DOCSLIB.ORG

Family Size, Infection and Atopy: the First Decade Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Family Size, Infection and Atopy: the First Decade Of S2 Thorax 2000;55(Suppl 1):S2–S10 Family size, infection and atopy: Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thorax.55.suppl_1.S2 on 1 August 2000. Downloaded from the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis” David P Strachan Department of Public Health Sciences, St George’s Hospital Medical School, London SW17 0RE, UK Introductory article The magnitude of the effect of smaller family sizes on the increase in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever in the United Kingdom and New Zealand K Wickens, J Crane, N Pearce, R Beasley Background. Declining family size is one factor that has been proposed to contribute to increasing asthma and hay fever prevalence, but its relative importance has not been quantified. Objective. Our purpose was to determine the change in asthma and hay fever prevalence that would be expected from the reduction in family size that has occurred in England/Wales and New Zealand over recent decades. Methods. The relative change in family size between 1961 and 1991 in England/Wales and New Zealand was determined from census data for these years. Summary weighted odds ratios were calculated for the associations among birth order, family size, and asthma and hay fever prevalence. The expected increase in the prevalence of asthma and hay fever between 1961 and 1991 resulting from changes in family size was then calculated. Results. The expected relative increase in the prevalence http://thorax.bmj.com/ of asthma between 1961 and 1991 as a result of the smaller family size was 1% and 5% for England/ Wales and New Zealand, respectively; smaller family size would be expected to increase the prevalence of hay fever prevalence in England/Wales by 4%. Conclusions. Changes in family size over the last 30 years do not appear to explain much of the reported increase in asthma or hay fever prevalence. The contribution that other risk factors have made to these increases could be assessed with use of a similar approach. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:554–8) on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. In 1989 I proposed a novel but speculative explanation suppressing the Th2 immune responses involved in IgE for the principal epidemiological features of hay fever mediated allergy.34 Although the Th1/Th2 paradigm and the apparent rise in the prevalence of allergic dis- may not be as clear in humans as it first appeared in eases.1 Colloquially named the “hygiene hypothesis”, rodents,5 the “hygiene hypothesis” has remained of this stated, in summary: interest to both immunologists and epidemiologists “These observations . could be explained if allergic throughout the 1990s and has been the subject of a diseases were prevented by infection in early childhood, number of editorials and review articles.6–14 transmitted by unhygienic contact with older siblings, or This commentary summarises the epidemiological acquired prenatally . Over the past century declining family evidence which has emerged during the 1990s relating size, improved household amenities and higher standards of family size, infections, and immunisations to atopy and personal cleanliness have reduced opportunities for cross- allergic diseases, and looks forward to the research infection in young families. This may have resulted in more agenda for the next decade. widespread clinical expression of atopic disease.” At first this hypothesis was received with scepticism because the prevailing immunological thinking con- Epidemiology of atopy and allergic diseases sidered infection as a potential trigger of allergic sens- itisation rather than as a protective influence.2 However, The introductory article by Wickens et al15 concentrates during the early 1990s a plausible mechanism arose on one of the most striking epidemiological features of from the distinction of Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte popu- allergy – the inverse association with family size, which lations in laboratory animals and the recognition that has been consistently found in studies of hay fever, skin “natural immunity” to bacterial and viral infections prick positivity, and specific IgE.16 Many, but not all, induces a Th1 pattern of cytokine release, potentially studies find a stronger “protective” influence for older Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the “hygiene hypothesis” S3 siblings than for younger siblings and, among the tendance in childhood was associated with a small, non- Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thorax.55.suppl_1.S2 on 1 August 2000. Downloaded from British and New Zealand studies summarised by Wick- significant excess of atopy.28 ens et al,15 this is the predominant pattern for hay fever, The balance of evidence does not therefore suggest although not for asthma – a point to which we return a relationship between allergy and early child contacts shortly. outside the home, which is difficult to reconcile with The “hygiene hypothesis”1 was an attempt to offer a the “hygiene hypothesis”. In retrospect, it is interesting parsimonious and coherent explanation for the current to note that Finnish investigators publishing in 198436 observations of differential hay fever risk within families had obviously set out to test the hypothesis that early and the historical evidence suggesting that hay fever infection increased,2 rather than decreased the risk of had emerged as a “post-industrial revolution epidemic” allergic symptoms. Finding no difference with respect during the 19th century17 and continued to increase in to day