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Santas E Sedutoras:As Heroínas Na Biblia Hebraica

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Santas E Sedutoras:As Heroínas Na Biblia Hebraica UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIENCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE LINGUA HEBRAICA, LITERATURA E CULTURA JUDAICAS SANTAS E SEDUTORAS AS HEROÍNAS NA BIBLIA HEBRAICA A mulher entre as narrativas bíblicas e a literatura Patrística Eliézer Serra Braga São Paulo 2007 2 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIENCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS ORIENTAIS PROGRAMA DE LINGUA HEBRAICA, LITERATURA E CULTURA JUDAICAS SANTAS E SEDUTORAS AS HEROÍNAS NA BIBLIA HEBRAICA A mulher entre as narrativas bíblicas e a literatura Patrística Eliézer Serra Braga Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas, do Departamento de Letras Orientais da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Ruth Leftel São Paulo 2007 3 A Anna Maria, minha amada esposa, que com graciosidade apoiou-me durante os anos em que trabalhei para realizar este sonho. Considero-a a grande dádiva de Deus para minha vida. 4 AGRADECIMENTOS Dirijo-me primeiramente a minha orientadora, Dra. Ruth Leftel, cujo apoio excedeu a suas responsabilidades, conduzindo-me com segurança na caminhada rumo à conclusão desta etapa importante de minha vida. Serei para sempre grato por havê-la conhecido. Sem seu apoio, sabedoria e orientação confiantes, talvez eu não chegasse ao fim deste projeto que superou minha capacidade. Seu conhecimento e experiência revelados na orientação e nas aulas, somados a confiança por ela depositada em mim, foram imprescindíveis no desafio de pesquisar um tema tão abrangente como a cultura do povo israelita. Meus profundos agradecimentos aos professores Moacir Aparecido Amâncio e Suzana Chwarts, do departamento de Língua Hebraica, Literatura e Cultura Judaicas da USP. Suas dicas foram sempre muito esclarecedoras. De suas aulas sorvi cada momento como uma revelação e a presente dissertação foi inspirada nelas. As leituras por eles recomendadas e as observações que fizeram durante o processo de pesquisa foram determinantes para o trabalho. Na qualificação, o professor Moacir Amâncio juntamente com o professor Pedro Paulo de Abreu Funari, com graça e sabedoria trouxeram importantes colaborações que mudaram o rumo das minhas pesquisas. E aos amigos Fabrício, Rafael Daroz, Felipe Ruiz, e a professora Helen Bido meus sinceros agradecimentos pelo apoio com livros, dicas, textos, hospedagem, informática e revisões. Sou devedor a vocês! Agradeço ao povo de Israel por nos haver legado a Bíblia, um manual onde se encontra sabedoria para viver melhor. Conhecer sua cultura tem se tornado uma grande paixão para mim. Finalmente, reconheço não saber como agradecer a Deus pelo que me fez durante os mais de três anos que dediquei ao mestrado. De uma coisa sei: se estou melhor hoje do que quando comecei esta empreitada, foi somente porque Ele o fez. Consagro ao Criador este conhecimento. 5 RESUMO O objetivo desta dissertação é a análise, por meio de abordagem sócio- literária, da caracterização que a Bíblia Hebraica faz de três mulheres, ou grupos de mulheres, personagens de suas narrativas. Procurar-se-á entender seu comportamento sexual e sua moralidade em contraste com as exigências feitas sobre a mulher em partes desta mesma Bíblia, considerando-se a importância da mulher para as tradições da formação de Israel. Procurar-se-á também estabelecer algum contraste, ainda que superficialmente, entre o julgamento que faz o narrador bíblico quanto ao comportamento pouco ortodoxo destas mulheres e os pressupostos do judaísmo rabínico e dos primeiros pensadores do cristianismo e sua interpretação quanto a este tipo de comportamento feminino. Serão elas, as Filhas de Ló e sua relação incestuosa, Tamar, nora de Judá e sua prostituição, e a saga de Noemi e Rute no episódio da sedução de Boaz. A Bíblia Hebraica é a principal fonte de inspiração para as três religiões mais influentes e de maior capacidade de expansão no mundo desde o século II da E.C. (Era Comum). A formação sócio-cultural de grande parte do oriente e de todo o ocidente encontrou seus fundamentos nelas, as quais são: o Judaísmo, o Cristianismo e o Islamismo. Considerando-se a importância do comportamento social feminino para tais religiões, será importante procurar entender o que a Bíblia Hebraica tem a dizer sobre quais devam ser os valores que o fundamentam. As atitudes sociais são profundamente influenciadas pela maneira como se concebe a divindade. Sendo assim, torna-se extremamente relevante para o ocidente cristão, entender como, especialmente o judaísmo e o cristianismo, 6 interpretaram os textos bíblicos no que concerne às mulheres presentes nas narrativas bíblicas, para que se possa eliminar as diferenças e injustiças motivadas por interpretações religiosas equivocadas. Ao levar-se em consideração o notável “androcentrismo” dos autores, revisores e editores bíblicos, que segundo alguns críticos foi uma das marcas que caracterizaram sua religiosidade, determinando a forma como escreveram seus textos, e considerando-se ainda a misoginia na forma como ela se apresenta na arte da interpretação dos textos bíblicos até recentemente, é importante descobrir se a religiosidade cristã ocidental não está equivocadamente apoiada sobre fundamentos preconceituosos disfarçados de conceitos religiosos atribuídos à revelação divina, graças a interpretações até mesmo interessadas das intenções dos autores bíblicos com respeito à mulher. