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Study on Uses and Trading of Huperzia Squarrosa (G Study on Uses and Trading of Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae) in Manipur, India Sanatombi Devi Yumkham and Potsangbam Kumar Singh Research Abstract Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trevis. (Lycopodiaceae), to yield significant amount of Huperzine (378.83 ± 0.33 µg/g) locally known as leishang in Manipur, India, serves as (Singh & Singh 2010). Tassel ferns or “tassels” are signifi- a potential subsistence for livelihood to many people. It is cant in Manipur culture and tradition. Trading of leishang extensively used by three main communities: Meiteis for (local name for the species in Manipur) has been occurring cultural purposes and Nagas and Kukis for beautification, for centuries. The main indigenous communities of Manipur, handicraft, and medicinal purposes. A critical analysis on like Meiteis, Nagas, and Kukis, use it for diverse purposes. the trading system showed that womenfolk dominated the The Nagas and Kukis hill forest tribes harvest the plants and entire workflow of activities like harvesting, transportation transport them to the valley where Meiteis do further trading. of plant materials from forests, and even regulating sea- sonal market prices. Detailed morphological parameters The aforesaid two communities (Nagas and Kukis) are rec- along with the biological life cycle are briefly highlighted. ognized as Schedule Tribes (ST) under Article 342 of the Introduction of conservation plans, training local commu- Indian Constitution and have adopted Christianity as their nities on harvesting methodologies, and formulation of religion. They use tassels mainly for fernery and handicraft systematic marketing strategies are highly recommended. purposes. Even though tassels are widely accepted as an elite medicinal herb for curing Alzheimer’s disease, knowl- Introduction edge on their ethno-medicinal property is limited to few in- digenous people and remains undocumented. In order to achieve a clear picture of tassel-related ethnobotanical uses The tassel fern, Huperzia squarrosa (G. Forst.) Trev- obtainable in Manipuri society, a research program was ini- is. of Lycopodiaceae, is a graceful fern ally greatly ac- tiated under the Department of Science and Technology claimed worldwide as an ornamental species and makes (DST), New Delhi, India. The study focuses on morphologi- for a stunning specimen hanging in lawns, gardens, arbo- reta, corridors, verandas, glass houses, etc. (Jones 1987, May 1978, Singh et al. 2001). They are epiphytes which grow at high altitudes in moist forests and can adapt to ter- Correspondence restrial and lithophytic conditions. Huperzia is a potential medicinal herb that can be used to treat several disorders Sanatombi Devi Yumkham, Ethnobotany & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Centre of Advance Study in Life Sciences, Manipur of brain functioning, including Alzheimer’s disease, Par- University, Canchipur-795 003, INDIA, kinson’s disease, treatment of contusions, strains, swell- [email protected] ings, schizophrenia, and myasthenia gravis (Chang & But 1987, College 1985, Ma 1997). It possesses alkaloids Potsangbam Kumar Singh, Ethnobotany & Plant Physiology such as Huperzine A (Hup A), Huperzine B (Hup B), N- Laboratory, Centre of Advance Study in Life Sciences, Manipur methyl-huperzine B, Huperzinine, Lycoporine A, and Cari- University, Canchipur-795 003, INDIA, na-tumine A. Even though Huperzia serrata (Thunb.) Tre- [email protected] vis. was previously regarded as a potent producer of Hup Ethnobotany Research & Applications 11:153-161 (2013) A (80.16 ± 0.17 µg/g), H. squarrosa also has been found Published: August 27, 2013 www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-153.pdf 154 Ethnobotany Research & Applications cal and biological parameters which will serve as a the valley districts and Christian Nagas and Kukis in guide in harvesting tassels for sustainable utilization. the hill districts (Figure 1). Further, it highlights various trading activities, poten- tial of tassels as an emerging medicinal herb, and their Data collection endorsement as a non-timber forest product for the state of Manipur. Relevant data was collected and analysed through fre- quent field trips during 2009–2011. Numerous and indi- Materials and Methods vidual group meetings were conducted to discuss vari- ous ethnobotanic uses, cultural significance, and eco- nomic implications. Questionnaires modelled on the de- Study site sign by Parabia and Reddy (2002) and Rout and Panda (2010) were employed for collection of data. Respon- The present study was conducted in Manipur during dents were comprised of 100 Meiteis, 50 Nagas, and 50 2009–2011. Manipur covers a total geographical area Kukis, all between 40–80 yrs, and were interviewed to of 