Historical Period 3: 1754 1800

In a “Nutshell” Henretta Chapters 4-6 AMSCO Chapters 4-6

Assessment Weight = 45%

Period 3: 1754-1800: British imperial attempts to reassert control over its colonies and the colonial reaction to these attempts produced a new American republic, along with struggles over the new nation’s social, political, and economic identity. Essential Questions:  How did the affect the Native American population and the relations between Britain and its colonies?  How did the ideas of the Enlightenment and the First Great Awakening foster the drive toward American independence from England?  How did conceptions of American identity and democratic ideals emerge and shape the movement for independence.  Why did the colonist rebel against Britain?  How did the Declaration of Independence reflect the colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican self-government based on the natural rights of the people?  What were the political, economic, and social results of the ?  What was the immediate and long-term significance of the Declaration of Independence?  How did the Declaration of Independence shape belief systems and independence movements in the Atlantic World?  Why did the rebels win the war for independence?  Why did the experience of the newly liberated colonies under the Articles of Confederation result in a new federal Constitution?  What were the major compromises of the Constitutional Convention and the major arguments for and against the ratification of the Constitution?  What were the migration patterns of British and Spanish settlers in North America?  To what extent was the relationship between Native Americans and British colonists altered following the French and Indian War and the American Revolution?  What problems arose and what political and/or diplomatic initiatives were taken by the U.S. government as Americans moved westward?  How did regional identities challenge the formation of a national identity as the new American nation expanded westward?  How and why did the first major party system develop in the early Republic?  What were and Thomas Jefferson’s competing conceptions of national identity, foreign policy, and the future of America?

Required IDs for Unit 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6

4-1. Salutary Neglect 5.1 John Dickenson, Letters 6-1. Battle of Saratoga 4-2. Albany Plan of Union From a Farmer In 6-2. Yorktown 4-3. Iroquois Confederacy (AMSCO) 6-3. , 1783 4-4. French and Indian 5-2. Stamp Act Crisis 6-4. War 5-3. Patrick Henry/VA 6-5. Articles of Confederation 4-5. Peace of Paris 1763 Resolves 6-6. Land Ordinance of 1785 4-6. Proclamation of 1763 5-4. Massacre 6-7. Northwest Ordinance, 4-7. 5-5. Representation: Virtual 1787 vs Direct 6-8. Shay’s Rebellion 5-6. 6-9. Battle of Fallen Timbers 5-7. Coercive Acts 6-10. Treaty of Greenville (Intolerable Acts) 6-11. Annapolis Convention 5-8. Stamp Act Crisis 6-12. Constitutional Convention 5-9. Samuel Adams 6-13. The Great Compromise 5-10. Sons and Daughters 6-14. The Federalist Papers of Liberty 6-15. Federalists 5-11. James Otis 6-16. Anti-Federalists 5-12. Declaratory Act 6-17. Bill of Rights 5-13. Quartering Act 6-18. Hamilton’s Financial Plan 5-14. Townshend Duties 6-19. 5-15. Internal vs. External 6-20. French Revolution Taxation 6-21. Citizen Genet 5-16. Tea Act 1773 6-22. Proclamation of Neutrality 5-17. 6-23. Jay’s Treaty 5-18. Quebec Act 6-24. Pinckney’s Treaty 5-19. First Continental 6-25. Washington’s Farewell Congress Address 5-20. Suffolk Resolves 6-26. Quasi War With France 5-21. Committees of 6-27. XYZ Affair Correspondence 6-28. Alien and Sedition Acts 5-22. Lexington and Concord 6-29. and Kentucky 5-23. Second Continental Resolutions Congress 6-30. Revolution of 1800 5-24. Olive Branch Petition 6-31. Midnight Appointments 5-25. 5-26. Declaration of Independence

Henretta AMSCO

Possible Essay Questions for Period 3: 1754-1800 1. Why did the colonist rebel against Britain? (Dixon) 2. How did debates over the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution reflect democratic and republican values and competing conceptions of national identity? (Dixon) 3. How did the development of the first major party system reflect democratic and republican values and competing conceptions of national identity? (Dixon) 4. How did imperial competition and the exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic Ocean influence the origins and patterns of development of North American societies in the colonial period? Provide one example of the competition and one example of exchange in your response. (Hastings) 5. How did changing religious ideals, Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shape the politics, culture, and society of the time period from the colonial era through the early Republic? (Hastings) 6. Some historians have argued that the British victory over the French in North America inevitably led to the American Revolution a few years later. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence. (SG) 7. Some historians have argued that the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution inspired and accelerated revolutionary movements elsewhere in the Americas and in Europe. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence. (SG) 8. Analyze the struggles of the new American republic to create a new social, political, and economic identity between the years 1776–1801. (SG)

