDER and Rosen (1966) indicated that yellow An important commercial and game fish in many perch spawn in the spring when water tem- areas; small perch are occasionally used as peratures are between 44° and 54°F; perch are bait, and probably are one of the most impor- unique in that the eggs are contained in a tant forage species for predaceous fishes such long, gelatinous, transparent mass; this egg as northern pike, walleye, and basses.

Percina caprodes (RAFINESQUE) LOGPERCH

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA males ordinarily migrated into lake shallows or DRAINAGES: stream riffles where they schooled; females Reported in a tributary of the Red River in entered the school when ready to spawn; as the North Dakota (Copes, 1965); not reported eggs were deposited in the sand or gravel elsewhere in the state. substrate, the mating activity caused the eggs to become buried in the sand or gravel where SIZE: they remained until hatching. Average size about 3.5 inches long (Scott and CROSSMAN, 1973); however, may attain length of FOOD HABITS: 6 or 6.5 inches (Trautman, 1957; Cross, 1967; KEAST and Webb (1966) studied the food and Eddy and Underhill, 1974). feeding behavior of LOGPERCH in an Ontario lake; they found CHIRONOMID larvae to be the HABITAT: major food item in some months, although Prefers sandy, rocky or gravelly shoals in AMPHIPODS, ISOPODS, small dragonfly nymphs, lakes and similar habitat in larger rivers (Scott and mayfly nymphs were also consumed; the and CROSSMAN, 1973); Cross (1967) indicated authors indicated that LOGPERCH feeding behavior that LOGPERCH in eastern Kansas were common consists of short, forward searching movements in clear, permanent streams, and often occupied with intervening rests on the bottom; a quick deep riffles or pools at the base of riffles; log- dart forward is used to capture prey when perch seem to prefer deeper waters; Scott and sighted; they noted that this darter will often CROSSMAN (1973) noted that this darter usually turn over a leaf or stone with a sudden dart in remained offshore in water deeper than 3 or 4 search of prey; young LOGPERCH reportedly feet; Trautman (1957) stated that LOGPERCH had depend mainly upon CLADOCERANS and copepods been caught in Lake Erie to a depth of 131 for food (Turner, 1921, cited by Scott and feet; he also indicated that this fish was CROSSMAN, 1973). frequently found among beds of submerged vegetation. UTILIZATION: Occasionally used as a bait species, and has REPRODUCTION: been reported in stomachs of game fishes such Winn (1958A, 1958B) reported that LOGPERCH as lake trout, northern pike, and walleye (Scott spawn from April to late June in Michigan; and CROSSMAN, 1973).

184 Percina maculata (Girard) blackside darter RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA migrations began as early as March or April, DRAINAGES: with actual spawning occurring later in April or Reported by Woolman (1896) in the lower James into May; Petravicz (1938) observed spawning River and in the Souris River; present in the occurring in a southern Michigan stream on May Sheyenne River and the tributaries of the Red 3, when the water temperature was 61°F; he River (Copes, 1965). described spawning sites as being located over sand and gravel bars in moderate current and SIZE: in water about a foot deep; the adhesive eggs Average size usually between 2 and 4 inches were deposited in fine gravel and sand where long (Trautman, 1957; Cross, 1967; Scott and they developed until hatching. Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). HABITAT: FOOD HABITS: Frequently inhabits clear, medium-sized streams Food items reportedly include mayfly and with moderate flow over bottoms of sand or chironomid larvae, corixid nymphs, copepods, gravel; Trautman (1957) indicated that this and some fish (Turner, 1921, cited by Scott darter preferred the slow-moving water found and Crossman, 1973). in pools and in currents connecting pools and riffles; he also stated that the blackside darter UTILIZATION: was ordinarily a mid-water swimmer, commonly Probably not too important as a forage species rising to the surface to feed. because of its habitat (small to medium-sized streams); ecologically important in its role in REPRODUCTION: aquatic food chains (Scott and Crossman, 1973). Winn (1958a, 1958b) reported that spawning

Percina shumardi (Girard) river darter

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA In more northern populations, spawning prob- DRAINAGES: ably occurs later in the year; Scott and In Red River drainage in North Dakota and Crossman (1973) gave June and July as Manitoba (Eddy and Underhill, 1974), possibly probable spawning times in Canada, while Eddy in the Sheyenne River (Scott and Crossman, and Underhill (1974) believed spawning 1973). occurred in April or May in Minnesota; Scott and Crossman (1973) thought that spawning SIZE: behavior of this species probably did not differ Average length usually between 2 and 3 inches significantly from that of P. maculata and P. (Trautman, 1957; Cross, 1967; Scott and copelandi which spawn, following an upstream Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974). migration, in sand or gravel in moderately flowing water. HABITAT: Prefers larger rivers having bottoms of gravel, FOOD HABITS: rubble or boulders, and fair to moderate Largely unknown or unreported; Scott and current (Scott and Crossman, 1973); Trautman Crossman (1973) thought that the diet probably (1957) indicated that this species was often consisted of items such as the larvae of found in deeper waters except when high caddisflies, mayflies, midges, and blackflies. turbidities forced them to occupy the shallower areas. UTILIZATION: This uncommon species is probably rarely used REPRODUCTION: as a bait species; it is quite likely that its Little is known about the reproductive habits of preference for larger rivers results in its this darter; Cross (1967) collected river darters capture by larger predaceous fishes; its role is in early April in Kansas which he believed to thus one of maintaining an important link in the be spawning. The water was clear and about 2 food chain by converting benthos and small feet deep with a substrate of exposed bedrock invertebrates to a form which is utilized by partially covered with gravel and larger stones. larger carnivores.

Stizostedion canadense (Smith) sauger RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Dam (Copes, 1965; Russell, 1975); found in the DRAINAGES: lower James River in South Dakota (Elsen, Common in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968); 1977); not found in the Red River of the occurs in the Sheyenne River below Baldhill North.

