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Gunpowder, Shot, and Beer: Alcohol's Ignition of the American Revolution

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Gunpowder, Shot, and Beer: Alcohol's Ignition of the American Revolution GUNPOWDER, SHOT, AND BEER: ALCOHOL’S IGNITION OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN BOSTON Jake Naturman September 23, 2017 GUNPOWDER, SHOT, AND BEER: ALCOHOL’S IGNITION OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN BOSTON The “Our Story” tab of the Samuel Adams Brewery website proudly proclaims that its namesake “combined pride, confidence, passion, and optimism in bringing Americans together to ignite the American Revolution.”1 However, Adams needed far more than just these emotional qualities to incite revolution in Boston; to get Bostonians to raise up arms against the British, he needed lots and lots of alcohol. Nowadays, the clichéd Bostonian is an aggressive alcoholic who says “wicked” a lot and loves the Red Sox, and while the latter two traits might be modern additions to the stereotype, the former has been true of the city’s citizens since the 17th century. Alcoholic beverages were more prevalent in colonial life than waistcoats, wigs, or even anti-British sentiments; they were a daily staple, plain and simple. Colonial citizens drank, on average, “thirty-four gallons of beer and cider, five gallons of distilled spirits, and one gallon of ​ wine per year” - more than seventeen times the national average today.2 This was due to several ​ ​ factors - for one, water was often unpurified and contaminated, particularly in the northern colonies, and alcoholic beverages were a more hygienic option.3 Spirits were also considered to be healthful, with nutritional value and many medicinal properties that would treat common ailments such as cholera, laryngitis, and discomfort during pregnancy.4 This persistence of alcohol throughout the colonies in so many aspects in daily life would provide the basis with which to brew a perfect storm of revolution, particularly in the city of Boston, where anti-British beliefs would often grow in its public houses, of which there was one for every twenty adult 1 “Our Story,” Samuel Adams Beer, https://www.samueladams.com/our-story (accessed September 23, 2017). ​ ​ ​ ​ 2 “The Revolution of American Drinking,” U.S. History Scene, http://ushistoryscene.com/article/american-drinking/ ​ ​ ​ (accessed September 23, 2017) 3 Ed Crews, “Drinking in Colonial America: Rattle-Skull, Stonewall, Bogus, Blackstrap, Bombo, Mimbo, Whistle Belly, Syllabub, Sling, Toddy, and Flip,” Colonial Williamsburg Journal (Holiday 2007). ​ ​ 4 Ibid. 1 males by 1774.5 Beer, rum, cider, and whiskey played as important a role in the early revolution ​ as the gunpowder and shot with which it was fought, particularly in Boston, where the environment of heavy drinking helped instigate the beginnings of rebellion and sustained revolutionary attitudes throughout the fight for independence. From the Boston Tea Party to Paul Revere’s ride and the Battles of Lexington and Concord, alcohol played an indispensable role in inciting and maintaining the American Revolution in Boston. Like all the greatest ideas, the American Revolution was born in a tavern. The storied birth of the revolutionary spirit begins in Boston with the Sons of Liberty, the group of well-to-do Bostonians that railed against the taxation by the British Parliament and helped to bring about the revolution. Many of the Sons of Liberty were business owners bothered by the British taxes; out of the ninety licensed taverns in Boston in 1769, twenty of them were licensed to members of the Sons of Liberty, and this conglomeration of anti-British discourse within pubs went a long way in spreading the Sons of Liberty’s ideologies.6 This kind of political congregation in public houses was not uncommon in Boston, where court proceedings had taken place in taverns before the first government building was erected in 1658.7 This inseparable tie between alcohol and politics would form the base for which revolutionary ideals began to sprout, and the (as one can only imagine) drunken rants against Parliament’s acts unfairly taxing the colonies slowly began to congeal into real action. The Tea Act, enacted in 1773, would prove to be the straw that broke the camel’s back and turn the drunken Sons of Liberty into patriots willing to stand up for their rights. 5 Susan Cheever, Drinking in America: Our Secret History (New York, NY: Grand Central Publishing, 2015), 38. ​ ​ 6 Wayne Curtis, And a Bottle of Rum: A History of the New World in Ten Cocktails (New York, NY: Crown ​ ​ Archetype, 2006), 110. 