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Monograph On Fungal Diseases of sheep & goats A guide for postgraduate students in developing countries Colonnade and Flock of Sheep Statues between the first and second pilon in Karnak temple Luxor, 123RF.com By Mohamed K. Refai, Ahmed L. El-Naggar, Nahed M. El-Mokhtar Cairo, 2017 1 Refai et al. (2017) Monograph On Fungal Diseases of Sheep & Goats A guide for postgraduate students in developing countries. https://www.academia.edu/manuals http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=hanem/book/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication Prof. Dr. Mohamed K. Refai Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza Prof. Dr. Ahmed L. El-Naggar Animal Health Department, Desert Research Centre, Cairo Prof. Dr. Nahed M. E l-Mokhtar Department of Mycology and Mycotoxins, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki 2 Preface This monograph is dedicated to my postgraduate students who finished their theses on mycoses of sheep and goats and to all colleagues who were co-supervisors or those who helped the students. The first M.S. Thesis: Study on ringworm of sheep and goats was done by Dr. Galal Al-Assi from Jordan from which the following paper was published: 1. Fouad, S., El-Assi, J. and Refai, M. : Ringworm in sheep and goats in Egypt with special reference to experimental infection and immunization in sheep. Castellania 5, 165-167 (1977) The Ph.D. done by Ahmed Lotfy El-Naggar, was on fungi present in the reproductive organs and udder and their experimental infection in sheep and goats under desert conditions, from which the following papers were published: 2. El-Naggar, A., Ibrahim, F., Refai, M., Balata, M. and Hassan, A. : The fungal flora of genitalia and udder of sheep and goats under desert condition. Zag. Vet. J. 25, 51-57 (1997) 3. El-Naggar, A., Ahmed, Y., Ibrahim, F. and Refai, M:Mycotic abortion in small ruminants induced by Aspergillus fumigatus. J. Comp. Pathol. & Clinc. Pathol. 10, 59-76 (1997) 4. El-Naggar, A., Ahmed, Y., Ibrahim, F. and Refai, M. : Some pathological studies in the udder of small ruminants intramammarily infected with Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. J. Comp. Pathol. & Clinc. Pathol. 10, 93-104 (1997) The histopathological part of this thesis was done under the supervision of Prof. Youssef Fawzy Ahmed, National Research Center, and the immunological part was done under the supervision of Prof. Kamil N. Mettias, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center. Three other theses, in which samples of sheep and goats were examined mycologically, were done under co-supervision of Prof. Hosam R. Kotb, Animal Reproduction Research Institute, ARC are: Hala A. Saleh: Mycological studies on Cr.neoformansisolated from clinical cases and environment. M.S., 2005, Hala A. Saleh: Genotypic identification and characterization of Candida albicans and Cr. neoformans from man, animals and soil with particular reference to recent approaches for their control Ph.D., 2010 Abou-Elmagd , S.: Some mycological and molecular biological studies on mixed yeast infection M.S., 2011 From these the following papers were published: 5. Hala A. Saleh, Amgad A. Moawad, Mahmoud El-Hariri, Mohamed K. Refai (2011): Prevalence of Yeasts in Human, Animals and soil sample in El-Fayoum Governorate in Egypt. Int, J. Microbiol. Res. 6. Abou-Elmagd,S, Hosam Kotb, Khalid Sabry and Mohamed Refai (2011): Prevalence of Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in animals and chickens in Quena Governorate, with special reference to RAPD-PCR patterns of the isolates. J. American Sci 7, 20-31, 2011 Galal Al Assi Ahmed Lotfy Hala Abdel Karim Sheima Abo ElMagd A study on ringworm in sheep and goats was done in collaboration with colleagues in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, which was published in 1988: 7. Abdel-Halim, M., Youssef, H., Ramadan, A. and Refai, M. : Dermatophytosis in Egyptian sheep and