185 SIZE: (Scott and Crossman, 1973); an upstream Average length commonly between 10 and 18 migration or movement into backwaters or inches (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, headwater lakes usually takes place prior to 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Carufel (1963) spawning (Harlan and Speaker, 1951; Breder reported that the largest sauger recorded for and Rosen, 1966; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); the Garrison Reservoir (North Dakota) was 30 spawning usually occurs at night, as eggs are inches long and weighed 8.2 pounds; Trautman randomly deposited in water 2 to 12 feet deep (1957) indicated that large saugers that occa- (Scott and Crossman, 1973). sionally are reported might actually be hybrids between saugers and . FOOD HABITS: HABITAT: Harlan and Speaker (1951) reported that young Commonly found in large turbid rivers and their sauger fed primarily on chironomid larvae; as impoundments (Brown, 1971); also found in the fish grew they fed more on items such as large shallow lakes having high turbidities mayflies and other insects; adults fed mainly on (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, 1973); fish, crayfish and other crustaceans and Brown (1971) noted that saugers are often insects; Priegel (1963) indicated that sauger fed caught below dams and at the mouths of trib- mainly on trout-perch and emerald shiners utaries to larger rivers; Scott and Crossman during winters in Lake Winnebago (Wisconsin); (1973) indicated that saugers are often asso- when these forage species were not abundant, ciated with goldeye, walleye, yellow perch, saugers relied heavily on chironomid larvae; northern pike and whitefishes. leeches and other annelids and snails were also eaten. REPRODUCTION: Carufel (1963) indicated that the spawning UTILIZATION: season for sauger in Garrison Reservoir and An important sport and commercial fish in tailrace was probably from late April to late Canada (Scott and Crossman, 1973); often June in water temperatures ranging from 40° to caught by anglers seeking walleye, although 53°F; spawning ordinarily takes place on gravel saugerts flavor reportedly equals that of walleye or rubble shoals in large turbid lakes or rivers (Eddy and Underhill, 1974).

Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill) walleye RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA favorable for spawning (Breder and Rosen, DRAINAGES: 1966); strong currents or flow is ordinarily Present in all North Dakota basins involved in required as typical spawning grounds include Garrison Diversion; Russell (1975) collected this swift water areas below dams or falls and rocky species in all the basins he surveyed. lake shoals (Scott and Crossman, 1973); maximum spawning activity probably in water SIZE: temperatures between 45° and 50°F, although ts generally 11 to 30 inches long migrations may begin when the temperature (Trautman, 1957); Scott and Crossman (1973) exceeds 40°F(Rawson, 1957). indicated that in Canada most walleye caught by anglers range between 1 and 3 pounds although FOOD HABITS: the largest walleyes caught by anglers range up Walleye smaller than 2 or 2.5 inches feed on to 25 pounds (Keleher, 1961). invertebrates such as amphipods, snails and caddisfly larvae (Rawson, 1957); HABITAT: other inverte- Tolerant of a wide variety of habitat situations; brates eaten by all sizes of walleye include found both in larger streams and lakes, chironomids, leeches, cladocerans, mayfly nymphs, and snails (Priegel, 1963); diet of showing preference for the latter; often occurs juveniles and adult walleye predominately fish; in large, shallow lakes over firm bottoms of yellow perch ordinarily an important forage gravel or bedrock (Trautman, 1957); sensitivity to light intensity allows walleye to remain quite item; however numerous other species have active in turbid waters; approximately 3 to 6 been reported in walleye stomachs (See Scott and Crossman, 1973, for a list of forage feet Secchi disc transparency optimum for fishes); feeding takes place primarily at dusk continued daytime feeding activity (Scott and and night in clear waters; in turbid lakes or Crossman, 1973); in clearer waters maximum streams feeding activity is continued throughout activity restricted to twilight or dark con- the day (Scott and Crossman, 1973). ditions. REPRODUCTION: UTILIZATION: Spawning occurs in the spring usually shortly One of the most important game fishes in the after the ice goes out; ordinarily a migration is northern United States and in Canada; com- made to suitable sites within a lake or into mercially fished in parts of Canada and the tributary streams; water 3 to 10 feet deep and United States (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy firm bottoms of clean gravel or sand are and Underhill, 1974).

186 SCIAENIDAE Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque freshwater drum

RANGE IN RELATION TO NORTH DAKOTA Erie occurred from early June until early DRAINAGES: September, with peak activity in July; in the Common in Lake Sakakawea (Benson, 1968); upper Mississippi River Basin, spawning occurs occurs in the James River in South Dakota in May and June (Butler and Smith, 1950; Eddy (Bailey and Allum, 1962), but not known in the and Underhill, 1974); the eggs are pelagic James River in North Dakota; common in Red (Daiber, 1953; Davis, 1959; Scott and River of the North (Eddy et al., 1972) and in Crossman, 1973) and hatching occurs in lower Sheyenne (Russell, 1975); not found in approximately 25 to 30 hours at about 72°F Sheyenne above Baldhill Dam or in the Devils (Davis, 1959); spawning probably occurs in the Lake Basin. open water (Daiber, 1953). SIZE: FOOD HABITS: Commonly weighs 1 to 3.5 pounds and usually Young-of-the-year drum feed primarily on does not exceed 20 inches in length (Scott and zooplankton and chironomids (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy and Underhill, 1974); Crossman, 1973); as they grow aquatic insects, Trautman (1957) gave as maximum size in Ohio amphipods, fish and crayfish are also added to 35 to 39 inches and a weight of 36 pounds. the diet; darters and emerald shiners have been reported in Lake Erie drum (Daiber, 1952, cited HABITAT: by Scott and Crossman, 1973); large, molar-like Prefers deeper pools of large streams and large pharyngeal teeth allow drum to feed extensively shallow, clear lakes having clean bottoms on molluscs, however, snails and clams may be (Trautman, 1957); also found in highly turbid more prevalent in the diets of populations found waters (Scott and Crossman, 1973); preferred in rivers than those inhabiting lakes (Scott and depths in lakes probably does not exceed 60 Crossman, 1973). feet (Trautman, 1957; Scott and Crossman, 1973). UTILIZATION: More important as a commercial species than as REPRODUCTION: a game fish, although it is occasionally taken May have a prolonged spawning season; Daiber by anglers (Scott and Crossman, 1973; Eddy (1953) indicated that spawning in western Lake and Underhill, 1974).