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Mulher – Bíblia – Judaísmo – Sexualidade – Religião 7 ABSTRACT The objective of this study is the analysis, by the socio-literary boarding approach, of the characterization that the Hebrew Bible mentions about three women, or women groups, characters of its narratives. Look foreword to figure out her sexual behavior and her morality in contrast with the requirements made on the woman in other parts of this same Bible, considering the woman importance for the traditions of the Israel’s formation. It will be also looked foreword to find out some contrasts even superficially, between the judgment that makes the Biblical narrator as the apparent unorthodox behavior of these women and the rabbinical judaism arguments and the first thinkers of the Christianity and their interpretation such as, this kind of feminine behavior. Will they be Lot’s daughters and their incestuous relation, Tamar, Juda’s daughter-in-law and her prostitution and Noemi and Rute’s saga in the episode of the seduction of Boaz. The Hebrew Bible is the main source of inspiration for the three most influential and growing religions in the world since second-century A. D. Part of the east and all through the west have found its socio-cultural basis in them, which are: the Judaism, the Christianity and the Islamism. Considering the feminine social behavior importance for such religions, it will be important to figure out what the Hebrew Bible has to say on which must be the values that bases it. The social attitudes are deeply influenced by the manner in how to conceive the divinity. Therefore, it becomes extremely relevant to the West christianity, to figure out, how especially the judaism and the Christianism 8 interpreted the Biblical texts with regard to the current women into the Biblical narratives, in order to eliminate the differences and injustices motivated by religious mistaken Interpretations. Taking in consideration the notable “androcentrism” of the authors, reviewers and Bible editors, witch according to some critics was one of the signs of their devotion, determining the way they wrote their texts, and considering still the misogyny that predominated the Biblical texts interpretation art up to now, it’s important to find out if the West Christian devotion is not totally supported on a concealed prejudicial basis of religious concepts attributed to the divine revelation, thanks to the interested interpretations even though to the Biblical authors intentions regarding woman. KEY WORDS Woman – Bible – Judaism – Sexuality – Religion 9 SUMÁRIO Observações diversas 11 Introdução 12 Capítulo 1 – A mulher na literatura cristã dos primeiros séculos – Fatos que determinaram a construção de sua imagem 25 1.1 – Como os elementos gregos quanto ao feminino entram para o cristianismo 38 1.2 – A luta pela manutenção do poder nos meios eclesiásticos e a mulher 48 Capítulo 2 – As filhas de Ló: Heroínas ou incestuosas 53 2.1 – As filhas de Ló e os textos legislativos da Bíblia Hebraica 65 Capítulo 3 – Tamar: Heroína ou prostituta cultual 70 3.1 – Mães de heróis na cultura bíblica 75 3.2 – Tamar e a escolha divina 77 3.3 – Justificando Tamar 78 3.4 – Tamar, os deuses da fertilidade e a autoridade feminina 79 3.5 – Sedução e redenção na narrativa de Tamar 81 3.6 – Judá e a legislação religiosa em Israel 83 3.7 – Tamar e o levirato 86 3.8 – Sexualidade feminina e o exemplo de Tamar 88 3.9 – A disputa entre os gêneros na narrativa de Tamar 90 3.10 – As filhas de Ló e Tamar – As semelhanças 91 3.11 – A casa do descalçado 92 10 3.12 – O homem e o dever de gerar 94 Capítulo 4 – Rute: Heroína ou sedutora 97 4.1 – A modéstia de Rute segundo os midrashistas 104 4.2 – A composição do livro e seus propósitos 104 4.3 – Trama e sedução 108 4.4 – O significado da embriaguez no processo de sedução 110 4.5 – A moralidade sexual e os eufemismos na Bíblia Hebraica 112 4.6 – Rute e a legalidade de seu procedimento 115 4.7 – O elemento estrangeiro na dinastia de Davi 116 Capítulo 5 – A mulher nos textos legislativos, no judaísmo rabínico e no Novo Testamento 118 5.1 – A Mulher e os textos legislativos da Bíblia Hebraica 119 5.2 – O status da mulher nas leis bíblicas 132 5.3 – A prática sexual e os textos legislativos 136 5.4 – A mulher no Talmude e a interpretação rabínica quanto a ela 138 5.5 - A mulher e a interpretação apostólica no Novo Testamento e suas semelhanças ao Talmude 146 Considerações Finais 151 Bibliografia Geral 165 Bibliografia Específica 170 11 OBSERVAÇÕES DIVERSAS DAS TRANSLITERAÇÕES As transliterações de palavras do hebraico são copiadas conforme apresentadas na bibliografia consultada.
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