care attendance, they concluded that “atopy prevalence throughout the 20th century.18–20 probably cannot be prevented by protecting small chil- In 1989 the influence of family size and structure was dren from infection”. The direction of the causal hypo- apparent only for parentally reported and self-reported thesis has certainly changed in the intervening years! hay fever and eczema in two national British birth cohorts,121 and this raised the possibility of an artifactual association arising from differential awareness or label- ling of allergic diseases by parents of firstborn and Another feature of the epidemiology of allergic disease subsequent offspring. However, during the past decade for which the “hygiene hypothesis” offers an explanation this concern has been allayed by studies from several is the socioeconomic gradient, with a higher prevalence European countries showing the same inverse as- of hay fever37 38 and eczema39 among children and adults sociation of family size22–28 or, more specifically, birth from more affluent families. The variation with parental order23 25 26 with objective measures of allergic sens- socioeconomic status is independent of, and more itisation such as skin prick tests22 23 25 26 or circulating powerful than, the effect of the offsprings own socio- levels of aeroallergen specific IgE.24 27 28 economic status as an adult,31 and is also independent Large samples are required to distinguish reliably of family size and birth order.26 31 38 between the effects of older and younger siblings, but in Theoretically, some of the socioeconomic gradient in two such studies28 29 no statistically significant difference hay fever prevalence could be due to differential re- emerged, in contrast to the earlier observations on porting and labelling of symptoms,40 but this cannot British populations.12130 It is intriguing that in both the account for the similar trend in physician-diagnosed former studies28 29 a significantly stronger “protective” eczema39 and positive skin prick tests.25 26 41 42 Socio- effect emerged for brothers than for sisters. Thus, while economic variations in the prevalence of allergy an inverse association between family size and allergic are evident not only in western countries such as diseases remains a consistent feature, the possible mod- Britain,31 38 39 Italy,26 and the USA,37 41 42 but also in the ifying influences of household structure, including birth German Democratic Republic before German uni- order, sibling gender, and parental ages23 31 32 still require fication43 and in urban Ghana.44 clarification. Anecdotally, the association of allergy with affluence http://thorax.bmj.com/ A large study of specific IgE among adults from dates back to the 19th century.17 Charles Blackley, who several European countries28 has shown a statistically first demonstrated that hay fever was caused by allergy significant difference in the strength of the family size to grass pollen, described the disease as one of the urban effect between subjects with a parental history of allergy educated classes and was puzzled to find that it was and those without such a history. A protective effect of rare among farmers, despite their high exposure to siblings on atopy was evident only in the group with no pollen. Interestingly, several recent studies have reported parental allergy, suggesting that environmental in- a reduced prevalence of allergic rhinitis and/or ob- fluences on allergic sensitisation may be “overwhelmed” jectively measured atopy among children of farmers on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. by genetic predisposition to atopy. On the other hand, compared with other children in rural com- a study of German children suggested that the effect of munities.35 45–47 The magnitude of these differences, a sibship size was concentrated among the offspring of 2–3-fold variation, is similar to the comparison of ex- atopic fathers, although the statistical significance of the tremes of parental social class or household size.31 difference between paternal and maternal atopy was not A number of explanations can be offered for this assessed.33
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson
    Undergraduate Review Volume 3 Article 11 2007 A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev Part of the Criminology and Criminal Justice Commons Recommended Citation Carson, Catie (2007). A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England. Undergraduate Review, 3, 57-69. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/undergrad_rev/vol3/iss1/11 This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Copyright © 2007 Catie Carson A Comparison of Sexual Assault in the U.S., Canada, and England Catie Carson Catie Carson is a senior majoring in criminal Abstract justice and psychology. She plans to attend s the sexual offense rate in the United States higher than that of other graduate school for criminal justice and developed nations? If so, why and if not, why not? This exploratory wanted the experience of conducting research was conducted by funding through the Bridgewater State College formal research. This project was initiated Adrian Tinsley Grant Program during the summer of 2006. It will provide by her advisor, Dr. Richard Wright, who information that may help criminal justice professionals and psychologists acted as her mentor during the research Iunderstand more about factors in sexual assault, which may be unique to the process. Ms. Carson hopes to have a career United States. This comparative research examines the role of culture, politics, gender, historical foundations, legal structures, and sexual assault in three in investigations. highly industrialized Western democracies.
