SOMMOCOLONIA 26 Dicembre 1944

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SOMMOCOLONIA 26 Dicembre 1944 SOMMOCOLONIA 26 dicembre 1944 Commemorazione Sabato 23 dicembre 2006 RIPRODUZIONE LIMITATA impaginata per pagina.pmd 3 31/08/2009, 12:21 26 DICEMBRE 1944: UNA DATA NELLA STORIA DELLA COMUNITA’ Gli anni passano. Per tutti. Ce ne accorgiamo quando incontriamo una data. Quando torna un appuntamento. Quando ci fermiamo per ricordare uno di quei giorni che sono entrati nella memoria. Memoria della comunità . Memoria dei singoli. Di quelli che c’erano. Ma anche di quelli che se pure sono venuti dopo hanno stabilito un legame di sentimenti con quella data. Con quei fatti. Con quello che allora avvenne. Di anni da quel 26 dicembre del 1944 , che per la nostra comunità fu il “giorno della grande paura”, ne sono passati più di sessanta. Ormai, è questa la legge della vita, i testimoni di quella terribile giornata sono rimasti in pochi. Passano gli anni. A parlare oggi di una guerra che si combatteva tra i nostri monti, tra le nostre case, tra la nostra gente produce uno strano effetto. Come se si parlasse di cose che stanno in un altro RIPRODUZIONEtempo: i tedeschi, i soldati della Repubblica LIMITATA Sociale, i partigiani, gli americani, la disperata fuga di uomini e donne verso la salvezza, i bombardamenti dal cielo, i paesi e le selve pieni di morti. Di anni dal 26 dicembre del 1944 ne sono passati più di sessanta. Generazioni sono seguite a generazioni. Tutto sembra lontano. Quasi irreale. Di quel giorno Sommocolonia, l’antico castello montanino, pagò il prezzo più caro. Fu il luogo del sacrificio. Quel giorno a impaginata per pagina.pmd 5 31/08/2009, 12:21 Sommocolonia si combatté l’ultima vera battaglia sostenuta in terra toscana. Fu una battaglia cruenta con decine di morti e centinaia di feriti. Per chi visse quei giorni Sommocolonia significò la tragedia della guerra. Per noi che siamo venuti dopo Sommocolonia ebbe il valore di un simbolo: il sacrificio necessario per la rinascita dell’Italia. Quell’Italia Giusta che sta nei nostri cuori e ci aiuta a “resistere” al tremendo gelo del nostro tempo. Di Sommocolonia e di quel 26 dicembre 1944 hanno scritto con passione e competenza i cari amici Dario Giannini e Vittorio Biondi. Il loro lavoro che ben volentieri pubblichiamo viene ad arricchire la serie di scritti dedicati al “giorno della grande paura”. Tra questi mi suscita commozione ricordare i libri di mio padre Bruno . Devo a lui anche il lascito della memoria di Sommocolonia che sta all’inizio della mia vicenda civile: il culto del sacrificio generoso, il rispetto dei morti, la passione per l’Italia Giusta, la partecipe adesione al dolore ed alle tribolazioni della buona gente. Gli anni passano. Passeranno. E con loro passeremo anche noi. Che anche quest’anno siamo saliti a Sommocolonia. Per ricordare. Per ringraziare. Per riempire i nostri cuori di sincerità e di onestà. Umberto Sereni Sindaco di Barga RIPRODUZIONE LIMITATA impaginata per pagina.pmd 6 31/08/2009, 12:21 BREVE STORIA DI SOMMOCOLONIA LE ORIGINI DEL CASTELLO E’veramente impossibile, attraverso i documenti esistenti o conosciuti, individuare il secolo in cui collocare l’origine del CASTELLO DI SOMMOCOLONIA. Solo con alcune considerazioni sulla storia della nostra zona relativa al primo millennio dopo Cristo possiamo in qualche modo ricostruire