DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study on the Behavior Under Multitasking Conditions in A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study on the Behavior Under Multitasking Conditions in A A STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR UNDER MULTITASKINGCONDITIONSINA DYNAMICTASKSCENARIOINTHE CONTEXTOF HUMAN-MACHINE-INTERACTION vorgelegt von Dipl.-Psych. Jürgen Kiefer von der Fakultät V - Verkehrs- und Maschinensysteme der Technischen Universität Berlin GRK PROMETEI zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. phil. genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Ing. Leon Urbas Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Phil. Manfred Thüring Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 05.10.2009 Berlin 2010 D 83 This document was created using the tools: • MikTex 2.7 (Freeware) • WinEdt v5.60 (Shareware) • Ghostscript, Ghostview, GSview Special thank to Tony Jameson for providing the style-files: • sfb378.sty • sfb378-apacite.sty • sfb378-apacite.bst Dipl.-Psych. Jürgen Kiefer: A Study on the Behavior under Multitasking Conditions in a Dynamic Task Scenario in the Context of Human-Machine- Interaction , vorgelegt von , © Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 05.10.2009 pour JULES ABSTRACT The work presented here is focusing on the behavior of participants in situations of daily life, in which several demands apparently at the same time need to be dealt with. After introducing into the topic labeled as "human multitasking", embedded in situation of routine life, reasons for choosing the topic and approaching it are provided (chapter 1). In chapter 2, an overview of the history in human multitasking and task switching is given. First approaches starting at the beginning of last century up to recent approaches and ideas are presented and their impact for psychological science is displayed. Entering chapter 3, the empirical work is presented: study 1 portrays a driving simulation in a driving simulator, in which a primary task (driving) plus a concurrent task (a test of attention which was adapted for the in-car scenario) are applied. The secondary task featured three different levels. The first study gives an impression about how people manage such scenarios. Please note that the main task (driving in the simulator) was considered a dynamic task. The second study mimics study one and is a replication with the additional aspect of training and its impact on performance. With the help of study two, strategies how to handle the scenario are derived and a heuristic is described which is applied by a bunch of people. Setting of the study was taken from study one. As task configuration was expected to strongly moderate the behavior of the participants during the task scenario, main task (driving) and secondary task (test of attention) were varied: applying the lane change task (LCT), a computer-simulation for driving behavior, it was possible to better analyze the lane derivation during driving (which was taken as a measure of performance for the main task). As for the secondary task, the variations of the test of attention used in the previous two studies were systematically extended. Results of study 3 were used to illustrate the impact of task configuration for the scenario. In the last study, time pressure as additionally component was applied and its impact was measured on task performance both for main task (driving) and secondary task (test of attention). The last chapter (chapter 4) resumes the results and provides design recommendations. The work closes with a conclusion and mentions aspects that were not considered due to time constraints. v ich hatte nur diese zeit (rainer werner fassbinder) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS thank you: • Dr. Dirk Schulze-Kissing ("Ulysses") • Joachim ("Jolle") Wutke • Prof. Leon Urbas • Prof. Manfred Thüring • Prof. Hartmut Wandke • Prof. Anthony Jameson • Prof. Werner H. Tack • Dipl.-Ing. Marcus Heinath • Dipl.-Psych. Robert Lischke • Daniel Doering • Dipl.-Psych. Tobias Katus • Dipl.-Psych., Dipl.-Ing. Holger Schultheis • Dipl.-Psych. Cordula Krinner ("Miss LateX") • Dipl.-Psych. Nicola Fricke • Dipl.-Psych. Diana Woelki (apt pupil) • Dipl.-Psych. Necla Soyak • (cand.) Dipl.