Other Possible Essay Questions based off of what has been asked on previous AP Exams Old Format New Format (John Irish) 9. How did economic, geographic, and social factors Evaluate the economic, geographic, and social factors which encourage the growth of slavery as an important part impacted the growth of slavery in the southern colonies between of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775. 1607 and 1775? (2001 #2 FRQ)

10. Compare and contrast the ways in which economic Compare and contrast the economic and political development development affected politics in and of the and Chesapeake colonies from 1607 to 1750. Virginia in the period from 1607 to 1750. (2005 #2 FRQ)

11. Settlers in the eighteenth-century American Evaluate the causes and effects of violent protest by American bakcountry sometimes resorted to violent protest to backcountry settlers during the eighteenth century. express their grievances. Analyze the causes and significance of TWO of the following: March of the Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement, Shay’s Rebellion, Whiskey Rebellion (2007 #2 FRQ)

12. Compare and contrast the British, French, and Spanish a. Compare and contrast the European imperial goals in imperial goals in North America between 1580 and North America between 1580 and 1763. 1763. (2011 #2 FRQ B) b. Compare and contrast the British, French, and Spanish imperial goals in North America between 1580 and 1763. 13. Analyze the role of trans-Atlantic trade and Great Explain how trans-Atlantic trade and Great Britain’s mercantilist Britain’s mercantilist policies in the economic policies impacted the economic development of the British north development of the British North American colonies in America in the period from 1650 to 1750 the period from 1650 to 1750. (2013 #2 FRQ)

14. In what ways did the French and Indian War (1754- a. Evaluate the way the Seven Years War contributed to 63) alter the political, economic and ideological maintaining continuity as well as fostering change in relation between Britain and its American colonies? relations between Britain and its American colonies. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period b. Evaluate the extent to which the Seven Years War 1740-1766 in constructing your response. (2004 altered relations between Britain and its American DBQ) colonies.

15. A. Analyze the ways in which British imperial policies a. Evaluate the extent that the Seven Years War (1763) between 1763 and 1776 intensified colonials’ was a turning point in colonial responses to British resistance to British rule and their commitment to Imperial policy through 1776. republican values. (2009 #2 FRQ) b. Explain the extent to which British imperial policies after the Seven Years War (1763) through 1776 B. Analyze the effect of the French and Indian intensified colonials’ resistance to British rule. War and its aftermath on the relationship c. Explain how the French and Indian War impacted the between Great Britain and the British colonies. relationship between Great Britain and the British Confine your response to the period from 1754 to colonies from 1754 to 1776. 1776. (2012 FRQ)

16. To what extent had the colonists developed a sense of Evaluate the extent to which a sense of identity and unity their identity and unity as Americans by the eve of the contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostered change Revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge within the American colonies from the years 1607 to 1776. of the period 1750 to 1776 to answer the question (1999 DBQ)

17. Analyze the impact of the American Revolution on Evaluate the impact of the American Revolution on both slavery both slavery and the status of women in the period and the status of women. from 1775-1800. (2004 #2 FRQ)

18. To what extent did the American Revolution Evaluate the extent to which the American Revolution changed fundamentally change American society? In your the political, economic, and social aspects of American society answer, be sure to address the political, social and from 1775 to 1800. economic effects of the Revolution in the period from 1775 to 1800. (2005 DBQ)

19. Analyze the political, diplomatic, and military reasons a. Explain the political, diplomatic, and military causes for the United States victory in the Revolutionary War. which led to the victory in the American Revolution. Confine your answer to the period 1775-1783. (2010 b. Explain the political and economic causes which led to #2 FRQ ) the independence movement from the end of the Seven Years War until the end of the American Revolution. 20. Evaluate the extent to which the Articles of Evaluate the major causes which led the country to abandon the Confederation were effective in solving the problems Articles of Confederation and ratify the U.S. Constitution. that confronted the new nation. (2003 #2 FRQ)

21. To what extent was the United States Constitution a Compare and contrast the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. radical departure from the Articles of Confederation? Constitution. (2005 FRQ #3 Form B)

22. Analyze how the ideas and experiences of the Evaluate the extent to which revolutionary ideals and revolutionary era influenced the principles embodied experiences shaped the creation of a new government both in the Articles of Confederation. (2009B #2 FRQ) during and after the American Revolution.

