DOCSLIB.ORG

Computational Principles in Quasi-Regular Domains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Computational Principles in Quasi-Regular Domains To appear in Psychological Review, 1996. Understanding Normal and Impaired Word Reading: Computational Principles in Quasi-Regular Domains David C. Plaut James L. McClelland Carnegie Mellon University and the Carnegie Mellon University and the Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition Mark S. Seidenberg Karalyn Patterson Neuroscience Program MRC Applied Psychology Unit University of Southern California Abstract CROWN vs. KNOWN, SHOWN, GROWN, THROWN, or OUGH in We develop a connectionist approach to processing in quasi-regular domains, COUGH ROUGH BOUGH THOUGH THROUGH as exemplified by English word reading. A consideration of the shortcomings , , , , ). Nonetheless, in of a previous implementation (Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989, Psych. Rev.) the face of this complexity, skilled readers pronounce written in reading nonwords leads to the development of orthographic and phonologi- words quickly and accurately, and can also use their knowl- cal representations that capture better the relevant structure among the written edge of spelling-sound correspondences to read pronounceable and spoken forms of words. In a number of simulation experiments, networks using the new representations learn to read both regular and exception words, nonwords (e.g., MAVE, RINT). including low-frequency exception words, and yet are still able to read pro- An important debate within cognitive psychology is how nounceable nonwords as well as skilled readers. A mathematical analysis of best to characterize knowledge and processing in quasi-regular the effects of word frequency and spelling-sound consistency in a related but domains in order to account for human language performance. simpler system serves to clarify the close relationship of these factors in influ- encing naming latencies. These insights are verifiedin subsequent simulations, One view (e.g., Pinker, 1984, 1991) is that the systematic as- including an attractor network that reproduces the naming latency data directly pects of language are represented and processed in the form of in its time to settle on a response. Further analyses of the network’s ability to an explicit set of rules. A rule-based approach has considerable reproduce data on impaired reading in surface dyslexia support a view of the intuitive appeal because much of human language behavior can reading system that incorporates a graded division-of-labor between semantic and phonological processes. Such a view is consistent with the more general be characterized at a broad scale in terms of rules. It also pro- Seidenberg and McClelland framework and has some similarities with—but vides a straightforward account of how language knowledge also important differences from—the standard dual-route account. can be applied productively to novel items (Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988). However, as illustrated above, most domains are only partially systematic; accordingly, a separate mechanism is re- Many aspects of language can be characterized as quasi- quired to handle the exceptions. This distinction between a regular—the relationship between inputs and outputs is sys- rule-based mechanism and an exception mechanism, each op- tematic but admits many exceptions. One such task is the erating according to fundamentally different principles, forms mapping between the written and spoken forms of English the central tenet of so-called “dual-route” theories of language. words. Most words are regular (e.g., GAVE, MINT) in that An alternative view comes out of research on connectionist their pronunciations adhere to standard spelling-sound corre- or parallel distributed processing networks, in which computa- spondences. There are, however, many irregular or excep- tion takes the form of cooperative and competitive interactions tion words (e.g., HAVE, PINT) whose pronunciations violate among large numbers of simple, neuron-like processing units the standard correspondences. To make matters worse, some (McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP research group, 1986; spelling patterns have a range of pronunciations with none Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP research group, 1986). clearly predominating (e.g., OWN in DOWN, TOWN, BROWN, Such systems learn by adjusting weights on connections be- This research was supported financially by the National Institute of Men- tween units in a way that is sensitive to how the statistical tal Health (Grants MH47566 and MH00385), the National Institute on Aging structure of the environment influences the behavior of the net- (Grant Ag10109), the National Science Foundation (Grant ASC–9109215), work. As a result, there is no sharp dichotomy between the and the McDonnell-Pew Program in Cognitive Neuroscience (Grant T89– items that obey the rules and the items that do not. Rather, 01245–016). We thank Marlene Behrmann, Derek Besner, Max Coltheart, Joe Devlin, all items coexist within a single system whose representations Geoff Hinton, and Eamon Strain for helpful discussions and comments. We and processing reflect the relative degree of consistency in the also acknowledge Derek Besner, Max Coltheart, and Michael McCloskey for mappings for different items. The connectionist approach is directing attention to many of the issues addressed in this paper. particularly appropriate for capturing the rapid, online nature Correspondence concerning this paper should be sent to Dr. David C. Plaut, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, of language use, as well as for specifying how such processes PA 15213–3890, [email protected]. might be learned and implemented in the brain (although still at Understanding Normal and Impaired Word Reading 2 a somewhat abstractlevel; seeSejnowski, Koch,& Churchland, and sublexical procedures is