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Volume 15 Number 1 & 2 June 2015 CONTENTS Pages Heavy Metals Pb, Cu, Co, Ni and Cr Determination Estimation of Biochemical ...... 1–7 Functions in Mosses in Reference to Chlorophyll along with Elements Zn, Mn and Fe Content in Some Residential Sites using Moss Octoblepharum albidum Hedw Manjul Misra and Pramod Kumar Tandon

Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Sarda Sagar Reservoir in Tarai Region ...... 9–17 Prem Kumar, K. K. Saxena, B. C. Tyagi, K. D. Joshi, N. N. Pandey, A. K. Singh

Electron Microscopic Study on Selected Fungal Infected Organs of Rainbow ...... 19–22 Trout and Indian Hill Trout Scanning from Central Himalaya Debajit Sarma, Chirag Munjal, Gitanjali Bhaisora, Jyoti Pandey, K. Sarika, Partha Das, M. S. Akhtar and A. Ciji

Ontogeny in Feeding Behaviour of Chocolate Mahseer, Neolissocheilus ...... 23–30 hexagonolepis in Captive Environment Debajit Sarma, Suman Sanwal, Partha Das and M. S. Akhtar

Air Quality Index and its Possible Impact on Human Health in Industrial area ...... 31–37 Gajraula, U.P. Sarika Arora, Atul kumar, Mahima, Raina Pal Aprajita Singh and Anamika Tripathi

Influence of different Light Intensities on Growth, Survival and Hatchling ...... 39–44 Success in the MosquitofishGambusia Affinis C. B. Ganesh, Nidhi Menage, Poornima Pujari, Ravi Olekar, Shwetha Revankar

Mahseer in India: An Overview on Research Status and Future Priorities ...... 45–52 U. K. Sarkar, B. K. Mahapatra, S. Roy Saxena and A. K. Singh

Biomedical Waste a Concerning Issue in National Contest ...... 53–64 Ankit Chhabra, Anju Agarwal and Krishna Gopal

Fish Diversity of Lucknow District (Uttar Pradesh), India ...... 65–71 Hari Om Verma, Anju Agarwal and Krishna Gopal

Heavy Metals Pb, Cu, Co, Ni and Cr Determination Estimation of Biochemical Functions in Mosses in Reference to Chlorophyll along with Elements Zn, Mn and Fe Content in Some Residential Sites using Moss Octoblepharum albidum Hedw Manjul Misra* and Pramod Kumar Tandon1 Directorate of Environment U.P., Lucknow (U.P.), India 1Department of Botany University of Lucknow, Lucknow (U.P.), India

Abstract: Some residential area of Lucknow were surveyed and Moss Octoblepharum albidum Hedw samples were collected from some selected residential colonies. Samples were collected from soils and moist brick walls and analysed for determination of heavy metals Pb, Cu, Co, Cr and Ni. Samples collected from Garden and Monument areas were treated as Control. Samples collected from Residential areas showed higher level of heavy metals in comparison to the samples collected from Garden and Monument sites. Higher content of lead, Copper and Cobalt was found in the residential areas as compared to the Garden and monument areas. However variable results were obtained with regard to chlorophyll content and Zn, Mn and Fe content in moss samples collected from different locations of Lucknow.

Keywords: Heavy Metals, Pollution, Residential areas, Moss, Bio-monitoring.

Introduction vehicle. In other words they contribute 29% of all the hydrocarbons eight times more per Degradation of environment caused mostly unit of fuel consumed than heavy vehicle”. Air due to manmade activities such as burning pollution is basically an ecological problem of wood, smelting of ores, tanning of leather, and this problem faced not only by human primitive methods of sewage disposal. beings but also by animals as well as plant Industrial revolution and urbanization causes life. Pollutants like forms of matter, appear in irreparable damage to the environment. water or soil and eventually in human food and Diverse range of pollutants such as gases, causes adverse affects on health. particulates, agricultural, chemicals, oil spills, other soil wastes on land and atmosphere Recently the use of mosses in the monitoring of affecting the environment directly or indirectly. element dispersal pattern around the emission According to the Prof. J.M. Dave, Dean, sources have been done by analysis of material School of Environmental Sciences at JNU either collected directly from the field (Hukabee, “Heavy vehicles truck and buses mostly of 1973; Wallin, 1976; Ellison et al.,1976) or diesel constitute only 8% of the total number keeping in an exposure period after transplanting but consume 70% of petroleum product and from uncontaminated habitat, (Goodman and produce 49% of pollutants. Two wheeler and Roberts, 1971; Pilegaard, 1979) or the use of three wheeler vehicles constitute 60% of the ‘moss bags’ (Cameron and Nickless, 1977; number, consume 9% of petroleum products Little and Martin, 1974; Ratcliffe, 1975). Many and produce 13% of total pollution. However, authors have been made these surveys around scooter and motorcycle emit twice as much the industrial and urban pollution (Gorham hydrocarbons as cars and the same as heavy and Tilton, 1978; Groet, 1976; Grodzinska.

*Email: [email protected] 1 Misra and Tandon

1978; Rinne and Barday-Estrup, 1980; Solberg March and remains till June. The maximum and and Selmer-Olesen, 1978; Glooschenko and minimum temperature goes up to 310°C to 180°C Capobianco, 1978). These kinds of survey work respectively. Manson starts immediately after emphasized the high action exchange capacities the summers. Annual mean rainfall is 972 mm. and high trapping efficiencies of bryophytes. The distribution of rainfall is uneven and about It has been found experimentally that divalent 79% of the rainfall is received during the rainy cations have higher affinities for exchange season i.e. from 15th June to 15th September of site. Ruhling and Tyler (1970) established the total rain fall, about 62% is received only during following absorption and retention series Cu, two months i.e. July and August. October is the Pb> Ni> Co> Zn, Man for Hylocomium splendens time when winter starts. This season is favorable and this has been repeatedly observed by other for bryophytes and mosses. workers. Although cation binding in bryophytes is dominated by uronic acid acceptors, the Results and Discussion nature of other acceptor molecules may also Lead concentration be important because different legend have different affinities for metal atoms. Thus class Area A- Garden and Monumental: On the basis of observations moss samples A metals (eg. N. K. Ca. Mg) have preference –1 for metal binding donor atoms in legend in order showed Table-1 Pb concentration 52.26 µgg O> N> S while class B metals (eg. Ag, Au, Hg) collected from ChotaI mambara (site no. 1). have the reverse order. Divalent metal can have Moss samples collected from Dr. Bhim Rao increasingly class B performance in order Mn< Ambedkar Park (site no. 2) did not show Pb concentration. Yeaple (1972) found the Zn< Ni< Fe < Co< Cd< Cu

Table 1 Showing Pb, Cu, Co, Cr and Ni concentration µgg–1 in moss Octoblepharum albidum collected from Area-A Garden and Monumental sites.

Site Area Pb Cu Co Cr. Ni No. A - Garden and Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD Monumental 1 Chota Imambara 52.26 + 1.31 50.66 + 2.49 48.33 + 8.73 12.33 + 1.24 1.20 + 0.16 2 Dr. Bhim Rao ND 25.00 + 0.81 35.33 + 4.10 1.86 + 0.50 Ambedkar Park

All the values are mean of three replicate ± standad deviation.

2 Heavy metals determination and estimation of biochemical functions

Table 2 Showing Zn, Mn, Fe concentration µgg–1 and Chlorophyll content mg/g fr. wt. in moss Octoblepharum albidum collected from Area-A Garden and Monumental sites.

Site Area A - Garden Zn Mn Fe Chlorophyll No. and Monumental Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD content Mean + SD 1 Chota Imambara 1080.00 + 26.20 362.00 + 49.60 6066.00 + 94.20 2.19 + 0.05 2 Dr. Bhim Rao 727.00 + 18.90 340.00 + 14.71 5733.00 + 124.72 2.46 + 0.02 Ambedkar Park

All the values are the mean of three replicates + standard deviation.

Table 3 Showing Pb,Cu, Co, Cr and Ni concentration µgg–1 in moss Octoblepharum albidum collected from Area C - Residential sites.

Site Area Pb Cu Co Cr. Ni No. C – Residential Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD 3 Green Field 194.00 + 2.16 42.66 + 4.98 121.60 + 13.50 56.00 + 3.74 4.70 + 0.17 School, Rajajipuram 4 Sector 2, Vikas 97.00 + 1.07 30.30 + 6.01 43.40 + 2.49 81.30 + 0.47 6.30 + 0.54 Nagar 5 Sector D, Govt. 94.20 + 10.06 34.00 + 1.63 37.30 + 5.24 94.60 + 18.26 1.05 + 0.05 Colony, Aliganj 6 ELDECO 54.86 + 6.59 58.66 + 4.71 32.00 + 8.48 84.00 + 2.82 ND Colony, Rae Bareli Road 7 Paryavaran 96.90 + 8.60 36.00 + 5.88 46.00 + 3.09 ND ND Parisar, Gomti Nagar 8 C.M. House 119.90 + 17.87 54.33 + 0.47 37.30 + 1.88 110.60 + 0.94 4.60 + 0.18

All the values are the mean of three replicates + standard deviation.

Parisar, Gomti Nagar (site no. 7) showed the 50.66µgg–1 and Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park Pb values 97.00 µgg–1,94.20 µgg–1, 54.86 µgg–1 (site no. 2) 25.00 µgg–1. Balaji and Rao (2000) and 96.90 µgg–1 respectively. Anderson et al. examined the relationship between body size (1978) analysed Pb in epiphytic bryophytes and bio accumulation of Cu in Moss Mytilopsis Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) and sallei in Vishakapatnum harbour (India) and Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (Hedw.) from found that concentration of Cu decrease with 100 stations. He also analysed the regional increasing size. variations of Pb level in Copenhagen area Area C– Residential: Highest concentration and described three sub areas with high metal has been found in samples collected from (site burdens. no. 6) ELDECO Colony 54.86 µgg–1 followed by in samples collected from (site no.8), C.M. Copper concentration House 54.33 µgg–1. Samples collected from Area A- Garden and Monumental: Samples (site no. 3) Green Field School, Rajajipuram collected from Chota Imambara (site no. 1) 42.66 µgg–1, (site no. 4) Sector 2, Vikas Nagar showed comparatively higher concentration 30.30 µgg–1, (site no. 5) Sector D, Govt. Colony ,

3 Misra and Tandon

Aliganj 34.00 µgg–1 and (site no. 7) Paryavaran collected from Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park Parisar, Gomti Nagar 36.00 µgg–1. Grodzinska (site no. 2) did not show any Cr concentration. et al. (1990) studied the Cu concentration in Lukaszewska et al. (2002) studied the Cr all Polish National Parks in 1976 and again Concentration in Nepolonica forest in southern in 1986. The lowest concentration of Cu were Poland situated in 10 to 20 km of the urban recorded is northern and eastern parks of industrial areas and steel works, built in 1950. Poland and higher in southern Parks in two They reported the Cr concentration in moss moss species Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi was 2.4 mg/kg decreased Pleurozium schreberi. in time. Area C– Residential: Samples collected from Cobalt concentration C.M. House (site no. 8) showed the highest Area A- Garden and Monumental: Samples Cr concentration 110.60 µgg–1 followed by collected from Chota Imambara (site no. 1) Sector D, Govt. Colony, Aliganj (site no. 5) and Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park (site no. 2) 94.60 µgg–1. ELDECO Colony Rae Bareli showed the concentration of Co 48.33 µgg–1 Road (site no. 6), Sector 2, Vikas Nagar (site and 35.33 µgg–1 respectively. Cymerman et no. 4) and Green Field School, Rajajipuram al. (2002) found the content of the metal Co in (site no. 3) Sector 2, Vikas Nagar (site no. 4) aquatic bryophyte Platyhyinidum niparioides, showed Cr concentration in decreasing order Scapariasp and Fontinalis antipyretica i.e. 84.00 µgg–1, 81.30 µgg–1 and 56.00 µgg–1 sampled from streams in the Erzgeting (ore respectively. Carballeira et al. (2002) found mountain, eastern Germany) and found the Cr in the terrestrial mosses Seleropodium Co concentration 140 mg/kg which is seriously purum and Hypnum cupressiforme collected exceeded background values. from 75 sampling sites in Galicia (NW Spain) were determined. He found the result as the Area C– Residential: Cobalt concentration has dominant lethology in the sampling area and been found to be highest in samples collected had no influence on the estimated background from Green Field School, Rajajipuram (site no. levels. 3) 121.60 µgg–1. Rest of the samples collected from different residential sites Sector 2, Vikas Nagar (site no. 4). Sector D, Govt. Colony, Nickel concentration Aliganj (site no. 5), ELDECO Colony, Rae Bareli Area A- Garden and Monumental: Samples Road (site no. 6), Paryavaran Parisar, Gomti collected from Chota Imambara (site no. 1) Nagar (site no. 7) and C.M. House(site no. 8) and Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park (site no. showed the co concentration between 46.00 2) showed Ni concentrations 1.20 µgg–1 and –1 –1 µgg to 32.00 µgg . Reimann et al. (2001) 1.86 µgg–1 respectively. Schilling and Lehman examined the moss Hylocomium splendens (2002) studied the Ni concentration in tissue of and Pleurozium schreberi for Co concentration moss Thuidium dilicatulum in the central blue at catchment area adjacent to 5–10 km of the ridge of Virginia and evaluate the suitability of Ni smelters and refinery at Monchegoresk, moss for biomonitoring studies in the southern Kola peninsula Russia and found the area appalachians. more enriched in cobalt. Area C– Residential: Samples collected from Sector 2, Vikas Nagar (site no. 4) showed Cromium concentration highest Ni concentration 6.30 µgg–1 followed Area A- Garden and Monumental: Samples by Green Field School, Rajajipuram (site no. 3) collected from Garden and monument area 4.70 µgg–1, C.M. House (site no. 8) 4.30 µgg–1 Chota Imambara (site no. 1) showed Cr followed by Sector D, Govt. Colony, Aliganj (site concentration 12.33 µgg–1 and samples no. 5) 1.05 µgg–1. ELDECO Colony, Rae Bareli

4 Heavy metals determination and estimation of biochemical functions

Table 4 Showing Zn, Mn, Fe concentration µgg–1 and Chlorophyll content mg/g fr. wt. in moss Octoblepharum albidum collected from Area C - Residential sites.

Site Area Zn Mn Fe Chlorophyll No. A - Garden and Mean + SD Mean + SD Mean + SD content Monumental Mean + SD 3 Green Field School, 369.00 + 1.24 184.00 + 0.82 1353.00 + 24.90 0.53 + 0.12 Rajajipuram 4 Sector 2, Vikas 277.00 +12.07 245.00 + 8.33 1100.00 + 81.00 0.94 + 0.15 Nagar 5 Sector D, Govt. 328.00 + 3.26 214.00 + 0.81 2600.00 + 81.60 0.73 + 0.08 Colony, Aliganj 6 ELDECO Colony 146.00 + 0.47 214.00 + 0.81 1121.00 + 57.86 0.93 + 0.15 Rae Bareli Road 7 Paryavaran Praisar 525.00 + 1.24 419.00 + 1.69 5433.00 + 418.90 0.57 + 0.07 Gomti Nagar 8 C.M. House 666.00 + 1.69 112.00 + 1.63 1184.00 + 84.60 0.62 + 0.03

All the values are the mean of three replicates + standard deviation.

Road (site no. 6) and Paryavaran Parisar, Paryavaran Parisar, Gomti Nagar (site no. 7) Gomti Nagar (site no. 7) did not show any 525.00 µgg–1. Green Field School, Rajajipuram Ni traces in samples. Fernandz et al. (2002) (site no. 3), Sector 2, Vikas Nagar (site no. 4), collected 50 species of Scleropodium purum Sector D, Govt. Colony, Aliganj (site no. 5)and from a single study area, and concentrations of ELDECO Colony, Rae Bareli Road (site no. Ni were determined in each sample. 6) showed the Zn concentration 369.00 µgg– 1, 277.00 µgg–1, 328.00 µgg–1, 146.00 µgg–1 Zinc concentration consequently. Zoltals (1988) sampled peat land Area A- Garden and Monumental: within 250 km radius flin flon Manitoba near Samples collected from Chota Imambara the smelter. He found the Zn concentration in (site no. 1) showed comparatively higher Zn the surface which is decreasing exponentially concentrations 1080.00 µgg–1 and samples away from the source. collected from Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park (site no. 2)showed Zn concentration 727.00 Mangenese concentration µgg–1 which is also towards higher side. Gupta Area A- Garden and Monumental: Samples (1995) has made a comparison of accumulation collected from Chota Imambara (site no. 1) and of Zn in Plagiothecium denticulatum, Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park (site no. 2) Mn Bryumargentenum and Sphagnum sp Shillong concentration also showed towards higher side (Meghalaya) north eastern India, Samples 362.00 µgg–1 and 340.00 µgg–1 respectively. collected from inside Shillong city (urban) and Komai (1981) found the Mn concentration in its immediately adjacent outskirts (Suburban) surface soil of parks in the residential and less and Sphagnum species collected from a industrialized Kishiwada City of Japan ranged Suburban site only. He found the highest between 540-188 ppm. accumulation of Zn in Sphagnum sp at vehicle Area C– Residential: Mn concentration has and minor industries, quarry dust was likely to been found highest in samples collected from be an important source of Zinc. Paryavaran Parisar, Gomti Nagar (site no. 7) Area C– Residential: Zinc concentration has 419.00 µgg–1 followed by Sector 2, Vikas Nagar been found higher in samples collected from (site no. 4), Sector D, Govt. Colony, Aliganj C.M. House (site no. 8) 666.00 followed by (site no. 5) and ELDECO Colony, Rae Bareli

5 Misra and Tandon

Road(site no.6) 245.00 µgg–1, 214.00 µgg–1 and Area C– Residential: Samples collected from 214.00 µgg–1 consequently. (site no.3) Green Sector 2, Vikas Nagar (site no. 4) showed Field School, Rajajipuram samples showed Chlorophyll concentration 0.94mg/g fr. wt. 184.00 µgg–1 and (site no.8) C.M. House followed by ELDECO Colony, Rae Bareli Road 112.00 µgg–1. Chung (1993) found 6.4 mg / l (site no. 6) 0.93mg/g fr. wt. Samples procured Mn concentration in the analysis of ground from Green Field School, Rajajipuram (site water on samples of potable water supply in no. 3), Sector D, Govt. Colony, Aliganj (site selected locations in the city of Seoul. no. 5), Paryavaran Parisar, Gomti Nagar (site no. 7) and C.M. House (site no. 8) showed Iron concentration Fe concentration 0.53mg/g fr. wt., 0.73mg/g fr. wt.,0.57mg/g fr. wt. and 0.62mg/g fr. wt. Area A- Garden and Monumental: Fe respectively. Kajta et al. (1987) studied that concentration have been found in samples suspensions cells of two species of moss collected from Chota Imambara (site no. 1) Barbula unguiculata and Sphagnum imbricatum 6066.00 µgg–1 and Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar –1 are also rich in chlorophyll (Ca 12 and 12 mg Park (site no. 2) 5733.00 µgg . Mayer and per gram cell dry weight respectively) and Garham (1951) analysed the content of 19 grow actively in light moss species from the Lake district of England and they reported that mosses show a stricking Acknowledgment tendency to accumulate iron. The highest figure being 400 mg per 100 g dry wt. We are grateful to the then, Head, Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow and Area C– Residential: Fe concentration has Director, National Botanical Research Institute, been showed highest in samples collected Lucknow, Dr C.S. Bhatt, Member Secretary from Paryavaran Parisar, Gomti Nagar (site no. U.P. Pollution Control Board, Lucknow for 7) followed by Sector D, Govt. Colony, Aliganj providing necessary facility during the study. (site no. 5) 26.00µgg–1. Green Field School, Rajajipuram (site no. 3), Sector 2, Vikas Nagar References (site no.4), ELDECO Colony, Rae Bareli Road (site no. 6) and C.M. House (site no.8) showed Andersen, A., Hovmand, M.F. and Johnson, I. (1978) 1353.00 µgg–1, 1100.00 µgg–1, 1121.00µgg–1 Atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Copen- hagen area. Environ. Pollut., 17, 133–151. and 1184.00µgg–1 respectively. Lukaszewska Balaji, M. and Rao, K.S. (2000) Size dependent bioac- et al. (2002) found the Fe content in the cumulation of heavy metals by Mytilopsis sallei moss Pleurozium schreberi collected from (Recluz,) at Visakhapatnam harbour. Indian J. Nepolonice forest situated at 10 to 30 km from Exp. Biol., 38, 405–407. the southern Poland. Cameron, A.J. and Nickless, G. (1977) Use of mosses as collectors of airborne heavy metals near a smelt- Chlorophyll concentration ing complex. Water Air Soil Pollut., 7, 117–125. Carballeira, A.J., Cento, A. and Frandez, J.A. (2002) Area A- Garden and Monumental: Chlorophyll Estimation of background levels of various concentrations have been found to be 2.19mg/g elements in terrestrial mosses from Galicia (N.W. fr. wt. in samples procured from Chota Imambara Spain). Water Air Soil Pollut., 133, 235–252. (site no. 1) and Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Park Chung, Y. (1993) Ground water quality standards and (site no. 2) 2.46mg/g fr. wt. Katosh (1983) studied establishment of standards in ground water contamination. A report submitted to Korea that some bryophytes such as liverwort always Environment Science Council Seoul, Korea. form pale to dark green calli, and the chlorophyll Cymerman, S., Kolon, A.K. and Kembers, A.J. (2002) content of the cultured cells is generally high for Heavy metals in aquatic bryophytes from the ore example 13 to 25 mg per germ cell dry weight in mountains (Germany). Ecotoxicol Environ. Saf., Marchantia polymorpha. 52, 203–210.