187 188

APPENDIX

KEY TO THE FISHES OF NORTH DAKOTA*

Key to the Families la. Mouth with upper and lower jaws; paired fins present 2 lb. Mouth without jaws; no paired fins LAMPREY FAMILY, PETROMYZONTIDAE (P. 191)

2a. Caudal fin either typically or modified HETEROCERCAL 3 2b. Caudal fin HOMOCERCAL 6

3a. Caudal fin typically HETEROCERCAL; mouth inferior (snout protruding beyond upper jaw) 5 3b. Caudal fin modified HETEROCERCAL; mouth terminal (at tip of snout) 4

4a. Jaws elongate; body covered with hard diamond shaped GANOID scales, dorsal fin short and near caudal fin GAR FAMILY, LEPISOSTEIDAE 4b. Jaws not elongate; body covered with cycloid scales; dorsal fin very long, extending over most of the back BOWFIN FAMILY, AMIIDAE

5a. Head covered with prominent bony plates; body with five rows of keeled plates STURGEON FAMILY, ACIPENSERIDAE (P 191) 5b. Head and body not covered with scales or bony plates; snout long and paddle-like PADDLEFISH FAMILY, POLYODONTIDAE (P 191)

6a. Pelvic fins, abdominal (positioned near anus) 7 6b. Pelvic fins near pectoral fins 17

7a. Head either partially or totally covered with scales 15 7b. Head without scales 8

8a. Fins with both spines and soft rays ...... 14 8b. Fins without spines (except for two introduced species, carp and goldfish) ...... 9

9a. Four or more BRANCHIOSTEGAL rays (bony rays that support the membranes enclosing the gill cavity) present on each side 10 9b. Fewer than four BRANCHIOSTEGAL rays present on each side ...... 13

10a. Adipose fin present ...... 11 10b. No adipose fin present ...... 12 ha. Pelvic AXILLARY process present SALMON FAMILY, SALMONIDAE (P. 192) 11B. No AXILLARY process present SMELT FAMILY, OSMERIDAE (P. 192)

12a. Lateral line present; teeth present; belly without sharp pointed scales; no SAWTOOTH margin MOONEYE FAMILY, HIODONTIDAE (P. 191) 12b. Lateral line absent; teeth absent; belly with sharp pointed scales that form a SAWTOOTH margin HERRING FAMILY, CLUPEIDAE (P. 191)

*This key was specially prepared by Steven W. KELSCH to provide a concise means of identifying fishes of North Dakota and contiguous waters. Previously available keys were relatively bulky and more difficult to use because they were for fishes from larger areas. This key has been tested in classes at the University of North Dakota and carefully checked with the best regional keys, particularly Eddy and Underhill (1974, 1978).

189

Key to the FAMILIES--CONT.

13a. Dorsal rays more than ten, except in the LONGNOSE sucker (may have 9) which can be distinguished from the minnows by its extremely sucker-like SUBTERMINAL mouth; no spines; distance from snout to anterior edge of anal fin more than 2.5 times the distance from the anterior edge of the anal fin to the anterior edge of the caudal fin SUCKER FAMILY, CATOSTOMIDAE (P. 196) 13b. Dorsal rays less than 10, if more, however, mouth will not be sucker-like. Includes two introduced species (carp and goldfish) which have more than 10 dorsal rays. These are distinguished from the suckers by the presence of a serrate, stiffened, leading spine in the dorsal fin; distance from snout to anterior edge of anal fin less than 2.5 times the distance from the anterior edge of the anal fin to the anterior edge of the caudal fin MINNOW FAMILY, CYPRINIDAE (P. 193)

14a. Body with scales; no barbels present around mouth TROUT-PERCH FAMILY, PERCOPSIDAE (P. 197) 14b. Body without scales; barbels present above and below mouth CATFISH FAMILY, ICTALURIDAE (P. 197)

15a. Jaws protruding forward equally and shaped like a duck bill PIKE FAMILY, ESOCIDAE (P. 192) 15b. Jaws not protruding forward equally and not shaped like a duck bill 16

16a. Lower jaw protruding beyond upper jaw; upper jaw protractile KILLIFISH FAMILY, CYPRINODONTIDAE (P. 197) 16b. Lower jaw not protruding; upper jaw not protractile MUDMINNOW FAMILY, UMBRIDAE (P. 193)

17a. Fins partially supported with spines or hard rays 18 17b. Fins without spines or hard rays COD FAMILY, GADIDAE (P. 197)

18a. Anus anterior to usual position (in adults), usually under throat PIRATE PERCH FAMILY, APHREDODERIDAE (P. 197) 18b. Anus in normal position, just anterior to anal fin 19

19a. Body with scales; no free spines in front of soft dorsal fin 20 19b. Body without scales; free spines in front of soft dorsal fin STICKLEBACK FAMILY, GASTEROSTEIDAE (P. 198)

20a. Anal spines one or two 22 20b. Anal spines three or more ...... 21

21a. Soft ray and SPINOUS dorsal fins completely separated; OPERCLES with well-developed spine on posterior edge TEMPERATE BASS FAMILY, PERCICHTHYIDAE (P. 198) 21b. Soft ray and SPINOUS dorsal fins connected; OPERCLES without a well-developed spine SUNFISH FAMILY, CENTRARCHIDAE (P. 198)

22a. Soft ray and SPINOUS dorsal fins connected; second anal spine broad and long compared to the first; lateral line extends onto caudal fin DRUM FAMILY, SCIAENIDAE (P. 199) 22b. Soft ray and SPINOUS dorsal fin separated; second anal spine not relatively broad and elongated; lateral line does not extend onto caudal fin PERCH FAMILY, PERCIDAE (P. 199)

190 Key to the Species

LAMPREY FAMILY, Petromyzontidae

There is only one member of this family that has been found in North Dakota CHESTNUT LAMPREY, Ichthyomyzon castaneus Girard

PADDLEFISH FAMILY, Polyodontidae

There is only one American member of this family PADDLEFISH, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum)

BOWFIN FAMILY, Amiidae

There is only one living member of this family BOWFIN, Amia CaIva (Linnaeus)

STURGEON FAMILY, Acipenseridae la. Spiracle (small opening) present at the top of the operculum; two papillose lobes on lower lip; caudal peduncle heavy, not entirely covered by bony plates LAKE STURGEON, Acipenser fulvescens (Rafinesque) lb. No spiracle present; four papillose lobes on lower lip; caudal peduncle very slender and completely covered by bony plates . . . (Scaphirhynchus spp.) ......

