Culture Et Propagande Au Goulag Soviétique (1929-1953) Le Cas De La République Des Komi

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Culture Et Propagande Au Goulag Soviétique (1929-1953) Le Cas De La République Des Komi Ekaterina SHEPELEVA-BOUVARD THÈSE DE DOCTORAT Soutenue le 2 juillet 2007 CULTURE ET PROPAGANDE AU GOULAG SOVIÉTIQUE (1929-1953) LE CAS DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DES KOMI Discipline : Civilisation russe Directrice de la thèse Co-directeur de la thèse Mme. Annie ALLAIN M. Heinz -Dietrich LÖWE Université Charles de Gaulle Université Ruprecht-Karl de Lille III, France Heidelbeg, Allemagne Université Charles de Gaulle – Lille III TABLE DES MATIÈRES REMERCIEMENTS……………………………………………………………....…..…..4 AVERTISSEMENT..………………………………………….…………….…....…….5-6 AVANT-PROPOS………………………………………………………………………7-8 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….…………...…....9-16 PARTIE I – Les camps au cœur du pays des Komi 1. En guise de géopolitique ………………………………………….…....……....…17-30 2. L’expédition Oukhtinskaia de l’OGPOU……………………...………..……....…31-44 3. L’Oukhtpetchlag……………………………………...………………….….....…..45-54 4. Les géants concentrationnaires……………………………………………….........55-68 PARTIE II – La culture derrière les barbelés : hasard historique ou directivisme soviétique ? 1. Les milieux intellectuels sous la répression………………………………....….…69-80 2. Le « camp intelligentsia »………………………………………………….............81-99 3. La culture « centralisée » et la « Ejovchtchina »………………….…….……....100-122 4. La « Jdanovchtchina » et sa portée dans les camps………..………....…..…......123-138 2 PARTIE III – L’édification culturelle : l’élément essentiel du Goulag ? 1. La KVTch et la Section politique : les enjeux idéologiques et culturels……..…139-164 2. La rééducation au Goulag : l’exemple de La Grande Petchora de Kantorovitch………. ……………………………………………………………………………………..165-185 3. Les rudiments du travail « culturo-éducatif » de la KVTch…...………………..186-203 4. Les journaux à grand tirage de la Section politique………………………….....204-214 PARTIE IV – Le miracle en pleine neige : le théâtre des « serfs » 1. Comment la vie culturelle a-t-elle émergé de l’Oukhtpetchlag?..........................215-229 2. Le théâtre de la Comédie musicale et d’Art dramatique de l’Oukhtijemlag……230-246 3. Les théâtres d’Art dramatique du Sevjeldorlag ………………………………...247-258 4. Le théâtre de la Comédie musicale et d’Art dramatique du Vorkoutlag………..259-266 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………...267-271 Résumé en anglais…………………………………………………………………272-290 BIBLIOGRAPHIE CHOISIE……………………………………………………...291-304 Glossaires des sigles……………………………………………………………….305-307 Glossaires des noms géographiques……………………………………………… 308-310 3 REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais exprimer mes remerciements les plus sincères à mon professeur Madame Annie ALLAIN pour l’acuité de son regard sur les diverses versions de ce travail, pour les conseils et l’encouragement qu’elle m’a prodigués. Mes pensées de remerciements vont ensuite au professeur Heinz-Dietrich LÖWE qui m’a guidée, en Allemagne, de part de son professionnalisme, dans le cadre de la cotutelle de la thèse de doctorat, établie entre l’Université Charles de Gaulle - Lille 3 et l’Université Ruprecht-Karl de Heidelberg. Pour rédiger ce travail, j’ai également eu la chance et le privilège de bénéficier de l’aide très appréciée de plusieurs collègues et amis : Maurice BOUVARD, Pietr CHOURGANOV, Brigitte FLICKINGER, Frank GRÜNER, Marlies KABORÉ, Lioudmila MAKSIMOVA, Èmilia PERCHINA, Anatoli POPOV, Mikhaïl ROGATCHEV, Aleftina ZAOUGAROVA. Que chacun d’entre eux trouve ici le témoignage personnalisé de mes remerciements les plus chaleureux. Enfin, je voudrais réserver une place toute spéciale à Valery et Nina SHEPELEV, mes parents, qui m’ont apporté une aide financière tout au long des trois ans qu’a duré l’élaboration de ce travail. Qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de mes plus sincères remerciements pour leur soutien à chacune des étapes de ce travail. 4 AVERTISSEMENT Premièrement, dans la présente thèse, deux systèmes de translittération en caractères latins des caractères cyrilliques sont utilisés. La transcription la plus courante en français, celle qui tient compte des usages, est utilisée pendant la plus grande partie du texte. En revanche, la « transcription internationale », autrement appelée « translittération des slavistes », est utilisée pour la présentation des références bibliographiques qui figurent en notes en bas de page et en fin de thèse, ainsi que dans certains textes poétiques. Par conséquent, le tableau N° 1, exposé à la page suivante, met en évidence les deux systèmes de transcription utilisés dans le présent travail de recherche. C’est précisément pour cette raison que l’on pourra lire, par exemple, dans le corps du texte Ejov, Jdanov, Ijma, Petchora, Oukhtpetchlag, Vorkouta, Tchibiou, lagpounkt et dans les références bibliographiques Ežov, Ždanov, Ižma, Pečora, Uxtpečlag, Vorkuta, Čib’ju, lagpunkt. Deuxièmement, l’usage du nom géographique de la région mise en valeur par la présente thèse n’est pas codifié en français. Par exemple, dans le livre L’institution concentrationnaire en Russie (1930–1957), publié en 1969 à Paris, le