A Biblioteca Esquecida De Hitler Os Livros Que Moldaram a Vida Do Führer

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A Biblioteca Esquecida De Hitler Os Livros Que Moldaram a Vida Do Führer timothy w. ryback A biblioteca esquecida de Hitler Os livros que moldaram a vida do Führer Tradução Ivo Korytowski À minha mãe, que me ensinou a amar os livros, e em memória do meu pai. Pouco conhecimento é algo perigoso; Bebe profundamente, senão não saborearás a primavera das Musas: Ali goles contidos intoxicam o cérebro, E bebedeiras nos devolvem a lucidez. Alexander Pope, “A little learning” Conheço pessoas que “leem” uma enormidade, livro após livro, letra após letra, mas que eu não consideraria que tenham “lido bem”. É verdade que possuem uma massa de “conhecimentos”, mas seus cérebros não conseguem organizar e registrar o material que absorveram. Carecem da arte de separar, num livro, o que tem valor do que não tem, retendo para sempre a parte boa e, se possível, ignorando o resto. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Sumário Prefácio — O homem que queimava livros 1. Leituras da linha de frente, 1915 2. A influência do mentor 3. A trilogia de Hitler 4. O filósofo perdido 5. Livros de guerra 6. Inspiração divina 7. Leituras da linha de frente, 1940 8. A história de Hitler da Segunda Guerra Mundial 9. Um milagre adiado Posfácio — Os destinos dos livros Agradecimentos Apêndices Apêndice A Descrição da biblioteca de Hitler de Este é o inimigo, por Friedrich Oechsner, 1942 Apêndice B Descrição da coleção de livros de Berghof de um relatório sigiloso da 21aUnidade de Informações do Exército norte-americano, maio de 1945 Apêndice C “A biblioteca de um diletante: Um vislumbre da biblioteca privada de Herr Hitler”, por Hans Beilhack, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 9 de novembro de 1946 Apêndice D “Relatório sobre a Coleção de Adolph [sic] Hitler e recomendações para a sua organização”, por Arnold J. Jacobius, estagiário, para Frederick R. Goff, chefe da Divisão de Livros Raros, Biblioteca do Congresso, 9 de janeiro de 1952 Notas Prefácio O homem que queimava livros Ele foi, é claro, um homem mais conhecido por queimar livros do que por colecioná-los. Contudo, na época de sua morte, aos 56 anos, estima-se que possuísse cerca de 16 mil volumes. Em qualquer medida, uma coleção impressionante: primeiras edições das obras de filósofos, historiadores, poetas, dramaturgos e romancistas. Para ele a biblioteca representava a primavera das Musas, aquela fonte metafórica de conhecimentos e inspiração. Ele extraiu muito de lá, aplacando suas inseguranças intelectuais e alimentando suas ambições fanáticas. Lia vorazmente, ao menos um livro por noite, às vezes mais, conforme alegava. “Quando se dá, também é preciso tirar”, disse certa vez, “e eu tiro o que preciso dos livros.” Ele incluía o Dom Quixote, junto com Robinson Crusoe, A cabana do Pai Tomás e Viagens de Gulliver, entre as grandes obras da literatura mundial. “Cada obra é uma ideia grandiosa em si”, disse. Em Robinson Crusoe percebeu “o desenvolvimento de toda a história da humanidade”. Dom Quixote captava “engenhosamente” o fim de uma era. Possuía edições ilustradas desses dois livros, impressionando-se sobretudo com as representações românticas feitas por Gustave Doré do herói acometido de delírios de Cervantes. Possuía também as obras completas de William Shakespeare, publicadas em tradução alemã em 1925 por Georg Müller como parte de uma série que pretendia tornar a grande literatura disponível ao público em geral. O volume 6 inclui Como gostais, Noite de reis, Hamlet e Troilus e Créssida. O conjunto inteiro está encadernado em couro marroquino filetado à mão, com uma águia estampada em ouro, flanqueada pelas iniciais do nome de Hitler na lombada. Considerava Shakespeare superior a Goethe e Schiller em todos os aspectos. Enquanto Shakespeare havia alimentado a imaginação com as forças ágeis e habilidosas do império britânico emergente, aqueles dois teatrólogos-poetas teutônicos desperdiçavam seu talento em histórias de crises da meia-idade e rivalidades entre irmãos. Por que, perguntou-se certa vez, o Iluminismo alemão produziu Nathan, o sábio — a história do rabino que reconcilia cristãos, muçulmanos e judeus — enquanto coube a Shakespeare dar ao mundo O mercador de Veneza e Shylock? Ele parece ter absorvido seu Hamlet. “Ser ou não ser” era uma frase favorita, assim como “É Hécuba para mim”. Apreciava em especial Júlio César. Num caderno de desenho de 1926, desenhou um palco detalhado para o primeiro ato da tragédia de Shakespeare, com fachadas sinistras cercando o fórum onde César é morto. “Nos encontraremos de novo em Philippi”, ele ameaçou oponentes em mais de uma ocasião, repetindo a advertência espectral a Brutus após o assassinato de César. Dizia-se que reservava os Idos de Março para decisões importantes. Mantinha seus volumes de Shakespeare no escritório do segundo andar de seu retiro alpino no sul da Alemanha, junto com uma edição encadernada em couro de outro autor favorito, o escritor de romances de aventuras Karl May. “O primeiro livro de Karl May que li foi Através do deserto”, ele certa vez recordou. “Fiquei impressionado! Entreguei-me