2a. Very small, scale-like, bony plates covering belly SHOVELNOSE STURGEON, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque) 2b. Belly mostly naked PALLID STURGEON, Scaphirhynchus albus (Forbes and Richardson)

GAR FAMILY, Lepisosteidae la. Snout long and thin, distance from tip to posterior angle of mouth more than twice the distance from the latter point to the rear edge of the operculum LONGNOSE GAR, Lepisosteus osseus Linnaeus lb. Snout short and wide, distance from tip to posterior angle of mouth less than twice the distance from the latter point to the rear edge of the operculum SHORTNOSE GAR, Lepisosteus platostomus

HERRING FAMILY, Clupeidae

There is only one member of this family that has been found in North Dakota GIZZARD SHAD, Dorosoma cepedianum (Lesueur)

MOON EYE FAMILY, Hiodontidae la. Belly keeled from pelvic fins forward; anterior edge of dorsal fin above anterior edge of anal fin; dorsal fin usually with 9 rays GOLDEYE, Hiodon alosoides (Rafinesque) lb. Belly keeled from pelvic fins to anal fin; anterior edge of dorsal before anterior edge of anal fin; dorsal fin usually with 11-12 rays MOONEYE, Hiodon tergisus Lesueur

191 Key to the Species Cont.

SALMON FAMILY, Salmonidae* la. Lateral line with more than 100 scales (Salmoninae) ...... 2 lb. Lateral line with less than 100 scales (Coregoninae) LAKE WHITEFISH, Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)

2a. Anal fin with a 9-12 rays; 10-12 branchiostegal rays present 3 2b. Anal fin with 13-19 rays; 13-19 branchiostegal rays present (Salmon) 4

3a. Lateral line with more than 190 scales; body dark with light spots; shaft of vomer without teeth (Chars) ...... 6 3b. Lateral line with less than 190 scales; body light with dark spots; shaft of vomer with teeth (Trout) ...... 7

4a. Gill rakers short, 19-28 on first arch; distinct black spots on back and on caudal fin ...... 5 4b. Gill rakers long, 30-50 on first arch; no distinct black spots on back or caudal fin but fine speckling may be present SOCKEYE (BLUEBACK OR KOKANEE) SALMON, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum)

5a. Anal fin usually with 13-15 rays; back, dorsal fin and caudal fin with few spots COHO (SILVER) SALMON, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) 5b. Anal fin usually with 15-17 rays; back, dorsal fin and caudal fin profusely covered with spots CHINOOK (KING) SALMON, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum)

6a. Caudal fin deeply forked; body, fins and head covered with irregularly shaped, light spots LAKE TROUT, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) 6b. Caudal fin square or slightly forked; back with light mottled or wormy streaks; sides with large black and some red spots, almost as large as pupil of eye EASTERN BROOK TROUT, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill)

7a. Caudal fin, sides and belly profusely covered with small spots (1-2mm); sides marked lengthwise by a more or less pinkish streak RAINBOW TROUT, Salmo gairdneri Richardson 7b. Caudal fin without spots or with only a few restricted to the dorsal portion; back and sides with numerous large spots (greater than 1/2 diameter of pupil) BROWN TROUT, Salmo trutta Linnaeus

SMELT FAMILY, Osmeridae

One member of this mainly anadromous family has landlocked populations which have been introduced into North Dakota RAINBOW SMELT, Osmerus mordax (Mitchill)

PIKE FAMILY, Esocidae la. Ventral surface of lower jaw with 5 or fewer pores on each side; body with small light spots, or vertical bars in juveniles, on darker background NORTHERN PIKE, Esox lucius Linnaeus lb. Ventral surface of lower jaw with 6 or more pores on each side; body with dark bars or spots on lighter background MUSKELLUNGE, Esox masquinongy Mitchill

*The salmonids in North Dakota are present almost entirely as a result of stocking programs. Many are unable to reproduce in the state and will be present only as long as stocking continues. It is suggested that the reader refer to other keys for positive identification since species not included in this key may be stocked following this writing.

192

Key to the Species Cont.

MUDMINNOW FAMILY, Umbridae

There is only one member of this family that has been found in North Dakota CENTRAL MUDMINNOW, Umbra limi (Kirtland)

MINNOW FAMILY, Cyprinidae la. Dorsal fin with more than 12 rays; anterior spine in dorsal and anal fins 2 lb. Dorsal fin with less than 12 rays 3

2a. Upper jaw with 2 barbels on each side CARP, Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus 2b. Upper jaw without barbels GOLDFISH, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus)

3a. Distance from front of anal fin base to caudal fin going 3 times or more into distance from front of anal fin base to tip of snout; commonly exceeds 14 inches in length GRASS CARP, Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes) 3b. Distance from front of anal fin base to caudal fin going 21/2 times or less into distance from front of anal fin base to tip of snout 4

4a. Distinct horny cartilaginous ridge on lower jaw (not to be confused with soft flap present in other fishes) STONEROLLER, Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque) 4b. No cartilaginous ridge on lower jaw 5

5a. Premaxillaries protractile 7 5b. Premaxillaries not protractile 6

6a. Snout rather short, scarcely overhanging upper lip BLACKNOSE DACE, Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann) 6b. Snout long, definitely protrudes beyond upper lip LONGNOSE DACE, Rhinichthys cataractae (Valenciennes)

7a. Maxillary with barbel present at side or tip; size of barbel variable, may be minute or hard to find in some individuals ...... 8 7b. Maxillary without barbel of any type 10

8a. Barbel located before tip of maxillary and often concealed in groove between maxillary and premaxillary (maxillary groove) 9 8b. Barbel located at posterior tip of maxillary SEE CHUBS ...... (p. 194)

9a. Upper jaw extends to or past front of eye CREEK CHUB, Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) 9b. Upper jaw does not extend to front of eye PEARL DACE, Semotilus margarita (Cope)

10a. More than 45 scales in lateral line 11 10b. Less than 45 scales in lateral line 13

lla. Lateral line complete (extending full length of body) GOLDEN SHINER, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill)...... 11b. Lateral line incomplete (not extending full length of body) 12

12a. Distinct round spot at base of caudal fin; mouth large, extending almost to below anterior margin of eye FINESCALE DACE, Phoxinus neogaeus Cope 12b. No distinct spot at base of caudal fin; mouth small, terminating distinctly in advance of eye NORTHERN REDBELLY DACE, Phoxinus eos (Cope)

193 Key to the Species Cyprinidae--Cont.

13a. Anterior edge of dorsal fin with dark spot slightly above base (may be faint); first rudimentary dorsal ray distinctly separated from the first well-developed ray by a membrane ...... 14 13b. Anterior edge of dorsal fin without dark spot; first rudimentary dorsal ray closely attached to first well-developed ray ...... 15