l’evoluzione di questo borgo medioevale. E’ noto che la Valle del Serchio era abitata dalla popolazione Ligure- Apuana; un popolo rude, primitivo, che preferiva vivere in territori aspri, montani dove tuttavia riuscivano a coltivare campi, costruendo i noti terrazzamenti ben visibili ancora in Liguria ed individuabili anche nella nostra Valle. Non disdegnavano però le scorribande nelle sottostanti vallate che costrinsero i romani, per attuare il loro progetto di espansione nel territorio italico, a far loro guerra che si concluse nel II sec.d.C.: i liguri rimasti vivi furono deportati nel Sannio (Abruzzo) ed in parte si sparpagliarono sulle nostre montagne o si integrarono nel RIPRODUZIONE LIMITATA 5 impaginata per pagina.pmd 7 31/08/2009, 12:21 tempo con le genti venute ad abitare nella valle. I Romani, una volta conquistato un territorio, costruivano a sua difesa dei campi militari che di solito affidavano a soldati veterani ed alle loro famiglie, come se fossero premi per il loro servizio militare in favore di Roma. Nacquero così le ‘coloniae’e i Castelli fortificati ( il ‘castrum’ dei romani) da cui hanno preso il nome Castelvecchio , Castelnuovo e Summa Colonia, summa-somma perché situata in alto. Alcune monete di epoca romana, trovate mentre venivano effettuati degli scavi nella Rocca di Sommocolonia intorno al 1930, confermano l’ipotesi dell’origine latina di questo Paese Inoltre i romani dotavano i territori conquistati di strade di collegamento veloce per il pronto intervento dell’esercito qualora si fossero verificate invasioni o rivolte; così tra Lucca e Parma fu costruita la Via Clodia Nova che probabilmente seguiva il percorso del Serchio fino a Gallicano e, salendo da Monteperpoli, passava da Castelnuovo, Piazza al Serchio fino alla Valle del Fiume Magra. Sommocolonia, posta così in alto, dotata col tempo di solide mura e di torri poteva in qualche modo controllare il territorio di Barga e della sua vallata. Per questi motivi molte memorie storiche di questo Paese non si sono perdute nel tempo, come purtroppo è capitato a molti paesi della valle, anche più noti di Sommocolonia e che hanno avuto la stessa origine. DALL’ETA’ FEUDALE A QUELLA COMUNALE Intanto l’Impero Romano e quindi anche il territorio italico avevano subito enormi sconvolgimenti e trasformazioni. Dal 330 Roma non era più neppure la Capitale dell’Impero che l’imperatore Costantino aveva portato a Bisanzio (poi chiamata Costantinopoli ed oggi Istanbul). Iniziò così una inarrestabile decadenza del potere di Roma sui territori italici, tanto che, indebolito all’interno da continue lotte,divisioni,congiure e malRIPRODUZIONE guidato da imperatori del tutto incapaci, LIMITATA l’Impero Romano fu facile preda di popoli barbari provenienti soprattutto dal centro dell’Europa: Visigoti, Unni, Vandali e soprattutto Ostrogoti che nel 476, con il loro generale Odoacre, fecero cadere l’Impero Romano d’Occidente. Neppure un secolo dopo i Goti vennero sconfitti dall’imperatore bizantino Giustiniano ma, contemporaneamente, penetrarono dalle Alpi in Italia i LONGOBARDI che sconfissero i Bizantini e s’insediarono in gran parte della penisola, compresa la Toscana. 