goats. Vet. Med. J. 36, 199-206 (1988) It is to be noted that several papers were published by Prof. Atef A. Hassan, Animal Health Research Institute, covering yeast and ringworm infections in sheep and goats as well as mycotoxins in their sera and feeds. Sheep and goat diseases were taken care of by Prof. Mohamed A. Balata, Desert Research Center – Cairo Prof. Kamil N. Mettias Prof. H. R. Kotb Prof. A. A. Hassan Prof. M. Balata Prof. H. Youssef Prof. Youssef Fawzy Prof. Dr. Mohamed Kamal Refai May, 2017 3 Previous monographs https://www.academia.edu/21679188/ http://scholar.cu.edu.eg/?q=hanem/book/ http://www.researchgate.net/publica on/293427976 1. Monograph on yeasts (updated). A guide for isolation and identification of medically important yeasts, diseases and treatment. By Mohamed Refai, Heidy Abo El-Yazid and Mahmoud El-Hariri, 2013 2. Monograph on Dermatophytes: A guide for isolation and identification of dermatophytes, diseases and treatment, By Mohamed Refai, Heidy Abo El-Yazid and Mahmoud El-Hariri, 2013 3. Monograph on mycotoxigenic fungi and mycotoxins, Mohamed Refai and Atef Hassan, 2013 4. Monograph on diphasic fungi, Mohamed Refai and Heidy Abo El-Yazid , 2014 5. Monograph on Dematiaceous fungi, Mohamed Refai, Heidy Abo El-Yazid.· May 2014. 6. Monograph on Aspergillus and Aspergillosis in man, animals and birds, Mohamed Refai, Heidy Abo El-Yazid and Atef Hassan., 2014 7. Monograph on Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis. Mohamed Refai , Mahmoud El-Hariri, Randa Alarousy, 2014 8. Monograph on the genus Penicillium, Mohamed K. Refai., Heidy Abo El-Yazid and Wael Tawakkol, 2015 9. Monograph on the genus Fusarium, Mohamed Refai and Atef Hassan and Mai Hamed, 2015 10. Monograph on Candida albicans, Mohamed Refai Mona El-Enbaawy and Atef Hassan, 2015 11. Monograph on equine mycoses and mycotoxicoses, Mohamed K Refai · Heidy Abo El Yazeed · Atef Hassan · Mahmoud El Hariri・ Feb 2016 12. Monograph on fungal diseases of cats and dogs, Mohamed Refai · Heidy Abou El-Yazeed, Mounier Abdel Haleem , Mahmoud ElHariri, Apr 2016 13. Monograph on avian mycoses and mycotoxicoses, Mohamed Refai, Amir Elbatrawi, Gamil Osman, Atef Hassan· Jun 2016 14. Monograph on fungal diseases of camelidae, Mohamed Refai, Ahmed El Naggar, Omar Tamam, Jul 2016 15. Monograph on fungal diseases of fish Part 1. Mohamed K Refai, Sherif Marouf, Rasha El Ahl, November, 2016 16. Monograph on fungal diseases of fish Part 2. Mohamed K Refai, Sherif Marouf, Rasha El Ahl, November, 2016 17. Monograph on bovine mycoses and mycotoxicoses, Mohamed Refai, Badiea Moshref, Howayda El-Shafei, Rehab Elhelw, February, 2017 18. Monograph on fungal diseases of wild animals, Mohamed K. Refai, Abd-Elhamid Z. Fahmy and Heba N. Deif, April 2017 4 Contents 1. Sheep and goats in Egypt 6 2. Ringworm of sheep and goats 21 3. Diseases caused by yeasts 39 3.1. Candidosis in sheep and goats 39 3.2. Cryptococcosis in sheep and goats 46 3.3. Malasseziosis in sheep and goats 60 3.4. Rhodotorulosis in sheep 68 4. Diseases caused by moulds 71 4.1. Aspergillosis in sheep and goats 71 4.2. Facial eczema in sheep 77 4.3. Pythiosis in sheep and goats 83 4.4. Conidiobolomycosis in sheep and goats 93 4.5. Pneumocystosis in sheep and goats 110 4.6. Microsporidiosis in sheep and goats 114 4.7. Scopulariopsis in sheep and goats 117 5. Diseases caused by multiple agents 120 5.1. Mycotic mastitis in sheep and goats 120 5.2. Mycotic abortion in sheep and goats 128 5.3. Mycotic pneumonia in sheep and goats 134 6. Diseases caused by algae 136 6.1. Protothecosis in sheep and goats 136 7. Keratinophilic fungi 144 8. Mycotoxins in feeds and milk of sheep and goats 148 9. References 163 5 1. Sheep and goats in Egypt 1.1. Sheep in Ancient Egypt Egyptian Name: Ser Hieroglyphics: The ancient Egyptians referred to both goats and sheep by a single term, "small cattle," thereby ignoring their considerable differences. Sheep were not common in ancient Egypt, as wool was not of great economic importance to the