14a. Lateral line complete; prominent black spot at base of caudal fin; mouth subterminal BLUNTNOSE MINNOW, Pimephales notatus (Rafinesque) 14b. Lateral line incomplete; caudal spot faint; mouth terminal FATHEAD MINNOW, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque

15a. Intestine long, much more than twice the standard length of the fish, with several loops; lining of body cavity black (Hybognathus*) ...... 16 15b. Intestine short, less than twice the standard length of the fish, with a single S-shaped loop; lining of body cavity silvery in most species (Notropis*) ...... (p. 195)

GENUS, Hybognathus

16a. First principal dorsal ray shorter than the second and third rays, giving the outer margin of the fin a somewhat rounded shape BRASSY MINNOW, Hybognathus hankinsoni Hubbs 16b. First principal dorsal ray as long or longer than the second and third rays giving the fin a pointed shape ...... 17

17a. Diameter of eye goes 4.4-4.9 times into head length; diameter of eye much less than width of mouth opening PLAINS MINNOW, Hybognathus placitus Girard 17b. Diameter of eye goes 3.6-4.2 times into head length; diameter of eye greater than width of mouth opening SILVERY MINNOW, Hybognathus nuchalis Agassiz**

CHUBS

la. Snout distinctly extending beyond upper lip; mouth subterminal ...... 2 lb. Snout not extending beyond upper lip; mouth more or less terminal 5

2a. Body marked with dark spots or small blotches ...... 3 2b. Body not marked with dark spots or blotches 4

3a. Lateral line with 40-43 scales STURGEON CHUB, Hybopsis gelida (Girard) 3b. Lateral line with 46-50 scales SICKLEFIN CHUB, Hybopsis meeki Jordan and Evermann

4a. Lateral line with 50-58 scales FLATHEAD CHUB, Hybopsis gracilis (Richardson) 4b. Lateral line with 38-41 scales SILVER CHUB, Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland)

5a. Lateral line with more than 50 scales LAKE CHUB, Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz) 5b. Lateral line with 50 scales or less HORNYHEAD CHUB, Nocomis biguttatus (Kirtland)

*Until familiar with these species, it will be necessary to dissect the fish to differentiate between the genera (Notropis and Hybognathus). If this is not possible, running the fish through both paths may give a clue as to its identity.

**Some authorities now recognize the "silvery minnows" in the Missouri River drainage as a separate species, Hybognathus argyritis Girard, the western silvery minnow.

194

Key to the Species Cont. SHINER GENUS, Notropis la. Anal rays 9 to 12; pharyngeal tooth formula 2,4-4,2 2 lb. Anal rays usually 7 or 8 (rarely nine); teeth in outer row usually 0 or 1, usually 2 in Notropis heterodon and Notropis hudsonius 4 2a. Dorsal fin originates directly over or in front of insertion of pelvic fins; lateral scales twice as high as wide COMMON SHINER, Notropis cornutus (MITCHILL) 2B. Dorsal fin originates behind insertion of pelvic fins; lateral scales nearly round 3

3A. Snout sharp, its length more than two-thirds distance from posterior margin of eye to posterior margin of gill cover; lateral pigmentation usually bordered below by lateral line ROSYFACE SHINER, Notropis rubellus (AGASSIZ) 3B. Snout blunt, its length less than two-thirds distance from posterior margin of eye to posterior margin of gill cover; lateral pigmentation terminating above lateral line EMERALD SHINER, Notropis atherinoides RAFINESQUE 4a. Diameter of eye less than one-fourth length of head in adults; last dorsal rays much more than half length of longest rays 5 4b. Diameter of eye more than one-fourth length of head in adults; last dorsal rays less than half length of longest rays 6 5a. Dark blotch on membranes between posterior dorsal rays; anal fin rays usually eight; pharyngeal tooth formula 1,4-4,1 SPOTFIN SHINER, Notropis spilopterus (Cope) 5b. No blotch on dorsal fin; anal fin rays usually 9; pharyngeal tooth formula 0,4-4,0 RED SHINER, Notropis lutrensis (Baird and Girard) 6a. Caudal fin with large conspicuous black spot at base SPOTTAIL SHINER, Notropis hudsonius (Clinton) 6b. Caudal fin without black spot 7 7a. Lateral band blackish and continued forward through eye and around snout (may be indistinct) 8 7b. Lateral band dusky and not continued forward through eye and around snout 10 8a. Mouth extremely small, upper jaw not extending past anterior nostril; lateral line complete or nearly so; peritoneum black PUGNOSE SHINER, Notropis anogenus Forbes 8b. Mouth large, upper jaw extending past nostril nearly to eye; lateral line incomplete, peritoneum silvery ...... 9 9a. Lateral band on muzzle confined to chin and PREMAXILLARIES (chin black); pharyngeal tooth formula 1,4-4,1 BLACKCHIN SHINER, Notropis heterodon (Cope) 9b. Lateral band on muzzle encroaching on snout above PREMAXILLARIES (chin not black); pharyngeal tooth formula 0,4-4; 0 BLACKNOSE SHINER, Notropis heterolepis EIGENMANN and EIGENMANN

10a. Anal rays usually 7 11 10b. Anal rays usually 8 BIGMOUTH SHINER, Notropis dorsalis (AGASSIZ)

LLA. Pharyngeal tooth formula 0,4-4 ,0; stripe along MIDLINE of back expanded just anterior to dorsal fin SAND SHINER. Notropis stramineus (Cope) 11B. Pharyngeal tooth formula 1,4-4 ,1; stripe along MIDLINE of back not expanded before dorsal fin RIVER SHINER, Notropis blennius (Girard)

195 Key to the Species Cont.

SUCKER FAMILY, CATOSTOMIDAE la. Dorsal fin long, 25-40 rays ...... 2 lb. Dorsal fin shorter, 10-18 rays ...... 7

2a. Lateral line with more than 50 scales BLUE SUCKER, Cycleptus elongatus (LESUEUR) 2b. Lateral line with less than 45 scales ...... 3

3A. SUBOPERCLE (bone at lower posterior angle of gill cover) broadest at middle; pharyngeal arch thick, triangular in cross section ...... 4 3B. SUBOPERCLE broadest below middle; pharyngeal arch almost paper thin 6