6 impaginata per pagina.pmd 8 31/08/2009, 12:21 Del passaggio o dell’insediamento dei longobardi nel nostro territorio si hanno tracce sparse ed alcune iscrizioni, di cui una, breve, si individua in una pietra situata nel muro di contenimento della torre di Sommocolonia ( a sinistra in alto guardando la porta d’ingresso della Chiesa parrocchiale). I LoLLoLaLLL fuLoLo sLoLfLLLL La LARLO LALNOL incoronato nella notte di Natale dell’800 a Roma LmpeLaLoLe LeL FRANLHI e Le LeL LoLLoLaLLLL Carlo Magno instaurò nei territori anche italici quella che si chiamerà ‘LLLLlLà feuLale’L Per tenere unito l’immenso territorio che costituiva il suo Impero, Carlo Magno creò un sistema di potere piramidale (vassalli,valvassori, valvassini, servi della gleba) che però aveva alla base la divisione del territorio in parti più o meno grandi secondo l’importanza dei feudatari i quali, tra i vari obblighi, dovevano giurare fedeltà all’ imperatore. E’ ii questo quadro storico che appaLe peL la pLLma LolLa Ll Lome LL SOLLOLOLONIA LL uL LoLumeLLo Lell’ALLLLLLo ALLLLesLoLLle LL LuLLaL L’ LL LL LLLLIO Lell’aLLo 98L Ll LesLoLo LL LuLLa LeuLeLLLmo eleLLa L LoLLLL che devono pagare le decime al feudatario dl Loppia Giovanni del fu Rodilando; nell’elenco figurano, tra tanti, Barga,Albiano, Catugnano, Tilio ed aLLLe SLLLALOLLNIA LLe quLLLL faLeLa paLLe Lel feuLo LeL ROLANLINLHI Neppure un secolo dopo sul territorio di Barga ed anche di Sommocolonia esercitava il potere Bonifacio di Canossa che aveva ottenuto il Marchesato di Toscana nel 1026 dall’Imperatore Corrado II; nel 1055 il potere passò nelle mani della figlia LONLESSA LALILLE LI LANOSSA LLe moLì Lel LLL5L RIPRODUZIONE LIMITATA 7 impaginata per pagina.pmd 9 31/08/2009, 12:21 La Contessa Matilde possedeva parecchi territori nella nostra valle e sappiamo che concesse molti privilegi a Barga e certamente anche a Sommocolonia. La tradizione popolare vuole che siano opera della sua volontà la costruzione della Chiesa, del campanile e di alcune fortificazioni. In effetti un’iscrizione che si trovava nella campana grande, purtroppo fusa in tempi passati, conferma la tradizione, anche se il complesso Chiesa-Campanile potrebbe avere origini più remote. Il LasLello LL SommoLoloLLa Lel LL6L eLa LLà passaLo soLLo la sLLLoLLa LeL LHERARLINLHI LL LaLfaLLaLaL leLaLL a LuLLaL E da questo periodo in poi, si può affermare che la modesta storia di Sommocolonia segua quella di Barga, a parte alcuni momenti o episodi di cui parleremo più avanti. Ormai il periodo del feudalesimo è terminato;sono nati í liberi Comuni, una specie di piccoli staterelli con le loro leggi, usi, difese, tra i quali vige la legge del più forte. Così l’ELA’ LO LLNA LE si trasforma in un periodo di lotte intense tra Comuni per il predominio su un determinato territorio. Si conosce poco sulle vicende legate a Sommocolonia in quel periodo caratterizzato da guerre continue tra pisani, lucchesi e fiorentini. Sappiamo che la Valle del Serchio, alla fine del 1200, era stata divisa da Lucca in 5 LILARIEL tra cui quella di Barga che comprendeva 27 Comuni, LLLlusa SommoLoloLLa Sommocolonia partecipa insieme a Barga agli scontri e a vere guerre contro Castruccio Castracani, Signore di Coreglia che intendeva allargare i propri domini; sconfitto, morirà nel 1328. SLamo Lel LL4L quaLLo BaLLa e poL aLLLe SommoLoloLLa fLLmaLo uL LLaLLaLo LL alleaLza LoL FLLeLzeL saLLeLLo Losì Ll LLsLaLLo La LuLLa; naturalmente ne seguirono, per una ventina d’anni, scontri contro Lucca con assedi di Barga e Sommocolonia.
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