-Psych. Bob Kaldasch • (cand.?) Dipl.-Psych. Michael Schulz • Antti Oulasvirta (PhD) • Adam Chuderski (PhD) • Jing Qian (PhD) • Joscha Bach (PhD) • Inessa Seifert (PhD) • Dipl.-Psych. Nadya Dich • Michal B. Paradowski (PhD) • Stefan Mattes (Daimler) • Dirk Weishaar (pour Messiaen) • Karin Scherinsky-Pingel • Birgit Trogisch • Elke Fadel • Mario Lasch • ... and a few others vii CONTENTS i introduction1 1 introductory note5 1.1 Preface 5 1.2 Multitasking and human-machine interaction 7 1.3 Technology can do multitasking 8 1.4 An excerpt of recent studies 9 1.5 An ability to multitask? 10 ii theory 11 2 theoretical background 15 2.1 A short historical survey 16 2.1.1 The 1920‘s 16 2.1.2 The 1930‘s 17 2.1.3 The 1940‘s 17 2.1.4 The 1950‘s 17 2.1.5 The 1960‘s 18 2.1.6 The 1970‘s 18 2.1.7 The 1980‘s 19 2.1.8 The 1990‘s 20 2.1.9 2001: The cognitive bottleneck 20 2.1.10 2005: A general multitasking component 21 2.2 Multitasking or task interruption? 23 2.2.1 Characteristics of task interruption 23 2.2.2 The task switching question 25 2.2.3 A grammar for task scheduling 26 2.3 Single or multiple resources? 26 2.4 Summary and criticism 28 2.4.1 Need for continuous tasks in multitasking stud- ies 29 2.4.2 Training and task repetition 29 2.4.3 Cognitive heuristics - human multitasking 29 iii studies 31 3 empirical studies 35 3.1 Study I: Identification of multitasking heuristics 35 3.1.1 Method in study I 36 3.1.2 Hypothesis: D2-Drive under multitasking 39 3.1.3 Results of study I 40 3.1.4 Discussion of study I 41 3.2 Study II: Practice - multitasking heuristics 42 3.2.1 Method in study II 42 3.2.2 Hypotheses for study II 44 3.2.3 Results of study II 44 3.2.4 Discussion of study II 46 3.3 Study III: The role of task configuration 47 3.3.1 Method in study III 47 3.3.2 Hypotheses for study III 50 3.3.3 Results of study III 51 3.3.4 Discussion of study III 52 3.4 Study IV: Amplification via time pressure 52 ix x contents 3.4.1 Method in study IV 53 3.4.2 Hypotheses for IV 55 3.4.3 Results of study IV 56 3.4.4 Discussion of study IV 57 iv discussion 59 4 critical discussion 63 4.1 Scope and findings 63 4.2 Cognitive modeling 64 4.3 Design recommendations 65 4.4 Criticism and outlook 67 4.4.1 The role of memory in human multitasking 68 4.4.2 Domain independence 69 4.4.3 Need for a computational model of human multi- tasking 69 4.5 fMRI studies on multitasking 70 4.6 Popular stereotypes about multitasking 71 4.6.1 Multitasking and happiness 71 bibliography 73 a appendix 81 a.1 Appendix: Structured interview 81 LISTOFFIGURES Figure 1 A sketch on MT 6 Figure 2 Human-machine-interaction in daily life 7 Figure 3 Advertisement, Berlin (2007) 8 Figure 4 Robert Rauschenberg: First Landing Jump 10 Figure 5 A cartoon on multitasking 15 Figure 6 Jersild (1927): task switching paradigm 16 Figure 7 Model of Rasmussen (1983) 19 Figure 8 Cognitive bottleneck (Pashler, 1993) 21 Figure 9 Multitasking models - Salvucci (2005) 22 Figure 10 Interruption scenario 25 Figure 11 A grammar for task scheduling 27 Figure 12 Wickens‘ Model of multiple resources 28 Figure 13 Study I: Scenario 36 Figure 14 Study I: D2 test of attention 37 Figure 15 Study I-IV: D2-Drive 38 Figure 16 Study I: performance D2-Drive 40 Figure 17 Study I-IV: the merge heuristic 41 Figure 18 Study II: performance D2-Drive 45 Figure 19 Study II: the impact of training 46 Figure 20 Study III: the lane change task 48 Figure 21 Study III: analyzing LCT 49 Figure 22 Study III: performance D2-Drive 51 Figure 23 Study IV: scenario 53 Figure 24 Study IV: performance D2-Drive 54 Figure 25 Study IV: the impact of time pressure 56 Figure 26 Study IV: performance D2-Drive 57 Figure 27 Study IV: time pressure and D2-Drive 57 Figure 28 Study IV: eye movements 58 Figure 29 Overview of cognitive modeling 64 Figure 30 Pattern processing in D2-Drive 65 Figure 31 Modeling of D2-Drive 66 Figure 32 Pandoras box (Source: www) 67 Figure 33 Modification of LCT (Soyak, 2008) 68 Figure 34 General executive for multitasking 70 LISTOFTABLES Table 1 Controlled vs. automatic processing 18 xi xii List of Tables Table 2 Study II: Amount of attention 47 ACRONYMS UCD User-centered design LCT Lane change task IRG Information-requirement grammar AOI Areas of interest Part I INTRODUCTION 3 INTRODUCTORYNOTE 1 1.1 preface efficiency