4a. Front of upper lip above lower edge of eye; mouth large, length of jaw nearly equal to snout length BIGMOUTH BUFFALO, Ictiobus cyprinellus (Valenciennes) 4b. Front of upper lip well below lower edge of eye; mouth smaller, length of jaw much less than length of snout 5

5a. Body depth usually going 2.8 times or less into standard length; body surface in front of dorsal fin strongly keeled SMALLMOUTH BUFFALO, Ictiobus bubalus (RAFINESQUE) 5b. Body depth usually going more than 2.8 times into standard length; body surface in front of dorsal fin rounded or weakly keeled BLACK BUFFALO, Ictiobus niger (RAFINESQUE)

6a. Nipple-like structure protruding anteriorly from center of lower lip; anterior dorsal rays only slightly elongated, not reaching more than 1/2 the length of the base of the fin; lateral line scales 33-37 RIVER CARPSUCKER, Carpiodes carpio (RAFINESQUE) 6b. No nipple-like structure on lower lip; anterior dorsal rays elongated, as long as base of fin; lateral line scales 37-40 QUILLBACK, Carpiodes cyprinus (LESUEUR)

7a. Lateral line complete 8 7b. Lateral line absent LAKE CHUBSUCKER, Erimyzon sucetta (LACE'PEDE)

8a. Less than 55 scales in lateral line and not crowded anteriorly 9 8b. More than 55 scales in lateral line and crowded anteriorly 12

9a. Scales around caudal peduncle 12, usually 5 above and 5 below lateral line when counted from the side ...... 10 9b. Scales around caudal peduncle 16, usually 7 above and 7 below lateral line when counted from side GREATER REDHORSE, Moxostoma valenciennesi Jordan

10a. Halves of lower lip meet at an acute angle; dorsal fin rounded at tip; PLICAE of lips broken by transverse creases; dorsal rays 15-17 SILVER REDHORSE, Moxostoma anisurum (RAFINESQUE) 10b. Halves of lower lip meet in almost a straight line; dorsal fin pointed; PLICAE of lips with no transverse creases, except possibly in corners; dorsal rays 11-14 11

LLA. Posterior margin of lower lip nearly a straight line; dark spots at base of DORSO- lateral scales SHORTHEAD REDHORSE, Moxostoma macrolepidotum (LESUEUR) 11B. Posterior margin of lower lip an obtuse angle; no dark spots at base of DORSO- lateral scales GOLDEN REDHORSE, Moxostoma erythrurum (RAFINESQUE)

12a. Scales coarse, less than 80 scales in lateral line WHITE SUCKER, Catostomus commersoni (LACE'PEDE) 12b. Scales fine, more than 80 scales in lateral line LONGNOSE SUCKER, Catostomus catostomus (Forster)

196 Key to the Species Cont.

CATFISH FAMILY, Ictaluridae la. Caudal fin deeply forked CHANNEL CATFISH, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) lb. Caudal fin square or rounded ...... 2

2a. Posterior margin of adipose fin fused to caudal fin to some degree ...... 6 2b. Adipose fin totally separate from caudal fin ...... 3

3a. Less than 16 anal rays; upper maxillary teeth with backward lateral extensions FLATHEAD CATFISH, Pylodictis olivaris (Rafinesque) 3b. More than 16 anal rays; upper maxillary teeth without backward lateral extensions . . . (Bullheads) 4

4a. Lower barbels black or grey 5 4b. Lower barbels white YELLOW BULLHEAD, Ictalurus natalis (Lesueur)

5a. Posterior edge of pectoral spines strongly barbed (can be detected by feel); anal rays 21-24; dorsal interray membranes not noticeably darkened BROWN BULLHEAD, Ictalurus nebulosus (Lesueur) 5b. Posterior edge of pectoral spines weakly barbed (difficult to detect by feel); anal rays 17-21; dorsal interray membrane usually noticeably darkened BLACK BULLHEAD, Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque)

6a. Upper maxillary teeth in bands with backward lateral extensions STONECAT, Noturus flavus Rafinesque 6b. Upper maxillary teeth in bands without backward lateral extentions TADPOLE MADTOM, Noturus gyrinus (Mitchill)

PIRATE PERCH FAMILY, Aphredoderidae

This family contains only one species PIRATE PERCH, Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams)

TROUT-PERCH FAMILY, Percopsidae

There is only one member of this family that has been found in North Dakota TROUT-PERCH, Percopsis omiscomaycus (Walbaum)

COD FAMILY, Gadidae

Only one strictly freshwater species of this family is found in North America BURBOT, Lota Iota (Linnaeus)

KILLIFISH FAMILY, Cyprinodontidae la. Dorsal rays 13; front of dorsal fin above or before front of anal fin, never behind second ray of anal fin; body marked with about 20 dark vertical cross bars (intensity of cross bars variable) BANDED KILLIFISH, Fundulus diaphanus (Lesueur) lb. Dorsal rays 7-11; front of dorsal fin behind second ray of anal fin; body plain, or with irregular spots, no bars or streaks PLAINS TOPMINNOW, Fundulus sciadicus Cope

197 Key to the Species Cont.

STICKLEBACK FAMILY, GASTEROSTEIDAE la. SPINOUS dorsal fin usually consisting of 9 (8-11) free spines NINESPINE STICKLEBACK, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) lb. SPINOUS dorsal fin usually consisting of 5 (4-6) free spines BROOK STICKLEBACK, Culaea inconstans (Kirtland)

TEMPERATE BASS FAMILY, PERCICHTHYIDAE la. Soft anal rays 12-13; longest anal spine equal to or greater than half the height of fin WHITE BASS, Morone chrysops (RAFINESQUE) lb. Soft anal rays 9-11; longest anal spine less than half the height of fin STRIPED BASS, Morone saxatilis (WALBAUM)

SUNFISH FAMILY, CENTRARCHIDAE* la. Depth of body goes about three times in standard length 2 lb. Depth of body goes less than three times in standard length 3

2a. Upper jaw extends beyond posterior margin of eye; 60-68 scales in lateral line LARGEMOUTH BASS, Micropterus salmoides (LACEPECLE) 2b. Upper jaw extends at least to mid-pupil but not beyond eye; 68-78 scales in lateral line SMALLMOUTH BASS, Micropterus dolomieui LACEPEDE

3a. Base of anal fin nearly equal in length to base of dorsal fin (Pomoxis) 4 3b. Base of anal fin much shorter than base of dorsal fin 5