motivated primarily by evidence 1989, for discussion). Perhaps more fundamentally, connec- that they can be independently impaired, either by abnormal tionist modeling provides a rich set of general computational reading acquisition (developmental dyslexia) or by brain dam- principles that can lead to new and useful ways of thinking age in a previously literate adult (acquired dyslexia). Thus, about human performance in quasi-regular domains. phonological dyslexics, who can read words but not nonwords, Much of the initial debate between these two views of the appear to have a selective impairment of the sublexical proce- language system focused on the relatively constrained domain dure, whereas surface dyslexics, who can read nonwords but of English inflectional morphology—specifically, forming the who “regularize” exception words (e.g., SEW ¡ “sue”), appear past-tense of verbs. Past-tense formation is a rather simple to have a selective impairment of the lexical procedure. quasi-regular task: there is a single regular “rule” (add – Seidenberg and McClelland (1989, hereafter SM89) chal- ed; e.g., WALK ¡ “walked”) and only about 100 exceptions, lenged the central claim of dual-route theories by developing grouped into several clusters of similar items that undergo a a connectionist simulation that learned to map representations ¡ similar change (e.g., SING ¡ “sang”, DRINK “drank”) along of the written forms of words (orthography) to representations with a very small number of very high-frequency, arbitrary of their spoken forms (phonology). The network success- forms (e.g., GO ¡ “went”; Bybee & Slobin, 1982). Rumelhart fully pronounces both regular and exception words and yet and McClelland (1986) attempted to reformulate the issue away is not an implementation of two separate mechanisms (see from a sharp dichotomy between explicit rules and exceptions, Seidenberg & McClelland, 1992, for a demonstration of this and toward a view that emphasizes the graded structure relat- last point). The simulation was put forward in support of a ing verbs and their inflections. They developed a connectionist more general framework for lexical processing in which or- model that learned a direct association between the phonology thographic, phonological, and semantic information interact of all types of verb stems and the phonology of their past-tense in gradually settling on the best representations for a given forms. Pinker and Prince (1988) and Lachter and Bever (1988), input (see Stone & Van Orden, 1989, 1994; Van Orden & however, pointed out numerous deficiencies in the model’s ac- Goldinger, 1994; Van Orden, Pennington, & Stone, 1990, for tual performance and in some of its specific assumptions, and a similar perspective on word reading). A major strength of argued more generally that the applicability of connectionist the approach is that it provides a natural account of the graded mechanisms in language is fundamentally limited (also see effects of spelling-sound consistency among words (Glushko, Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988). However, many of the specific lim- 1979; Jared, McRae, & Seidenberg, 1990) and how this consis- itations of the Rumelhart and McClelland model have been tency interacts with word frequency (Andrews, 1982; Seiden- addressed in subsequent simulation work (Cottrell & Plun- berg, 1985; Seidenberg, Waters, Barnes, & Tanenhaus, 1984; kett, 1991; Daugherty & Seidenberg, 1992; Hoeffner, 1992; Taraban & McClelland, 1987; Waters & Seidenberg, 1985).1 MacWhinney & Leinbach, 1991; Marchman, 1993; Plunkett & Furthermore, SM89 demonstrated that undertrained versions Marchman, 1991, 1993). Thus, the possibility remains strong of the model exhibit some aspects of developmental surface that a connectionist model could provide a full account of past- dyslexia, and Patterson
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Construction of the Scottish Military Identity
    RUINOUS PRIDE: THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE SCOTTISH MILITARY IDENTITY, 1745-1918 Calum Lister Matheson, B.A. Thesis Prepared for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2011 APPROVED: Geoffrey Wawro, Major Professor Guy Chet, Committee Member Michael Leggiere, Committee Member Richard McCaslin, Chair of the Department of History James D. Meernik, Acting Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Matheson, Calum Lister. Ruinous pride: The construction of the Scottish military identity, 1745-1918. Master of Arts (History), August 2011, 120 pp., bibliography, 138 titles. Following the failed Jacobite Rebellion of 1745-46 many Highlanders fought for the British Army in the Seven Years War and American Revolutionary War. Although these soldiers were primarily motivated by economic considerations, their experiences were romanticized after Waterloo and helped to create a new, unified Scottish martial identity. This militaristic narrative, reinforced throughout the nineteenth century, explains why Scots fought and died in disproportionately large numbers during the First World War. Copyright 2011 by Calum Lister Matheson ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I: THE HIGHLAND WARRIOR MYTH ........................................................... 1 CHAPTER II: EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: THE BUTCHER‘S BILL ................................ 10 CHAPTER III: NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE THIN RED STREAK ............................ 44 CHAPTER IV: FIRST WORLD WAR: CULLODEN ON THE SOMME .......................... 68 CHAPTER V: THE GREAT WAR AND SCOTTISH MEMORY ................................... 102 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 112 iii CHAPTER I THE HIGHLAND WARRIOR MYTH Looking back over nearly a century, it is tempting to see the First World War as Britain‘s Armageddon. The tranquil peace of the Edwardian age was shattered as armies all over Europe marched into years of hellish destruction.