6 Heavy metals determination and estimation of biochemical functions

Ellison, G., Newman, J., Pinchin, M.J. and Thompson I. Lukaszewska, S., Grodzika, G.K. and Braniwski, S. (1976) Heavy metal content of moss in the region (2002) Heavy metal concentration in the moss of consett (North East England). Environ Pollut., Pleuroziumschreberi in the Niepolomice Forest, 11, 167–174. Poland: changes during 20 years. Environ. Monit. Fernandez, J.A., Aboal, J.P., Cento, J.A. and Carballeira Assess., 79, 231–237 A. (2002) Sampling optimization of the sampling Mayer, A.M. and Gorham, E. (1951) The irons and site scale for monitoring atmospheric deposition manganese content of plant present in the natural using moss. Chemistry, 36, 1103–1172. vegetation of the English lake district. Ann. Bot., Glooschenko, W.A. and Capobianco, J.A. (1978) Metal 15, 247–263. content of Sphagnum mosses from 2 northern Nieboer, E. and Richardson, D.H.S. (1980) The replace- Canadian bog ecosystem. Water Air Soil Pollut., ment of the non descript term heavy metals by a 10, 215–220. biologically and chemically significant classifica- Goodman, G.T. and Roberts, T.M. (1971) Plants and tion of metal ions. Environ. Pollut., 1B, 3–26. soils as indicators of metals in the air. Nature, 231, Pilegaard, K. (1979) Heavy metals is a bulk precipita- 287–292. tion and transplanted Hypogymnia physodes and Gorham, E. and Tilton, D.L. (1978) The mineral content Dicranoweisia cirrata in the vanity of Danish Steel- of Sphagnum fuscumas affected by human settle- work. Water Air Soil Pollut., 11, 77–91. ment. Can J. Bot., 56, 2755–2759. Ratcliffe, J.N. (1975) An evaluation of the use of biologi- Grodzinska, K. (1978) Mosses as bioindicators of heavy cal indicator in an atmospheric lead survey. Atmos. metal pollution in Polish National Parks. Water Air Environ., 9, 623–629. Soil Pollut., 9, 83–97. Reimann, C., Kopler, F., Kashulina, G., Nikavaara, H. and Grodzinska, K., Grazyna S. and Godzik B. (1990) Heavy Englmier, P. (2001) Influence of extreme pollution metal deposition in Polish National Parks changes on the inorganic chemical composition of some during ten years. Water Air Soil Pollut., 49, 409–419. plants Environ. Pollut., 115, 239–252. Groet, S.S. (1976) Regional and local variations in heavy Rinne, K.J.K. and Barclay, E.P. (1980) Heavy metals as a metal concentrations of bryophytes in the north feather moss. Pleurozium schreberi and in soil in eastern. United States. Okios, 27, 445–456. N.W. Ontario, Canada Okios, 34, 59–67. Gupta, A. (1995) Heavy metal accumulation by three Ruhling, A. and Tyler, G. (1970) Sorption and retention of species of mosses in Shillong, North eastern India. heavy metals in the woodland moss Hylocomium Water Air Soil Pollut., 82, 751–756. splendens (Hedw.) Okios, 21, 92–97. Huckabee, J.W. (1973) Mosses: Sensitive indicators of Schilling, Janathan, S. and Lehman, M.E. (2002) Bioin- airborne mercury pollution. Atoms. Environ., 7, dication of atmospheric heavy metals deposition 749–754. in the south eastern US using the moss Thudium Kajita, M., Takio, S., Takami, S. and Hino, S. (1987) delicatulum. Atmos. Environ., 36, 1611–1618. Establishment and growth characterization of Solberg, Y. and Selmer – Olsen, A.R. (1978) Studies suspension culture of cells from the moss Sphag- on the chemistry of Lichens and mosses XVII num imbricatum. Physiol. Plant, 70, 21. Mercury content of several Lichens and moss spe- Katosh, K. (1983) Photosynthesis and photoassimila- cies collected in Norway. Bryologist, 81, 144–149. tion of glucose during photomixotrophic growth of Wallin, T. (1976) Deposition of airborne mercury from Marchantia polymorpha cells in susention culture. six Swedish chlor-alkali plants surveyed by moss Physiol. Plant, 57, 67–74. analysis. Environ. Pollut., 10, 101–114. Komai, Y. (1981) Heavy metal pollution in urban soil of Yeaple, D.S. (1972) Mercury in bryophytes (moss). Japan. In: Yamane, I. and Kitagishi K. (Eds.). Japan Nature (London), 235, 229–230. Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp. 193–218. Zoltals, C. (1988) Distribution of Base metals in peat near Little, P. and Martin, M.H. (1974) Biological monitoring of a smetter flim flon Monitoba.Water Air Soil Pollut., heavy metal pollution. Environ. Pollut., 6, 1–19. 37, 217–228.

Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Sarda Sagar Reservoir in Tarai Region Prem Kumar*, K. K. Saxena1, B. C. Tyagi, K. D. Joshi2, N. N. Pandey, A. K. Singh ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India - 263136 1Department of Zoology, Bareilly College, Bareilly, U.P., India - 243005 2Reverine Division, Central Inland Fisheries Institute, Pannalaal Road, Allahabad, U.P., India - 211002

Abstract : Studies conducted for Sarda Sagar reservoir in Uttarakhand state and found 42 fish species belonging to 33 genera, 15 families and 6 orders with disappearance of some earlier reported important species. The available data of fish landing for the period 1997 to 2007 showed dominance (58.86 %) of small sized weed/trace fishes followed by minor carps (16.9%), while the commercially important species like Indian major carps, Common carps and mahseer contributed least share (6.99%), among them only Common carp formed sizeable catch (53%). In general, Gudusia chapra and Labeo gonius of the minor carps group are the dominant species in the catch. The estimated production was recorded 60 Kg/ha. A declining trend was observed in the production during 1997-2007 due to over exploitation and habitat destruction. Rational stocking and harvesting especially ranching with fingerlings of Indian major carps are desirable for stock enhancement.

Keywords: Sarda sagar reservoir, Ichthyofaunal diversity, Fisheries, Fingerlings, Indian major carps.

Introduction principal fishery in many reservoirs is under different phases of transformation. Gobind The Uttarakhand Himalaya is a typical example of maximum utilization of rivers under Sagar reservoir in Himachal Pradesh is an Hydro-electric projects and in relation to this example of the phenomenon. The inadvertent power production, the state is also now known entry and emergence of exotic silver carp in as the energy Pradesh. In the state, there are the Gobind Sagar radically changed the catch many small (<1000 ha) and medium sized (1000- structure and established dominance over all 5000 ha) reservoirs like Sarda Sagar, Nanak other species (Kumar, 1988; Sugunan, 1995). Sagar, Tumaria, Baigul, Dhaura, Haripura, Tehri, Though there is sufficient information available Dhauliganga and Kalagarh etc. with total area of on ecology and fishery aspects of a number of 20075 ha. (Sugunan, 1995). The river systems reservoirs in the country (Sreenivasan, 1970; and associated water bodies, reservoirs Ganapati, 1970; Natarajan, 1976; Khan et al., support valuable piscine diversity. Reservoirs 1996, Bhaumik et al., 2003), but still there is hold tremendous potential for inland fisheries dearth of systematic information on status of fish development in India has long been recognized. diversity, fishery and conservation aspects. The Besides satisfying numerous developmental ecology and fishery aspects of the reservoirs of needs, reservoirs play an important role in fish Uttarakhand have been reported by Motwani production and contribute significantly to the and Saigal (1974), Singh et al. (1990), Rawat livelihood of people. At present, the most of (1991), Salim and Ahmad (1985), Bhaumik et al. the rivers and associated water bodies in the (2009) and Mishra et al. (2010). Bhaumik et al. country are under the threat of environmental (2009) studied ecology, fish fauna, production degradation and over exploitation. Water potential and assessed the impact of ranching and fishery resources of reservoirs are highly in the Dhaura reservoir. Motwani and Saigal exploited by the stakeholders. As a result the (1974) studied the fish fauna of Sarda Sagar

*Email: [email protected] 9 Kumar et al. and listed 61 species of fish. The mighty river, nearly full reservoir level (FRL). For the present Sarda feeds the reservoir, which known to be investigation three sites were selected in the a turbulent type of river. Geographically, the reservoir - lotic, transitional and lentic zones for river is natural border in-between India and sample collection. Nepal. Sarda Sagar was created in 1962 by constructing 22.2 km. Long earth dam. The Fish sampling, identification and analysis reservoir has a catchments area 121.0 sq.km. The sampling was conducted in 4 different This study deals with present status of fish seasons (December, March, June and diversity catch composition and production trend September) on quarterly basis for 3 different during last ten years and recommendations for landing sites represents the lotic, transitional and fishery management in Sarda Sagar reservoir, a lentic zones. Catches from 5 fishermen from each medium sized reservoir, located in Tarai region zone of which 100 fish were randomly selected of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. for sampling. Each sample was segregated in 5 different groups as classified by Uttar Pradesh Materials and Methods Fisheries Development Corporation (UPFDC), Study area Lucknow based on market value and consumers preferences. The pooled data of the samples Present study was conducted for Sarda Sagar, of the whole year (4 seasons) were analyzed a medium sized reservoir situated in the Tarai the species composition. Landing record of the region in the border of Uttarakhand and Uttar year was used to assess the annual production. Pradesh states between 28° 40’ to 28° 53’ Landing records (group wise) of the last 9 years N latitude and 80° 2’ to 80° 12’ E longitude was procured from Uttar Pradesh Fisheries (Fig.1). Terai region is the transitional area Development Corporation (UPFDC), Lucknow. between hills in the northern Himalayas and Fish samples were identified following Talwar Indo-Gangetic plains towards south. The Terai and Jhingran (1991) and valid names of genera region is characterized for low ground water given by Eschmeyer (1998, 2012) were adopted. and rich soil fertility. The average reservoir area was estimated by Kumar (2009) for the period Results and Discussion 2006-2007 using IRS LISS III data as 4139 ha at different elevation from 183.704 meter at nearly The reservoir is located in vast and varied dead reservoir level (DRL) to 190.504 meter catchments spread in foot-hill region consisting forest, agricultural fields and human settlements. Owing to specific locations, the substratum of the reservoir is erratic and undulating consisting boulders, stones, pebbles, sand, silt and clay. The reservoir is impounded by damming surface run-off from the river Sarda primarily for irrigation and electric generation. Fishery is considered as a secondary activity. Water loss in reservoirs is due to seepage, evaporation and releasing for irrigation and due to sedimentation. There is drastic variation in water level as much water is released during lean period.

Fishing crafts and gears Sarda Sagar is situated in Pilibhit and Fig. 1 Percentage occurrence of fish families Udhamsingh Nagar Districts of Uttar Pradesh of Sarda reservoir, India.

10 Ichthyofaunal diversity of Sarda Sagar reservoir and Uttarakhand respectively. The fishing reservoir. Petts (1984) reported that the flow crafts used is small, non-mechanized, flat modifications affect water quality, water depth bottomed canoes made of GI sheets, ranging and velocity, substrate composition, food from 3.9 to 4.9 m in length overall. The gears production and transport, stimuli for migration used are seines (mahajal), portable lift net and spawning, survival of eggs, spatial (chhattijal), falling gear (ghagariajal), gill nets requirements and eventually fish species (phasiajal), traps, drift longlines, pole and line composition. Habitat alterations in Himalayan and wounding gear (barcha). The use of non- waters have affected distribution and abundance selective fishing gears constructed using very of native fishes in the mountain streams of small mesh netting such as seines and lift nets India and Nepal (Shrestha et al., 1990; Sehgal, and small meshed gillnets are prevalent in the 1994). Power dams and reservoirs have reservoir. dramatically changed fish habitats and local fish communities. The migration routes of important Piscine diversity native fishes like mahseers(Tor putitora and T. The piscine diversity of a reservoir basically tor) and snow trouts (Schizothorax richardsonii represents the diversity of the parent river and S. plagiostomus) have been blocked system (Vannote et al., 1980). As the reservoir (Sehgal, 1994; Shrestha, 1997). The upland studied under present communication has fast moving habitat has been lost to reservoirs been constructed on the river Sarda, hence which are unfavorable for rheophytic species the reservoir also holds the fishes of the parent (Maitland, 1993; Dhanze and Dhanze, 1994) river. On the basis of the pooled data of the 60 on the Beas river system has shown a decline samplings in 4 different season from 3 different in the native populations of Tor putitora and landing sites and of 5 fishermen of the each Schizothorax richardsonii and abundance landing site, a total of 42 fish species classified of the bottom inhabiting predatory catfishes under 33 genera, 15 families and 6 orders have (Mystus seenghala and allied species) due been collected from the reservoir during the to impoundment of the river at Talwara in present study (Table 1). But, Motwani and Saigal the form of a big reservoir covering an area (1974) recorded 61 species of fish belonging to of 24,000 hectares (Dhanze and Dhanze, 13 families from the same reservoir of which 1998). Unfortunately, the consequences of Garra, Glyptothorax, Labeo, Nemacheilus, Tor sedimentation are proving to be more serious and Crossocheilus were most dominant genera than previously contemplated. Siltation from in the catches. Sinha and Sharma (2003) also the catchment areas, besides changing the reported 55 species of fishes from Sarda River, ecology due to construction of dams, has the main feeder river of Sarda Sagar. The destructed the feeding and breeding grounds present study indicates loss of fish biodiversity of many fishes (Sehgal, 1994). with disappearance of some important species like Glyptothorax spp., Nemacheilus spp., Tor Catch composition tor, Crossocheilus spp., Labeo calbasu, Botia The fishes caught from the reservoir was spp and Bagarius bagarius. categorized under 5 different groups based The disappearance of native species could on market value and consumers preferences be attributed to habitat alterations and over as classified by Uttar Pradesh Fisheries exploitation. Job et al. (1955) surveyed the Development Corporation (UPFDC), Lucknow fisheries resources of Mahanadi river system (Table 2). The group-1 is comprised by Labeo during embankment of the Hirakud Dam and rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and Catla catla, along they found 103 species of which 24 were with exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio (Communis) important commercially. But Khan et al. (1992) and a single species of mahseer, Tor putitora. described only 43 species of fish in Hirakud This group represents the fish species of

11 Kumar et al.

Table 1 Piscine diversity of Sarda Sagar reservoir

Order Faimily Scientific Name Local Name Clupeiformes Clupeidae Gudusia chapra (Ham.) Suia Notopteridae Notopterus notopterus (Pallas) Patra Chitala chitala (Ham.) Moy Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Securicula gora (Ham.) Chelwa Salmophasia bacaila (Ham.) Chelwa Devario devario (Ham.) Dendua Rasbora daniconius (Ham.) Dendua Osteobrama cotio (Ham.) Cotio Chagunius chagunio (Ham.) Puthia Puntius sarana (Ham.) Puthia Puntius sophore (Ham.) Puthia Puntius ticto (Ham.) Puthia Catla catla (Ham.) Bhakur, Katla Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) Nain Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) Raiya Garra gotyla (Gray) Gara Labeo rohita (Ham) Rohu Labeo dero (Ham) Dero Labeo bata (Ham) Kharad Labeo gonius (Ham) Khursa Tor putitora (Ham.) Mahseer Cyprinus carpio communis Lin. Common Siluriformes Siluridae Ompok pabda (Ham.) Laachi Wallgo attu (Bl. & Schn.) Kursa Bagridae Sperata aor (Ham.) Tengra Sperata seenghala (Sykes) Seenghala Mystus tengara (Ham.) Tengra Schilbeidae Clupisoma garua (Ham) Badam Eutropiichthys vacha (Ham.) Bachha Silonia silondia (Ham.) Silonia Pangasiidae Pangasius pangasius (Ham.) Pangaas Clariidae Clarias magur (Ham.) Maagur Beloniformes Belonidae Xenentodon cancila (Ham.) Nunwa Channidae Channa gachua (Ham.) Kamar Channa punctatus (Bloch) Girai Channa marulius (Ham.) Saur Perciformes Ambassidae Chanda nama Ham. Chanda Pseudambassis ranga (Ham.) Chanda Nandidae Nandus nandus (Ham.) Godhi Osphronemidae Trichogaster fasciata (Bl. & Schn.) Bhedal Gobiidae Glossogobius giuris (Ham.) Baila

12 Ichthyofaunal diversity of Sarda Sagar reservoir

Table 2 Composition of fish species under different groups

Fish Characteristics Fish species Groups 1 High local market demand and Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Tor pu- consumer liking titora, Cyprinus carpio communis ( Major carps and Mahseer) 2 Very Good local market demand and Ompok pabda, Sperata seenghala, Sperata aor, price but moderate consumer liking. Channa marulius, Channa punctatus, Mastacem- belus armatus (Catfish/carnivorous fish) 3 Good local market demand and con- Notopterus notopterus and Chitala chitala (feather sumer liking back) 4 Good market demand and consum- Cirrhinus reba, Labeo bata, Labeo gonius (Indig- er liking, but due to the smaller size enous minor carps) fetches low price 5 Low local market demand due to Gudusia chapra, Chagunius chagunio, Puntius small size and less consumer liking. sarana, Puntius sophore, Puntius ticto, Chanda nama, Parambasis ranga, Salmophasia bacaila (Weed/ Trash fish)

commercial value having good market demand, of June (55.05 quintals) with 10.12% share in consumer liking and high sale price (Rs.120- the total catch of the year. 150/- kg). Though, this group is important Feather backs namely Notopterus notopterus for the commercial fishery of the reservoir, it and Chitala chitala are important fishes of contributes only 6.99% in the total catch. Among the Sarda Sagar categorized under group-3. this group, Common Carp constituted highest 53% of the catches followed by C. mrigala Market demand and consumer liking for this (20%), L. rohita (19%), C. catla (7.5%) and T. group is lesser in comparison to major carps, putitora (0.15%). Adult T. putitora was available cat fishes and minor carps groups. Feather only in the spring (March-April) sampling, while back contributed 281.19 quintals in total catch yearlings were also seen in the catch of winter. of 1894.13 quintals with 14.84% share in total Mahseer is known as a migratory fish moving catch. N. notopterus species has contributed upstream for spawning during August to 91.2% in the total catch of feather back group October and fingerlings drifted downstream to and the remaining catch (8.8%) has been feedings area during winter (Shrestha, 2010). contributed by C. chitala. Maximum catch of these species was recorded during the month Catfishes, carnivorous fishes were represented of June with fish size ranging between 45-350 by Ompok pabda, Sperata seenghala, S. g body-weight. aor, Channa marulius, C. punctatus and Mastacembelus armatus under the group-2. Minor carps were represented by Labeo gonius, This is the second important group of the fish L. bata and Cirrhinus reba, under the group- after major carps and mahseer having good 4. Small sized fishes like Gudusia chapra, market price but moderate consumer liking Puntius spp., Securicula gora, Salmophasia it. Among the catfishes, carnivorous fishes, bacaila, Xenentodon cancila, Chanda spp., Mystus spp. contributed maximum catch Trichogaster fasciata and Glossogobius giuris (40.5%) followed by murrels (29%), O. pabda constitute the bulk of reservoir catches are (20%) and Mastacembelus spp. (21.2%). The in the group-5. The group of minor carps, fish of this group were obtained in all catch contributed 16.9% (Total- 319.85 quintals) in months having highest catch during the month total catch of the year with highest share of

