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Evolution of the River Systems of the South-West Drainage Division, Western Australia

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Evolution of the River Systems of the South-West Drainage Division, Western Australia Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 82:147-164, 1999 Evolution of the river systems of the south-west drainage division, Western Australia J S Beard 6 Fraser Road, Applecross, WA 6153 Manuscript received March 1999; accepted December 1999 Abstract Drainage of the central Yilgarn System is confined within two north-south watersheds, the previously described Central Watershed and the Median Watershed defined here. Runoff today is either intermittent or inactive, but the entire system is gathered to a single outlet through the Median Watershed where it escapes to the Avon. The shape of the catchment with prevalence of north-south alignments, many directed to south coast rivers, suggests that the System originated with southerly drainage. The System is bounded on the south by a watershed parallel to the south coast which formed in the middle to late Cretaceous by marginal uplift of the craton during separation from Antarctica, causing reversal of drainage. There appears to have been a simultaneous down-warp along the line of the present Yilgarn River, the "Chin-Smith lineament". Before uplift the rivers incised canyons into the rifted margin of the continental platform. Subsequently the margin sagged towards the rift forming the Ravensthorpe Ramp and carrying down the valleys as submarine canyons. Along the western part of the south coast there is a secondary axis of uplift, the Stirling Range Axis, 50 km further south. On the eastern side there is evidence for a palaeoriver, the Woolgangie, which has been truncated by the Lefroy-Cowan System. Drainages to the west coast formed in the Mesozoic bounded inland by the Median Watershed. In the early Cretaceous, uplift was associated with continental separation. An extensive canyon was incised at the edge of the rift and later drowned. High sea level prevailed in the Perth Basin to the Late Cretaceous. Regression then promoted rejuvenation of the rivers. The Brockman, Mortlock North Branch and Avon owe their alignments to the Chittering and Jimperding Metamorphic Belts. In the Late Eocene, marginal uplift of the craton by 150-200 m in a belt 80 km wide brought up the Darling Range and caused diversions of drainage. Headwaters of the two Moore Rivers (north and east branches) were diverted to the south, as was the upper Mortlock (north branch). Further down, the Mortlock was relocated some distance east. The combined Avon and Yilgarn Rivers were diverted north, from a westerly course, to join the Mortlock. The Arthur and Beaufort Rivers were cut off from the Collie catchment and diverted to join the Blackwood. Depth of the palaeochannels here and beneath the Avon-Yilgarn afford proof of Darling Range uplift. Monadnocks in the Darling Range which have also been cited as evidence for uplift have been identified and mapped. Introduction numerous publications in the 1960s and 1970s, although new topographic and geological information has Mulcahy & Bettenay (1972) divided the State into six continued to become available mainly from two sources. "major drainage divisions", and Bettenay & Mulcahy First, the latest sheets to appear in the National (1972) gave a more comprehensive description of valley Topographic Map Series at scales of 1:100 000 and 1:250 form and surface features of the South-West Drainage 000 (NATMAP, Canberra); these are contoured at 50 m Division. This included centrally the catchment of the intervals and show abundant spot heights, whereas few Avon and its tributaries (their Avon System, here called heights were previously available. They enable a much the Swan-Avon System) and laterally in the south-west better understanding of the conformation of river some smaller catchments grouped as the West Coast, catchments and of the major features of the whole Blackwood and South Coast Systems (Fig 1). In addition Western Shield which are difficult to appreciate on the they included a Monger System to the north-west ground owing to the general flatness of the country. comprising drainages connecting to the Moore River (Fig Secondly, a 1:250 000 series of geological maps has been 2). These authors foreshadowed their intention to completed (Geological Survey of Western Australia); produce a series of papers in which the other drainage these conform to the grid boundaries and sheet names of divisions would be discussed and it is regrettable that the topographic series and provide a complementary they did not appear. The present study deals with the treatment of surface features. South-West Drainage Division, omitting the Monger System for reasons of space. It is now possible to reassess the drainage systems in cf Studies of the surface features of the Western Shield the light of accurate mapping ( diagrams in Mulcahy & have declined