    [Show full text]
  • Young People, Their Carers and the Unit Cultures Anne Claveirole Phd Thesis NAPIER UNIVERSITY 2005
    Listening to the Voices in Four Scottish Adolescent Mental Health Units: Young People, their Carers and the Unit Cultures Anne Claveirole PhD Thesis NAPIER UNIVERSITY 2005 LISTENING TO THE VOICES IN FOUR SCOTTISH ADOLESCENT MENTAL HEALTH UNITS: YOUNG PEOPLE, THEIR CARERS AND THE UNIT CULTURES Thesis submitted in partfulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PIDLOSOPHY at The Faculty of Health and Life Sciences NAPIER UNIVERSITY by ANNE CLAVEIROLE June 2005 DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and that no material contained in it has been submitted for another academic award ~ Anne Claveirole ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have helped in the completion of this thesis. I should like to thank Andy Gibbs and the School of Community Health at Napier University. Without the School's financial support this study would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my colleagues in the mental health team and in the School for their patience and encouragement. Thanks are due to the Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents (APSA) who paid for my travelling expenses during the data collection. I am indebted to the NHS services where my data was collected for their co-operation. My deepest gratitude goes to the young people, their parents and the unit staff who shared their lives and stories with me. I am most indebted to my supervisors Dr Maureen Macmillan and Dr David Lyall for their unfailing encouragement, advice and kindness. Throughout my studies, they have given their time generously and their academic expertise has been a source of inspiration to me.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of 119 Infantry Brigade in the Great War with Special Reference To
    The History of 119 Infantry Brigade in the Great War with Special Reference to the Command of Brigadier-General Frank Percy Crozier by Michael Anthony Taylor A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2016 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract 119 Brigade, 40th Division, had an unusual origin as a ‘left-over’ brigade of the Welsh Army Corps and was the only completely bantam formation outside 35th Division. This study investigates the formation’s national identity and demonstrates that it was indeed strongly ‘Welsh’ in more than name until 1918. New data on the social background of men and officers is added to that generated by earlier studies. The examination of the brigade’s actions on the Western Front challenges the widely held belief that there was an inherent problem with this and other bantam formations. The original make-up of the brigade is compared with its later forms when new and less efficient units were introduced.