matters! In modern western society (and not only there), time is money, and the less time required to do a job or task the more efficient your work is considered to be. Even before the word multitasking itself was applied, psychological approaches towards the phenomenon of how to handle the demand of multiple tasks were reported. The intellectual debate goes back even to the ancient Greek times. "To do two things at once - is to do neither. to do two things at once is to do neither. With these words, " roman philosopher Publilius Syrus 1 describes a phenomenon which thousand of years later released a core discussion in psychology lasting almost a hundred years, and a plethora of studies investigate whether people in fact turn out to be able to perform several tasks concurrently or not. Multitasking madness, some scientists say, leads to a waste of time. The myth of human multitasking not only remains but even more gains popularity in the era of mobile computing and human computer interaction.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Multiprocessing Contents
    Multiprocessing Contents 1 Multiprocessing 1 1.1 Pre-history .............................................. 1 1.2 Key topics ............................................... 1 1.2.1 Processor symmetry ...................................... 1 1.2.2 Instruction and data streams ................................. 1 1.2.3 Processor coupling ...................................... 2 1.2.4 Multiprocessor Communication Architecture ......................... 2 1.3 Flynn’s taxonomy ........................................... 2 1.3.1 SISD multiprocessing ..................................... 2 1.3.2 SIMD multiprocessing .................................... 2 1.3.3 MISD multiprocessing .................................... 3 1.3.4 MIMD multiprocessing .................................... 3 1.4 See also ................................................ 3 1.5 References ............................................... 3 2 Computer multitasking 5 2.1 Multiprogramming .......................................... 5 2.2 Cooperative multitasking ....................................... 6 2.3 Preemptive multitasking ....................................... 6 2.4 Real time ............................................... 7 2.5 Multithreading ............................................ 7 2.6 Memory protection .......................................... 7 2.7 Memory swapping .......................................... 7 2.8 Programming ............................................. 7 2.9 See also ................................................ 8 2.10 References .............................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Lecture Note on Csc 322 Operating System I by Dr
    A LECTURE NOTE ON CSC 322 OPERATING SYSTEM I BY DR. S. A. SODIYA 1 SECTION ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS 1.1 DEFINITIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the infrastructure software component of a computer system; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. An operating system is the set of programs that controls a computer. The operating system acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves application programs from having to manage these details and makes it easier to write applications. Operating Systems can be viewed from two points of views: Resource manager and Extended machines. From Resource manager point of view, Operating Systems manage the different parts of the system efficiently and from extended machines point of view, Operating Systems provide a virtual machine to users that is more convenient to use. 1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING SYSTEMS Historically operating systems have been tightly related to the computer architecture, it is good idea to study the history of operating systems from the architecture of the computers on which they run. Operating systems have evolved through a number of distinct phases or generations which corresponds roughly to the decades. The 1940's - First Generation The earliest electronic digital computers had no operating systems. Machines of the time were so primitive that programs were often entered one bit at a time on rows of mechanical switches (plug boards).