13 Kumar et al.

Labeo gonius (61.8% of total catch of minor Fish production trend carps). The body weight of the captured fish An average annual catch of 1894.13 quintal of this species was in the range of 190-540g. was recorded from the Sarda Sagar reservoir Cirrhinus reba is the next species of commercial during 1997-98 to 2006-07 (Table 3). The importance among the minor carps with a fair maximum catch was recorded during the share of 24.6% within the group. The market month of May and June, 2007 due to minimum demand of this group is similar to the major water area with maximum fishing. The catch of carps group, but due to smaller in size, sale the reservoir was dominated by smaller fishes prices (Rs.80-100/-kg) remain lower than the especially Gudusia chapra and Labeo gonius major carps. of the minor carps group. The fish catch data Weed Trash fish contributed maximum share revealed that the present production is an (58.86%) of the total catch of the year with most average of 60 Kg/ha, which is considerably prominent occurrence of Gudusia chapra (body higher than the national average production weight in the range of 80-210 g). This species from medium reservoirs i.e. 12.30 Kg/ha contributed alone 88.5% share within the group (Sugunan, 1995). Bhaumik et al. (2009) and 43.48% in total catch of the reservoir. reported the 32 kg/ha production in Dhaura Data of the catch composition revealed that reservoir prior to ranching programme. A Gudusia chapra is a most prominent species declining trend was observed in the production of the catch of Sarda Sagar especially during of the reservoir during the last ten years, might the winter months. Rest share of this group be due the over exploitation. Remarkable low was contributed by Puntius spp., Osteobrama catch during the year 2001-02 was observed cotio, Securicula gor, Salmophasia bacaila, due the over exploitation during the previous Rasbora daniconius, Xenentodon cancila, (2000-2001) year with 3684.05 quintals catch. Chanda spp., Trichogaster fasciata and Glossogobius giuris. Market value of the fish Suggested management measures (Rs. 40-60/kg) of this group remains always Fish production enhancement of capture lowest due the small size and less consumer fisheries and aquaculture in lakes and liking. reservoirs are two important strategies for In general, Gudusia chapra, Labeo gonius, meeting the increasing demand of fish in the Notopterus notopterus, Mystus spp. and country. However, open water bodies need Common carp are the dominant fish species to be used judiciously to preserve the fish in the catch of the reservoir. The catch size of diversity also, and to remain an attraction as the reservoir is declining with dominance of the well as source of food for tourists and nationals. weed and trash fish, might be due to the over Community ownership and participation in exploitation and habitat alterations. Declining the management of water bodies will assist population of carnivorous mahseer and other in developing and maintaining sustainable cat fishes may be a cause of the dominance fisheries in reservoirs. of weed and trash fish. Among the carps, The Sarda Sagar reservoir is holding common carp contributes maximum due the considerable fish diversity and some valuable self-recruitment by pond breeding habit, but its commercially important species too. Besides contribution in the whole catch was moderate. Indian major carps the reservoir holds A seasonal variation in the occurrence was a number of sizeable large fishes of the observed with the dominance of weed trash categories: catfishes- Sperata seenghala, S. fish, carps and mahseer, catfish and feather aor, Ompok pabda; murrels- Channa marulius, back and minor carps during winter, spring, C. punctatus and some other minor carps- summer and autumn season respectively. Labeo bata, L. gonius etc. Therefore, there is

14 Ichthyofaunal diversity of Sarda Sagar reservoir

need to develop the reservoir on sustainable basis. Though, the need of the hour is to 100 6.99 9.57 wise 10.78 13.80 58.86 enhance the fish production and conservation % group of fish diversity simultaneously. Keeping the view, the reservoir should be brought under maximum utilization by means of sustainable 149.57 204.70 230.57 295.21 1258.84 2138.88 Average Average (Q/ Year) (Q/ culture based practices i.e. rational stocking and harvesting, cage and pen culture based on autochthonous productivity of the water body. 100 Total Cage and pen culture was adopted in Phewa, 1495.65 2046.98 2305.68 2952.09 12588.38 21388.78 Begnas, Rupa lake and in Indrasarobar reservoir in Nepal for keeping good fish stock in these water bodies (Pradhan and 8.38 152.66 172.38 274.35 314.55 878.24 1792.18 2006-07 Shrestha, 1997). Ranching would be helpful for increasing percent composition of high valued Indian major carp and ultimately the 3.59 96.6 63.17 95.05 142.82 369.95 767.59

2005-06 revenue of the reservoir. Further, the stocked seed must be of fingerling size to enhance the chances of survival of stocked seed. Bhaumik 8.90 85.37 332.5

185.16 262.22 1038.8 et al. (2009) reported fish production 106.6 1904.05 2004-05 kg ha-1 against pre adoption production of 32 kg ha-1 after ranching of carps @ 413 ha-1 in 6.93

175.1 525.5 Dhaura reservoir of Uttarakhand. On the other 152.57 325.05 305.07 1483.29 2003-04 hand, enforcement of fishing regulations such as mesh size, closed season is also necessary to conserve the important diversity of minor 10.39 83.14 190.4 151.79 127.12 2223.17 1670.72 2002-03 carps and trash fishes of the reservoir. Further, ranching programme for the well-known sport fish, Golden mahseer would be helpful 8.2 0.56 28.3 119.7 22.17 29.85 31.18 for conservation of this threatened species 2001-02 and for development of the Fishery based eco-tourism. The catches in glut especially

Year wise Production (Quintals) Year during winter season difficult to fetch the 17.22 243.61 281.18 409.98 382.95 3684.05 2366.33 2000-01 commendable price in the local market. The fishermen are forced to sale their catches at low prices. If the ice plant facility is available 1500 15.10 270.19 431.32 438.78 589.15 3229.44 99-2000 near the site, the catches could be send to far off market to get the reasonable price. Maine et al. (1996) suggested that the environmental 14.45 205.5 98-99 161.91 341.14 373.62 3089.98 2007.81 assessment should be based on participatory methods that support scientific and consultative approaches, accommodate the uncertainties 14.47 97-98

260.86 184.01 137.78 289.85 and complexities of environmental issues, and 3095.33 2222.83 include non-expert participants. According to Kamal (2002) restocking of fish into small 1 2 3 4 5 Year Year

Total reservoirs has proved to be a useful tool for wise % groups Fishery

Trend of fish production from Sada Sagar reservoir during 1997-98 to 2006-07 Trend 3 Table (Source: UPFDC, Lucknow) developing fisheries potential of such small

15 Kumar et al. aquatic systems. Kumar et al. (2002) identified Khan, A.A., Dawson, P., Rao, J.S.R. and Varghese, M.D. some issues those which are very important for (1992) Fishing in Impounded Waters, a Case Study of Hirakud Reservoir-Orrisa. Bull. CIFT biodiversity conservation of Hirakud reservoir Publication. at Mahanadi River. Khan, M.A., Singh, H.P., Dwivedi, R.K., Singh, D.N. and Tyagi R.K. (1996) Ecology and fish yield from Acknowledgements Baghla reservoir- a small impoundment in Ganga Basin. J. In. Fish. Soc. Ind., 28, 91–100. The authors express sincere gratitude to Uttar Kumar, K. (1988) GovindSagar Reservoir - A Case Study Pradesh Fisheries Development Corporation on the Use of Carp Stocking for Fisheries En- (UPFDC), Lucknow for the permission hancement. FAO Fish. Rep. No. 405 (Supp1.), rendered for sampling in Sarda reservoir. FAO, Rome. Kumar, P., Meenakumari, B. and Bandyopadhyay, J.K. (2002) Biodiversity Conservation of Hirakud References Reservoir. Natcon, 14, 147–150. Bhaumik, U., Mandloi, A.K., Sehgal, H.S., Singh, U.P. Kumar, P. (2009) Spatial Database on Fish and Fisheries and Patra, T. (2003) Ecology of three reservoirs Resources of Sarda Sagar Reservoir, Tarai Region and its impact on enhancing fish production. J. In. of Uttaranchal and U.P., India. Ph.D. Thesis, MJP Fish. Soc. Ind., 35, 86–92. Rohilkhand University, Bareilly. Bhaumik, U., Singh, U.P. and Paria, T. (2009) Ecology and Maine, R.A., Cam, B. and Davis-Case, D. (1996) management of the Dhaura reservoir, Uttaranchal Participatory analysis, monitoring and evalua- for enhancing fish production. Ind. J. Fish., 56, tion for fishing communities: a manual. FAO Fish. 189–193. Tech. Paper No. 364, Rome, FAO. pp. 142. Dhanze, J.R. and Dhanze, R. (1994) An appraisal of Maitland, P.S. (1993) Conservation of freshwater fish depleting fish genetic resources of Himachal in India. In: Singh, B.R. (Eds). Advances in Fish Pradesh. In: Dehadrai, P., Das, P.Y. and Verma, Research, Narendra Publishing House, New S.R. (Eds.). Threatened Fishes of India. Nature Delhi. pp. 349. Conservators, Muzaffarnagar, pp. 97. Mishra, A., Chakraborty, S.K., Jaiswar, A.K., Sharma, Dhanze, J.R. and Dhanze, R. (1998) Impact of habitat A.P., Deshmukhe, G. and Madan Mohan (2010) shrinkage on indigenous fish genetic resources Plankton diversity in Dhaura and Baigul reservoirs of Beas drainage system. In: Ponniah, A.G., Das, of Uttarakhand. Ind. J. Fish., 57, 19–27. P. and Verma, S.R. (Eds.). Fish Genetics and Motwani, M.P and Saigal, B.N. (1974) Fish fauna of Sarda Biodiversity Conservation. Nature Conservators, Sagar Reservoir in Pilibhit (U.P.) and some recom- Muzaffarnagar, pp. 500. mendations for development of reservoir fisheries. Eschmeyer, W.N. (1998) Catalog of Fishes. California Ind. J. Fish., 21, 109–19. Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. Natarajan, A.V. (1976) Ecology and the state of fishery Eschmeyer, W.N. (2012) Catalog of Fishes electronic development in some man-made reservoirs in In- version (Online: Updated on 15 March 2012). dia. In: IPFC, Symposium on the development and Available online: http://research.calacademy.org/ utilization of Inland fishery resources, Colombo, ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp. Sri Lanka, 27-29 October. Ganapati, S.V. (1970) Energy available relationship in Petts, G.E. (1984) Impounded Rivers, New York, USA: natural aquatic biosystems in India. Ecol., 11, Wiley. 49–68. Pradhan, G.B.N. and Shrestha, S.B. (1997) Status of Job, T.J., David, A. and Das, K.M. (1955) Fish and Fisher- fisheries and aquaculture development and their ies of Mahanadi in relation to Hirakud Dam. Ind. J. potential for expansion in Nepal. In: Swar, D.B., Fish., 2, 1–36. Pradhan, G.B.N. and Lofvall Westlund, L.M. Kamal, M.Y. (2002) Effect of Impoundment on the (Eds.). Proceeding of National Symposium on Indigenous Fish Population and their Manage- Role of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Economic ment. In: Boopendranath, M.R., Meenakumari, Development of Rural Nepal, NEFIS, Kathmandu. B., Joseph, J., Sankar, T.V., Pravin, P. and Edwin, 15-16 August. 1996. L. (Eds.). Riverine and Reservoir Fisheries of Rawat, H. S. (1991) Studies on the limnology and fisher- India. Soc. Fisheries Tech. (Ind.) (SOFTI), CIFT, ies of Tumaria Reservoir (Nainital). Ph.D. Thesis, Cochin, 1–5. Kumaon University, India.

16 Ichthyofaunal diversity of Sarda Sagar reservoir

Salim, M. and Ahmed, Z. (1985) Environmental factors Singh, C.S., Sharma, A.P. and Deorari, B.P. (1990) and planktonic communities of Baigul and Analysis of plankton population in relation to NanakSagar reservoirs, Nainital. J. Bom. Nat. fisheries in NanakSagar reservoir, Nainital. Hist. Soc., 82, 13–23. In: Proceeding of National seminar on recent Sehgal, K.L (1994) State-of-art of endangered, vulnerable advances in hydrobiology, 23-25 Oct., Devi Ahalya and rare coldwater fishes of India. In: Dehadrai, University, 21–29. P.V., Dasand, P. and Verma, S.R. (Eds.). Threat- Sinha, R.K. and Sharma, G. (2003) Faunal Diversity of the ened Fishes of India, NATCON, 4, 127–135. river Sarada, Uttar Pradesh, India. J. Ecophysiol. Shrestha, B.C., Rai, A.K., Gurung, T.B. and Mori, K. (1990) Occup. Hlth., 3, 103–116. Successful artificial induced spawning of Hima- Sreenivasan, A. (1970) Limnology of tropical layan Mahaseer (Tor putitora) in Pokhara Valley, impoundments- a comparative study of reservoirs Nepal. In: Hirano, R. and Hanyu, I. (Eds.). The in Madura state. Hydrobio., 36, 443–469. Second Asian Fisheries Forum, Asian Fisheries Sugunan, V.V. (1995) Reservoir fisheries of India. FAO Society, Manila, Philippines. Fisheries Technical Paper, 345. FAO Rome, Shrestha, T.K. (1997) The Mahseer in the Rivers of Nepal pp. 423. Disrupted by Dams and Ranching Strategies. R.K. Talwar, P. K. and Jhingran, A. G. (1991) Inland Fishes Printers, Kathmandu, Nepal. of India and adjacent countries (Vol. 1 & 2). Shrestha, T. K. (2010) Migration of deep bodied Mahseer Oxford IBH Publishing Co. Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, in Himalayan water of Nepal. In: Mahanta, P.C. pp. 1062. and Sarma, D. (Eds.). Coldwater fisheries man- Vannote, R.L., Minshal, G.M., Cummins, K.W., Sedel, agement, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries J.R. and Cushing, C.E. (1980) The river continuum Research (ICAR), Bhimtal. PP. 229–240. concept. Can. J. Fish. Aqua. Sc., 37, 130–137.

Electron Microscopic Study on Selected Fungal Infected Organs of Rainbow Trout and Indian Hill Trout Scanning from Central Himalaya Debajit Sarma, Chirag Munjal, Gitanjali Bhaisora, Jyoti Pandey, K. Sarika, Partha Das, M. S. Akhtar and A. Ciji* ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital (Uttarakhand), India - 263136

Abstract: In the present study, fungal infected and healthy adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Indian hill trout (Barilius bendelisis) were examined under scanning electron microscope to investigate the pathological alterations in gill, fin, skin and eye. The gill lamellae of infected rainbow trout were found ruptured and showed structural disorganization with fusion of respiratory lamellae and reduced interlamellar space. The eyes were found to be completely covered with mycelium. Descaling, scale erosion, abrasion of the skin and sloughing off epithelium was noticed in infected fish. The fins were found to be invaded by fungal hyphae and mycelium covered the fin epidermis. Moreover, the epithelial structure of fins was lost. In conclusion, fungi primarily infected all the boundary tissues which resulted in pathological alterations and eventual mortalities.

Keywords: Rainbow trout, Hill trout, SEM, Fungi, Cold water.

Introduction sporangia, releasing large numbers of motile zoospores, the main dispersive and infective Disease outbreaks are the major constraint agents in the fungal life cycle. in the development and sustainability of aquaculture industry as it results in disastrous Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and hill economic losses to the farmers. Fungal trout (Barilius bendelesis) are highly valued infections are second only to bacterial diseases food fishes that are commercially cultured in in economic importance and it normally lead to the coldwater regions of the country. As with chronic and steady losses (Bruno and Wood, other fishes, disease outbreak is one of the 1994). One characteristic of fungal infections major menace threatening coldwater fisheries is the sporadic nature of outbreaks. Fungi and aquaculture. Studies on scanning electron are generally opportunistic pathogens that microscopic examinations on the fungal can create problems in stressed, emaciated, infected tissues particularly in coldwater fish physically injured and diseased fish (Roth, are limited to the best of our knowledge. Skin, 1972; Piper et al., 1983). Poor water quality can fins and gills constitute the boundary tissue of also lead to an increase in fungal infections in the fish, and, being continuously hydrated is fish. Fungal infections are widespread among more susceptible to various infectious agents. fish species and can be lethal if not treated at Therefore, the present study was aimed to appropriate time. Primarily, fungi appear as investigate the pathological alterations in white thread like structures that quickly grow the gill, eye, skin and fin of fungal infected into a cottony mass on the body surface and rainbow trout and Indian hill trout by scanning finally infiltrate into the organs and deeper electron microscopy which will result in a better tissues leading to mass mortalities (Piper et al., understanding of fish mycosis particularly their 1983). Each growing colony bears numerous route of invasion.

*Email: [email protected] 19 Sarma et al.

Materials and Methods Sample collection Fungal infected and healthy adult rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Indian hill trout (Barilius bendelisis) were collected from Experiment Field Centre of ICAR- Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (DCFR), Fig. 2 SEM images of fungal infected Bari- Champawat (80° 07’ N, 29° 30’ N and an lius bendelisis eye (a) Fungal hyphae on eye altitude of 1620 msl), Uttarakhand, India and (arrow), (b) Filamentous network of hyphae. fish culture ponds of DCFR Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India respectively. After, being taken to the laboratory, fishes were dissected and the samples of gill, skin, fin and eye were collected for scanning electron microscopy.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Different tissues were fixed in Karnovsky’s Fig. 3 SEM images of fungal infected rainbow fixative (containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde and trout skin (a) Lifting of scale (arrow), (b) Abra- 2.5% paraformaldehyde prepared in 0.1 M sion of skin (arrow). sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.4) for 6-12 hours and kept at 4° C. The tissues were washed thrice thoroughly in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) for fifteen minutes each at 4° C. Then, they were dehydrated twice using graded concentrations of acetone at 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, 95 % and 100% at 4° C for fifteen minutes each. The samples were dried to the critical point (i.e. 35° C at 1100 p.s.i.) in Fig. 4 SEM images of fungal infected Barilius a liquid CO drier (BALTEC). Thereafter, they 2 bendelisis fin (a) fungal hyphae invaded were mounted on brass stubs, metallized with the epithelium of fin, (b) Flat long hair like gold-palladium ions in Desk II Denton Vacuum structure of mycelium. equipment and observed under a scanning electron microscope (JEOL-JSM 6610 LV). Results and Discussion Gill In the present study, the gill lamellae in fungal infected rainbow trout were found ruptured and showed structural disorganization under scan ning electron microscope. Fusion of respiratory lamellae was clearly visible. Interlamellar space Fig. 1 SEM images of fungal infected rainbow was also decreased. Swelling was prominent trout gill lamellae (a) The rupture of secondary at the distal tip of gill filament. lamella (arrow), swelling at distal tip of secondary lamellae (short arrow), decreased inter The gills perform homeostatic functions such as lamellar space (*), (b) Fusion of secondary respiration, acid base balance, osmoregulation lamellae (arrow). and nitrogen excretion (Thopon et al., 2003;

20 Electron microscopic study on selected fungal infected organs

Evans et al., 2005). The basic functional unit of (Noga, 2000). Abrasion of skin provides a portal the gill is the filament, which supports rows of of entry inside the body by removing epithelium plate-like lamellae (Wilson and Laurent, 2002). including goblet cells which produce mucous Surface of gills are covered with pavement the primary defense against fungus (Wood et cells and the small holes in the lamellae are al., 1988). Abnormal structure of skin led to occupied by pillar cells (Wilson and Laurent, impairment of its functional activity and affects 2002). Gills are known to be very sensitive the growth and health of fish. to different environmental conditions and can Scales play important role in mechanical undergo pathological alterations. In the present defense for deeper tissue and it helps in study, decrease in the respiratory surface area locomotion (Burdak, 1979). Several authors by fusion of lamellae might have reduced the reported that loss of scale impaired locomotory oxygen uptake by gills leading to hypoxia ability of fish and provide gateway to invade and impairment of gill function and thereby fungus inside the body (Carballo and Munoz, increased fish mortality. 1991; Carballo et al., 1995).

Eye Fin Scanning electron microscopic examination In fungal infected Barilius bendelisis, fins were of fungi infected eye of Barilius bendelisis invaded by fungal hyphae and epithelial struc revealed that the eye is covered with fungal ture was lost. Mycelium covered the epidermis hyphae which grew abundantly and formed of fin characterized by the presence of long, flat as a filamentous network of hyphae. Similar hairs in bundles. The growing edge of mycelium to our observation, the eyes of fungal infected was clearly visible. The fins are folds of skin tilapia was found to be completely covered supported by skeletal rays or lepidotrichia. Fins by mycelium. Fungal infections are known to are essential for locomotion, stabilization and cause massive destruction to fish eyeimpairing also perform sensory function (Lauder and the vision. Peter, 2007; Standen, 2008). Fin damage is reported to have a negative impact on swimming Skin performance of fish and adversely affected feeding and predator avoidance (Fu et al., 2012). In fungal infected rainbow trout, lifting and loss of scale, abrasion of the skin and disorganization of epithelium with shrunken morphology was Conclusion observed at some places under scanning In the present study, we closely examined electron microscope. Fish skin serves as the ultrastructural changes in different tissues multi-functional organ playing important role associated with fungal infection and found that in protection against injury, friction reduction the fungi primarily infect boundary tissues like (Rosen and Cornford, 1971), communication, skin, eye, gills and fins resulting in pathological sensory perception, locomotion (Rosen and alterations and mortalities. Cornford, 1971; Long et al., 1996), respiration (Nonnotte, 1981), ion regulation (Handy et al., 1989; Fouz et al., 2000) and excretion (Shih et Acknowledgments al., 2008). The skin is composed of three layers, The authors thankfully acknowledge the an outer layer epidermis, an underlying dermis technical help extended in examining our and the innermost hypodermis. Environmental tissues under scanning electron microscope by stressors may induce a cellular response SEM Unit, College of Veterinary Science, G.B. and cause skin damage (Udomkusonsri et Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, al., 2004) and impede with its protective role Pantnagar, India.