    [Show full text]
  • GGA-Policy-Organization-And-Rules-1957.Pdf
    THE POLICY, ORGANIZATION, AND RULES OF THE GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION (Incorporated by Royal Charter) PATRONS HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH II HER MAJESTY QUEEN ELIZABETH THE QUEEN MOTHER PRESIDENT HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE PRINCESS ROYAL 1957 LONDON THE GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION Commonwealth Headquarters TWO SHILLINGS First Edition, 1916 Twenty-first Edition, 1936 Twenty-second Edition, 1938 Twenty-third Edition, 1939 Twenty-fourth Edition, 1943 Twenty-fifth Edition, 1947 Twenty-sixth Edition, 1950 Twenty-seventh Edition, 1953 Twenty-eighth Edition, 1957 • THE GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION Commonwealth Headquarters P.O. Box 269, 17-19 Buckingham Palace Road, London, S.W.1, England. Telephone: VICtoria 6001 (4 lines) 'GIRL GUIDES' 11.40. MAO. 1111/.. Made and printed in England by STAPLES PRINTERS LIMITED at their Rochester, Kent, establishment CONTENTS PAGE THE FOUNDER'S FOREWORD . IV PROMISE, LAW, AND MOTTO . V EXPLANATIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vi GENERAL PRINCIPLES . 1 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 5 OVERSEAS . 15 THE BROWNIE BRANCH 17 THE GUIDE BRANCH • 28 THE RANGER BRANCH • 60 THE CADET SECTION . 95 GUIDING IN SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES . 99 THE LONE SECTION . 102 THE EXTENSION SECTION . 105 THE AUXILIARY SECTION . 111 THE TREFOIL GUILD 113 UNIFORM • 116 TRAINING 130 CAMPING 136 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS • 146 PUBLIC RELATIONS . 149 BOY Scours • 151 TESTING . • 152 BATHING, BOATING, AND AIR SAFETY • 154 THE ASSOCIATION AWARDS 162 MISCELLANEOUS RULES . • 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY: List of Training Handbooks and other useful publications . 166 BRANCH SHOPS . 169 REGISTERED GOODS 170 INDEX 171 iii THE FOUNDER'S FOREWORD MAY I draw your attention to the fact that the following pages contain RULES, not REGULATIONS. There is a world of difference between the two.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLICY, ORGANIZATION, and RULES of the GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION (Incorporated by Royal Charter)
    -- THE POLICY, ORGANIZATION, AND RULES OF THE GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION (Incorporated by Royal Charter) JULY 1961 With all amendments brought into effect since the 1960 edition, including those pub- lished in THE GUIDER of 1st July, 1961: all revision of Policy, Organization, or Rules takes effect as from the date of Pub- lication in THE GUIDER of January and July in each year. LONDON THE GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION Commonwealth Headquarters Two Shillings and Sixpence © Girl Guides Association First Edition, 1916 Twenty-eighth Edition, 1957 Twenty-ninth Edition, 1960 Thirtieth Edition, 1961 A THE GIRL GUIDES ASSOCIATION Commonwealth Headquarters P.O. Box 269, 17-19 Buckingham Palace Road London, S.W.1, England. Telephone: VICtoria 6001 (4 lines) • GIRL GUIDES H.. TAM" 11A. Made and Printed in England by STAPLES PRINTERS LIMITED at their Rochester, Kent, establishment CONTENTS PAGE THE FOUNDER'S FOREWORD iV PROMISE, LAW, AND MOTTO v EXPLANATIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS Vi GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1 ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION 5 OVERSEAS 16 THE BROWNIE BRANCH 18 THE GUIDE BRANCH 29 THE SENIOR BRANCH 62 RANGERS . 62 CADETS . 99 GUIDING IN SCHOOLS, COLLEGES, AND UNIVERSITIES 103 THE LONE SECTION . 106 THE EXTENSION SECTION 109 THE TREFOIL GUILD 115 UNIFORM 118 TRAINING . 134 CAMPING 139 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 150 PUBLIC RELATIONS 153 BOY SCOUTS . 155 TESTING . 156 BATHING, BOATING, AND Am SAFETY 158 THE ASSOCIATION AWARDS 166 MISCELLANEOUS RULES • 169 BOOK LIST • 171 BRANCH SHOPS • 174 REGISTERED GOODS • 175 INDEX . 176 iii THE FOUNDER'S FOREWORD MAY I draw your attention to the fact that the following pages contain RULES, not REGULATIONS. There is a world of difference between the two.