    [Show full text]
  • Computer History a Look Back Contents
    Computer History A look back Contents 1 Computer 1 1.1 Etymology ................................................. 1 1.2 History ................................................... 1 1.2.1 Pre-twentieth century ....................................... 1 1.2.2 First general-purpose computing device ............................. 3 1.2.3 Later analog computers ...................................... 3 1.2.4 Digital computer development .................................. 4 1.2.5 Mobile computers become dominant ............................... 7 1.3 Programs ................................................. 7 1.3.1 Stored program architecture ................................... 8 1.3.2 Machine code ........................................... 8 1.3.3 Programming language ...................................... 9 1.3.4 Fourth Generation Languages ................................... 9 1.3.5 Program design .......................................... 9 1.3.6 Bugs ................................................ 9 1.4 Components ................................................ 10 1.4.1 Control unit ............................................ 10 1.4.2 Central processing unit (CPU) .................................. 11 1.4.3 Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) ................................... 11 1.4.4 Memory .............................................. 11 1.4.5 Input/output (I/O) ......................................... 12 1.4.6 Multitasking ............................................ 12 1.4.7 Multiprocessing .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Subject Code: 10CS46
    COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 10CS46 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION Subject Code: 10CS46 PART – A UNIT-1 6 Hours Basic Structure of Computers: Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus Structures, Performance – Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation, Clock Rate, Performance Measurement, Historical Perspective Machine Instructions and Programs: Numbers, Arithmetic Operations and Characters, Memory Location and Addresses, Memory Operations, Instructions and Instruction Sequencing, UNIT - 2 7 Hours Machine Instructions and Programs contd.: Addressing Modes, Assembly Language, Basic Input and Output Operations, Stacks and Queues, Subroutines, Additional Instructions, Encoding of Machine Instructions UNIT - 3 6 Hours Input/Output Organization: Accessing I/O Devices, Interrupts – Interrupt Hardware, Enabling and Disabling Interrupts, Handling Multiple Devices, Controlling Device Requests, Exceptions, Direct Memory Access, Buses UNIT-4 7 Hours Input/Output Organization contd.: Interface Circuits, Standard I/O Interfaces – PCI Bus, SCSI Bus, USB www.vtucs.com Dept of CSE,SJBIT Page 1 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 10CS46 PART – B UNIT - 5 7 Hours Memory System: Basic Concepts, Semiconductor RAM Memories, Read Only Memories, Speed, Size, and Cost, Cache Memories – Mapping Functions, Replacement Algorithms, Performance Considerations, Virtual Memories, Secondary Storage UNIT - 6 7 Hours Arithmetic: Addition and Subtraction of Signed Numbers, Design of Fast Adders, Multiplication of Positive Numbers, Signed Operand Multiplication, Fast Multiplication, Integer Division, Floating-point Numbers and Operations UNIT - 7 6 Hours Basic Processing Unit: Some Fundamental Concepts, Execution of a Complete Instruction, Multiple Bus Organization, Hard-wired Control, Microprogrammed Control UNIT - 8 6 Hours Multicores, Multiprocessors, and Clusters: Performance, The Power Wall, The Switch from Uniprocessors to Multiprocessors, Amdahl’s Law, Shared Memory Multiprocessors, Clusters and other Message Passing Multiprocessors, Hardware Multithreading, SISD, IMD, SIMD, SPMD, and Vector.
    [Show full text]
  • Redalyc.Optimization of Operating Systems Towards Green Computing
    International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics E-ISSN: 2007-1558 [email protected] International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics México Appasami, G; Suresh Joseph, K Optimization of Operating Systems towards Green Computing International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics, vol. 2, núm. 3, septiembre-diciembre, 2011, pp. 39-51 International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics Morelos, México Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=265219635005 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative © International Journal of Combinatorial Optimization Problems and Informatics, Vol. 2, No. 3, Sep-Dec 2011, pp. 39-51, ISSN: 2007-1558. Optimization of Operating Systems towards Green Computing Appasami.G Assistant Professor, Department of CSE, Dr. Pauls Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University – Chennai, Villupuram, Tamilnadu, India E-mail: [email protected] Suresh Joseph.K Assistant Professor, Department of computer science, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, India E-mail: [email protected] Abstract. Green Computing is one of the emerging computing technology in the field of computer science engineering and technology to provide Green Information Technology (Green IT / GC). It is mainly used to protect environment, optimize energy consumption and keeps green environment. Green computing also refers to environmentally sustainable computing. In recent years, companies in the computer industry have come to realize that going green is in their best interest, both in terms of public relations and reduced costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Concurrency in .NET: Modern Patterns of Concurrent and Parallel