21 Sarma et al.

References Long, J.H., Hale, M.E., McHenry, M.J. and Westneat, M.W. (1996) Functions of fish skin: Flexuralstif fness and Bruno, D.W. and Wood, B.P. (1994) Saprolegnia and other steady swimming of longnose gar Lepisosteus Oomycetes. In: Woo, P.T.K., Bruno, D.W. (Eds.). osseus. J. Exp. Biol., 199, 2139–2151. Fish diseases and disorders: Viral, bacterial and fungal infections. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Noga, E.J. (2000) Skin ulcers in fish: Pfiesteria and other etiologies. Toxicol. Pathol., 807–823. United Kingdom, 3, 599–659. 28, Burdak, V.D. (1979) Morphologie fonctionnelle du Nonnotte, G. (1981) Cutaneous respiration in six te´gument e´cailleux des poissons. Kiev: La freshwater teleost. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 70A, Pensee Scientifique (in Russian). French transla- 541–543. tion, Cybium, 10, 1–147. Piper, R.G., McElwain, I.B., Orme, L.E., McCraren, J.P., Carballo, M. and Munoz, M.J. (1991) The effect of Fowler, L.G. and Leonard, J.R. (1982) Fish hatch- sublethal concentrations of four chemicals on ery management. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, susceptibility of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhyn- Washington, DC, 517. chus mykiss) to saprolegniosis. Appl. Environ. Rosen, M.W. and Cornford, N.E. (1971) Fluid friction of Microbiol., 57, 1813–1816. fish slimes. Nature, 234, 49–51. Carballo, M., Munoz, M.J., Cuellar, M. and Tarazona, Roth, R.R. (1972) Some factors contributing to the J.V. (1995) Effect of waterborne copper, cyanide, development of fungus infection in freshwater fish. ammonia, and nitrite on stress parameters and J. Wildl. Dis., 8, 24–28. changes in susceptibility to saprolegniosis in rain- Shih, T.H., Horng, J.L., Hwang, P.P. and Lin, L.Y. (2008) bow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Appl. Environ. Ammonia excretion by the skin of zebrafish (Danio Microbiol., 61, 2108–2112. rerio) larvae. Am. J. Physiol., 295, 1625–1632. Evans, D.H., Piermarini, P.M. and Choe, K.P. (2005) The Standen, E.M. (2008) Pelvic fin locomotor function in Multifunctional Fish Gill: Dominant Site of Gas fishes: three-dimensional kinematics in rainbow Exchange, Osmoregulation, Acid-Base Regula- trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Exp. Biol., 211, tion, and Excretion of Nitrogenous Waste. Physiol. 2931–2942. Rev., , 97–177. 85 Thopon, S., Kruatachue, M., Upatham, E.S., Fouz, B., Toranzo, A.E., Milan, M. and Amaro, C. (2000) Pokethitiyook, P., Sahaphong, S. and Jaritkhuan, Evidence that water transmits the disease caused S. (2003) Ultrastructural alterations in the liver and by the fish pathogen Photobacterium damselae kidney of white sea bass, Lates calcarifer, in acute subsp. Damselae. J. Appl. Microbiol., 88, 531–53. and subchronic cadmium exposure. Environ. Fu, S.J., Peng, Z.G., Cao, Z.D., Peng, J. L., He, X.K., Pollut., 121, 307–320. Xu, D.D. and Zhang, A.J. (2012) Habitat-specific Udomkusonsri, P., Noga, E.J. and Monteiro-Riviere, N. locomotor variation among Chinese Hook Snout (2004) Pathogenesis of acute ulceration response Carp (Opsariichthys bidens) along a river. Plos (AUR) in hybrid striped bass. Dis. Aquat. Organ., One, 7, 1–10. 61, 199–213. Handy, R.D., Eddy, F.B. and Romain G. (1989) In Wilson, J.M. and Laurent, P. (2002) Fish gill morphology: vitro evidence for the ionoregulatory role of Inside out. J. Exp. Zool., 293, 192–213. rainbow trout mucus in acid, acid/aluminium and Wood, S.E., Willoughby, L.G. and Beakes, G.W. (1988) zinc toxicity. J. Fish Biol., 737–747. 35, Experimental studies on uptake an interaction Lauder, G.V. and Peter, G.A. (2007) Fish locomotion: of spores of the Saprolegnia diclina-parasitica kinematics and hydrodynamics of flexible foil like complex with external mucus of brown trout fins. Exp. Flu., 43, 641–653. (Salmo troutta). T. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 90, 63–73.

Ontogeny in Feeding Behaviour of Chocolate Mahseer, Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis in Captive Environment Debajit Sarma*, Suman Sanwal, Partha Das and M. S. Akhtar ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital (Uttarakhand), India - 263 136

Abstract: The paper embodies to determine the sequential pattern of feeding behaviour of chocolate mahseer in pond condition. The diet composition of different developmental stages of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis during fry, fingerling and juvenile were determined based on the analysis of 98 specimens (17 fries, 43 fingerlings and 38 juveniles), collected from the pond environment of Mahseer Hatchery Complex of ICAR- DCFR, Bhimtal. Zooplanktons were the most dominant prey category (%F = 129.38, %N = 45.73) in, fry while phytoplankton’s were the most dominant prey items in fingerling (%F = 139.59, %N = 63.67) and juvenile (%F = 233.88, %N = 70.84). The results of the study revealed that fry and juvenile seems to have a higher feeding activity in relation to fingerling and the diet of the fish varies with different stages of development. Hence, the fry are carni-omnivore while fingerlings and juveniles are herbi – omnivore.

Keywords: Neolissochilus hexagonolepis, Feeding behavior, Ontogeny, Vacuity coefficient.

Introduction In recent years Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (McClelland), has recorded a sharp decline The study of the natural diets of fish species is a in the rivers, streams and reservoirs of very useful approach for understanding aspects Meghalaya due to various natural and of the species biology and ecology, towards anthropogenic factors and now considered as a more sustainable management of their an endangered fish (Sarma and Bhuyan, 2007 stocks and the development of conservation and Nath and Dey, 2000). The distribution of measures (Pedersen, 1999; Watanabe this fish is available upto a gradient of 1500 m et al., 2006; La Mesa et al., 2007; Sara and asl specially in coldwater of North East states Sara, 2007). (Laskar et al., 2009). It is also found in most It is known that the feeding habit of fish of the big rivers, lakes and reservoirs of Nepal changes with different life stages. Unlike from 250 m to 1500 m altitudes, having a terrestrial animals, fishes may not have much preference for water temperature 10oC to 30oC choice in feed intake. In certain cases, food (Rai and Swar, 1989). items available in the stomach of a prey also There are very few studies dealing with the form a part of the gut content of the predator. feeding habits and diet of Neolissochilus Therefore, rational judgments based on a hexagonolepis in the wild (Dasgupta (1988a, number of stomachs analyzed, if possible 1988b, 1988c, 1989); Sarma et al., 2010 from a variety of environments is the right and Sanwal et al., 2010; Sanwal, 2011). way to decide the basic feeding habits of a Neolissochilus hexagonolepis is listed as the fish species. Examination of the distribution prioritized fresh water fish species for culture of food elements in the environment and in (Ayyappan et al., 2001). Despite its importance, the gut enables to make a decision on the the culture of this fish is not widely practiced selectivity or non- selectivity in the feeding in different regions particularly in hilly areas. habits of the fish. Keeping this in mind a stock was brought to the

*Email: [email protected] 23 Sarma et al. hatchery complex of DCFR (ICAR), Bhimtal in millimeters. Fish weight was measured from the wild aquatic environment of Arunachal after blot drying. Weighing was done with a Pradesh with an objective to culture the fish tabletop weighing balance to the nearest gram. under controlled conditions. The above length-weight data was further categorized based on various stages (stage 1: Although a series of work was undertaken Fry up to 40 mm in length: stage 2: fingerling for the study of growth and biology of this > 40 to 100 mm: stage 3: juvenile > 100 mm) fish species from wild aquatic environment, followed by the classification of Jhingran (1975). there is a paucity of information on the food and feeding habit of Neolissochilus Gut content analysis hexagonolepis in the culture environment. So, the aim of the study was to give inclusive Gut fullness was estimated on a five point information on the ontogenetic changes in percentage scale: empty (0%), moderately full natural diet composition of Neolissochilus (25%), half full (50%), full (75%) and very full hexagonolepis, to have further well (100%). A lengthwise incision along the gut understanding and information for better was then made and the contents were washed growth and conservation of this fish. through a 125 µm sieve. All prey items were identified to the lowest possible taxonomic Materials and Methods level and counted. Site of the experiment In order to analyze the data that resulted from the gut-content analysis, different methods (Pillay Experiments were carried out in the mahseer (1952); Hyslop, 1980; Lima-Junior and Goitein, hatchery complex of Directorate of Coldwater 2001) were used and the following indices Fisheries Research, Bhimtal (29 ° 20’40” N; were calculated: frequency of occurrence (% 79 ° 36’16”E.) during January 2009 to May -1 F): %F = n 100Ns and percentage of prey (% 2010. Under this programme a flow – through -1 N) = n’ 100Np , where n = the number of guts mahseer hatchery including all the accessories containing a certain prey, Ns = the total number has set up near the experimental pond. of guts examined, n’ = the total number of

individuals of a certain prey and Np = the total Sampling procedure number of prey items. The feeding habits of Neolissochilus Based on the number of empty guts, the vacuity

hexagonolepis were studied in their fry, coefficient index (Iv) was calculated from: Iv = Ev -1 fingerling and juvenile stages. Live fishes 100Ns , where Ev = the number of empty guts were collected once in every two months from (Molinero and Flos, 1992). the experimental ponds for dietary analysis. After recording the morphometric data of Body Indices (GSI and RLG) the whole fish, all the sampled individuals of Gastro somatic index Neolissochilus hexagonolepis fry, fingerling and juvenile were immediately and rapidly The gastro somatic index (GSI) was calculated sacrificed. The abdomen of each fish specimen to find out the feeding intensity using the was opened with a ventral incision along the formula (Desai, 1970) keel and gut was removed. GW GSI= ×100 TW Growth The total length of the fish was measured Relative gut length from the tip of the anterior part of the mouth A usual index which gives an idea of the nature to the caudal fin using meter rule calibrated of food is relative gut length (RLG). The value

24 Ontogeny in feeding behaviour of chocolate mahseer of RLG was calculated by taking the ratio of gut phytoplankton (%F = 117.6, %N = 33.85) in length, i.e. (Al-Hussaini, 1949). the fry stage. The %F and %N values for the different prey categories found in fingerling are Length of the gut RLG= given in Fig. 3 and Table 1. Chlorophyceae (%F Total body length = 72.13, %N = 31.83) were the most abundant Statistical analysis prey category followed by Bacillariophyceae (%F = 48.85, %N = 24.2) and unidentified One-way ANOVA was used to examine the material (%F = 67.44, %N = 18.47). GSI and RLG of different ontogenic stages of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis. These two categories (Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae) accounted cumulatively Results and Discussion for c. 56.03% of the species diet. In terms of higher taxonomic groups phytoplankton (%F = Data on length and weight of Neolissochilus 139.59, %N = 63.67) were the most dominant hexagonolepis are presented in the Table 2. prey category. The %F and %N values for the There was a significant (p<0.05) increase in different prey categories found in juvenile are length and weight of the species during the given in Fig. 4 and Table 1. Chlorophyceae (%F culture period. The mean values of length = 123.65, %N = 35.99) was the most abundant in each sampling month were significantly prey category followed by Bacillariophyceae different from each other. The specimens (%F = 91.82, %N = 26.85) and unidentified of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis fry, length material (%F = 71.05, %N = 21.14). ranged from 28 mm to 38.9 mm (mean ± S.E., These two categories (Chlorophyceae and L = 33.32 ± 4.66 mm), fingerling from 71.5 mm Bacillariophyceae) accounted cumulatively for to 94.2 mm (mean ± S.E., L = 83.35 ± 8.84 c. 62.84% of the species diet. In terms of higher mm) and juvenile from 120.5 mm to 211.8 mm taxonomic groups phytoplankton (%F = 233.88, (mean ± S.E., L = 156.05 ± 37.86 mm). %N = 70.84) were the most abundant and Prey categories found in the guts of the frequent prey category. specimens examined are given in Table 1. In The results of the present study revealed that Neolissochilus hexagonolepis fry, total numbers the diet of fry is carni-omnivore type since of 12 prey items were identified belonging to they feed mainly on the zooplankton, while the 59 prey categories, in fingerlings total number advanced fingerlings and juvenile are herbi- of 29 prey items were identified belonging omnivore, feeding mainly on phytoplankton. to 157 prey categories, while in juvenile the It may be noted in this context that food and corresponding examination yielded 27 prey feeding habit of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis items belonging to 175 prey categories. studied in Samsung river of Meghalaya was The %F and %N values for the different prey found to be omnivore and considered as categories found in fry are given in Fig. 2 and voracious feeder subsisting mainly on algae Table 1. The most prominent prey categories and vegetable matter (Dasgupta, 1988). In the were of Chlorophyceae (%F = 58.8, %N = 16.9), present study, percentage of vegetable matter Cladocera (%F = 52.93, %N = 18.6), Copepoda was found to increase with increase in length of (%F = 52.93, %N = 16.9), Bacillariophyceae this species and prefers mainly animal matters (%F = 35.28, %N = 10.2), Rotifera (%F = in fry and vegetable matter in the fingerling 23.52, %N = 10.2), Cyanophyceae (%F = and juvenile stages which were similar to the 23.52, %N = 6.77) and unidentified matter result of Jhingran, 1975. The presence of (%F = 70.58, %N = 20.3). Zooplanktons sand and mud in the gut of fry, fingerling and were the most dominant prey category juvenile stages showed that the fish is column (%F = 129.38, %N = 45.73) in comparison to to bottom dweller and occasionally rise near to

25 Sarma et al.

Table 1 Prey categories found in the gut of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis, fry, fingerling and Juve- nile n’, total number of individuals of certain prey; n, number of gut containing a certain prey; %F, frequency of occurrence index; %N, percentage of prey index

FRY FINGERLING JUVENILE n’ n %F %N n’ n %F %N n’ n %F %N Cholorophyceae Actinastrum 5 8 11.63 5.1 1 2 2.63 1.14 Ankistrodesmus 1 1 5.88 1.69 1 4 2.33 2.55 6 6 15.79 3.43 Chlamydomonas 1 4 2.63 2.29 Closteredium 1 3 2.33 1.91 1 3 2.63 1.71 Closterium 1 2 2.33 1.27 2 2 5.26 1.14 Coelestrum 1 3 2.33 1.91 1 2 2.63 1.14 Micractinium 2 2 4.65 1.27 2 2 5.26 1.14 Pediastrum 2 2 11.76 3.39 5 6 11.63 3.82 7 9 18.42 5.14 Scenedesmus 2 2 11.76 3.39 7 7 16.28 4.46 15 16 39.47 9.14 Schroederia 1 2 2.33 1.27 1 2 2.63 1.14 Selenastrum 1 3 2.33 1.91 1 1 2.63 0.57 Spirogyra 1 1 5.88 1.69 2 3 4.65 1.91 3 4 7.89 2.29 Ulothrix 1 1 5.88 1.69 1 2 2.33 1.27 1 2 2.63 1.14 Uronema 1 1 5.88 1.69 1 3 2.33 1.91 3 4 7.89 2.29 Volvox 2 2 11.76 3.39 2 2 4.65 1.27 2 4 5.26 2.29 Bacillariophyceae Amphora 1 1 5.88 1.69 2 3 4.65 1.91 2 4 5.26 2.29 Cymbella 1 1 5.88 1.69 2 4 4.65 2.55 2 3 5.26 1.71 Diatoma 1 4 2.33 2.55 2 2 5.26 1.14 Fragilaria 1 3 2.33 1.91 1 4 2.63 2.29 Frustulia 2 4 4.65 2.55 1 2 2.63 1.14 Gyrosigma 2 5 4.65 3.18 1 3 2.63 1.71 Navicula 1 1 5.88 1.69 2 4 4.65 2.55 1 2 2.63 1.14 Surirella 1 2 2.33 1 .27 3 3 7.89 1.71 Synedra 3 3 17.64 5.08 7 9 16.28 5.73 17 19 49.74 10.86 Tabellaria 1 2 2.33 1.27 3 5 7.89 2.86 Cyanophyceae Microcystis 1 1 5.88 1.69 2 3 4.65 1.91 2 4 5.26 2.29 Oscillatoria 3 3 17.64 5.08 3 4 6.98 2.55 3 3 7.89 1.71 Dinophyceae Ceratium 1 2 2.33 1.27 1 4 2.63 2.29 Peridinium 2 3 4.65 1.91 1 3 2.63 1.71 Rotifera Branchionus 2 3 11.76 5.08 2 3 4.65 1.91 1 2 2.63 1.14 Keratella 1 2 5.88 3.39 1 2 2.33 1.27 1 1 2.63 0.57 Mytilina 1 1 5.88 1.69 Cladocera Chydorus 3 3 17.64 5.08 2 4 4.65 2.55 1 2 2.63 1.14 Cypris 2 2 11.76 3.39 1 1 2.33 0.64 Daphnia 4 5 23.53 10.16 5 6 11.63 3.82 3 4 7.89 2.29 Copepoda Cyclops 6 7 35.29 11.86 4 6 9.3 3.82 2 3 5.26 1.71 Diaptomus 2 2 11.76 3.39 1 3 2.33 1.91 1 2 2.63 1.14 Nauplius 1 1 5.88 1.69 1 3 2.33 1.91 unidentified matter 12 12 70.58 20.33 29 29 67.44 18.47 27 37 71.05 21.14

26 Ontogeny in feeding behaviour of chocolate mahseer

Table 2 Growth performance, relative gut length and gastro-somatic index of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis during experimental period

Months Fish length Fish weight %L %W RLG GSI (cm) (g) Jan, 09 29.17a±0.60 0.17 a ±0.01 28.51±2.50 198.31±10.81 1.05 a ±0.01 3.92 a ±0.20 Mar, 09 37.47 b ±0.73 0.50 a ±0.04 97.27±2.43 651.70±18.54 1.08 a ±0.01 5.59 a b ±0.28 May,09 73.90c±1.48 3.72 b ±0.17 15.93±1.25 61.66±6.34 1.79c±0.03 9.66 b ±2.14 July, 09 85.63d±0.86 6.0 bc ±0.26 9.39±0.69 25.27±4.34 1.66 b ±0.07 9.25 b ±1.00 Sep, 09 93.67e±0.35 7.50 c ±0.23 29.22±0.18 116.07±6.99 1.57 b ±0.05 7.54 a b ±2.83 Nov, 09 121.03f±0.32 16.17 d ±0.046 3.61±0.08 6.34±14.01 1.97 d ±0.02 6.72 a b ±0.49 Jan, 10 125.40g±0.31 17.19 d ±2.26 33.44±0.83 159.05±30.29 1.95 d ±0.01 5.59 a b ±0.56 Mar, 10 167.33h±1.20 43.27 e ±1.41 25.77±0.61 64.46±5.44 1.997 d ±0.02 5.91 a b ±0.42 May,10 210.43i±0.70 71.01 f ±0.59 ------2.72 e ±0.01 6.33 a b ±0.27

Mean values with different super scripts (a, b, c etc.) in the same column differs significantly (p<0.05). Data expressed as Mean ± SE, n = 3 (each replicate was the representative of 10 fishes). the surface for nibbling the flowing food items length and length of the fish (RLG value) itself (Dasgupta, 1988). also shows some indications about the nature of the fish diet (Alikunhi and Rao, 1951; Al The Iv value for fry, fingerling and juvenile are Hussaini, 1949; Das and Moitra, 1956). Similar given in Fig.1 (a), Fig. 2(b) and Fig. 3 (c), while, observations were found in our investigation, percentage gut fullness of all the three catego indicating changes in feeding habits from ries of this species are given in Fig. 4. A total carni-omnivorus to herbi-omnivorous. Hence, of 5 guts were found empty in fry, 14 guts were they can be kept in the category of omnivorous empty in fingerling and 11 guts were empty in fishes. It has also been observed from the juvenile giving an Iv of 29.41%, 32.56%, 28.95% present study that RLG values of Neolissochilus respectively (Fig.1 (a), Fig. 2(b) and Fig. 3 (c)).