    [Show full text]
  • The THISTLE Stepped-Wedge Design Randomised Controlled Trial
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH BMJ Qual Saf: first published as 10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008625 on 13 July 2019. Downloaded from Effect of hands-on interprofessional simulation training for local emergencies in Scotland: the THISTLE stepped-wedge design randomised controlled trial Erik Lenguerrand, 1 Cathy Winter,2 Dimitrios Siassakos,3 Graeme MacLennan,4 Karen Innes,4 Pauline Lynch,5 Alan Cameron,6 Joanna Crofts,2 Alison McDonald,4 Kirsty McCormack,4 Mark Forrest,4 John Norrie,7 Siladitya Bhattacharya,8 Tim Draycott1,2 5mins ► Additional material is ABSTRACT effect on the rate of Apgar <7 in Scotland during the published online only. To view Objective To assess whether the implementation of study period. Local implementation at scale was found please visit the journal online an intrapartum training package (PROMPT (PRactical to be more difficult than anticipated. Further research (http:// dx. doi. org/ 10. 1136/ Obstetric Multi-Professional Training)) across a health is required to understand why the positive effects bmjqs- 2018- 008625). service reduced the proportion of term babies born with observed in other single-unit studies have not been 5mins For numbered affiliations see Apgar score <7 at 5 min (<7 ). replicated in Scottish maternity units, and how units can end of article. Design Stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled be best supported to locally implement the intervention trial. authentically and effectively. Correspondence to Setting Twelve randomised maternity units with ≥900 Trial registration number ISRCTN11640515. Dr Erik Lenguerrand, births/year in Scotland. Three additional units were Translational Health Sciences, included in a supplementary analysis to assess the effect University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 across Scotland.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Capturing Gradience, Continuous Change, and Quasi-Regularity in Sound, Word, Phrase, and Meaning
    Trim size: 170mm x 244mm MacWhinney c02.tex V1 - 08/18/2014 12:43 A.M. Page 53 2 Capturing Gradience, Continuous Change, and Quasi-Regularity in Sound, Word, Phrase, and Meaning JAMES L. MCCLELLAND 1. Visions of Language One vision of the nature of language holds that a language consists of a set of symbolic unit types, and a set of units of each type, together with a set of grammatical princi- ples that constrain how these units can be used to compose other units, and a system of rules that project structured arrangements of such units onto other structured arrange- ments of units (for example, from syntactic to semantic structure). An alternative vision of the nature of language holds that it is often useful to characterize language as if the above statements were true, but only as a way of approximately notating or summa- rizing aspects of language. In reality, according to this alternative vision, approximate conformity to structured systems of symbolic units and rules arises historically, devel- opmentally, and in the moment, from the processes that operate as users communicate with each other using sound or gesture as their medium of communication. These acts of communication leave residues that can be thought of as storing knowledge in the form of the continuous-valued parameters of a complex dynamical system (i.e. a system characterized by continuous, stochastic, and non-linear differential equations). Greatly influenced by the work of Joan Bybee (1985, 2001) and others who have pointed outsome of its advantages, I am a disciple of this alternative vision (Bybee and McClelland, 2005; McClelland and Bybee, 2007).
    [Show full text]
  • STEM-ED Scotland Building a New Educational Framework to Address the STEM Skills Gap a Fundamental Review from a 21St Century Perspective
    STEM-ED Scotland Building a New Educational Framework to Address the STEM Skills Gap A fundamental review from a 21st century perspective Report by STEM-ED Scotland December 2010 STEM-ED Scotland is a partnership aiming to champion world class education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Acknowledgements The work of this report was carried out by STEM-ED Scotland, and the authors would like to thank our funders, the Scottish Funding Council, for providing the support that made this project possible. Thanks are also due to the University of Glasgow, who kindly allow us the use of our office space. Authors Professor John Coggins Pro Vice Principal, the University of Glasgow Professor Alan Roach STEM-ED Scotland, the University of Glasgow Dr Michael Guy STEM-ED Scotland, the University of Glasgow Moira Finlayson STEM-ED Scotland, the University of Glasgow Nigel Akam Skills Development Scotland Copyright © 2010 STEM-ED Scotland STEM-ED Scotland 12a the Square University of Glasgow Glasgow, G12 8QQ Web: http//www.gla.ac.uk/stem Contents Executive summary .................................................................................... v Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1.1 The new context for education in science, engineering and technology .... 3 1.2 The modern priorities in STEM education ........................................ 5 Chapter 2: International review ..................................................................... 9 2.1 Attitudes to
    [Show full text]
  • Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins
    FrancËois Cardarelli Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units, Weights and Measures Their SI Equivalences and Origins English translation by M.J. Shields, FIInfSc, MITI 13 Contents List of Tables ....................................................... xvii 1 Introduction........................................................ 1 1.1 Why a Conversion Handbook?. .................................... 1 1.2 How to Use This Book . ........................................... 2 2The International System of Units . .................................... 3 2.1 History ........................................................ 3 2.2 The General Conference on Weights and Measures . ..................... 6 2.3 Organization of the SI . .......................................... 10 2.3.1 SI Base Units . .......................................... 10 2.3.2 SI Supplementary Units . ................................... 12 2.3.3 SI Derived Units .......................................... 13 2.3.4 Non-SI and SI Units Used in Combination . .................... 14 2.3.4.1 Commonly Used Legal Non-SI Units . .................... 14 2.3.4.2 Non-SI Units Defined by Experiment................... 14 2.3.4.3 Non-SI Units Temporarily Maintained.................. 15 2.3.4.4 Non-SI Units Which Must be Discontinued . ............. 15 2.4 SI Prefixes . .................................................. 15 3 Other Systems of Units .............................................. 19 3.1 MTS, MKpS, MKSA . .......................................... 19 3.1.1 The MKpS System .......................................