    [Show full text]
  • THE FUTURE ROLES of SOCIAL HOUSING in ENGLAND John Hills
    ESRC Research Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion ENDS AND MEANS: THE FUTURE ROLES OF SOCIAL HOUSING IN ENGLAND John Hills CASEreport 34 ISSN 1465-3001 ASE CENTRE FOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION An ESRC Research Centre Ends and means: The future roles of social housing in England John Hills CASEreport 34 ISSN 1465-3001 February 2007 CENTRE FOR ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION The ESRC Research Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion (CASE) was established in October 1997 with funding from the Economic and Social Research Council. It is located within the Suntory and Toyota International Centres for Economics and Related Disciplines (STICERD) at the London School of Economics and Political Science, and benefits from support from STICERD. It is directed by Howard Glennerster, John Hills, Kathleen Kiernan, Julian Le Grand, Anne Power and Carol Propper. In addition to our discussion paper series (CASEpapers), we produce occasional summaries of our research in CASEbriefs, and reports from various conferences and activities in CASEreports. All these publications are available to download free from our website. Limited printed copies are available on request. For further information on the work of the Centre, please contact the Centre Manager, Jane Dickson, on: Telephone: UK+20 7955 6679 Fax: UK+20 7955 6951 Email: [email protected] Web site: http://sticerd.lse.ac.uk/case © John Hills All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. i Ends and means: the future roles of social housing in England ii CONTENTS List of figures List of tables List of text boxes Acknowledgements Foreword by The Rt.
    [Show full text]
  • The Math Wars: Tensions in the Development of School Mathematics Curricula
    THE MATH WARS: TENSIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOL MATHEMATICS CURRICULA PETE WRIGHT I make no attempt to conceal my own philosophy of mathe- less overt, tensions over mathematics education in England. matics education and beliefs about effective and desirable These issues are discussed with reference to Ernest’s typol- teaching approaches. I am commited to mathematics teach- ogy of ideologies of mathematics education and associated ing for all, rather than for the interests of an elite social teaching approaches (Ernest, 1991). Consideration is given group; a view that mathematics is far from a value-free or to how these ideologies have influenced the development neutral subject; and a belief in a pedagogy based on a prob- of mathematics education policy in schools, both in England lem-solving approach rather than a transmission model of and the US, and to how they explain the reaction of the teaching. It is perhaps not surprising, therefore, that I authors of the counter article. became interested in Boaler’s (2006, 2008) research, con- ducted in three high schools in California between 2000 and Ideologies and philosophies of mathematics 2004. Boaler notably concluded that the collaborative prob- education lem-solving approach used at Railside High School, known Ernest (1991) proposes a typology of five ideologies of math- as Complex Instruction, led to higher levels of attainment ematics education: industrial trainer, technological pragmatist, and more equitable test outcomes than the two other schools old humanist, progressive educator and public educator. in the study. Students at Railside also exhibited much higher He describes an ideology as “an overall, value-rich philoso- levels of relational equity, by showing positive attitudes phy or world-view, a broad inter-locking system of ideas and towards the contributions and learning of fellow students.