Relative Gut Length (RLG) and Gastro Somatic Index (GSI) In the present investigation, the RLG values ranged from 1.048 to 2.72 for the fish having size range of 29.17 mm to 210 mm. In fry the average relative gut length (RLG) value was 1.05 ± 0.01 (Mean ± SE) to 1.08 ± 0.01 (Mean ± SE). In fingerling, it was 1.79 ± 0.03 (Mean ± SE) to 1.66 ± 0.07 (Mean ± SE) and in juvenile, it was recorded 1.97 ± 0.02 (Mean ± SE) to 2.72 ± 0.01 (Mean ± SE). The result shows the similarity as observed by Das and Nath, 1965. Fig. 1 Percentage frequency of occurrence As fishes grow in length; a change is observed index (%F) and percentage of prey index in their feeding habits from carnivorous to (%N) values for the various prey categories herbivorous through the omnivorous type found in: chocolate mahseer fry (a) Vacuity (Sinha and Moitra, 1976). The ratio of gut coefficient (Iv) values are given for fry.

27 Sarma et al.

Fig. 4 Gut fullness percentage of fry, fingerling Fig. 2 Percentage frequency of occurrence and juvenile of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis. index (%F) and percentage of prey index (%N) values for the various prey categories found in: chocolate mahseer fingerling (b) Vacuity coefficient (Iv) values are given for fingerling. The GSI values ranged from 3.92 to 9.65 for the fishes having weight range of 0.166 gm to 71.01 gm. GSI values ranged from 3.92 ± 0.20 (Mean ± SE) to 5.59 ± 0.28 (Mean ± SE) in fry and 7.54 ± 2.83 (Mean ± SE) to 9.66 ± 2.14 (Mean ± SE) in fingerling. In juvenile the value ranged from 5.59 ± 0.56 (Mean ± SE) to 6.72 ± 0.49 (Mean ± SE) (Table 2). From the results, it was observed that feeding intensity was higher in case of fry and juvenile as compared to the fingerling. Gastro-somatic index (GSI) of fish having size range of 29.17 mm to 210.00 mm (0.166 gm to 71.01 gm) was computed to study variation in feeding intensity with respect to the size. In the present investigation, the maximum 9.65 and minimum 3.92 GSI values was recorded for Fig. 3 Percentage frequency of occurrence in- the fish (Fig 2). It was clearly observed from dex (%F) and percentage of prey index (%N) the study that the feeding intensity was found values for the various prey categories found to increase in lower size groups (3.72 gm to in: Neolissochilus hexagonolepis juvenile 7.5 gm). Percentage of feeding was higher (b) Vacuity coefficient (Iv) values are given among young individuals than bigger in case for juvenile. of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis studied from hexagonolepis increased with increasing length Simsang river, Meghalaya and few other parts of the fishes as shown in Fig 1 and Table 2. of the country (Dasgupta, 1988; Hardy, 1924; RLG values were lowest in fry, intermediate in De Silva, 1973; Kishor et al., 1998). advanced fingerling and highest in the juvenile showing omnivorous nature of the fish. Similar Relationship between gut length and body result were observed (Girgis, 1952), recording length the lowest RLG value in the fry stage and The logarithmic relationship between gut length highest in the older fishes. (Y) and total body length (X) can be expressed

28 Ontogeny in feeding behaviour of chocolate mahseer by the regression equation between these two Dasgupta, M. (1989) Biometry of the copper mahseer parameters which has been derived as: A. hexagonolepis (McClelland) from the North- Eastern India. Arq. Mus. Roc, 1, 361–374. Log Y = -0.609 + 0.430 Log X De Silva, S.S. (1973) Food and feeding habits of the herring Clupea harengus and the Sprat C. sprattus The value of correlation coefficient ‘r’ was in inshore waters of the west coast of Scotland. found to be 0.934. Mar. Biol., 20, 282–290. From the present finding, it can be concluded Desai, V.R. (1970) Studies on the fisheries and biology of Tor tor (Ham.) from river Narmada. J. Inland Fish. that ontogenic changes in food and feeding Soc. India. 2, 101–112. pattern of Neolissochilus hexagonolepis Edmondson, W.T. (1959) Freshwater Biology, 2nd edition. changes from carni-omnivorous to herbi- John wiley and Sons. Inc. New York, 1248. omnivorous. So, this fish can be included Girgis, S. (1952) On the anatomy and histology of the under the category of omnivorous fishes. It can alimentary tract of herbivorous bottom feeding also be inferred that this data provide a useful Cyprinidae fish, Labeo horie (Cuv.). J. Morph. contribution for improved understanding of 90, 317–362. biology of this endangered fish. Hardy, A.C. (1924) The herring in relation to its marine environment Part I. The food and feeding habits of the herring with special references to the east coast References of England, Fish. Invest., London Ser., 2, 1–53. Al-Hussaini, A.H. (1949) The anatomy and histology of Hyslop, E.J. (1980) Stomach content analysis: a review the alimentary tract of the plankton feeder, Atherina of methods and their applications. J. Fish Biol., 17, forskali. Rupp. J. Morp., 80, 251–286. 411–429. Alikhuni, K.H. and Rao, S.N. (1951) On the bionomics, Jhingran, V.G. (1975) Fish and Fisheries of India Hindustan development and growth of a cauvery carp, Labeo Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India. 954. kontius. Jerdon Rec. Indian Mus. 49, 157–174. Kishore, B., Bhatt, J.P., Rawat, V.S. and Nautiyal, P. Ayyappan, S., Raizada, S. and Reddy, A.K. (2001) Captive (1998) Variations in food and feeding habit of the breeding and culture of new species of Aquaculture. Himalayan mahseer- Tor putitora (Ham.) inhabiting Captive breeding for aquaculture and fish germ- the Ganga river system in Garhwal region. Indian plasm conservation. NBFGR – NATP, 3, 1–20. J. Fish. 45, 113–118. Das, S.M. and Moitra, S.K. (1958) On the feeding types of La Mesa, G., La Mesa, M. and Tomassetti, P. (2007) fishes and the variation in the alimentary canal in Feeding habits of the Madeira rockfish Scorpae- relation to food, J. Icthyol., 10, 29–40. na maderensis from central Mediterranean Sea. Das, S.M. and Moitra, S.K. (1956) Studies on the feeding Marine Biol., 150, 1313–1329. types of fishes and variations in the alimentary Laskar, B.A., Das, D.N. and Tyagi, B.C. (2009) Growth canal in relation to food. J. Ichthyol., 10, 29–40. performance of the Neolissochilus hexagonolepis Das, S.M. and Nath, S. (1965) The comparative anatomy (McClld) in pond system in Arunachal Pradesh. of the alimentary tract and its modification in Indian J. Fish. 56, 55–59. relation to the food and feeding habits in some Lima-Junior S.E. and Goitein R. (2001) A new method fishes of Jammu Province, India. Ibid.,4 , 63–78. for the analysis of fish stomach contents. Acta Dasgupta, M. (1988a) A study on the food and feeding scientiarum, 23, 421–424. habits of the Copper Mahseer Acrossochilus Molinero, A. and Flos, R. (1992) Influence of season hexagonolepis (McClld) Indian J. Fish. 35, 92–98. on the feeding habits of the common sole Solea Dasgupta, M. (1988) Biometry of the copper mahseer solea. Marine Biol., 113, 499–507. Acrossochilus hexagonolepis (McClld) from the Nath, P. and Dey, S.C. (2000) Fish and fisheries of North North Eastern India. Nova Serie. 1, 361–374. Eastern India (Arunachal Pradesh), Narmdra Dasgupta, M. (1988b) Fecundity of Acrossochilus Publishing House, Delhi. 217. hexagonolepis (McClld) from Garo hills Meghalaya. Pedersen, J. (1999) Diet comparision between pelagic Uttarpradesh. J. Zoology. 8, 159–167. and demersal whiting in the North Sea. Journal of Dasgupta, M. (1988c) Length – Weight relationship and Fish Biology, 55, 1096–1113. condition of the Copper Mahseer Acrossochilus Pillay, T.V.R. (1952) A critique of the methods of study of hexagonolepis (McClld). Matsya, 14, 79–91. food of fishes, J. Zool. Soc. India. 4, 185–200.

29 Sarma et al.

Rai, A.K. and Swar, B.D. (1989) Katle, Acrossochilus and breeding strategies for mahseer (Tor putitora hexagonolepis (McClld), A cold water cyprinid of and Neolissochilus hexagonolepis), Coldwater Nepal. FAO Fisheries Rome, 405, 95–99. Fisheries Management, 61–72. Sanwal, S., Sarma, D. and Singh, N.O. (2010) Effect of Sarma, D. and Bhuyan, R.N. (2007) Chocolate mahseer stage and seasonal differences on length-weight (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis): Icon of Meghalaya relationship and condition factor of Chocolate water. Fishing chimes, 26, 116–11. mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonolepis). J. Inland Sinha, G.M. and Moitra, S.K. (1976) Studies on the Fishery Soc. India. 42, 52–56. morpho-histology of the alimentary canal of Sanwal, S. (2011) Culture and growth studies on freshwater fishes of India. Part I. The alimentary Chocolate mahseer (Neolissochilus hexagonole- canal of young Cirrhinus reba (Ham.) with a com- pis) in pond environment of Kumaun Uttarakhand. parison with that of the juvenile in relation to food. Ph.D. Thesis, Kumaun University, Nainital. Vest. Cs. Spol. Zool., 40, 221–231. Sara, G. and Sara, R. (2007) Feeding habits and trophic Watanabe, H., Kubodera, T. and Kawahara, S. (2006) levels of bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus of different Summer feeding habits of the Pacific pomfret size classes in the Mediterrenean Sea. J. Appl. Brama japonica in the transitional and subarctic Icthyology , 23, 122–127. waters of the central North Pacific. Journal of Sarma, D., Sanwal, S., Haldar, R. S., Das, P. and Fish Biology, 68, 1436–1450. doi: 101111/j. Mahanta, P.C. (2010) Development of culture 1095-8649.2006.01027x.

Air Quality Index and its Possible Impact on Human Health in Industrial area Gajraula, U.P. Sarika Arora, Atul kumar, Mahima1, Raina Pal1 Aprajita Singh2 and Anamika Tripathi1* Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, India 1Pollution Ecology Research Lab, Department of Botany, Hindu College, Moradabad, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, India - 244001 2Department of Biotechnology, IFTM University, Moradabad (U.P.), India

Abstract: Over the last decades the development of Gajraula as an industrial area has elevated the risk of atmospheric pollution. Thus to know the quality of air, AQI was evaluated and for the purpose PM10,

PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 was monitored over a period of monsoon (July to September 2014) and winter season (November to January 2015) at three different Sites i.e. Raunaq Automotive (S1), Indra Chowk (S2) and Town Basti (S3). Results are based on AQI calculator recently launched by CPCB MoEF, New Delhi. The experimental results of air quality index (AQI) obtained from different Sites are 137 at S1, 144 at S2 and 95 at S3 in monsoon and 197 at S1, 268 at S2 and 131 at S3 in winter season. The highest AQI value was obtained from experimental result at Site S2 in winter season while lowest at Site S3 in monsoon season. Elevated concentration of all the pollutants at Site S2 may be due to anthropogenic activities i.e. industrial growth, vehicular density and other developmental works in this area. There are relatively stronger inter- pollutant correlation at the sites and results also suggest that a large number of industrial developments induces high correlation of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 at S1 and S2 sites. Human beings are more affected as evidenced in increases in daily hospital admissions in different departments’ i.e. Cardiac, Respiratory, Skin and Eye of Gajraula Government Hospital.

Keywords: Air quality index, Anthropogenic activities, Health effect.

Introduction cleaner technologies in industries, energy production and transport, air pollution remains Air quality has deteriorated in most large cities a major health risk. Thus here is a need for in India, a situation driven by industrialization, timely information about simple change in population growth and increased vehicle use Pollution levels in industrial/urban area and (Lepeule et al., 2012). Ambient air quality is a to maintain the desired level of air quality. Air matter of great concern for good health and quality indices are used for local and regional sustainability of any city can be assessed air quality management in metro cities of the through Ambient Air Quality monitoring world (Gulia et al., 2015). The AQI (Air Quality data which is done or being done since two Index) is a single number which represents the decades in Gajraula (Aydin et al., 2014; Giles air pollution level caused by various pollutants. et al., 2014). It shows us how clean or polluted our air is As Gajraula is an industrial area various focuses on health effects (Dong et al., 2012; chemicals are being emitted into the air Kesavachandran et al., 2013). Recently air mainly from the industrial activities effecting quality index (AQI) is launched by prime the environment and vegetation (Kumar minister of India and are given in report of et al., 2015). In spite of the introduction of central pollution control board (CPCB, 2015).

*Email: [email protected] 31 Arora et al.

An analysis of the annual and seasonal trends movement of traffic on the road is very frequent of air quality index of urban and industrial area throughout the day and night. (Deshmukh et al., 2012a; Deshmukh et al., Indra Chowk (S2): It is a residential area having 2012b) using multi-instrument approach and commercial activities. A large number of shops air quality indexing (Subrahmanyam and Murty, 2009). A novel air pollutant index based on the and workshops are situated near this site and relative risk of daily mortality associated with the distance of Gajraula railway station is 500 short - term exposure to common air pollutants meters. This site is receiving more pollution (Carincross et al., 2007). than Raunaq automotives from the emissions of main industries such as Teva and Jublient Industrial pollution is deteriorating the life sciences is situated near this Site. The environment day by day and combined effect movement of the traffic is highly congested and of air pollution (aerosol/particulate matter and slow due to high density of vehicles, railway toxic gases) may induce greater variability in crossing and encroachment on both sides of different season of the year thereby reducing the road. the rainfall (Azmi et al., 2010; He et al., 2012; Mahima et al., 2013; Pal et al., 2014., Town Basti (S3): This site is located in southern Ediagbonya et al., 2014). part of the city and around 2 Km away from the Railway station. It is low density residential Like other industrial cities Gajraula is also threatened by industrial and vehicular and agriculture based area, almost free from pollutants. The basic objective of the present pollution. work is, therefore, to carry out a systematic Air quality index (AQI) was calculated by the and scientific investigation to assess the concentration of major air quality parameters degree of air pollution by evaluating air quality i.e. Respirable suspended particulate matter index and its impact on human health. Present (PM10), Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), Sulfur study examines the quality contribution dioxide (SO ) and Nitrogen dioxide (NO ). of local emission sources contributing the 2 2 aerosol mass which is an important factor in PM10 samples were collected with the help the development of effective strategies for the of Raspirable Dust samplers APM-460NL control of aerosol associated problem in this (Envirotech, New Delhi) at rate of six samples industrial area. per week on Whatman glass fiber filter paper with air flow rate of 1-1.5 3m /min. The difference Materials and Methods in initial and final weights of the filter paper gave the total quantity of PM collected over Site Selection: A network of three air 10 the period of 8 hours. The values of PM10 were monitoring and sampling stations, covered the -3 whole city were operated during the period of reported in µgm . one year i.e. July 2014 to January 2015. The Gravimetric method was also used for study area was classified into three zones- measuring the mass concentration of PM2.5. Industrial area, high density residential area The instrument employed for this purpose is and low density residential area (agriculture Fine Particulate Sampler (FPS, Model: APM- area). The geographical location of the sites 550, Envirotech, New Delhi,). The PM2.5 fraction is described below. escaping from the impactor is collected on a Raunaq Automotive (S1): It is a Automotive teflon membrane filter (Whatman paper of 47 Industry and the site is established on the roof mm dia). Dividing the difference between initial of the building of this Industry located near and final weights of the Teflon membrane filter NH-24. The largest chemical factory Jubilant by the total volume of air sampled gives the . Life Sciences Ltd. is located near this Site. The mass concentration for PM2.5

32 Air quality index and its possible impact

-3 SO2 was analyzed by employing the West and 60µgm for PM10 and PM2.5 respectively and Gaeke method (1956) on a Systronic whereas gaseous pollutants were found lower Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 560 than the standard values 80µgm-3 for the nm using Sodium-tetra chloromercurate industrial, commercial and residential areas

(Na2HgCl4) as absorbing reagent. given by CPCB 2009.

NO2 was also analyzed by employing the Jacob The experimental results show that the and Hochheiser modified method (1958) on seasonal average concentrations of PM10 the above spectrophotometer at a wavelength in three different areas in Gajraula city i.e. of 540 nm. Solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Raunaq Automotive (Industrial area, S1),

Sodium Arsenite (NaOH, NaAsO2) is used as Indra Chowk (Commercial area, S2) and Town absorbing reagent. Basti (Residential area, S3) were reported as -3 -3 -3 Air quality index values (AQI) were calculated 189.33 µgm , 204.33 µgm and 145.67 µgm -3 -3 with the help of AQI calculator on CPCB in winter and 155.67 µgm , 166.67 µgm and -3 website. 95.67 µgm in monsoon season respectively. In all the investigated areas the highest

Quality Control concentration of PM10 was recorded at S2 (221 µgm-3) in the month of January and lowest The quality control, during the investigation, filter concentration was recorded at S3 (90 µgm-3) paper numbering, pre conditioning, weighing, in the month of July (Table 1). The average of handling, monitoring, the post weighing and all three sites exceeded the CPCB National recording was the thrust. For maintaining Air Quality Standards. During the most critical the quality control all instrument used during season i.e. winter, the exceedance was found monitoring such as balance, Respirable dust to be 100% for S2 whereas 89% for S1 and sampler (RDS), fine particulate sampler (FPS), 45% at S3. Gas leakage checker spectrophotometer were calibrated on regular interval and recorded. The detailed result for PM2.5 at three selected The instruments performance check, data sites shows that the seasonal average validation, temperature, humidity control and concentrations were found as 89.00µgm-3, standard monitoring protocol were followed at 110.33 µgm-3 and 63.00 µgm-3 at S1, S2 all stages. The complete analytical procedures and S3 in winter season and 37.67µgm-3, were provided by central pollution control 49.00µgm-3 and 26.33 µgm-3 in monsoon board, Delhi. As a part of QA/QC, calibration season respectively. The highest concentration -3 charts (Absorbance vs SO2/NO2 content) were of PM2.5 was recorded at S2 (117µgm ) in the prepared once in every month using certified month of January and lowest concentration at reference material. Absorbing solution in amber S3 (22 µgm-3) in the month of July. At S1 and colour bottle and fresh solution were prepared S2 it was found 50% and 80% higher than the once in every week. The outlier values have prescribe limit respectively in winter season, been removed during the validation of data and whereas below the standard at all the sites in recording. monsoon season (Table 1). The seasonal variation of SO concentration at Results and Discussion 2 different sites were found as 25.67 µgm-3 (S2), The air quality data of selected parameters 21.33 µgm-3 (S1) and 14.67 µgm-3 (S3) in the -3 PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 from different sites winter season while 21.33 µgm (S2), 16.33 of Gajraula city have been summarized in µgm-3 (S1) and 6.67 µgm-3 (S3) in the monsoon Table 1 and the monthly average of particulate season. Among the three investigated areas, pollutant were higher than the permissible the monthly average concentration of SO2 limits (for 24-hour average) of 100µgm-3 was maximum (33µgm-3) at S2 in the month of

33 Arora et al.

January and minimum (5 µgm-3) at S3 in the recorded in S1 and S2. Indra Chowk (S2) itself, month of July. The result of SO2 at different is located in a congested, urban and industrial location of Gajraula city were further compared area which would lead to the existence of with national ambient air quality standard atmospheric pollutants from various sources in

(Table-2). NO2 concentration was reported comparison to S1 which is more influenced by maximum (45µgm-3) at S2 in the month of the movement of motor vehicles. January and minimum (15µgm-3) at Site S3 in The monthly average air quality index the month of July (Table-1). Monthly average ascertained the actual value of air quality of NO concentration were reported below the 2 category of each Site in Gajraula city (Table 3). prescribed limit of National Ambient Air Quality AQI calculation helps in better understanding of Standard. The maximum seasonal average air quality status. Seasonal air quality at three concentration of NO was observed in the winter 2 locations is more, well elaborated based on Air season at Site S2 (38.67 µgm-3) and minimum quality index (AQI) calculations, using the mass at Site S3 (18.67 µgm-3) in monsoon season. concentration data with corresponding various

The correlation between atmospheric pollutant values viz. PM10 , PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 pollutants at all stations are shown in Table 2. (Beig et al., 2010). According to National AQI A positive significant correlation (p<0.01), (r = calculator, recently given by CPCB (2015), 0.975 ) and (r = 0.989) were found at S1 and during winter season at S1 and S3 the air

S2 between SO2 and NO2 respectively whereas quality was found to be moderate but poor strong positive correlation (p<0.01), (r = 0.928) at S2 in winter season whereas in monsoon and (r = 0.998) were recorded between PM10 season it was found satisfactory at S3 and and PM2.5 at S1 and S3 respectively. This moderate at remaining sites (CPCB, 2015). correlation pattern indicates that there were As per the EPA AQI air quality was found very the same sources of atmospheric pollutants unhealthy at S2, unhealthy at S1 and unhealthy

Table 3 Comparisons of AQI of Gajraula with CPCB AQI and EPA AQI

AQI CPCB AQI* EPA AQI** SITE SEASON VALUE CATEGORY color CATEGORY color Yellow Red WINTER 197 Moderate Unhealthy RAUNAQ (101–200) (150–200) AUTOMO- Unhealthy for Yellow Orange TIVE MONSOON 137 Moderate Sensitive (101–200) (101–150) Groups Orange Very Un- Purple WINTER 268 poor INDRA (200–300) healthy (251–300) CHOWK Yellow Orange MONSOON 144 Moderate Unhealthy (101–200) (101–150) Yellow Orange WINTER 131 Moderate Unhealthy TOWN (101–200) (101–150) BASTI Light Green Yellow MONSOON 95 Satisfactory Moderate (51–100) (50–100)

*CPCB Health Statements for AQI Categories is good(0-50), satisfactory(51–100), moderate(101–200), poor(201-300), very poor(301-400), severe(401–500) (CPCB 2015). **The EPA air quality index of ambient air for health impact parameter as good(0-50), moderate(51-100), unhealthy for sensitive groups(101–150), unhealthy(151–200), very unhealthy(201-300), hazardous(301-500) (EPA calculator 2015).