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Haemodialysis Vascular Access Appraisal Report
    Scottish Haemodialysis Vascular Access Appraisal Report: Relating Variation in Outcomes to Variation in Processes Scottish Renal Registry In conjunction with Darlinda’s Charity for Renal Research and the University of Glasgow November 2015 Scottish Haemodialysis Vascular RenalAccess Appraisal Report Association Scottish Haemodialysis Vascular Access Appraisal Report: Relating Variation in Outcomes to Variation in Processes Scottish Renal Registry In conjunction with Darlinda’s Charity for Renal Research and the University of Glasgow November 2015 Scott W. Oliver1, Jacqueline Campbell2, David B. Kingsmore3, Ram Kasthuri4, Jamie Traynor5, Wendy Metcalfe6, Peter C. Thomson7 Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Twitter: @VAccessScotland 1 Specialty Registrar in Renal Medicine; Clinical Teaching Fellow, NHS Lanarkshire; 2 Senior Information Analyst, Information Services Division, NHS National Services Scotland 3 Consultant Vascular and Renal Transplant Surgeon, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde; 4 Consultant Interventional Radiologist, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde; 5 Technical Director, Scottish Renal Registry & Consultant Nephrologist, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde; 6 Chair, Scottish Renal Registry & Consultant Nephrologist, NHS Lothian; 7 Consultant Nephrologist, NHS Greater Glasgow & Clyde. ii Scottish Haemodialysis Vascular RenalAccess Appraisal Report Association CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Œgmw Soldier Sfmlemfntiu Moy# Sfooa, 1710Ü775
    Frnm Swnrds fn PImiyhsharM; The Context for ŒgMW Soldier SfMlemfntiu MoY# SfoOa, 1710Ü775 Donald Brian Smith A Thesis submitted in partial fidBlhnent of the degree of Master of Arts (History) Saint Mary's University Halifax, Nova Scotia Copyright by Donald Brian Smith 2003 April 9th, 2003 Examining Committee Dr. Michael E. ^/ance Thesis Advisor , Dr. Jq|k G.jMd V Dr. Ron McDonald National Library Bibliothèque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisisitons et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-612-83540-5 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-612-83540-5 The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of theL'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither thedroit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from Niit la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada Table of Contents Acknowledgements
    [Show full text]
  • Screening for Colorectal Cancer: an Evidence Update for the U.S
    Evidence Synthesis Number 202 Screening for Colorectal Cancer: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, MD 20857 www.ahrq.gov Contract No. HHSA-290-2015-00007-I-EPC5, Task Order No. 6 Prepared by: Kaiser Permanente Evidence-based Practice Center Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research Portland, OR Investigators: Jennifer S. Lin, MD, MCR Leslie A. Perdue, MPH Nora B. Henrikson, PhD, MPH Sarah I. Bean, MPH Paula R. Blasi, MPH AHRQ Publication No. 20-05271-EF-1 May 2021 This report is based on research conducted by the Kaiser Permanente Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA-290-2015-00007-I-EPC5, Task Order No. 6). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents, and do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. Therefore, no statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The information in this report is intended to help healthcare decision makers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers, among others—make well-informed decisions and thereby improve the quality of healthcare services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for the application of clinical judgment. Anyone who makes decisions concerning the provision of clinical care should consider this report in the same way as any medical reference and in conjunction with all other pertinent information (i.e., in the context of available resources and circumstances presented by individual patients).
    [Show full text]