Egyptians - they preferred the less hot and itchy linen and later, the lighter cotton to wool. Sheep were kept for their meat, milk, and skins, and the flocks were used to tread seed into the fields after sowing. Sheep tail fat - alya - was used in cooking. The first sheep entered Egypt via Sinai, and were present in ancient Egyptian society between eight and seven thousand years ago. Ancient Egypt possessed in succession two different species of domesticated sheep, both descended from the Iranian Red Sheep. o The older breed, (ovis longipes), had horns jutting out o The newer fat tailed sheep, (ovis platyra), which was introduced during the Middle Kingdom, had horns curled close to the head on either side. Both kinds were most commonly domesticated sheep utilized on the reliefs of early pharaonic tombs. Wikipedia Ovis longipes palaeoaegyptiacus Ovis platyra sheep 6 Barbary sheep Barbary sheep once resided across North Africa‟s mountainous areas, but the indigenous population is now confined to small, mostly isolated pockets. Barbary sheep used to cover nearly all of Egypt except Sinai, but since the mid-1900s their habitat has been confined mainly to the southwest near the Libyan border and the southeast near the Sudanese border. Barbary sheep have large curved horns and are sandy or reddish brown colored. Aoudad or Barbary Sheep (Ammotragus lervia), Wildlife Facts The three main breeds of sheep in Egypt are Rahmani, Osseimi and Barki: Rahmani sheep is the largest breed, easily identifiable by its red wool and small ears. Origin in Northern Syria and Southern Turkey. The breed was first introduced into Egypt in the 19" Century and is named after Rahmania, a village in Beheira governorate in the north of the Nile Delta. Population is about 250,000 head in the North and Middle of the Nile Delta.
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  • The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—A Polyphasic Approach

    The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—A Polyphasic Approach

    Mycopathologia DOI 10.1007/s11046-008-9099-y The New Species Concept in Dermatophytes—a Polyphasic Approach Yvonne Gra¨ser Æ James Scott Æ Richard Summerbell Received: 15 October 2007 / Accepted: 30 January 2008 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 Abstract The dermatophytes are among the most among these are the cosmopolitan bane of nails and frequently observed organisms in biomedicine, yet feet, Trichophyton rubrum, and the endemic African there has never been stability in the taxonomy, agent of childhood tinea capitis, Trichophyton identification and naming of the approximately 25 soudanense, which are effectively inseparable in all pathogenic species involved. Since the identification analyses. The molecular data require some reinter- of these species is often epidemiologically and pretation of results seen in conventional phenotypic ethically important, the difficulties in dermatophyte tests, but in most cases, phylogenetic insight is identification are a fruitful topic for modern molec- readily integrated with current laboratory testing ular biological investigation, done in tandem with procedures. renewed investigation of phenotypic characters. Molecular phylogenetic analyses such as multilocus Keywords Dermatophytes Á Taxonomy Á sequence typing have had to be tailored to accom- Molecular identification Á modate differing the mechanisms of speciation that Morphological identification Á Species concept have produced the dermatophytes that are commonly seen today. Even so, some biotypes that were unambiguously considered species in the past, based Introduction: Why Dermatophyte Biosystematics on profound differences in morphology and pattern of and Identification are Important (Medical infection, appear consistently not to be distinct and Scientific Aspects) species in modern molecular analyses. Most notable The dermatophytes belong to the small category of disease organisms that almost every human alive will Y.