34 Air quality index and its possible impact for sensitive groups at S3 in winter season. In Balakrishnan et al., 2013). Due to high level monsoon season S1 and S2 falls in unhealthy commercial activities the AQI value (268) is for sensitive groups and moderate at S3 categorized under poor air pollution and rather (Table 3). This is mainly due to the seasonal very unhealthy conditions at this Site. variation with meteorological parameters The lower concentration of PM , PM , SO such as wind speed, wind direction as well 10 2.5 2 and NO were recorded at Town Basti (S3), as influence of temperature i.e. temperature 2 which could be considered rather a clean area inversion which significantly marked during having the lowest traffic density among the winter besides localized sources of emission three sampling stations. The Traffic survey (Guttikunda and Gurjar, 2012). results show that at this Site, a least number Emission from paved roads and background of automobiles are plying and most of the concentration from industrial and semi- vehicles operated in this area are gasoline– industrial areas of the city also contribute powered light–duty vehicles, which emitted the particulate pollution. Cooking in houses, almost negligible amount of particulates School and commercial establishments and (Horaginami and Ravichandran, 2010; refuse incineration in houses and public places Guttikunda et al., 2013). It was also noted that and municipal incineration in open grounds among the commercial establishments, only may also contribute to the total pollutant load a few are related to combustion activities as as well as the atmospheric particulate matter the number of sources was substantially less, concentrations in an Indian city (Jain and Palwa, the calculated source strengths of particulate 2015). The city road and NH-24 which is dusty matter as well as the recorded AQI value (95) in nature, is not removed periodically all over was also found to be low and categorized in the city, hence, all these factors cumulatively slightly air pollution category. contribute to the PM concentrations in the 10 According to a report on air pollution and health range of 90µgm-3 to 211 µgm-3 in the city. given by TERI (Jain and Palwa, 2015) among Even though the RSPM pollution activity seventeen cities of U.P. state the maximum were wide spread all over the city, it was concentration of PM10 was recorded in Ghaziabad noticed that during the period of experiment, (248 µgm-3) and minimum in Unnao (98 µgm-3) that Raunaq Automotive (S1) endured the whereas Gajraula comes on 10th position highest traffic densities among the sampling having concentration of 158 µgm-3 (Fig.1). In stations. The highest average concentration Gajraula, health problems are of main concern. -3 -3 of PM10 (221µgm ), PM2.5 (117 µgm ), NO2 percentage distribution of respiratory disease -3 -3 (45 µgm ) and SO2 (33 µgm ) and NO2 were found maximum and it may be due to air (65.84 µgm-3) were recorded at Indra chowk pollution as evidenced in the paper presented in (S2) in the winter season might be attributed Sofia, Bulgaria (Source: Proceedings) (Fig. 2). to the pollution from chemical industries and The disease-wise percentage distribution of automobiles both. deaths attributable to ambient particulate matter pollution in India given in Figure 3. There are Indra Chowk (S2) which is commercial area, many studies across the world and also in India is extremely congested during the day time to prove that outdoor and indoor air pollution is a resulting the slow movement of vehicles long serious environmental risk factor that causes or waits at the signals and a large number of aggravates acute and chronic diseases (Ghosh vehicles are running on the roads everyday. In and Mukherjee, 2010; Guttikunda et al., 2014; addition, traffic – derived aerosol particles were Pope et al., 2015). emitted into the atmosphere due to abrasion processes of automobiles components such The increases in the atmospheric pollutant with as the brake or tire wear (Guney et al., 2010; this rate have created a threat for long-range

35 Arora et al.

urban areas. It may be used for development of a system for avoidance or management of a severe episode of air pollution and evaluate changes in air quality over periods of several years or more. Therefore, the strict implementation of adequate abatement measures are necessary for the present and the sustainable future of Gajraula Industrial area residents (urban/factory). Fig. 1 Ambient Air Quality data in different cities in India for the year 2012 (Source: CPCB 2014). Acknowledgement The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance provided by UPPCB/ CPCB, Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt. of India New Delhi. The authors would like to thank to Mr. Ashok Kumar Tiwari (R.O. Bijnor), Mr. Ajay Sharma (R.O. Moradabad), Dr. U.C. Shukla (Scientific Officer), UPPCB (Uttar Pradesh Pollution Control Board) for their valuable help in providing sampling facilities at different locations.

References Aydin, S., Cingi, C., San, T., Ulusoy, S. and Orhan, Fig. 2 Percentage distribution of hospital I. (2014) The effects of air pollutants on nasal admitions of various diseases in Gajraula. functions of outdoor runners. Euro. Arch. Oto. Rhino. Laryngol., 271, 713–717. Azmi, S.Z., Lalit, T.M., Ismail, A.S., Juneng, L. and Jemain, A.A. (2010) Trends and status air quality at three difference monitoring stations in the Klang Valley Malaysia. Air Qual. Atmos. Hlth., 3, 53–64. Balakrishnan, K., Ganguli B., Ghosh S., Sambandam S., Roy S. and Chatterjee, A. (2013) A spatially disaggregated time-series analysis of the short- term effects of particulate matter exposure on mortality in Chennai, India. Air Qual Atmos. Hlth., 6, 111–121. Beig, G., Ghude S., Ali, K., Deshpande, A., Sahu, S.K., Fig. 3 Percentage distribution of deaths from Kulkarni S., Srinivas, R., Trimbake, H. K., Shinde, ambient PM pollution in India Lim et al, (2012) R. K. (2010) Scientific Evolution of Air Quality Standards and Defining Air Quality Index for India adverse effects on the plants, public health 2010, Special Scientific Report SAFAR-2010-B, and social wellbeing of Gajraula city (Kumar Ministry of Earth Sciences (Govt. of India). et al., 2015). This earlier studies pertaining to Cairncross, E.K., John, J., Zunckel, M. (2007) A novel air pollution index based on the relative risk of daily major toxic pollutants shows an upward trend mortality associated with short-term exposure during the years. Thus the measurement of to common air pollutants. Atmos. Environ., 41, Air Quality Index helps in informing the public 8442–8454. about air pollution levels in a particular area Central Pollution Control Board. (2014) National Ambient and in comparing air pollution levels in different Air Quality Status and Trends. Central Pollution

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Control Board. Ministry of Environment and human beings: a case study of Tiruchirappali, India. Forests. Government of India: New Delhi. Kath mandir Univ. J. Sci. Eng. Techn.,6, 13–19. Central Pollution Control Board. (2015) National air Jacob, M.B. and Hochheiser, J.B. (1958) Continuous quality index. Available online: http://www.cpcb. sampling and ultra micro determination of nitrogen nic.in/National_Ambient _Air_Quality_Index.php dioxide in air. J. Analy. Chem., 30, 426–428. Deshmukh, D.K., Deb, M.K., Hopke, P.K., Tsai, Y.I. Jain, R. and Palwa, K. (2015) Air Pollution and Health. (2012b) Seasonal characteristics of water–soluble Discussion Paper by the Energy and Resources dicarboxylates associated with PM10 in the urban Institute: New Delhi. atmosphere of Durg City, India. Aerosol Air Qual. Kesavachandran, C., Pangtey, B.S., Bihari, V., Fareed, Res. 12, 683–696. M., Pathak, M.K., Srivastava, A.K. and Mathur, Deshmukh, D.K., Deb, M.K., Verma, D., Verma, S.K., N. (2013) Particulate matter concentration in Nirmalkar, J. (2012a) Aerosol size distribution and ambient air and its effects on lung functions among seasonal variation in an urban area of an industrial residents in the National Capital Region, India. city in Central India. Bull. Environ. Contam. Environ. Monit. Assess., 185, 1265–1272. Toxicol., 89, 1098–1104. Kumar, A., Gupta, A., Shyam, S. and Tripathi, A. (2015) Dong, G.H., Zhang, P.F., Sun, B.J., Zhang, L.W., Chen, Estimation of air pollution tolerance index in X., Ma, N.N., Yu, F., Guo, H.M., Huang, H., Lee, various plant species in industrial area, Gajraula, Y.L., Tang, N.J. and Chen, J. (2012) Long–term India. Pollut Res., 34, 271–276. exposure to ambient air pollution and respiratory Lepeule, J., Laden, F., Dockery, D. and Schwartz, J. disease mortality in Shenyang, China: A 12–year (2012) Chronic exposure to fine particles and population–based retrospective cohort study. mortality: an extended follow-up of the Harvard Respiration, 84, 360–368. Six Cities Study from 1974 to 2009. Environ. Hlth. Ediagbonya, T.F., Ukpebor E.E., Okieimen, F.E., Momoh, Perspect., 120, 965–970. O.L., Yusuf. (2014) Elemental Concentration of Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, Inhalable and Respirable Particulate Matter in K. and Adair- Rohani, H. (2012) A comparative Urban Area during Winter Season. J. Appl. Sci. risk assessment of burden of disease and injury Environ. Manag., 18, 79–83. attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor Giles, L.V. and Koehle, M.S. (2014) The health effects clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic of exercising in air pollution. Sports Med., 44, 223– analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 249. 2010. Lancet, 380, 2224–2260. Gulia, S.M.S., Nagendra, S., khare, M. and khanna, I. Mahima, Pal, R., Singh, D., Tripathi, A. and Singh, G.H. (2015) Urban air quality management- A review. (2013) Five year studies on suspended particulate Atmos. Pollut. Res., 6, 286–304. matter heavy metal trends in Brass city of India. J. Guney, M., Turgut, T.O. and Nadim, K.C. (2010) Impact of Environ. Sci. Engg., 55, 267–274. overland traffic on heavy metal levels in highway Pal, R., Mahima, Gupta, A., Tripathi, A. and Singh, R.B. dust and soil of Istambul, Turkey. Environ. Monit. (2014) Assessment of heavy metal in suspended Assess., 164, 101–110. particulate matter in Gajraula. India. J. Environ. Guttikunda, S. and Gurjar, B. (2012) Role of meteorology Biol., 35, 357–361. in seasonality of air pollution in megacity Delhi, Pope, C.A., Burnett, R.T., Thourton, G.D., Thun, M.J., India. Environ. Monit. Assess., 184, 3199–3211. Calle, E.E., Krewski, D. and Goldleski, J.J. (2004) Guttikunda, S.K. and Goel, R. (2013) Health impacts of Cardiovascular mortality and long term exposure particulate pollution in a megacity-Delhi, India. to particulate air pollution: epidemiological Environ. Dev., 6, 8–20. evidence of general patho-physiological pathways of disease. Circulation, , 71–77. Guttikunda, S.K. and Kopakka, R.V. (2014) Source 109 emissions and health impacts of urban air pollution Subrahmanyam, V.V. and Murti, V.K.P.R. (2009) A in Hyderabad, India. Air Qual. Atmos. Hlth., 7, practically viable, easy to operate air pollution 195–207. model. Pollut. Res., 28, 29–38. He, H.D. and Lu, W.Z. (2012) Urban aerosol particulates West, P.W. and Gaeke, G.C. (1956) Fixation of sulphur on Hong Kong road sides size distribution and dioxide as sulfitomercurate (II) and subsequent concentration levels with time stochastic. Environ. colorimetric determination. J. Anal. Chem., 28, Res. Risk Assess., 26, 177–187. 1816–1819. Horaginami, S.M. and Ravichandran, M. (2010) Ambient air WHO. (2015, May 21) Global Health Observatory Data quality in an urban area and its effects on plants and Repository. Geneva, Switzerland.

Influence of different Light Intensities on Growth, Survival and Hatchling Success in the MosquitofishGambusia Affinis C. B. Ganesh*, Nidhi Menage, Poornima Pujari, Ravi Olekar, Shwetha Revankar Department of Studies in Zoology, Karnataka University, Dharwad (Karnataka), India - 580 003

Abstract: In this study, we examined growth, survival and reproductive success of the viviparous fish Gambusia affinis exposed to different light intensities. The specific growth and survival rates weresignificantly lower in fish exposed to low light intensity (1250 lx) compared to those of controls, whereas these parameters were not significantly different in fish maintained at moderate (2900 lx) and high (4050 lx) light intensities. The condition factor was good in control fish compared to those kept in artificial light. Maximum numbers of early and late stage embryos were found in the abdominal cavity of fish exposed to moderate and high intensity light respectively. However, highest number of juveniles was recorded from fish maintained at high intensity light. These results suggest that low intensity light affects growth and survival rate, but hatchling success is maximized at high illumination condition in G. affinis.

Keywords: Mosquitofish, survival, Hatchling, Light intensity, Viviparous fish; Gambusia affinis.

Introduction in the pejerrey Odontesthes bonariensis (Miranda et al., 2009), the yellowtail damselfish Synchronization of environmental cues with Chrysiptera parasema (Shin et al., 2013) and endogenous rhythms is critical for reproduction the white spotted rabbitfish Siganus sutor of most vertebrates including fish (Norris and (Shirinabadi et al., 2013). Majority of the Lopez, 2011). Alterations in environmental studies have demonstrated the combined factors such as photoperiod, water temperature effect of both photoperiod and light intensity on and dissolved oxygen levels affect the growth reproduction of the fish (Bapary et al., 2010). and reproduction of different fish species (Lam, However, investigations on impact of altered 1983, Munro, 1990, Baggerman, 1990, Ganesh light intensities on growth and reproductive et al., 2015; Pavithra Hegde et al., 2015). In success of viviparous fish are generally addition to these factors, light intensity also lacking. The mosquitofish Gambusia affinis is forms an important environmental signal a viviparous species, which exhibits gestation in growth, survival and reproduction of fish through live bearing. Hence, the aim of the (Siegwarth and Summerfelt, 1992). Although it present study was to determine the growth, has been widely accepted that high intensity survival, and reproductive success in G. affinis light levels are needed for growth optimization exposed to different light intensities. in fish (Boeuf and Le Bail, 1999), spectral composition such as quality of the wavelength, intensity and periodicity of light exposure affects Materials and Methods the growth performance and physiological Adult mosquitofish G. affinis (0.30–0.35g) status in the gilthead seabream Sparus aurata collected from ponds in Karnatak University and the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Campus, Dharwad were reared in separate (Karakatsouli et al., 2007). Stimulatory role for plastic tubs (60 X 30 cm), each consisting light intensity on ovarian functions is suggested of four liters of water with a stocking density

*Email: [email protected] 39 Ganesh et al. of ten females and five males. The fish were Body weight (g) (c) K = 100 × acclimatized to the laboratory conditions for Body length (cm) two weeks prior to the commencement of Final abudance experimentation under natural photoperiod. (d) s =×100 The plastic tubs were provided with aerators Initial abudance and aquatic plants, and recirculation of water was done on alternate days. The water Embryonic developmental stages temperature and dissolved oxygen levels Different embryonic developmental stages were 25.76 ± 0.14 oC and 7.38 ± 0.42 mg/L namely, early embryo (eye spot stage), late respectively. The fish were fed 4% of their embryo (yolk sac stage) and juvenile stages body weight, everyday twice with commercially were identified as described previously for this available food pellets (Taiyo pet feed, Chennai, fish (Koya et al., 1998; Ganesh et al., 2015). India). The light intensities were measured at At the time of each autopsy, the fish were water surface of each tub using the digital Lux anaesthetized with 2-phenoxy ethanol (Sigma, meter (Agronic-LX101, Mumbai, India). USA; 1:1500). The numbers of early and late Fifty female fish with regressed abdomen (non- embryos found in the abdominal cavity were pregnant) were used for experimentation. A counted on the day of autopsy, whereas the group of fish (n = 10) were sacrificed on the day number of juveniles was recorded as and when of commencement of the experiment served as they were spotted (prior to or at autopsy). initial controls, whereas the remaining fish were divided into four groups (n = 10 each). The fish Statistics in first group (controls) were maintained in Data are presented as mean values. Wherever natural photoperiod, 11.27h ± 0.15L, 12.32h ± necessary, group differences were subjected 0.15D with mean natural light intensity, 2000 to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) lx, whereas those in second, third and fourth followed by post hoc Student-Newman- groups were exposed to different fluorescent Keuls method. The level of significance was light intensities, low (1250 lx), moderate considered at P<0.05. (2900 lx), and high (4050 lx) respectively for a period of 30 days. The duration of photoperiod Results and Discussion (11.30L:12.30D) was regulated manually for these groups. The fish were sacrificed on 31st This study examined the effect of different day. light intensities on growth, survival and hatchling success of the fish G. affinis. The Growth and survival status range of artificial light intensity used in the present investigation was between 1250-4050 Weights of the body were recorded prior to lx, whereas the natural light intensity in the the commencement and after the completion laboratory was in the mid range i.e. 2000 lx. of experimentation. Different parameters such The present study shows that the mean weight as mean body weight gain, specific growth gain was maximum in fish kept at natural light rate (SGR), condition co-efficient (K) and stock rearing condition followed by those maintained survival (S) were calculated. The formulae at artificial light intensities in the order of high > (after Kozlowski et al., 2010) used to calculate moderate> low illumination condition (Table 1). the above parameters are given below. Although the body weight gain is known to be (a) Mean body weight gain = mean final body the most important criterion for measuring fish mass - mean initial body mass responses to experimental condition and a Final body weight − Initial body weight very reliable indicator of growth (Lovell, 1989), ( b ) SGR =×100 Rearing perii od days the SGR also reflects the growth of the fish

40 Low intensity light affects growth

Table 1 Effect of different light intensities on body weight of the fish G. affinis.