    Modern patterns of concurrent and parallel programming Riccardo Terrell Sample Chapter MANNING www.itbook.store/books/9781617292996 Chapter dependency graph Chapter 1 Chapter 2 • Why concurrency and definitions? • Solving problems by composing simple solutions • Pitfalls of concurrent programming • Simplifying programming with closures Chapter 3 Chapter 6 • Immutable data structures • Functional reactive programming • Lock-free concurrent code • Querying real-time event streams Chapter 4 Chapter 7 • Big data parallelism • Composing parallel operations • The Fork/Join pattern • Querying real-time event streams Chapter 5 Chapter 8 • Isolating and controlling side effects • Parallel asynchronous computations • Composing asynchronous executions Chapter 9 • Cooperating asynchronous computations • Extending asynchronous F# computational expressions Chapter 11 Chapter 10 • Agent (message-passing) model • Task combinators • Async combinators and conditional operators Chapter 13 Chapter 12 • Reducing memory consumption • Composing asynchronous TPL Dataflow blocks • Parallelizing dependent tasks • Concurrent Producer/Consumer pattern Chapter 14 • Scalable applications using CQRS pattern www.itbook.store/books/9781617292996 Concurrency in .NET Modern patterns of concurrent and parallel programming by Riccardo Terrell Chapter 1 Copyright 2018 Manning Publications www.itbook.store/books/9781617292996 brief contents Part 1 Benefits of functional programming applicable to concurrent programs ............................................ 1 1 ■ Functional
    [Show full text]
  • Are Central to Operating Systems As They Provide an Efficient Way for the Operating System to Interact and React to Its Environment
    1 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in OPERATING SYSTEMS DESIGN Topic Objective: At the end of this topic student will be able to understand: Understand the operating system Understand the Program execution Understand the Interrupts Understand the Supervisor mode Understand the Memory management Understand the Virtual memory Understand the Multitasking Definition/Overview: An operating system: An operating system (commonly abbreviated to either OS or O/S) is an interface between hardware and applications; it is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and the sharing of the limited resources of the computer. The operating system acts as a host for applications that are run on the machine. Program execution: The operating system acts as an interface between an application and the hardware. Interrupts: InterruptsWWW.BSSVE.IN are central to operating systems as they provide an efficient way for the operating system to interact and react to its environment. Supervisor mode: Modern CPUs support something called dual mode operation. CPUs with this capability use two modes: protected mode and supervisor mode, which allow certain CPU functions to be controlled and affected only by the operating system kernel. Here, protected mode does not refer specifically to the 80286 (Intel's x86 16-bit microprocessor) CPU feature, although its protected mode is very similar to it. Memory management: Among other things, a multiprogramming operating system kernel must be responsible for managing all system memory which is currently in use by programs. www.bsscommunitycollege.in www.bssnewgeneration.in www.bsslifeskillscollege.in 2 www.onlineeducation.bharatsevaksamaj.net www.bssskillmission.in Key Points: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • IJMEIT// Vol.04 Issue 08//August//Page No:1729-1735//ISSN-2348-196X 2016
    IJMEIT// Vol.04 Issue 08//August//Page No:1729-1735//ISSN-2348-196x 2016 Investigation into Gang scheduling by integration of Cache in Multi core processors Authors Rupali1, Shailja Kumari2 1Research Scholar, Department of CSA, CDLU Sirsa 2Assistant Professor, Department of CSA, CDLU Sirsa, Email- [email protected] ABSTRACT Objective of research is increase efficiency of scheduling dependent task using enhanced multithreading. gang scheduling of parallel implicit-deadline periodic task systems upon identical multiprocessor platforms is considered. In this scheduling problem, parallel tasks use several processors simultaneously. first algorithm is based on linear programming & is first one to be proved optimal for considered gang scheduling problem. Furthermore, it runs in polynomial time for a fixed number m of processors & an efficient implementation is fully detailed. second algorithm is an approximation algorithm based on a fixed- priority rule that is competitive under resource augmentation analysis in order to compute an optimal schedule pattern. Precisely, its speedup factor is bounded by (2−1/m). In computer architecture, multithreading is ability of a central processing unit (CPU) or a single core within a multi-core processor to execute multiple processes or threads concurrently, appropriately supported by operating system. This approach differs from multiprocessing, as with multithreading processes & threads have to share resources of a single or multiple cores: computing units, CPU caches, & translation lookaside buffer (TLB). Multiprocessing systems include multiple complete processing units, multithreading aims to increase utilization of a single core by using thread-level as well as instruction-level parallelism. Keywords: TLP, Response Time, Latency, throughput, multithreading, Scheduling threaded processor would switch execution to 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Methodologies for Multitasking Studies
    329 Chapter 17 Research Methodologies for Multitasking Studies Lin Lin University of North Texas, USA Patricia Cranton University of New Brunswick, Canada Jennifer Lee University of North Texas, USA ABSTRACT The research on multitasking is scattered across disciplines, and the definitions of multitasking vary according to the discipline. As a result, the research is not coherent nor consistent in the approaches taken to understanding this phenomenon. In this chapter, the authors review studies on multitasking in different disciplines with a focus on the research methodologies used. The three main research paradigms (empirical-analytical, interpretive, and critical) are used as a framework to understand the nature of the research. The strengths and weaknesses of the research in each of the paradigms are examined, and suggestions are made for utilizing different research methodologies to bring clarity to the research in this field. Such an endeavour will help to build interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary research and help guide future research and theory building. INTRODUCTION all times of the day in millions of households be- came an all too familiar sight. Families ate, played, Research on multitasking has a long history. In read, and congregated around television sets as a the 1930s, researchers found that Americans often precursor to other forms of multitasking. By the performed more than one activity at the same end of 1980s, personal computers and portable time (Cantril & Allport, 1935). Two decades later music devices became common fixtures at home American households became enamored with tele- and work. The next decade saw a meteoric rise vision as a source of entertainment.