22,327 km2 and is located at the extreme eastern assess cultural and other ethnobotanic uses. Mode of part of India between 23°83’–25°68’N and 93°03’– harvesting, routes of transportation, market price, and 94°78’E. An oval-shaped valley (1,843 km2) is located other livelihood benefits derived from the plant were in the center of Manipur and is surrounded by hills with studied. Wholesale and retail prices were calculated by peaks rising up to 2,590 m. Ninety percent of the total taking mean average culled from 10 local markets in the state area is covered by hills. According to a 2011 cen- valley and expressed in Indian Rupees (INR). One US sus, total population of the state is 2.7 million distribut- dollar equalled 48 INR at the time the field study was ed in nine administrative districts: Bishenpur, Chandel, conducted. It is noted here that prior consent was taken Churachandpur, Imphal East, Imphal West, Senapa- from every respondent and other related informants. ti, Tamenglong, Thoubal, and Ukhrul. Among these, Imphal East, Imphal West, Thoubal, and Bishenpur Morphological and biological parameters are valley districts and house about 70% of the total population, while the remaining are hill districts. Three Detailed morphological and biological parameters were native communities dwell in the state: Hindu Meiteis in assessed from the mature sporophytic body using Senapati INDIA Manipur Tamenglong Ukhrul Imphal Imphal N West East Bishenpur Thoubal Churachandpur Chandel 0 20 40 kilometers Figure 1. Location of the state of Manipur, India, and its nine districts. The outer five districts are considered hill dis- tricts while the inner four are lower elevation valley districts. Of the three native communities present in the state, Meiteis live in the valley districts while Nagas and Kukis live in the hill districts. www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol11/i1547-3465-11-153.pdf Yumkham & Singh - Uses and Trading of H. squarrosa in Manipur, India 155 Baishya and Rao (1982), Bir et al. (1989), Cody and triangular in outline with rounded angles. Surfaces Britton (1989), Ghosh et al. (2004), and Wagner and exhibited foveolate ornamentation (Figure 2C). Beitel (1992). The specimen was also compared with the herbarium at Botanical Survey of India Specimens examined: INDIA. Kameng Frontier Di- (BSI); Central National Herbarium, Howrah, Kolkata; vision (NEFA): Amatala, 8 May 1958, G. Panigrahi and BSI (Eastern Circle), Shillong. Spore samples 15169 (ASSAM 8972); Flora of Assam, 26 Apr 1942, were studied through scanning electron microscopy G.K. Deka 21206 (ASSAM 36933). (SEM). Specimens were collected in triplicate and deposited in Manipur University Museum of Plants BRAZIL. Bahia: Serra da Agua de Rega, 23 km N of (MUMP). Seabra, road to Agua de Rega, ca. 1000 m, 24 Feb 1971 (fr), Irwin et al. 30894 (HB, MBM, MO, NY). Results B. Cultural significance A. Morphometric features Leishang or tassel fern is required for most socio-reli- gious traditional ceremonies besides being used in almost The sporophytic body of H. squarrosa is differentiat- 15 auspicious cultural occasions by the Meitei community ed into rhizomes and aerial stems (Figure 2A; Figure of Manipur. For a man, it is necessary in any important 3A). Rhizomes are thick and attach to the substrate cultural activity, from birth to death. Tassels are believed for acquisition of nutrients and water. The stem is to be a sacred plant. Hence traditional birth, marriage, and pendulous, with dichotomous, isotomous branch- death ceremonies cannot take place or be complete with- ing extending up to 60 cm. Leaves are microphyl- out use of tassels either as dried or fresh twigs. However, lous and arranged in a spiral manner. All the leaves are monomorphic, linear with size up to 1.5 × 0.1 many ceremonies associated with leishang have stopped cm, and sharply acute, with margins entire, coria- using/incorporating it due to its scarcity. It has been re- ceous, and shining. Sporophylls are located at the placed by similar-looking twigs like those of Araucaria het- terminal ends of pendulous stems, and strobili may erophylla (Salisb.) Franco. Thus, the conventional belief range from 5–15 cm (Figure 2D). The sporangium of it being a sacred plant to be used for all religious cer- is reniform with a distinguishable stalk and capsule emonies is getting diluted day by day. This change can be (Figure 2B). It is unilocular and loosely arranged in interpreted as a major cultural adjustment necessitated in whorls of 5 or 6 in number and raised on a short the wake of biodiversity depletion. stalk to facilitate effective spore dispersal. Dehis- cence takes place by transverse apertures on the Some essential modes of use and cultural applications upper surface. Spores are unicellular, averaging 29 along with vernacular names are
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