4a. Dorsal spines six; distance from eye to front of dorsal fin base greater than length of dorsal fin base WHITE CRAPPIE, Pomoxis annularis RAFINESQUE 4b. Dorsal spines seven or eight; distance from eye to front of dorsal fin base about equal to length of dorsal fin base BLACK CRAPPIE, Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LESUEUR)

5a. Mouth relatively large, maxillary extending beyond middle of eye ROCKBASS, Ambloplites rupestris (RAFINESQUE) 5b. Mouth smaller, maxillary not extending beyond middle of eye 6

6a. Pectoral fins short and rounded, not extending past front of anal fin; mouth large, reaching to beneath pupil of eye GREEN SUNFISH, Lepomis cyanellus RAFINESQUE 6b. Pectoral fins long and pointed, extending past front of anal fin (except in immature individuals), mouth smaller, not reaching beneath pupil 7

7a. Length of gill rakers more than twice the width of their base 8 7b. Length of gill rakers less than twice the width of their base PUMPKINSEED, Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus)

8a. More than 40 scales in lateral line; anal fin with 10-12 soft rays BLUEGILL, Lepomis macrochirus RAFINESQUE 8b. Less than 40 scales in lateral line; anal fin with 7-10 soft rays ORANGESPOTTED SUNFISH, Lepomis humilis (Girard)

*Hybridization is common among the CENTRARCHIDS, therefore, many may be difficult to key out clearly.

198

Key to the Species Cont.

PERCH FAMILY, Percidae la. Mouth large, maxillary extending to or beyond midpoint of eye; branchiostegal rays 7 or 8; size usually large, adults more than 5 inches in length ...... 2 lb. Mouth small, maxillary not extending beyond anterior margin of eye; branchiostegal rays 5 or 6; small bottom dwellers (darters) never more than 6 inches in length, usually much smaller 4

2a. Anal fin with two spines and 6-8 soft rays; space between pelvic fins less than width of either fin; no oversize fang-like teeth (canines) YELLOW PERCH, Perca flavescens (Mitchill) 2b. Anal fin with two spines and 12 or 13 soft rays; space between pelvic fins equal to or greater than width of base of either fin; canine teeth present

3a. Lower lobe of caudal fin with white tip; dark spot present on posterior of spinous dorsal fin; base of pectoral fin without black spot WALLEYE, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill) 3b. Lower lobe of caudal fin without white tip; no dark spot present on posterior of spinous dorsal fin; base of pectoral fin with black spot SAUGER, Stizostedion canadense (Smith)

4a. Anal fin equal to or larger than soft dorsal fin; 'belly either naked or with enlarged scales; caudal fin usually slightly forked ...... 4b. Anal fin smaller than soft dorsal fin; belly either naked or normally scaled, scales never enlarged; caudal fin squared or truncate

5a. Snout prolonged to form a conical protuberance projecting beyond upper jaw; lateral line with 78 or more scales LOGPERCH, Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) 5b. Snout not projecting beyond upper jaw; lateral line with less than 78 scales

6a. Cheeks scaled RIVER DARTER, Percina shumardi (Girard) 6b. Cheeks naked BLACKSIDE DARTER, Percina maculata (Girard)

7a. Lateral line complete; premaxillaries protractile JOHNNY DARTER, Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque 7b. Lateral line incomplete; premaxillaries not protractile IOWA DARTER, Etheostoma exile (Girard)

DRUM FAMILY, Sciaenidae

There is only one strictly freshwater species in this family FRESHWATER DRUM, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque

199

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ZOOL., University of Michigan 568:1-27. heads, Ictalurus melas (RAFINESQUE), and white bass, Morone chrysops (RAFINESQUE), Miller, R. R. 1960. Systematics and biology of in Lake Ashtabula, North Dakota. M.S. the gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) Thesis, University of North Dakota. 95 P. and related fishes. Bull. U. S. Fish and WILDL. SERV. 173, 60:371-392. OLUND, L. J., and F. B. Cross. 1961. Geo- graphic variation in the North American Miller, R. R. 1972. Threatened freshwater CYPRINID fish Hybopsis gracilis. University fishes of the United States. Trans. Amer. of Kansas, PUBL. MUS. Nat. HIST. 13(7): Fish. Soc., 101(2):239-252. 323-348.

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206 PETRAVICZ, W. P. 1938. The breeding habits of COPEIA 1957(3):250. the black-sided darter. Hadropterus maculatus Girard. COPEIA 1938(1):40-44. Reed, R. J. 1958. The early life history of two CYPRINIDS, Notropis rubellus and Pfeiffer, R. A. 1955. Studies on the life Campostoma anomalum pullum. COPEIA history of the ROSYFACE shiner, Notropis 1958(4):325-327. rubellus. COPEIA 1955(2):95-103. REIGH, R. 1978. Fishes of the western trib- PFLIEGER, W. L. 1965. Reproductive behavior utaries of the Missouri River in North of the minnows, Notropis spilopterus and Dakota. M.S. Thesis, University of North Notropis whipplii. COPEIA 1965(1):1-8. Dakota. 200 P.