Groups Mean initial body weight Mean final body weight Mean weight gained (gm) (gm) (gm) Control (2000 lx) 0.40±0.02 0.46±0.01 0.06 Low (1250 lx) 0.32±0.01 0.35±0.02 0.03 Moderate (2900 lx) 0.35±0.02 0.39±0.02 0.04 High (4050 lx) 0.37±0.01 0.42±0.02 0.05

(Barreto et al., 2003). In the present study, there was a significant decrease in the SGR in fish exposed to low intensity light compared to controls (Fig. 1A). Among the fish exposed to artificial illumination, highest growth rate was noticed in fish exposed to high intensity light compared to low or moderate light conditions; however it was not statistically significant (Fig. 1A). These results suggest that exposure of G. affinis to low intensity light retards the optimal growth. Nevertheless, intensity of light required for growth optimization appears to be species dependent. For example, optimal growth occurred between 600–1300 lx in the seabream (Tandler and Mason, 1983), whereas much lower light intensity (1-10 lx) resulted in optimal growth in Atlantic halibut (Hole and Pittman, 1995). On the other hand, in some fishes such as southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, range of light intensity (340–1600 lx) did not affect growth (Denson and Smith, 1997). Although suppression of growth could be due Fig. 1 (A-B) Effect of different light intensities to various environmental factors, reduction in on specific growth rate (A) and condition coef- feeding appears to have a significant effect, ficient (B) in G. affinis. One way ANOVA and due to its role in production of energy. However, Student-Newman-Keuls method: Values with the negative effect of low intensity light is not same superscripts are not significantly differ- equivocal in fish. For example, decrease in the ent from each other, whereas groups with dif- light intensity from 0.04 to 0.001 lx was shown ferent superscripts are significantly (P<0.05) to reduce the feeding ability in the brown trout different. Salmo trutta and the Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Elliott, 2011), whereas exposure to 400 reduced feeding as food was fed to satiation lx or 700 lx light intensity significantly increased and no traces of left out food were noticed in all feeding incidence in the larvae of the spotted experimental groups. sand bass Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Pena et al., 2004). In the present study, it is While the embryos were completely absent in unlikely that the growth was retarded due to the abdomen of initial controls, few early/late

41 Ganesh et al.

Table 2 Effect of different light intensities on embryonic developmental stages in G. affinis. Groups Mean number ± SE Early embryos Late embryos Juveniles during the period of at the time of experimentation autopsy Initial control _ _ _ _ Control (2000 lx) 16.1±0.52 0.0 0.0 41.0±2.08 Low (1250 lx) 20.2±1.01 0.0 15.3±1.0 26.1±1.09 Moderate (2900 lx) 36.0±1.07 4.1±0.31 16.1±1.11 20.3±2.56 High (4050 lx) 25.5±0.91 19.2±1.30 22.8±2.02 31.45±2.78 embryos and juveniles were noticed in controls and in fish exposed to artificial illumination (Table 2). Although the number of early embryos was slightly higher in low intensity light exposed fish compared to controls, the number of juveniles remained same in both groups. The number of early embryos was higher in fish exposed to moderate light intensity, whereas the number of juveniles was lower accompanied by few late embryos compared to those of controls and low intensity group. However, the number of late embryos and juveniles were maximum in high Fig. 2 Effect of different light intensities on intensity light exposed group (Table 2). These survival rate in G. affinis. results are suggestive of general stimulatory influence of high intensity fluorescent light on embryonic development and hatchling success 1999). Survival was greater in larvae of of G. affinis. haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus exposed to a treatment of white incandescent light at The condition coefficient or condition factor an intensity of either 110 lx compared to 5 lx (K) is a measure of various ecological and (Downing and Litvak, 1999), whereas no such biological factors such as degree of fitness, significant effect of light (0-300 lx) was noticed gonad development and the suitability of in the Atlantic halibut larvae (Hippoglossus the environment (Mac Gregoer, 1959). High hippoglossus) maintained at low temperatures condition factor value indicates that the fish has ranging between 2-10 oC (Bolla and Holmefjord, attained a better condition. The condition factor 1988). However, total darkness resulted in of fish can be affected by a number of factors 100% mortality for the larvae of flatfish, the such as season, availability of feeds, and other Australian greenback flounder Rhombosolea water quality parameters (Khallaf et al., 2003). tapirina (Hart et al., 1996). In the present study, In the present study, the best condition factor high mortality (25%) was noticed in fish exposed was recorded in controls compared to those to low illumination, whereas the mortality rate exposed to artificial illumination. However, the was 10% under moderate and high intensity condition coefficient did not differ significantly light conditions compared to 100% survival among different experimental groups (Fig. 1B). rate in fish kept under natural light intensity High intensity light may be stressful or even (Fig. 2). These results suggest that exposure lethal to fish survival (Boeuf and Le Bail, of mosquitofish to low intensity light leads to

42 Low intensity light affects growth reduction in their survival rate as compared to Hart, P.R., Hutchinson, W.G. and Purser G.J. (1996) controls or high intensity light rearing conditions. Effects of photoperiod, temperature and salin- ity on hatchery reared larvae of the greenback In conclusion, the results of the present study flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina Gunther, 1862). suggest that growth and survival rate is impaired Aquaculture., 144, 303–311. in the absence of optimum illumination, whereas Hole, G. and Pittman, K. (1995) Effects of light and exposure to high intensity light promotes temperature on growth in juvenile halibut embryonic development and hatchling success ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.). In: Pittman, K., Batty, R.S. and Verreth, J. (Eds.). Mass Rearing of in the viviparous fish G. affinis. Juvenile Fish, 201, pp. 197. ICES Marine Science Symposia, June 21-23, 1993, Bergen. Acknowledgement Karakatsouli, N., Papoutsoglou, S.E., Panopoulos, G., Chadio, S. and Kalogiannis, D. (2007) Effects of light The authors thank to Department of Zoology, spectrum on growth and stress response of rainbow Karnatak University, Dharwad for providing trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared under recirculat- facilities. ing system conditions. Aquacult.Eng., 38, 36–42. Khallaf, E., Galal, M. and Athuman, M. (2003) The biology of Oreochromis niloticus in a polluted canal. References Ecotoxicology., 12, 405–416. Baggerman, B. (1990) Sticklebacks. In: Munro, A.D., Koya, Y., Itazu, T. and Inoue, M. (1998) Annual reproduc- Scott, A.P., and Lam, T.J. (Eds.). Reproductive tive cycle based on histological changes in the seasonality in teleosts: Environmental Influences. ovary of the female mosquitofish,Gambusia affinis CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 79–108. in central Japan. Ichthyol. Res., 45, 241–248. Bapary, M.A.J. and Takemura, A. (2010) Effect of Kozlowski, M.; Zakes, Z.; Szczepkowski, M.; Wunderlich, temperature and photoperiod on the reproductive K.; Piotrowska, I. and Bozena Szczepkowska, B. condition and performance of a tropical damselfish (2010). Impact of light intensity on the results of Chrysiptera cyanea during different phases of the rearing juvenile pikeperch, Sander lucioperca (L.) reproductive season. Fish. Sci., 76, 769–776. in recirculating aquaculture systems. Arch. Pol. Barreto, R. E., Moreira, P.S.A. and Carvalho, R.F. Fish., 18, 77–84. (2003) Sex-specific compensatory growth in food Lam, T.J. (1983) Environmental influences on gonadal deprived Nile tilapia. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 36, activity in fish. In: Hoar, W.S., Randall, D.J. and 477–483. Donaldson, E.M. (Eds.). Fish physiology: Behavior Boeuf, G. and Le Bail, P.Y. (1999) Does light have an influ- and fertility control, 9B, Academic Press, Inc., New ence on fish growth? Aquaculture., 177, 129–152. York.Lovell, T. (1989) Nutrition and Feeding of Fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. pp. 1–52. Bolla, S. and Holmefjord, I. (1988) Effect of temperature and light on development of Atlantic halibut larvae. Mac Gregoer, J.S. (1959) Relation between fishcondition Aquaculture., 74, 355–358. and population size in the sardine (Sardinops Denson, M.R. and Smith, T.I.J. (1997) Effects of diet and cacrulea). U.S. Fishery Wild Service. Fish. Bull., light intensity on survival, growth and pigmentation 60, 215–230. of southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma). J. Miranda, L.A., Strüssmann, C.A. and Somoza, G.M. World. Aquacult. Soc., 28, 366–373. (2009) Effects of light and temperature condition Downing, G., Litvak, and M.K. (1999) The influence of on the expression of GnRH and GtH genes and light intensity on growth of larval haddock. N. Am. levels of plasma steroids in Odontesthes bonarien- J. Aquacult., 61, 135–140. sis females. Fish. Physiol. Biochem., 35, 101–108. Elliott, J.M. (2011) A comparative study of the relationship Munro, A.D. (1990) General introduction. In: Munro, A.D., between light intensity and feeding ability in brown Scott, A.P. and Lam, T.J. (Eds.). Reproduaive trout (Salmo trutta) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus seasonality in teleosts: environmental influences. alpinus). Freshwater Biol., 56, 1962–1972. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 2–12. Ganesh C.B., Shinde D., Hidkal P.S., Gaikwad, G.B. and Norris, D.O. and Lopez, K.H. (2011) Hormones and Hegde P. (2015) Chronic exposure to moderate Reproduction of Vertebrates, 1, Fishes. San hypoxia impairs reproductive success in the Diego, CA, Elsevier, Inc. pp. 270. mosquitofish Gambusia affinis. Res. J. Animal, Hegde, P., Hidkal, P.S., Shinde, D., Gaikwad, G.B. and Vet. Fish. Sci., 3, 10–14. Ganesh, C.B. (2015) Growth and survival status

43 Ganesh et al.

in the mosquitofish Gambusia affinis exposed to ovarian maturation in yellowtail damselfish, mild hypoxia. Int. J. Fisheries and Aquat. Studies., Chrysiptera parasema, J. Photochem. Photobiol 2, 174–177. B., 127, 108–113. Pena, R., Dumas, S., Saldivar-Lucio, R., García, G., Shirinabadi, M., Matinfar, A., Kamali, A. and Trasviña, A. and Hernández- Ceballos, D. (2004) Hosseinzadeh, H. (2013) Effect of different light The effect of light intensity on first feeding of regimes on the maturational progress of the white the spotted sand bass Paralabrax maculatofas- spotted rabbitfish (Siganus sutor) Iran. J. Fish. ciatus (Steindachner) larvae. Aquacult. Res., 35, Sci., 12, 916–927. 345–349. Tandler, A. and Mason, C. (1984) The use of 14C labelled Siegwarth, G.L. and Summerfelt, R.C. (1992) Light and Rotifers Brachionus plicatis in the larvae of gilthead temperature effects on performance of walleye seabream Sparus aurata: measurements of the and hybrid walleye fingerlings reared intensively. effect of Rotifer concentration, the lighting regime, Prog. Fish-Culturist., 54, 49–53. and seabream larval age on their rate of Rotifer Shin, H.S., Kim, N.N., Habibi, H.R., Kim, J.W. and Choi, ingestion. In: Rosenthal, H. and Sarig, S. (Eds.). C.Y. (2013) Light-emitting diode spectral sensitivity Research on Aquaculture. European Mariculture relationship with reproductive parameters and Society, Special Publication. 8, pp. 241–259.

Mahseer in India: An Overview on Research Status and Future Priorities U. K. Sarkar *, B. K. Mahapatra1, S. Roy Saxena2 and A. K. Singh3 ICAR- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata (West Bengal), India - 700120 1ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Kolkata Centre, Kolkata (West Bengal), India - 700091 2Barktullah University, Bhopal (M.P.), India - 462026 3ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal (Uttarakhand), India - 263136

Abstract: The population of mahseers are declining very fast in different parts of India due to indiscriminate fishing of brood stock and juveniles, fast degradation of aquatic ecosystems, construction ofdams, barrages and weirs under river valley projects etc and therefore the species deserves high conservation values in India. To save this prized resource, effective conservation and rehabilitation strategies need to be planned and implemented in the country. This requires knowledge of current status of fish, declining trend, aquaculture potential and population structure in the wild habitats, which is yet not carryout comprehensively. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to review evolutionary history, present status and role of conservation biology for their conservation, sustainable utilization and enhancement. Based on the review, discussed potential promising plans, priorities and suggestions, which would help saving mighty mahseers across the country.

Keywords: Mahseer, Rehabilitation, Aquaculture.

Introduction is so famous between anglers that some used to call it “Majestic Goddess” and several Fishes represent half of all extant vertebrates organizations are working for its conservation with more than 32,000 recognized species by organizing various angling programmes in (Eschmeyer et al., 2014) which have different Himalayas and Western ghats in India (Islam morphology, behavior and habitat (Nelson, and Tanaka, 2007). Mahseer fishes are facing 2006). Cypriniformes constitute most important the threat of extinction and many of the fish fishes of world and is one of the largest order species are categorized as endangered of freshwater fishes amongst diverse range while others are threatened (IUCN, 2014). In the groups. Mahseer are belonging to the order to save this prized resource, effective order Cypriniformes and commonly known conservation and propagation assisted as “King of Indian freshwater systems”. It is rehabilitation strategies have been planned a group of game/sport fish under genus Tor and being implemented by the Directorate of and also includes some other species of the Cold water Fisheries Research (DCFR) in genus Neolissochilus. Mahseer is famous for the country. This is how knowledge of genetic its delicacy as food but it gains much more variation, population structure and distribution attention due to its capabilities to be used as of valid species of Mahseers in the wild habitat, game fish and is one of the favorite choices of the are now comprehensively available (Jyoti anglers across World. Being so important, this et al., 2013; Rohit et al., 2015). In the present fish is now declining in its natural habitats due paper, an attempt has been made to review to various anthropogenic activities. Mahseer the present status and need of conservation

*Email: [email protected] 45 U. K. Sarkar of Indian mahseer and future research and decline of mahseer along different part of India development needs for, sustainable utilization are given below: and enhancement of this important resource. (1) Himalayan rivers: In Himalayan rivers mahseer faces delayed maturity, low fe- Occurrences and distribution status cundity, long hatching period of 60–80 Mahseer occurs mostly in upland rocky hrs at 24–28 oC and slow growth rate and streams of India, Nepal, China, Mynamar, Sri other man made constraints like habitat Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand and Bangladesh. fragmentation, and over exploitations are Mahseer are generally known to prefer cold, reasons for its decline (Nautiyal, 1988). clear and swift flowing waters with stony, (2) Western ghats: Extensive deforestation pebbly or rocky bottoms and intermittent that have taken place in the western ghats deep pools (Ng, 2004; Dinesh et al., 2008) during the last hundred years might have and Indian climatic conditions are well suited been one of the major reasons for its de- for its existence. Out of the 47 species of cline (Jayaram, 2005). mahseer that exist in the world, India is home (3) Harangi river Karnataka: Use of a special to fifteen. Of the 15 species of mahseer type of bag net by the fishermen operated belonging to the genus Tor, Tor mahseer across the water falls in the downstream (Tor tor); Golden mahseer (T. putitora), of the reservoir during the breeding migra- Deccan mahseer (T. khudree), Humpback tion of mahseer has been adversely af- mahseer (T. mussullah), Mosal mahseer fecting its population (Oliver et al., 2007). (T. mosal), T. neilli, T. progenies, T. remadevi, T. (4) Umiam reservior Meghalaya: Fingerling kulkarni, Chocolate mahseer (Neolissocheilus and fry fishing of mahseer by fishermen hexagonolepis), N. wynadensis have received for subsistence is a major issue which has greater attention. Within India, many species resulted in the drastic decline of their pop- of mahseer are discontinuously distributed ulation (Vinod et al., 2007). and mostly endemic in the South, Central and (5) Karnataka: Oliver et al. (2007) reported Northeast India. Tor remadevii, a new species about a massacre of mahseers at Shishila of Tor (Gray) from Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, temple in wherein about 10 truckloads of Pambar River, Kerala, Southern India was mahseers were killed by poisoning with identified (Kurup and Radhakrishnan, 2010). endosulfan as a result of rivalry between two communities. Causes of decline Mahseer has been identified as a candidate Various anthropogenic activities like Construction species for aquaculture because of its sporting of dams, other developmental process have quality and excellent flavour of flesh since the effected badly on mahseer population across last century (Day, 1889). National Bureau of country. Massive collection of fry and fingerlings Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow has identified of mahseer by local fisherman during downward mahseers as a potential cultivable species. The migration is also one of the important reasons for copper mahseer is reported to be suitable for fish population declination. These problems are culture in ponds and is used for stocking in prevalent in most Mahseer habitats all across Tamil Nadu (Pisolkar, 2000). Since T. khudree the country including the Himalayan foothills, generally shows a slow growth in the ponds the Vindhya-Satpura and the Western Ghats and reservoirs, its culture trials were carried out (Table 1). In order to save this prized resource, in floating cages in open waters (Kohli et al., effective conservation and propagation assisted 2006) in pond (Sharma and Parashar, 2013). rehabilitation strategies have been planned and Need of the hour is to take up aquaculture being implemented in the country. Causes of programmes of different mahseer species in

46 Mahseer in India: an overview

Table 1 Indian states that have declared mahseer as a State Fish Sl. No. Mahseer Species State fish 1. Tor putitora Arunachal Pradesh 2. T. putitora Himachal Pradesh 3. T. putitora Uttarakhand 4. T. mahanadicus Orissa 5. Neolissochilus hexagonolepis Nagaland 6. T. putitora Jammu and Kashmir 7. Tor tor Madhya Pradesh the pond and reservoir environments. Growth been facing several problems due to lack of of mahseer in captivity is slow therefore by morphometric details in original description. formulating practical diets and appropriate Presence of very few holotypes of mahseer technologies there is scope to harness the species, indiscernible morphological nuances potential of this group of fishes (Dinesh et al., in them and disagreements in recognizing 2010). Among the studies, Shahi et al. (2014) specific morphological characters (Jayaram, demonstrated culture potential of T. putitora for 1999) are few reasons that questions taxonomic hill aquaculture. Rahman et al. (2007) conducted ambiguities in mahseer. In a recent study, an experiment on polyculture of mahseer with Khare et al. (2014) examined nine mahseer Indian major carps in ponds and concluded species of Tor, Neolissochilus, and Naziritor that polyculture of mahseer can be done. with mtDNA data and indicated the need for Sawhney (2014) studied growth response of integrating molecular and morphological tools mahseer, T. putitora fingerlings to different lipid for taxonomic revision of the Tor and Naziritor levels in the diet and observed that a dietary genera. It is also proved that Tor mosal that is lipid level of 6% was optimal for proper growth synonymized as Tor putitora and Tor mussulah of T. putitora fingerlings. Gupta et al. (2014) as distinct species while two valid species. Tor described mahseer as flagship species (i.e. a macrolepis and T. mosal mahanadicus, were charismatic animal that promotes awareness) not distinct from T. putitora. Therefore, more for its management and in order to investigate research efforts are required at larger scale on its feasibility for use as flagship species and the evolutionary and phylogenetic hierarchy degree of stakeholder support for it in India, of the species as well as biogeographical semi-structured interviews were conducted with distribution. forest managers, anglers and village members in Uttarakhand and got massive support for Success in artificial fecundation of golden declaring it as flagship species. mahseer collected from wild waters has been achieved at Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Taxonomic ambiguities Research, Bhimtal NRC-CWF (Jhoshi, 1982, 1988; Desai, 1970; Sehgal, 1991; Sehgal and Morphological taxonomy and phenotypic Malik, 1991; Mohan et al., 1994). The artificial description of species play an important role propagation of Tor khudree was also reported in fish genetic resource management, despite by some workers (Kulkarni and Ogale, 1978). the advent of biochemical and molecular genetic techniques. Taxonomy and systematic Success in artificial fecundation of thechocolate of the mahseer remains uncertain due to the mahseer, Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (Mc morphological variations (Bagra et al., 2009). Clelland) was also achieved (Mahapatra and The traditional taxonomy of mahseer has Vinod, 2011; Sarma et al., 2015). The principal

47 U. K. Sarkar operations involved for artificial breeding of various rivers in Karnataka (Basavaraja and chocolate mahseer includes collection of Keshavanath, 2000). Fishery management of brood stock, stripping for artificial fecundation, T. khudree is done effectively in Cauvery River fertilization, incubation and hatching, rearing of as Wildlife Association of South India is taking spawn and fry. care of stocking the leased stretch of the river with mahseer fingerlings (Shanmukha, 1996). Himalayas and mahseer are the most Six Indian states have declared mahseer as a important and charismatic part of our Nation State Fish (Table 2). Government of Himachal that have attracted people to visit India. Several Pradesh has incorporated a special clause in programmes are organized every year In India the Fisheries Act that fishing during thebreeding where anglers across World visit India for season is made a cognizable non-bailable the angling of mahseer. On the conservation offence with imprisonment upto three years. front, the International Game Fish Association NBFGR, Lucknow, India has standardized the (IGFA) is playing an important role to promote long-term cryopreservation of milt of T. putitora ethical sport and productive science around and T. khudree at an experimental scale. the World. The Mahseer Trust is another UK Genetic population structure analysis of natural based trust with the aim to conserve mahseer population of T. putitora has been carried out by organizing several workshops on angling of using the identified polymorphic microsatellite mahseer across Himalayas and Western ghats and allozyme markers from rivers of Indus, in India and involve to work in partnership with Ganges and Mahanadi river system (Ranjana, conservation organizations in India, with Indian 2005). Kumar et al. (2013) assessed the nature scientists and universities for conservation of of the phylogenetic relationship among the five this fish. A series of workshops on science- Indian mahseer species using the sequence of based conservation and management of major ribosomal DNA (45S rDNA) and provided mahseer in India was organized in 2014 at greater insights into taxonomic status. Bangalore and Mussoorie, Uttarakhand India with a special focus on recreational fisheries Cytogenetic characterization of mahseer has and catch-and-release angling (Pinder and provided genetic information to resolve some Rajeev, 2013). In Malaysia also the Kelah of the taxonomic ambiguities among the Tor sanctuary in the Petang river provides a major spp. All the four Tor species (T. putitora, T. tor, tourist attraction for the area as T. douronensis T. khudree and T. mussulah) exhibited diploid (Malaysian mahseer) is a target of recreational chromosome number (2n) is 100 (Khuda- fisherman due to its size and renowned fighting Buksh, 1980; Lakra, 1996 and Nagpure, 2002). abilities thus forms an important source of Lakra et al. (2006) developed a diploid cell line income for commercial fisherman in Malaysia. (TP-1) for the first time from the golden mahseer The chocolate mahseer commonly available (T. putitora) which has potential application in the North Eastern states is a commercially in biodiversity conservation of the species. important species and is widely recognized as a Basavaraja & Hegde ( 2004) and Basavaraja sport fish due to its tremendous size and being et al. (2006) cryopreserved the spermatozoa esteemed by the anglers (Vinod et al., 2003) of the Deccan mahseer (T. khudree) using different strategies and evaluated viability of the cryopreserved spermatozoa. Programmes Results and Discussion organized by NBFGR in the Kumaon region The conservation of aquatic germplasm wherein “Mahseer Bachao Gosthis” were resources is an increasingly important field of launched to conserve the endangered mahseer scientific endeavour and NBFGR is playing have contributed positively in the conservation crucial role in conservation of fish germplasm. and they are worthy of replication in other Ten mahseer sanctuaries are proposed in places. The mahseer hatchery technology