professeur américain Paul Barton parle de la « république des Komis » ; alors que dans le livre La Russie: dictionnaire géographique, publié en 2001, par le Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques (CNRS), Roger Brunet, professeur des universités, directeur de recherches émérite, ne tient pas compte du « S » final du mot « Komi ». Par conséquent, je suis l’écriture proposée par Roger Brunet et le CNRS, en prenant également en considération le fait que le mot « коми » ne se décline pas dans la langue russe. Aussi pourra-t-on lire dans cette thèse : la région des Komi, la république des Komi, la langue des Komi, l’A.S.S.R. des Komi. 5 Tableau N°1 : Translittération du russe moderne en français contemporain : Lettres Translit. Translit. Lettres Translit. Translit. russes courante des slavistes russes courante des slavistes А а a a Р р r r Б б b b С с s s В в v v Т т t t Г г g (gu) g У у ou u Д д d d Ф ф f f Е е e (é) e Х х kh x Ë ë ë ë Ц ц ts c Ж ж j Ч ч tch č З з z z Ш ш ch š И и i i Щ щ chtch šč Й й ï (i, y) j ъ ’’ К к k k Ы ы y y Л л l l ь ’ М м m m Э э e è Н н n n Ю ю iou ju О о o o Я я ia ja П п p p 6 AVANT-PROPOS Le camp de concentration soviétique (laguer’), autrement appelé « camp de travail forcé » ou « camp de redressement par le travail », reflétait, sans aucun doute, une nouvelle réalité socioculturelle soviétique que les dirigeants du PCUS avaient mise en place dans le cadre de nouveaux objectifs économiques et répressifs. Par conséquent, maints termes décrivant la structure complexe du camp soviétique, employés dans le vocabulaire de la police politique (Tchéka / OGPOU / NKVD / MVD / KGB), n’ont pas d’équivalents en français, ni d’ailleurs dans d’autres langues étrangères. Aussi dois-je préciser que dans la terminologie soviétique le terme laguer' désignait un ensemble de vastes agglomérations concentrationnaires et non pas un camp dans le sens ordinaire. C’était un véritable complexe pénitentiaire regroupant des dizaines de milliers de détenus. Le Laguer’ occupait un vaste territoire qui disposait d’unités administratives (oupravlénié) et de multiples sous-ensembles dépendant de ces dernières : les « filiales » (lagotdélénié) qui regroupaient un certain nombre de « secteurs tertiaires » (lagoutchastok), divisés en « points de camps » (lagpounkt, en abrégé « OLP »). Les « OLP » étaient ensuite divisés en « quartiers d’exploitation » (rabotchi outchastok ou promyssel) qui constituaient les plus petites unités administratives. De plus, « en vue d’accomplir les tâches économiques déterminées pour chaque camp, la police politique détachait à partir des promyssel et parfois même à partir des « OLP » des « kommandos » (kommandirovka) et des « sous-kommandos » (pod-kommandirovka). Ces derniers étaient composés d’un nombre variable de détenus qui étaient souvent envoyés en mission pour l’exécution, dans les plus brefs délais, des tâches désignées. De manière générale, les kommandirovka n’avaient pas de lieu de résidence fixe. « Dans le langage de la police politique, les « OLP », autrement dits « petites subdivisions » propres à telle ou telle production, avaient souvent des dénominations très variées : colonies de redressement, fermes, mines, points de production, etc., tout cela revenait du même principe d’organisation »1. « Dans chaque « OLP », les détenus s’organisaient en 1 P. Barton, L’institution concentrationnaire en Russie (1930–1957), Paris, 1969, p. 120. 7 « colonnes », composées de brigades »2. Les « colonnes » et les brigades étaient ainsi des formes élémentaires d’organisation et d’exploitation des détenus dans chaque laguer'. La pratique qui consistait à regrouper les détenus en « colonnes », composées de brigades, apparut dans le camp de Solovki, et elle fit preuve de son efficacité au cours de la construction du canal mer Blanche-mer Baltique. L’activité des « colonnes » et des brigades était réglementée par des directives et des instructions d’ordre administratif du Goulag qui stipulaient des récompenses pour le travail de « choc » ou des sanctions disciplinaires pour la violation du régime de détention. D’une manière générale, les détenus travaillaient 11 heures par jour dans chaque camp soviétique : le matin, les détenus, en formant des « colonnes » sous escorte, se dirigeaient vers les lieux de travail en dehors de la « zone »3, où ils travaillaient en brigades toute la journée, et le soir, encore en formant des « colonnes », ils rentraient dans leurs baraques, leurs tentes ou leurs huttes dans la « zone ». 2 Istoriko-Kul’turnyj Atlas Respubliki Komi, Moscou, 1997, p.131. 3 Territoire entouré par les barbelés 8 INTRODUCTION « Toute l’histoire de l’Archipel du Goulag4 - à partir de l’apparition dans l’abîme de la révolution des premiers îlots, jusqu’à leur transformation en continent, jusqu’à la fusion du Pays du Goulag et du Pays des Soviets - était l’histoire de la lutte de l’État contre l’homme, l’histoire de l’asservissement de l’homme par l’État et de la soumission graduelle de l’homme à l’esclavage, de son acceptation de l’esclavage »5. Durant les années 30-50 du XXe siècle, deux civilisations parallèles existaient en URSS : l’une glorifiée par la propagande et l’autre vouée à la clandestinité.
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