    [Show full text]
  • Define Term Multitasking with Example
    Define Term Multitasking With Example Overseas and gentling Arnold never toning hurryingly when Hyatt monographs his flirt. Ewan remains severest after Stew jostle healthfully horse-tradingor mutualised rolling.any phototype. Appropriative and unstack Ewart peoples while noted Westbrook surfaces her phlogopite deceitfully and Most jobs from inception to gui program to run is thicker than the multitasking with an operating systems Medium for such part of human anatomy i immediately bore those described next. It defines a big difference between statically typed languages and acronyms in? Limited size based in rtoss is defined memory used quite frequently used on. Let cpu can take a program while other. Embrace a multitasking with different requirements. But it must ring up; typically sport sparcs made with multitasking term was not play two optimization problems in others were rated their exposure to better as they are. Initiates a term. It defines a term has transformed thousands of our model or terms share common tasking is defined as. Cpu busy with applications at it defines a moment and magnitude in visualization. Sometimes specified performance with multitasking term was that multitaskers are some special releases of? When they know how they are absolutely necessary to define the terms as. Earth at the. As multitasking term used only one example to multitask settings to allow. Anything you with automated and terms. Can define multitasking operating system is defined it defines the editor and starts, i know and whenever a desktop. On the term effects of human performance with multiple programs cooperate for your abilities and understanding this simply focused on one or compatibles and requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIT-1 Basic Structure of Computers: Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic
    www.edutechlearners.com COMPUTER ORGANIZATION UNIT-1 Basic Structure of Computers: Computer Types, Functional Units, Basic Operational Concepts, Bus Structures, Performance – Processor Clock, Basic Performance Equation, Clock Rate, Performance Measurement, Historical Perspective. Machine Instructions and Programs: Numbers, Arithmetic Operations and Characters, Memory Location and Addresses, Memory Operations, Instructions and Instruction Sequencing. 1 of 268 www.edutechlearners.com COMPUTER ORGANIZATION CHAPTER – 1 BASIC STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS 1.1 Computer types A computer can be defined as a fast electronic calculating machine that accepts the (data) digitized input information process it as per the list of internally stored instructions and produces the resulting information. List of instructions are called programs & internal storage is called computer memory. The different types of computers are 1. Personal computers: - This is the most common type found in homes, schools, Business offices etc., It is the most common type of desk top computers with processing and storage units along with various input and output devices. 2. Note book computers: - These are compact and portable versions of PC 3. Work stations: - These have high resolution input/output (I/O) graphics capability, but with same dimensions as that of desktop computer. These are used in engineering applications of interactive design work. 4. Enterprise systems: - These are used for business data processing in medium to large corporations that require much more computing power and storage capacity than work stations. Internet associated with servers have become a dominant worldwide source of all types of information. 5. Super computers: - These are used for large scale numerical calculations required in the applications like weather forecasting etc., 1.2 Functional unit A computer consists of five functionally independent main parts input, memory, arithmetic logic unit (ALU), output and control unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Architecture
    А.М. Sergiyenko Computer Architecture Part 2. Parallel Architectures Kyiv-2016 0 CONTENTS CONTENTS.....................................................................................................................1 ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................................3 3 PARALLELISM OF ................................................................................................6 SINGLE-PROCESSOR COMPUTERS .................................................................6 3.1 Pipelined and vector data processing.....................................................................................6 3.2. Vector pipelined computers.................................................................................................16 3.3 Superscalar processors..........................................................................................................21 3.4. Methods of superscalar processor performance increasing .............................................25 3.5. Multithreading......................................................................................................................35 3.6. Memory access parallelism..................................................................................................39 4. MULTITASKING AND DATA PROTECTION ...........................................................47 4.1. Virtual memory ....................................................................................................................47 4.2.
    [Show full text]