23. “The United States Constitution of 1787 represented Evaluate the extent to which the ratification of the U.S. an economic and ideological victory for the traditional Constitution was a turning point for the traditional American American political elite.” Assess the validity of that political elite. statement for the period 1781 to 1789. (2006 #2 FRQ, B)

24. Analyze the ways in which the political, economic, and Explain the major political, economic, and diplomatic causes and diplomatic crises of the 1780s shaped the provisions consequences for the call and for the ratification of the U.S. of the United States Constitution. (2011 #3 FRQ B) Constitution and its adoption in 1787.

25. Analyze the ways in which the United States sought to Evaluate the extent to which American foreign policy advance its interests in world affairs between 1789 contributed to maintaining continuity as well as fostered change and 1823 (2013 #3 FRQ) with regard to United States involvement in world affairs from 176 to 1823.

Historical Period 3: 1754 1800 In a “Nutshell” Part II

Listed below are the key concepts and themes from the AP Curriculum Framework. This is the information that College Board expects you to know at the end of this unit of study. You should be able to apply specific examples from the reading to the key concepts and themes.

Key Concept 3.1: Britain’s victory over France in the imperial struggle for North America led to new conflicts among the British government, the North American colonists, and American Indians, culminating in the creation of a new nation, the United States. I. Throughout the second half of the 18th century, A. English population growth and expansion various American Indian groups repeatedly into the interior disrupted existing French- evaluated and adjusted their alliances with •Indian fur trade networks and caused Europeans, other tribes, and the new United States various Indian nations to shift alliances government. among competing European powers.

Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: ID-4: Explain how conceptions of group identity and autonomy emerged out of cultural interactions between B. After the British defeat of the French, colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the white-•Indian conflicts continued to erupt colonial era. as native groups sought both to continue POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition, trading with Europeans and to resist the cooperation, and conflict among different societies and encroachment of British colonists on social groups in North America during the colonial period. ENV-2: Explain how the natural environment contributed traditional tribal lands. to the development of distinct regional group identities, institutions, and conflicts in the precontact period through the independence period. ENV-4: Analyze how the search for economic resources affected social and political developments from the colonial period through Reconstruction. CUL-1: Compare the cultural values and attitudes of C. During and after the for different European, African American, and native peoples independence, various tribes attempted to in the colonial period and explain how contact affected forge advantageous political alliances with intergroup relationships and conflicts. one another and with European powers to protect their interests, limit migration for white settlers, and maintain their tribal lands.

II. During and after the imperial struggles of the A. Great Britain’s massive debt from the mid-•18th century, new pressures began to Seven years’ War resulted in renewed unite the British colonies against perceived and efforts to consolidate imperial control over real constraints on their economic activities and North American markets, taxes, and political rights, sparking a colonial political institutions -• actions that were independence movement and war with Britain. supported by some colonists but resisted by others.

B. The resulting independence movement was fueled by established colonial elites, as well as by grassroots movements that included newly mobilized laborers, artisans, and women, and rested on arguments over the rights of British subjects, the rights of the individual, and the ideas of the Enlightenment.

Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: ID-1: Analyze how competing conceptions of national identity were expressed in the development of political institutions and cultural values from the late colonial through the antebellum periods. WXT-1: Explain how patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World developed after European contact and shaped North American colonial-era societies. C. Despite considerable loyalist opposition, as POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition, well as Great Britain’s apparently cooperation, and conflict among different societies and overwhelming military and financial social groups in North America during the colonial period. advantages, the patriot cause succeeded WOR-1: Explain how imperial competition and the because of the colonists’ greater familiarity exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic Ocean influenced the origins and patterns of development with the land, their resilient military and of North American societies in the colonial period. political leadership, their ideological CUL-2: Analyze how emerging conceptions of national commitment, and their support from identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, European allies. gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th century and the 19th century. CUL-4: Analyze how changing religious ideals, Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shaped the politics, culture, and society of the colonial era through the early Republic.