    [Show full text]
  • Northern England Serpukhovian (Early Namurian)
    1 Northern England Serpukhovian (early Namurian) 2 farfield responses to southern hemisphere glaciation 3 M.H. STEPHENSON1, L. ANGIOLINI2, P. CÓZAR3, F. JADOUL2, M.J. LENG4, D. 4 MILLWARD5, S. CHENERY1 5 1British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom 6 2Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra "A. Desio", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via 7 Mangiagalli 34, Milano, 20133, Italy 8 3Instituto de Geología Económica CSIC-UCM; Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas; 9 Departamento de Paleontología; C./ José Antonio Novais 228040-Madrid; Spain 10 4NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, 11 Nottingham, NG12 5GG, United Kingdom 12 5British Geological Survey, Murchison House, Edinburgh, United Kingdom 13 14 15 Word count 7967 16 7 figs 17 1 table 18 67 references 19 RUNNING HEADER: NAMURIAN FARFIELD GLACIATION REPONSE 1 20 Abstract: During the Serpukhovian (early Namurian) icehouse conditions were initiated 21 in the southern hemisphere; however nearfield evidence is inconsistent: glaciation 22 appears to have started in limited areas of eastern Australia in the earliest Serpukhovian, 23 followed by a long interglacial, whereas data from South America and Tibet suggest 24 glaciation throughout the Serpukhovian. New farfield data from the Woodland, 25 Throckley and Rowlands Gill boreholes in northern England allow this inconsistency to 26 be addressed. δ18O from well-preserved late Serpukhovian (late Pendleian to early 27 Arnsbergian) Woodland brachiopods vary between –3.4 and –6.3‰, and δ13C varies 28 between –2.0 and +3.2‰, suggesting a δ18O seawater (w) value of around –1.8‰ 29 VSMOW, and therefore an absence of widespread ice-caps. The organic carbon δ13C 30 upward increasing trend in the Throckley Borehole (Serpukhovian to Bashkirian; c.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing Public Hospitals.Indd
    Cover_WHO_nr25_Mise en page 1 17/11/11 15:54 Page1 25 REFORM STRATEGIES AND THE MOVEMENT TOWARDS INSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMY INSTITUTIONAL TOWARDS THE MOVEMENT AND STRATEGIES REFORM GOVERNING PUBLIC HOSPITALS GOVERNING Governing 25 The governance of public hospitals in Europe is changing. Individual hospitals have been given varying degrees of semi-autonomy within the public sector and empowered to make key strategic, financial, and clinical decisions. This study explores the major developments and their implications for national and Public Hospitals European health policy. Observatory The study focuses on hospital-level decision-making and draws together both Studies Series theoretical and practical evidence. It includes an in-depth assessment of eight Reform strategies and the movement different country models of semi-autonomy. towards institutional autonomy The evidence that emerges throws light on the shifting relationships between public-sector decision-making and hospital- level organizational behaviour and will be of real and practical value to those working with this increasingly Edited by important and complex mix of approaches. Richard B. Saltman Antonio Durán The editors Hans F.W. Dubois Richard B. Saltman is Associate Head of Research Policy at the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, and Professor of Health Policy and Management at the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University in Atlanta. Hans F.W. Dubois Hans F.W. Antonio Durán, Saltman, B. Richard by Edited Antonio Durán has been a senior consultant to the WHO Regional Office for Europe and is Chief Executive Officer of Técnicas de Salud in Seville. Hans F.W. Dubois was Assistant Professor at Kozminski University in Warsaw at the time of writing, and is now Research Officer at Eurofound in Dublin.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Health the Vision and the Challenge