7 Cheever, Drinking in America: Our Secret History, 33. ​ ​ 2 The Tea Act was a far cry from tyranny, as many colonists, as stated, preferred a stein of beer to a cup of tea (and those that didn’t would often smuggle it), but at the time of its enactment, the Sons of Liberty had become rather weary of oppressive and unrepresented taxes levied at the colonies. At the Green Dragon Tavern, which served, as Daniel Webster put it, as the “headquarters of the revolution,”8 several key Sons of Liberty, including Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, and Joseph Warren, began to meet in secret and discuss how to strike back against the British. In a letter to Jeremy Belknap written in 1798, Revere commented on the activity within the pub, stating “We were so carefull [sic] that our meetings should be kept Secret; that every time we met, every person swore upone [sic] the Bible, that they would not discover any of our transactions.”9 This confidentiality was necessary to ensure the safety and anonymity of the Sons of Liberty, many of whom kept their revolutionary attitudes a secret to protect their businesses. However, as the lyrics of a popular drinking song that would arise soon after demonstrate, the “secret” meetings were anything but: “Rally, Mohawks, and bring out your axes! And tell King George we’ll pay no taxes on his foreign tea...Then rally boys, and hasten on to meet our chiefs at the Green Dragon.”10 While the meetings were kept under wraps poorly, it managed to swing public support in the favor of the Sons of Liberty and formulate a forgiving environment with which to fight back against the British. The Green Dragon’s clandestine pub-crawlers would eventually do so on December 16, 1773 by dumping the tea held on British ships into the Boston Harbor, an act that, as John Adams would remark the next morning in his journal, would stand “as an Epocha of history.”11 8 “The Real-Life Haunts of the Sons of Liberty,” History Channel, January 20, 2015, ​ ​ http://www.history.com/news/the-real-life-haunts-of-the-sons-of-liberty (accessed September 25, 2017). ​ 9 Paul Revere to Jeremy Belknap, c. 1798, The Gilder Lehrman Institute for American History, New York, NY. 10 Cheever, Drinking in America: Our Secret History, 42. ​ ​ 11 John Adams, December 17, 1773, The National Archives. 3 In late November of 1773, three ships - the Dartmouth, Beaver, and Eleanor - docked in ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ the Boston harbor, cargo holds full of black Bohea tea. Bostonian citizens prevented the tea from being unloaded (and, as the law stated, taxed), eventually causing the situation to escalate to a deadlock. Nineteen days later, on December 16th, the ships had yet to unload their tea and sail back to Britain, leaving one day before they were authorized to unload the tea by force. The Sons of Liberty met in the Green Dragon tavern and begun to hatch a plot to stop the offloading from happening, preventing taxation and violence from landing in Boston.12 The men drank heavily as they prepared their scheme, and it was their inebriation that would fundamentally change the relationship between Britain and the colonies and create the “epocha” that John Adams spoke of. Early the next morning, around three, the Sons of Liberty departed the Green Dragon in Mohawk Indian disguises and began sailing for the three tea ships in canoes. As George R.T. Hewes, a participant of the Tea Party, would recall in his memoir, the “resolute men, dressed in the Indian manner...let out the war-whoop” as they reached the ships and took command from their captains.13 Hundreds of people ran out to the harbor to see the patriots at work, and it was this audience, in conjunction with the excesses of alcohol they had drunk earlier that night, that caused the Sons of Liberty to abandon their plan of locking the cargo holds and go for something bolder. The “Indians” began to break up the crates and dump the contents into the sea, doing so “dexterously...that in the space of three hours they broke up 342 chests, which was the whole number of those vessels.”14 The patriots rowed ashore, the crowd went home, and the town went 12 Cheever, Drinking in America: Our Secret History, 42. ​ ​ 13 George R.T. Hewes, Traits of the Tea Party: Being a memoir of George R.T. Hewes; one of the last of its ​ survivors; with a history of that transaction; reminiscences of the massacre, and the siege, and other stories of old times (New York, NY: Harper and Brothers, 1836), 174-175. ​ 14 Ibid. 4 quiet, but one thing was certain: the colonies had declared themselves free of British taxation and, to an extent, British rule, and it had almost completely been fueled by excessive drinking. The British Parliament, more keen on tea than cider or beer, did not take the Sons of Liberty’s transgressions against the king in stride; they responded by instituting what became known among the colonies as the Intolerable Acts, including the Massachusetts Government Act. This decree stripped New England colonists of their rights to representative elections for juries, judges, or counselors and forbade town meetings without the king’s consent, even informal debates in pubs (which, as can be imagined, did not go over well
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