III. In response to domestic and international A. The continued presence of European tensions, the new United States debated and powers in North America challenged the formulated foreign policy initiatives and United States to find ways to safeguard its asserted an international presence. borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of, economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western Hemisphere in the years between independence and the B. The French Revolutions’ spread Civil War. POL-2: Explain how and why major party systems and throughout Europe and beyond helped fuel political alignments arose and have changed from the Americans’ debate not only about the early Republic through the end of the 20th century. nature of the United States’ domestic order, but also about its proper role in the world.

C. Although ’s Farewell Address warned about the dangers of divisive political parties and permanent foreign alliances, European conflict and tensions with Britain and France fueled increasingly bitter partisan debates throughout the 1790s.

Key Concept 3.2: In the late 18th century, new experiments with democratic ideas and republican forms of government, as well as other new religious, economic, and cultural ideas, challenged traditional imperial systems across the Atlantic World.

I. During the 18th century, new ideas about A. Protestant evangelical religious fervor politics and society led to debates about strengthened many British colonists’ religion and governance, and ultimately understandings of themselves as a chosen inspired experiments with new people blessed with liberty, while governmental structures.

Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: ID-1: Analyze how competing conceptions of national B. Enlightenment philosophers and ideas identity were expressed in the development of political inspired many American political thinkers institutions and cultural values from the late colonial through to emphasize individual talent over the antebellum periods. hereditary privilege. POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787. WOR-2: Explain how the exchange of ideas among different parts of the Atlantic World shaped belief systems and independence movements into the early 19th century. CUL-4: Analyze how changing religious ideals, C. The colonists’ belief in the superiority of Enlightenment beliefs, and republican thought shaped the republican self-•government based on the politics, culture, and society of the colonial era through natural rights of the people found its the early Republic. clearest American expression the Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the in Declaration of Independence.

D. Many new state constitutions and the national Articles of Confederation, reflecting republican fears of both centralized power and excessive popular influence, placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship.

II. After experiencing the limitations of the A. Difficulties over trade, Articles of Confederation, American political finances, and interstate leaders wrote a new Constitution based on the and foreign relations, principles of federalism and separation of as well as internal unrest, “A little rebellion now and then is a good thing” –Thomas Jefferson powers, crafted a Bill of Rights, and continued led to calls for significant their debates about the proper balance between revisions to the Articles “In monarchies, the crime of liberty and order. of Confederation and a treason and rebellion may admit stronger central government. of being pardoned or lightly punished, but the man Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: who dares rebel against the laws WXT-6: Explain how arguments about market capitalism, of a republic ought to the growth of corporate power, and government policies suffer death” –Sam Adams influenced economic policies from the late 18th century th through the 20 century. POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. politics since 1787. WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of, economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at B. Delegates from the states worked through a expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western series of compromises to form a Constitution Hemisphere in the years between independence and the Civil War. for a new national government, while providing limits on federal power.

C. Calls during the ratification process for greater guarantees of rights resulted in the addition of a Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted.

D. As the first national administrations began to govern under the Constitution, continued debates about such issues as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, and the conduct of foreign affairs led to the creation of political parties.

III. While the new governments continued to limit A. During and after the American Revolution, and rights to some groups, ideas promoting self- increased awareness of the inequalities in •government and personal liberty reverberated society motivated some individuals and groups around the world. to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: national governments. ID-4: Explain how conceptions of group identity and autonomy emerged out of cultural interactions between colonizing groups, Africans, and American Indians in the colonial era. WOR-2: Explain how the exchange of ideas among different parts of the Atlantic World shaped belief systems B. The constitutional framers postponed a solution and independence movements into the early 19th century. to the problems of slavery and the slave trade, POL-5: Analyze how arguments over the meaning and setting the stage for recurring conflicts over the interpretation of the Constitution have affected U.S. issues in later years. politics since 1787. CUL-2: Analyze how emerging conceptions of national identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th century and the 19th century.

C. The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence had reverberations in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future rebellions.

Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America, cooperative interaction, and competition for resources raised questions about boundaries and policies, intensified conflicts among peoples and nations, and led to contests over the creation of multiethnic, multiracial national identity. I. As migrants streamed westward from the A. The French withdrawal from North British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard, America and the subsequent attempt of interactions among different groups that various native groups to reassert their would continue under an independent United power over the interior of the continent States resulted in competition for resources, resulted in new white-•Indian conflicts shifting alliances, and cultural blending. along the western borders of British and, later, the U.S. colonial settlement and Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: among settlers looking to assert more ID-5: Analyze the role of economic, political, social, and power in interior regions. ethnic factors on the formation of regional identities in what would become the United States from the colonial period through the 19th century. ID-6: Analyze how migration patterns to, and migration within, the United States have influenced the growth of racial and ethnic identities and conflicts over ethnic assimilation B. Migrants from within North America and and distinctiveness. around the world continued to launch new PEO-5: Explain how free and forced migration to and settlements in the West, creating new within different parts of North America caused regional development, cultural diversity and blending, and political distinctive backcountry cultures and and social conflicts through the 19th century. fueling social and ethnic tensions. POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition, cooperation, and conflict among different societies and social groups in North America during the colonial period. WOR-1: Explain how imperial competition and the exchange of commodities across both sides of the Atlantic Ocean influenced the origins and patterns of development C. The Spanish, supported by the bonded of North American societies in the colonial period. labor of the local Indians, expanded their WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of, mission settlements into , economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western providing opportunities for social mobility Hemisphere in the years between independence and the among enterprising soldiers and settlers Civil War. that led to new cultural blending.

II. The policies of the United States that A. As settlers moved westward during the encouraged western migration and the orderly 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest incorporation of new territories into the nation Ordinance for admitting new states and both extended republican institutions and sought to promote public education, the intensified conflicts among American Indians protection of private property, and the and Europeans in the trans-•Appalachian west. restriction of slavery in the Northwest Territory. Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: POL-1: Analyze the factors behind competition, cooperation, and conflict among different societies and social groups in North America during the colonial period. PEO-4: Analyze the effects that migration, disease, and warfare had on the American Indian population after contact with Europeans. B. The Constitutions’ failure to precisely WOR-5: Analyze the motives behind, and results of, define the relationship between American economic, military, and diplomatic initiatives aimed at Indian tribes and the national government expanding U.S. power and territory in the Western led to problems regarding treaties and Hemisphere in the years between independence and the Indian legal claims relating to the seizure Civil War. of Indian lands.

C. As western settlers sought free navigation of the Mississippi River, the United States forged diplomatic initiatives to manage the conflict with Spain and to deal with the continued British presence on the American continent.

III. New voices for national identity challenged A. As national political institutions developed tendencies to cling to regional identities, in the new United States, varying contributing to the emergence of distinctly regionally based positions of economic, American cultural expressions. political, social, and foreign policy issues promoted the development of political parties.

Thematic Objectives covered by this key concept: ID-5: Analyze the role of economic, political, social, and ethnic factors on the formation of regional identities in what would become the United States from the colonial period through the 19th century. B. The expansion of slavery in the lower WXT-2: Analyze how innovations in markets, South and adjacent western lands, and its transportation, and technology affected the economy and the different regions of North America from the colonial gradual disappearance elsewhere, began to period through the end of the Civil War. create distinctive regional attitude toward WXT-4: Explain the development of labor systems such the institution. as slavery, indentured servitude, and free labor from the th colonial period through the end of the 18 century. POL-2: Explain how and why major party systems and political alignments arose and have changed from the early Republic through the end of the 20th century. CUL-2: Analyze how emerging conceptions of national C. Enlightenment ideas and women’s identity and democratic ideals shaped value systems, experiences in the movement for gender roles, and cultural movements in the late 18th century and the 19th century. independence promoted and ideal of ENV-3: Analyze the role of environmental factors in “republican motherhood,” which called on contributing to regional economic and political identities white women to maintain and teach in the 19th century and how they affected conflicts such as republican values within the family and the American Revolution and the Civil War. granted women a new importance in American political culture.

Identity (ID) How did different social group identities evolve during the revolutionary struggle? How did leaders of the new United States attempt to form a national identity? Work, Exchange, and How did the newly independent United States attempt to Technology (WXT) formulate a national economy? Peopling (PEO) How did the revolutionary struggle and its aftermath reorient white-American Indian relations and affect subsequent population movements? Politics and Power How did the ideology behind the revolution affect power (POL) relationships between different ethnic, racial, and social groups? America in the World How did the revolution become an international conflict (WOR) involving competing European and American powers? Environment and How did the geographical and environmental characteristics of Geography (ENV) regions opened up to white settlement after 1763 affect their subsequent development? Ideas, Beliefs, and Why did the patriot cause spread so quickly among the colonists Culture (CUL) after 1763? How did the republican ideals of the revolutionary cause affect the nation’s political culture after independence?