    THE ROCK CARLING FELLOWSHIP 1997 Public Health The vision and the challenge THE ROCK CARLING FELLOWSHIP 1997 PUBLIC HEALTH The vision and the challenge The pursuit of public health can have no finality... The problems of public health are changing rapidly with increasing medical knowledge and changes in social and economic conditions, the age distribution of the population and the outlook of the people. Sixth Annual Report of the Department of Health for Scotland 1934 Walter W Holland CBE, FRCP, FFPHM LSE Health, London School of Economics and Political Science London AND Susie Stewart DL, MA, HON MFPHM Department of Public Health, University of Glasgow Glasgow Published by The Nuffield Trust 59 New Cavendish Street, London WIM 7RD ISBN 1-902089-10-3 © Nuffield Trust 1998 Publications Committee Sir Derek Mitchell, KCB, cvo Professor John Ledingham, DM, FRCP John Wyn Owen, CB Designed by Benjamin Rowntree Reports Limited PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY BIDDLES & CO The Rock Carling Fellowship commemorates the late Sir Ernest Rock Carling for many years a governing Trustee and Chairman of the Medical Advisory Committee of the Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. It was stipulated that each holder of the Fellowship will seek to review in a monograph the state of knowledge and activity in one of the fields in which Sir Ernest had been particularly interested, and which is within the purposes of the Trust. The arrangements provide that the monograph will be introduced by a public lecture given at a recognised Medical Teaching Centre in the United
    [Show full text]
  • Paper Download
    Non-Technical Summary Understanding Society provides unique opportunities to investigate cohort effects across multiple domains and over the life course by collecting data in the same way at the same time from a representative panel of people of all ages over time. Understanding Society includes sufficient numbers of adults in each birth cohort (from the 1920s to the 1990s; including BHPS respondents who joined Understanding Society in wave 2) to undertake comparative cohort research. For children there are around 7000 children born in the 5 year cohort from 2001 to 2005 and a similar number of children born between 2006 and 2010, with slightly less – 4000 – born 2011-2015, but more children from these birth years will join the study as households change. Almost 12000 children were interviewed at least once in the Youth Panel. For different cohorts turning 16 in the first six waves of Understanding Society 82% take part in the adult survey by the time they are 19, many in their 16th year. Understanding Society collects retrospective histories and current information across key life course domains such as partnership, employment, fertility. The value of collecting such data across the whole population in one sample for cohort analysis is evident. For example, using Understanding Society data we demonstrate the age of first job for someone born in 1920s was 15 years while for those born in 1990s was almost 20 years of age. We identified 30 papers based on a comparative cohort design for traditional cohort comparisons in employment or fertility trends to other less studied domains such as political values and caring.
    [Show full text]
  • Map Design for Census Mapping
    High resolution colour mapping using modern technology has allowed us to explore the breadth of census data avail- able to the contemporary social scientist. An examination of methods used to create cartograms, which minimise visual bias involves considering how densities and area boundaries should be mapped. The Modifiable Area Unit Problem is discussed and the advantages of using three- colour or trivariate mapping are outlined. Further modifi- cations to traditional census mapping such as the mapping of change and flow are addressed. Map design for census mapping D. Dorling Department of Geography, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU For maps of larger scale, an artistic objective might well map the 1971 census. People in Britain: a Census Atlas lessen our insistence on a strict geometric framework for (CRU, 1981) depicted characteristics of the population by maps and make room for the greater use of mental con- colouring kilometre grid squares across the whole of Great structs of social, cultural, and economic space . Such Britain to show the detailed spatial structure of our maps might well be considered the cartographic equivalent society. In 130 years, however, the fundamental look of of 'mild' surrealistic art. maps of the population had changed little. Since then, with Arthur Robinson (1989 p.97) two decades of development in computer graphics, a great deal has changed. INTRODUCTION This paper aims to give a flavour of new cartographic tech- PLOTTING POINTS niques which can be used to study census data. Techniques The finest level of output of the 1991 census spatially is the used to study differences between many small places which 'enumeration district' in England and Wales and the often require colour are the paper's main focus.