a ele imediatamente, o que resultou num declínio visível das minhas notas.” Mais tarde, teria buscado refúgio em Karl May assim como outros buscam na Bíblia. Ele era versado nas Sagradas Escrituras e possuía um volume particularmente bonito das Worte Christi, ou Palavras de Cristo, estampado a ouro sobre couro de bezerro cor de creme que até hoje permanece macio como seda. Possuía também uma tradução alemã do tratado antissemita de Henry Ford, The international Jew: The world’s foremost problem [O judeu internacional: O principal problema do mundo], e um compêndio de 1931 sobre gás venenoso com um capítulo detalhando as características e os efeitos do ácido prússico, o asfixiante homicida comercializado como Zyklon B. Em sua mesa de cabeceira mantinha um exemplar bastante manuseado das histórias de Wilhelm Busch da dupla travessa Max e Moritz, precursoras das histórias em quadrinhos. Walter Benjamin certa vez disse que dá para saber muita coisa sobre um homem pelos livros que ele mantém: seus gostos, seus interesses, seus hábitos. Os livros que guardamos e os que descartamos, os que lemos bem como os que decidimos não ler, dizem algo sobre quem somos. Como um judeu alemão crítico da cultura nascido numa época em que era possível ser “alemão” e “judeu”, Benjamin acreditava no poder transcendente da Kultur. Acreditava que a expressão criativa, além de enriquecer e iluminar o mundo que habitamos, também proporciona a argamassa cultural que liga uma geração à próxima, uma interpretação judaico-germânica do antigo ditado ars longa, vita brevis. Benjamin tinha em grande apreço a palavra escrita, impressa e encadernada. Adorava os livros. Era fascinado por sua fisicalidade, com sua durabilidade, com sua procedência. Um colecionador sagaz, ele argumentava, conseguia “ler” um livro da maneira como um fisionomista decifrava a essência do caráter de uma pessoa pelas suas características físicas. “Datas, nomes de lugares, formatos, proprietários anteriores, encadernações e coisas semelhantes”, Benjamin observou, “todos esses detalhes lhe devem informar algo — não como fatos isolados áridos, mas como um todo harmonioso.” Em suma, era possível julgar um livro por sua capa e, por sua vez, o colecionador por sua coleção. Citando Hegel, Benjamin observou: “Só quando está escuro a coruja de Minerva inicia o seu voo”, e concluiu: “Só na extinção o colecionador é compreendido”. Quando Benjamin invocou um filósofo alemão do século xix, uma deusa romana e uma coruja, estava claramente aludindo à famosa máxima de Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: “A coruja de Minerva alça seu voo somente com o início do crepúsculo”, com que Hegel quis dizer que o filosofar só pode começar depois que os eventos se desenrolaram. Benjamin sentia que o mesmo se dava com bibliotecas particulares. Só depois que o colecionador tivesse disposto seu último livro na estante e morrido — quando sua biblioteca pudesse falar por si mesma, sem a presença do proprietário para perturbar ou ofuscar — os volumes individuais poderiam revelar o conhecimento “preservado” de seu proprietário: como ele afirmava a sua posse, escrevendo seu nome na contracapa ou colando uma etiqueta ex-libris sobre uma página inteira; se os deixava manchados e com dobras nos cantos das páginas, ou se as páginas permaneciam intactas e não lidas. Benjamin sugeriu que uma biblioteca particular serve de testemunha permanente e confiável da personalidade do seu colecionador, levando-o à seguinte ideia filosófica: colecionamos livros na crença de que os estamos preservando quando na verdade são os livros que preservam seu colecionador. “Não que os livros se tornem vivos nele”, Benjamin postulou. “É ele quem vive nos livros.” No último meio século, o que restou da biblioteca de Adolf Hitler ocupou espaço nas prateleiras na obscuridade climatizada da Divisão de Livros Raros da Biblioteca do Congresso. Os 1200 volumes sobreviventes que outrora adornavam as estantes de livros de Hitler em suas três elegantes bibliotecas — revestimentos de madeira, tapetes grossos, luminárias de latão, poltronas superestofadas — nas residências particulares em Munique, Berlim e Obersalzberg, perto de Berchtesgaden, agora estão espremidos em fileiras nas estantes de aço de uma área de depósito sem adornos e mal iluminada do prédio Thomas Jefferson, no centro de Washington, bem perto do Washington Mall e em frente à Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos. A energia da lógica emocional que antes permeava essa coleção — Hitler rearrumava seus livros sem cessar e insistia em mudá-los pessoalmente de estante — foi cortada. A cópia pessoal de Hitler da genealogia de sua família está espremida entre uma coleção encadernada de artigos de jornais intitulada Meditações dominicais e um fólio de charges políticas dos anos 1920. Uma edição fac-símile com bela encadernação das cartas de Frederico, o Grande, especialmente criada para o quinquagésimo aniversário do Führer, repousa em uma estante de calhamaços, sob um volume igualmente pesado de apresentação da cidade de Hamburgo e uma história ilustrada da marinha alemã na Primeira Guerra Mundial.
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