PFLIEGER, W. L. 1971. A distributional study REIGHARD, J. W. 1904. The natural history of of Missouri fishes. University of Kansas Amia calva Linnaeus. (In Mark Anniversary Pub!., MUS. Nat. Hist. 20(3):225-570. Vol. (4):57-109 + pl. and figs., New York, 1904). PFLIEGER, W. L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation. 343 REIGHARD, J. W. 1910. Methods of studying P. the habits of fishes with an account of the breeding habits of the horned dace. Bull. Pope, T. E. B. 1908. Devils Lake, North U. S. Bur. Fish. Doc. 710:1111-1136. Dakota, a study of physical and biological conditions with a view to the acclimatization REINISCH, J. D., D. S. Eisen, H. L. Holloway, of fish. Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish. Doc. Jr., and J. B. Owen. 1977. Nematodes of 634:1-22. the genus Philometra in North Dakota fish. PROC. N. DAK. SCI. 31(PART I):25. PRIEGEL, G. R. 1963. Food of walleye and SAUGER in Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin. Richardson, L. R. 1939. The spawning Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 92(3):312-313. behavior of Fundulus diaphanus (LESUEUR). COPEIA 1939(3):165-167. PURKETT, C. A., Jr. 1961. Reproduction and early development of the paddlefish. Robins, C. R., and E. E. DEUBLER, Jr. 1955. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 90(2):125-127. The life history and systematic status of the BURBOT, Lota Iota lacustris (WALBAUM), Ragan, J. E. 1970. Biological characteristics in the Susquehanna River system. New of a population of yellow perch in Lake York State MUS. CIRC. 39:1-49. Ashtabula, North Dakota, as sampled with an otter trawl. M.S. Thesis, University of Robins, C. R., and E. C. Raney. 1957. Dis- North Dakota. 39 P. tributional and NOMENCLATORIAL notes on the suckers of the genus Moxostoma. COPEIA Raney, E. C. 1939. The breeding habits of (1957):154-155. the silvery minnow, Hybognathus regius Girard. Amer. Mid!. Nat. 21(3):674-680. ROTHROCK, E. P. 1943. A . Part 1, The surface. S. DAK. Raney, E. C. 1940A. The breeding behavior Geol. SURV. Bull. 13. 88 P. of the common shiner, Notropis cornutus (MITCHILL). ZOOLOGICA 25(1):1-14 + 4 pls. Russell, G. W. 1975. Distribution of fishes in North Dakota drainages affected by the Raney, E. C. 1940B. Comparison of the Garrison Diversion Project. M.S. Thesis, breeding habits of two subspecies of University of North Dakota. 100 P. black-nosed dace, Rhinichthys atratulus (Hermann). Amer. Midland Nat. 23(3): RYCKMAN, L. F. 1977. Experimental devel- 399-403. opment of a commercial fishery in Lake Ashtabula, North Dakota, with probable Rawson, D. S. 1957. The life history and effects on fish growth and accumulation of ecology of the yellow walleye, Stizostedion nutrients. M. S. Thesis, University of vitreum, in Lac La RONGE, Saskatchewan. North Dakota. 68 P. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 86(1956):15-37. SCHADEWALD, P. 1973. The food habits and age Reed, R. J. 1957A. Phases of the life history and growth of GOLDEYE, Hiodon alosoides of the ROSYFACE shiner, Notropis rubellus, (RAFINESQUE) in Beaver Creek, Lake Oahe, in northwestern Pennsylvania. COPEIA North Dakota, 1971-72. M.S. Thesis, 1957(4):286-290. University of North Dakota. 50 P.

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207 SHELFORD, V. E. 1911. Ecological succession I: Sutherland, D. R., and H. L. Holloway, Jr. stream fishes and the method of PHYSIO- 1976. Ecological analyses of piscine graphic analysis. Biol. Bull. 21:9-35. PARASITOFAUNA from four North Dakota streams. Frog. ABSTR. Amer. Soc. Siefert, R. E. 1968. Reproductive behavior, PARASIT. :37. incubation and mortality of eggs, and POSTLARVAL food selection in the white Sutherland, D. R., and H. L. Holloway, Jr. crappie. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 97(3): 1979. Parasites of fish from the Missouri, 252-259. James, Sheyenne and Wild Rice rivers in North Dakota. PROC. Helm. Soc. Wash. Simon, J. R. 1946. Wyoming fishes. Wyoming 46(1):128-134. Game and Fish Department Bull. No. 4. 126 P. Symington, D. R. 1959. The fish of Saskatchewan. Sask. Dept. Nat. Re- Smith, L. L., Jr., and R. H. Kramer. 1964. sources, CONSERV. Bull. 7:1-25. The SPOTTAIL shiner in Lower Red Lake, Minnesota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. Taylor, W. R. 1969. A revision of the catfish 93(1):35-45. genus Noturus RAFINESQUE with an analysis of higher groups in the ICTALURIDAE. U. S. Sprague, J. W. 1960. Stream survey-Souris Nat. MUS. Bull. 282:315 P. River. North Dakota Game and Fish Department, Dingell-Johnson Division, Thompson, D. H., and F. D. Hunt. 1930. Project F-2-R-8, Job No. 2A. 7 P. The fishes of Champaign County. A study of the distribution and abundance of fishes Starrett, W. C. 1950A. Distribution of the in small streams. Ill. Nat. HIST. SURV. , fishes of Boone County, Iowa, with special Bull. 19:1-101. reference to the minnows and darters. Amer. Midland Nat. 43(1):112-127. Thompson, E. S. 1898. A list of fishes known to occur in Manitoba. Forest and Stream, Starrett, W. C. 1950B. Food relationships of 51(11):214. the minnows of the Des Moines River, Iowa. Ecology 31(2):216-233. Thorn, W. C., and V. J. STAROSTKA. 1969. The yellow bullhead in two small impound- Starrett, W. C. 1951. Some factors affecting ments in northeastern South Dakota. Proc. the abundance of minnows in the Des Moines S. DAK. Acad. SCI. 48:148-150. River, Iowa. Ecology 32(1):13-27. TOL, D. 1976. An evaluation of the fishery STASIAK, R. H. 1972. The morphology and life resource in a portion of the James River, history of the FINESCALE dace, Pfrille South Dakota scheduled for channel modifi- neogaea, in Itasca State Park, Minnesota. cation. M. S. Thesis, South Dakota State Ph.D. DISS. , University of Minnesota. University. 69 P.

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209

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

John B. Owen is professor of biology at the University of North Dakota in Grand Forks. He has been on the faculty at UND for 15 years teaching courses in fisheries and related subjects and has directed the research activities of over 25 students who have received advanced degrees. Dr. Owen's research interests center around the effects of public works projects on fisheries resources. He has authorized numerous reports and publications dealing with fisheries management problems in the North Central United States. Prior to his work at UND, Dr. Owen was employed by the U.S. Public Health Service in Cincinnati, Ohio, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Pierre, South Dakota, and the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in Juneau, Alaska. His teaching career began at Northeast Missouri State University in Kirksville. He received his B.S. degree from Northeast Missouri State University, M.S. from the University of Kentucky, and Ph.D. from Iowa State University. Dean S. Elsen and Gordon W. Russell were graduate students of Dr. Owen working on fish distribution in North and South Dakota. Mr. Elsen received his B.S. from the University of Nebraska and his M.S. from the University of North Dakota. He is presently employed as a fisheries biologist by the U.S. Forest Service, 1205 North Main, Erwin, Tennessee 37650. Mr. Russell received his B.S. from the University of Connecticut and M.S. from the University of North Dakota. He is presently employed as a biologist by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Concord, New Hampshire 03301.

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