    [Show full text]
  • The Urban Environment Cm 7009
    ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION The Urban Environment Cover images Far left image of Brindleyplace, Birmingham reproduced by kind permission of David Borgan. © Crown copyright 2007 The text in this document (excluding the Royal Arms and departmental logos) may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium providing that is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and the title of the document specified. Any enquiries relating to the copyright in this document should be addressed to the Licensing Division, HMSO, St Clements House, 2-16 Colegate, Norwich NR3 1BQ. Fax 01603 723000 or email licensing@cabinet-office.x.gsi.gov.uk ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CHAIRMAN: SIR JOHN LAWTON CBE, FRS Twenty-sixth Report The Urban Environment Presented to Parliament by Command of Her Majesty March 2007 Cm 7009 £32.50 PREVIOUS REPORTS BY THE ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Special report Crop Spraying and the Health of Residents and Bystanders ...................September 2005 25th report Turning the Tide – Addressing the Impact of Fisheries on the Marine Environment ........................................... Cm 6392, December 2004 Special report Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source ........................................ April 2004 24th report Chemicals in Products – Safeguarding the Environment and Human Health ..................................................... Cm 5827, June 2003 Special report The Environmental Effects of Civil
    [Show full text]
  • The Changing Epidemiology of SIDS
    Archives of Disease in Childhood 1994; 70: 445-449 445 CURRENT TOPIC Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.70.5.445 on 1 May 1994. Downloaded from The changing epidemiology of SIDS Ruth Gilbert Within the past five years, the number of priate control babies; measurement of usual deaths attributed to the sudden infant death sleeping position rather than position put down syndrome (SIDS) has fallen dramatically in or found; and recall bias.'5 28-30 Nevertheless, the UK,' 2 New Zealand,3 Australia,4 the the size and consistency of the effect in many Netherlands,5 Norway,6 Denmark,7 and different settings, the suggestion of a dose effect Ireland.8 In England and Wales, the number of with intermediate risk associated with side SIDS victims has fallen by nearly 70% from sleeping,30 31 and the persistence of an effect 1593 in 1988 to 531 in 19921 (see table 1). after controlling for confounding factors23-25 The decline has coincided with public health strongly suggest a causal relationship between advice to avoid the prone sleeping position but prone sleeping and SIDS. Estimates of the other risk factors may have also changed. prevalence of prone sleeping among young The contribution ofany one risk factor to the infants has ranged from 25-68% in different fall in SIDS incidence depends on the associ- areas.15 Assuming that the association between ated relative risk for SIDS, the prevalence ofthe prone sleeping and SIDS is causal, estimations factor in the young infant population, and the of the population attributable risk - the per- change in prevalence.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of UK Housing a Factfile on Housing Conditions and Housing Renewal Policies in the UK Second Edition
    The state of UK housing A factfile on housing conditions and housing renewal policies in the UK Second edition Kerry Revell and Philip Leather The•POLICY P P PRESS First published in Great Britain in November 2000 by The Policy Press 34 Tyndall’s Park Road Bristol BS8 1PY UK Tel no +44 (0)117 954 6800 Fax no +44 (0)117 973 7308 E-mail [email protected] www.policypress.org.uk © The Policy Press and the Joseph Rowntree Foundation 2000 Published for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation by The Policy Press ISBN 1 86134 228 4 Kerry Revell is Research Assistant, and Philip Leather is Professor of Housing and Urban Renewal, both at the Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham. All rights reserved: no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has supported this project as part of its programme of research and innovative development projects, which it hopes will be of value to policy makers, practitioners and service users. The facts presented and views expressed in this report are, however, those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Foundation. The statements and opinions contained within this publication are solely those of the authors and contributors and not of The University of Bristol or The Policy Press. The University of Bristol and The Policy Press disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any material published in this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysing Socio-Economic Change Using a Time Comparable Geodemographic Classification: England and Wales, 1991–2011
    This is a repository copy of Analysing Socio-Economic Change Using a Time Comparable Geodemographic Classification: England and Wales, 1991–2011. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/163258/ Version: Accepted Version Article: McLachlan, G and Norman, P orcid.org/0000-0002-6211-1625 (2020) Analysing Socio- Economic Change Using a Time Comparable Geodemographic Classification: England and Wales, 1991–2011. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. ISSN 1874-463X https://doi.org/10.1007/s12061-020-09346-3 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020. This is an author produced version of an article published in Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self- archiving policy. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Analysing socio-economic change using a time comparable geodemographic classification: England and Wales, 1991-2011 Gordon McLachlan, Ramboll, 5th Floor, 7 Castle St, Edinburgh, EH2 3AH.
    [Show full text]