in number in the past twenty years, after Bettenay 1972) and to go beyond descriptions of soils and valley forms to consider the past history and evolution of © Royal Society of Western Australia 1999 the drainage as has been done by Clarke (1993, 1994) and 147 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 82(4), December 1999 by Kern & Commander (1993) for the catchments portions of a plateau surface formed by denudation surrounding the playa lakes of L Lefroy, L Cowan and L during the Mesozoic prior to the mid-Cretaceous. They Yindarlgooda which lie adjacent to the South-West are remarkably even and continuous. The central Drainage Division to the east (Fig l). They were able to watershed rises gently from a height of 415 m in the draw upon a large body of subsurface data obtained by south to 495 m at its junction with the Swan-Avon/ drilling which showed the location and geological history Monger watershed which similarly slopes down gently of palaeochannels. Within the South-West Division, few towards the edge of the Yilgarn Craton at 250 m. Heights comparable data are so far available but recently Salama along the watersheds shown in the figures are derived (1997) reported on drilling and sounding in the alluvia of from spot heights, contours and survey beacons. Internal the lower part of the Yilgarn River (as named by Bettenay watersheds include those separating catchments draining & Mulcahy 1972) for 135 km from Lake Baandee down to to the west coast and the major south coast watershed its confluence with the Avon. In recent years there have which is the inland limit of drainages to the southern been other reports on alluvial and lacustrine sediments in coastline. In addition this study brings to light a new and palaeodrainages east of the Darling Range (Wilde & important watershed, termed the Median Watershed as it Backhouse 1977; Hill & Merrifield 1993; Waterhouse et al. divides the South-West Division roughly in half. It trends 1995), all of which are relevant to the evolution of the NNW-SSE parallel to the west coast and about 200 km drainage. Further unpublished data collected in the inland. Taking a course of NNW it leaves the south coast course of groundwater exploration are held by the Water watershed near Ongerup, and running more or less and Rivers Commission. parallel to the Pingrup River, passes west of Lake Grace, slightly west of Corrigin and to Mt Stirling where it is crossed by the Yilgarn River. North of this gap at Mt Methods Caroline the watershed resumes, passing west of The necessary detail showing heights above sea level, Kellerberrin, between Trayning and Wyalkatchem, east the location of active watercourses, of intermittent or of Lake Wallambin and on to join the Swan-Avon/ inactive drainage lines and watersheds, was obtained Monger watershed. The Median Watershed is remarkably from the latest maps in the National Topographic Map linear and regular in height and is breached at only one series, scale 1:250 000 (NATMAP, Canberra). A version of place, a relatively narrow gap between the granite each sheet comprising this detail was reduced to 1:1 000 000 inselbergs of Mts Caroline and Stirling. As the name and assembled into a general map of the Drainage Stirling already appears rather frequently on the map of Division which after further reduction appears as Fig 1. Western Australia I propose to name this feature the The standards to which the 1:250 000 topographic sheets Caroline Gap. In more pluvial times, all drainage from have been produced vary quite widely in some cases. the huge interior catchment of the Yilgarn and its While all are contoured, abundant spot heights are tributary rivers was concentrated here to escape to the usually given in addition on sheets covering the interior Avon River. Otherwise the Median Watershed effectively but are very few on those for the west and south coasts, separates all drainages flowing directly to the west coast e.g. Perth, Pinjarra, Collie, Pemberton-Irwin Inlet and Mt from the interior drainages which I propose to name here Barker sheets. In these cases 1:100 000 sheets were used. the Yilgarn System, regarding it as separate from the Such detailed heights were required for stream gradients Avon System as it appears to have had a different origin and the watersheds. Other relevant mapping was Beard’s and history. It is remarkable that the catchments of all the (1998) study of the position of the central watershed of west coast rivers terminate at the Median Watershed the Western Shield which bounds the Drainage Division while the drainage from the further interior breaks on the east, the "major continental divide" of Bettenay & through at a single point. Taking into consideration also Mulcahy (1972). Beard (1998) also plotted the lateral east- that the drainages in the southern half of the Yilgarn west watershed dividing the Swan-Avon and Monger System are aligned with rivers on the south side of the Systems, with a substantial revision.
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