48 Mahseer in India: an overview

Table 2 Problem and causes for decline of the Chocolate mahseer fisheries in Umiam reservoir Sl Problem Cause No. 1 Destruction of breed- i) Alteration of breeding bed due to siltation and solid waste of Shillong ing ground municipality carried by river Umkhrah. The eggs sink into soft mud, get asphyxiated and die. ii) T urbidity due to entry of sewage water of Shillong would be detrimental for survival of mahseer egg and hatchling as they require clean water rich in oxygen. iii) The river Umkhrah is a major source of pollutant that threatens breeding. 2 Predation of egg and Excessive population of Chanda nama eating the eggs and larvae. larvae 3 Destruction of juve- i) Predation by highly carnivorous exotic magur C. gariepinus and C. niles punctatus. ii) Harvesting of juveniles by small mesh size net and angling. The fry of chocolate mahseer were often found in the shallow bays and it is very easy to catch them. 4 Wanton destruction Gravid females are fished out abundantly from the bay region of reservoir of brood fish during spawning migration to the upstream during July-September 5 Inter-specific compe- Competition for food. tition with exotic fish, C. carpio. developed by the Directorate of Coldwater habitats of Narmada was studied during period Fisheries Research (DCFR) and Tata Power of 2004 to 2005. It was found that out of total 13 Company Ltd. Lonavala (TPCL), India, may studied character 7 were found to be genetically well lead to the revival of mahseer fisheries in controlled which shows that the species is Indian waters, provided standardised simple Tor tor and is restricted to its zoogeographical mahseer hatcheries based on developed distribution and showing narrow range difference technologies could be set up in the rural areas in morphometric characters and are genetically adjacent to rivers and reservoirs (Ogale, 2006). controlled. No sub speciazation was observed Nutritional status of endangered Chocolate (Shriparna et al., 2007). There are also reports mahseer, Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (Mc that earlier three sp of Mahseer was recorded Clelland) observed from Meghalaya (Majhi et from Narmada, viz Tor pitutora, Tor khudree al., 2004; Sarma et al., 2013). and Tor tor Earlier Narmada was well known for Mahseer is distributed in all the river system of mahaseer fishery as this species formed major the state viz, Tor tor, Tor putitora, Tor khudree fishery constituting 46.5% of carp fishery and and T. mosal mahanadicus. T. khudree 28% of total landings during the period 1958- was reported by Hora and Nair (1941) from 66 in the 48 km stretch in the river Narmada Narmada. Presence of T. khudree has not in and around Hoshangabad ie Central zone. been recorded from elsewhere in the state. (Karamchandani et al., 1967). Shrivastava and Three sp. Of mahseer (T.tor, T. putitora & Nath also reported decline in mahseer catch T. khudree) was reported from Narmada by from 30.1% (1963-64) to 15.6% (1998–99) in Rao et al. (1991). However, presently only Tor central zone of Narmada. Though mahseer is tor has been reported from Narmada though considered to be a fish of clear running water the data is based on only morphometric and but now after several dams coming on Narmada meristic study. It was observed from the study of river and its tributary mahseer has established morphometric phenology of mahseer in different itself on these reservoirs too. During the year

49 U. K. Sarkar

1988 to 1997 the maximum no of mahseer farming and also ranching in Umiam reservoir caught in Ghandhi sagar reservoir was 333 would probably help in the enhancement of their after total decline bordering to non availablity stock. This would help in the development of (1995-97) catches again increased. Similarly in sport fishery, ornamental fishery and also the case of bargi reservoir the maximum number of overall fish production of Umiam reservoir and mahseer caught was 86 in 1997-98 and none in Meghalaya State. Ban on the capture of juvenile 1988-89.( Shriparna et al., 2003). Similar decline fishes should be enforced strictly. The juveniles was observed in annual reprt (2005-2006) of caught in the net need to be released back into Tawa Visthapit adivasi Matsayasangh maryadit the reservoir. Breeding and stocking of chocolate Kesala hoshangabad. According to report catch Mahseer need to be initiated as an additional was 1.38% in 1996-97 which drastically decline precautionary and supplementary measure. to 0.58% in the year 2005 - 06.Tawa reservoir is Proper registration of gill net fishery is needed. A tributary of Narmada river constructed on Tawa suitable license fee may be levied for registration river (Somdutt et al., 2007). Same declining trend which will help for developmental process as well was seen in the study of two decades from 1982 as it will help to check to keep the fishing units to 1995 which came down from 16,950 in 1982 to within the desired level i.e. to check the irrational 81,500 in 1996 to 6000 in 1995 (Dutt and Tiwari proliferation of units. Rules should be made for (2000). The decline in mahseer population from sustainable sport fishing, giving details of fishing Narmada river is of great concern and needs seasons, fish sizes, number of rods allowed per a thorough study of the factors responsible anglers, number of anglers allowed at a time, for this alarming reduction of mahseer fishery. encouragement of catch and release, permit For these reason and to conserve it Mahseer fee etc. Seasonal banning of fishing activities has been declared as STATE FISH by M.P. in the reservoir, particularly during the breeding Govt to protect this precious fish of the state. season, need to be enforced. It is necessary to The chocolate mahseer, Neolissocheilus educate the local people about the importance hexagonolepis (Mc Clelland) locally called as of Mahseer fishery resources as well as to “Kha saw” is a commercially important species identify the small fry of these fishes and to create of Mahseer group and is widely recognized as awareness among them for the conservation of a sport fish. This fish species, which is endemic these endangered species. to Meghalaya and popular among the anglers, Conservation of genetic diversity is not only had a good fishery in Umiam reservoir, a decade important for sustainable fishery but also it back. One of the main reasons for the decline plays important role in National development. in population of indigenous chocolate mahseer Proper taxonomic identification using different in Umiam reservoir may be the indiscriminate molecular markers is an essential step towards fishing of brood and juveniles. Moreover, a conservation of endangered Mahseer. Since good number of fry and early fingerlings are all the species of Mahseer are considered destructed through cast nets and small meshed as endangered, careful attention from all the gill nets, which was also noticed in the haul of stakeholders is required in order to protect them harvested weed fish from the reservoir. The from further declination. Mahseer conservation increase in population of Chanda nama, prolific plan should be an integral part of the hydro breeding of common carp and pollution from the projects that are in the pipeline hill region. In-situ river Umkhrah could be some of the other factors conservation and Gene banking can also serve responsible for the decline in mahseer population as best medium for conservation of Mahseer in Umiam reservoir. Mahseer, which is the most species. We need to further identify various promising fish of the State, can be protected and areas across country that can be devoted to conserved through concerted efforts from all the conservation of Mahseer by organizing various concerned stakeholders. Captive breeding and activities in that area. Along with various

50 Mahseer in India: an overview conservation programmes we need to revisit Jayaram, K.C. (1999) The Freshwater Fishes of the and update lists of endangered status. The Indian region. Narendra Publishing House, India. scope of breeding Mahseer artificially and 551 p + 18 plates. culturing in ponds should be properly explored Jayaram, K.C. (2005) The Deccan Mahseer Fishes: Their ecostatus and threat percepts, Rec. Zool. Surv. and utilized. At least one large size hatchery in India, Occ. Paper No. 238: 1–102+XV plates. the river side is required to be established in all Joshi, C.B. (1982) Artificial breeding of golden mahseer Himalayan states, which possesses Mahseer Torputitora (Ham). J. Inl Fish. Soc. India, 13, resource. Ecotourism can be blended with 73–74. mahseer angling to generate more revenue Joshi, C.B. (1988) Induced breeding of mahseer Tor vis-a-vis to conserve mighty Indian mahseers. putitora (Ham). J. Inland Fish. Soc. India, 20, 66–67. Khan, H. (1939) Study of the sex organs of mahseer (Barbus tor). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., 40, References 653–656. Bagra, K., Kadu, K., Sharma, K.N., Laskar B.A., Sarkar, Khare, P., Vindhya, M., Barman, A.S., Singh, R.K., Lal, U.K. and Das, D.N. (2009) Ichthyological survey K.K. (2014) Molecular evidence to reconcile and review of the checklist of fish fauna of taxonomic instability in mahseer species (Pisces: Cyprinidae) of India. Organis. Divers. Evol., Arunachal Pradesh, India. Check List. 5, 330–350. 14, 307–326 Basavaraja, N. and Keshavanath, P. (2000) Conservation and management of fish genetic resources in Kohli, M.P.S., Langer, R.K., Ogale, S.N., Dubey, K., Karnataka. In: Ponniah, A.G. and Gopalakrish- Prakash, C. (2006) Cage culture of Deccan mah- nan, A. (Eds.). Endemic Fish Diversity of W estern seer Tor khudree in Walwan reservoir, Maharash- Ghats. NBFGR-NATP Publication-1, 347 p. tra, India. In: Book of Abstracts, International Sym- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, posium on the Mahseer, 29-30 March 2006, Kuala Lucknow, U.P., India. pp. 152–154. Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysian Fisheries Society, Malaysia. Beavan, R. (1877) Handbook of freshwater fishes of India. British library Cataloging Publication. 1st Kulkarni, C.V. and Ogale, S.N. (1978) The present status edition in India (Ed.), Narendra Publication House, of mahseer (fish) and artificial propagation of Tor New Delhi. London, pp. 300. khudree (Sykes). J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc., 75, 651–660. Day, F. (1889) The Fishes of India: Being a Natural History Kumar, R., Goel C., Sahoo, P.K., Singh, A.K. and Barat, of the Fishes Known to Inhabit the Seas and Fresh A. (2015) Complete mitochondrial genome orga- Waters of India, Burma and Ceylon. Text and atlas, nization of Tor tor (Hamilton, 1822). Mitochondrial London, B. Quaritch, pp. 1875–1878. DNA. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1038795. Desai, V.R. (1970) Studies on fishery and biology of Tor Kurup, B.M. and Radhakrishnan, K.V. (2010) Tor tor (Hamilton), for river Narmada. J. Inland Fish. remadevii, a new species of Tor (gray) from Chinnar Soc. India, 2, 101–102. Wildlife Sanctuary, Pambar River, Kerala, Southern Dinesh, K., Nandeesha, M.C., Nautiyal, P. and Aiyappa, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History P. (2010) Mahseers in India: A review with focus Society, 107, 227–230. on conservation and management. Ind. J. Animal Lakra, W.S., Bhonde, R., Sivakumar, N. and Ayyappan, S, Sci., 80, 26–38. (2006) A new fibroblast like cell line from the fry of Eschmeyer, W.N. and Fong, J.D. (2014) Species by golden mahseer Tor putitora (Ham). Aquaculture , Family/Subfamily. Available online: 253, 238–243. http://research.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/ Lakra, W.S., Sarkar, U.K., Kumar, R.S., Pandey, A., Dubey, catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp (November, 2014). V.K. and Gusain, O.M. (2010) Fish diversity, habitat Gupta, N., Sivakumar, K., Vinod, B., Mathur, V.B. and ecology and their conservation and management Chadwick, M.A. (2014) The ‘tiger of Indian rivers’: issues of a tropical River in Ganga basin, India. stakeholders’ perspectives on the golden mahseer Environmentalist, 30, 306–319. as a flagship fish species, 46, 389–397. Laskar, B.A., Bhattacharjee, M.J., Dhar, B., Mahadani, Islam, M.d., Shahidul, and Masaru, T. (2007) Threatened P., Kundu, S. and Ghosh S.K. (2013) The fishes of the world: Tor putitora Hamilton 1822 Species Dilemma of Northeast Indian Mahseer (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae). Environ Biol. Fishes, (Actinopterygii: Cyprinidae): DNA Barcoding in 78, 219–220. Clarifying the Riddle. PLoS One, 8, e53704.

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Mahapatra, B.K. and Vinod K. (2011) Reproductive Ranjana, L.K. (2005) Molecular characterization of biology and artificial propagation of chocolate mah- golden Mahseer (Tor putitora) for stock identifica- seer Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis (Mc Clelland) tion. Ph.D. Thesis. A.P.S. University Rewa, India in Meghalaya, India. Indian J. Fish., 58, 35–40. Sarma, D., Akhtar, M.S., Das, P., Ganesh, G., Ciji, A. Mahapatra, B.K., Vinod, K. and Mandal, B.K. (2004) and Mahanta, P.C. (2015) Observations on larval Studies on chocolate mahseer, Neolissocheilus development of chocolate mahseer Neolissochilus hexagonolepis (Mc Clelland) fishery and the cause hexagonolepis (McClelland, 1839). Indian J. Fish., of its decline in Umiam reservoir, Meghalaya. J. 62, 135–138. Natcon., 16, 199–205. Sarma, D., Akhtar, M.S., Das, P., Shahi, N., Ciji, A. and Majhi, S.K., Mahapatra, B.K., Vinod, K. and Mandal, B.K. Mahanta, P.C. (2013) Nutritional quality in terms (2006) Nutritional status of endangered Chocolate of amino acid and fatty acid of five coldwater fish mahseer, Neolissocheilus hexagonolepis. (Mc species: implications to human health. Nat. Acad. Clelland). Environ. Ecol., 24, 582–585. Sci. Lett., 36 (4), 385–391. Mohan, M., Shyam Sunder and Raina, H. S. (1994) A Sati, J., Kumar, R., Sahoo, P.K., Patiyal, R.S., Ali, S. modern cost efficient hatchery for mahseer aqua- and Barat, A. (2013) Genetic characterization of culture in the Himalayan region. Proceedings of Golden mahseer (Tor putitora) populations using National Symposium ‘Aquacrops’, CIFE, Bombay. mitochondrial DNA markers. Mitochondrial DNA, Nautiyal, P. (1989) Mahseer Conservation – Problem and 1–7. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2013.823170. Prospects. J. Bom. Nat. His. Soc., 86, 32–36. Sehgal, K.L. (1999) Cold water fish and fisheries in the Nautiyal, P., Lal M.S. (1988) Natural history of the Garhwal western ghats, India. FAO Fisheries Technical Himalayan Mahseer Tor putitora: Racial composi- Paper, No. 385, Rome, FAO, 304. tion. Indian J. Ani. Sci., 58, 283–294. Sehgal, K. L. (1991) Artificial propagation of golden Nelson, S.J. (2006) Fishes of the World, 4th Ed., New mahseer, Torputitora (Ham.) in the Himalaya. York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. NRC-CWF Sp. Publ. 2. pp. 12. Ng, C.K. (2004). King of the rivers: mahseer in Malaysia Sehgal, K.L. and Malik, D.S. (1991) Efficiency of and the region. Inter Sea Fishery (M) SDN BHD, flow-through system for seed production of Tor Kuala Lumpur. pp. 170. putitora (Ham.) at KumaonHimalaya. Indian J. Fish., 38, 134–137. Oliver, K., Sangma, N., Basavaraja, N. (2007) Deccan Mahseer (Tor khudree) of Karnataka- on location Shanmukha, S.N. (1996) Status of mahseer fishery in of its wild brooders and fry and breakthrough in the Karnataka. Fishing Chimes, June 1996, 26–29. hatchery production of its seed. Fishing Chimes, Sharma, J., Parashar, A. (2013) Fertilization regime in 26, 32–6. culture pond – An attempt for rehabilitation and Pinder, A.C. and Raghavan, R. (2013) Conserving the conservation of endangered fish mahseer (Tor endangered Mahseers (Tor spp.) of India: the tor). Indian J. App. Pure Biol., 28, 39–44. positive role of recreational fisheries Current Vinod, K., Mahapatra, B.K. and Mandal, B.K. (2007) Science, 104, 1472–1475. Umiam reservoir fisheries of Meghalaya (Eastern Pisolkar, M.D. and Karamchandani, S.J. (1981) Fishery Himalayas)- Strategies for yield optimization. biology of Tor tor (Hamilton) from Govindgarh lake Fishing Chimes, 26, 8–15. (Madhya Pradesh). Inland Fish Soc India, 13, 15–24. Vinod, K., Mahapatra, B.K. and Mandal, B.K. (2003) Rahman, M.R., Rahman, M.S., Khan, M.G.Q. and Recreational Fishing In a Meghalaya Community Mostary, S. (2007) Suitability of Mahseer Tor Pond: A case study. Fishing Chimes, 23, 76–77. putitora (Hamilton) in Polyculture with Indian Major WWF, (2013). Mahseer Conservation in India Status, Carps. Progr. Agric., 18,175–182. Challenges and the way forward.

Biomedical Waste a Concerning Issue in National Contest Ankit Chhabra*, Anju Agarwal and Krishna Gopal K. S. Institute of Research and Training, Lucknow (U.P.), India – 226010

Abstract: India is a developing country and health care sector is one of the fastest growing sectors in India as a result of which hospitals, clinics and nursing homes have sprung both in rural as well as in urban areas. Today biomedical waste management has become one of the major issues of concern taking into account the growth rate of population. The present study focuses on the biomedical waste management system in government and non-government hospitals in India with special reference to environmental education, in this paper an attempt is made to study the classification, legislation, management practices in India, it also includes detail of various methods adapted by different countries for disposal of biomedical waste generated in hospitals and other health care units. The data was collected from general literature, legislative aspects, hospital experience and online survey work for the review. The paper aims to create awareness among the individual and for better result we need to increase the level of training and education regarding the handling and disposal of biomedical waste.

Keywords: Biomedical waste, Environmental education, Segregation, Handling, Disposal.

Introduction but also for the environment, so in addition to As a result of increasing heath care facilities the health risk associated with the poor, due the rate of waste generated by them has consideration must be given to the impact also increased, though these are imperative on environment, with special emphasis on to for our health and well being but the waste the risk of pollution of water, air and soil. Rag generated from these medical activities are pickers and the waste workers are often worst proving lethal because of their high potential affected because unknowingly they poke for disease transmission, although biomedical around all kind of poisonous stuff while trying waste constitutes a small fraction of total to collect items which they can sell for reuse municipal waste generated but it proves and because of that they come in contact to be highly dangerous for human beings if with untreated biomedical waste which leads not treated in proper scientific manner, as to various infections and life threatening improperly disposed biomedical waste may diseases. Worldwide, 8–16 million hepatitis enter the food chain either by the air or by B, 23-4.7 million hepatitis C, and 80,000 - the soil and shows harmful effects in animals 160000 HIV infection are estimated to occur and humans, all the hospital and health care yearly from reused unsterilized syringes and personnel’s are at a risk of many infections needles and is particularly common in certain like human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis developing countries (Onursal, 2003) The B virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV and many government of India (Notification 1998) state more. The Hepatitis outburst in Modassa, that hospital waste Management is a element Gujarat (2009) pointed towards the improper of hospital hygiene and maintenance activities. biomedical waste management (Patel et al., Common bio-medical treatment facilities are 2012), thus the disposal of biomedical waste required for ensuring environmentally sound has emerged as a major concerning issue management of bio-medical waste keeping not only for the health care units and hospital in sight the techno-economic feasibility and

*Email: [email protected] 53 Chhabra et al. viable operation of the facility with nominal Biomedical waste management – impacts on human health and environment. Global portrait The entire World is directing its shot towards Biomedical waste the proper disposal of biomedical waste According to the Bio-medical Waste rules management as it is of great concern in present 1998 of India, Bio-medical Waste is defined day scenario, the issue of biomedical waste as, ‘Any solid, fluid or liquid waste, including was brought in to focal point in at Bergen in its container and any intermediate product, 1983 when 19 countries (involving the experts which is generated during the diagnosis, of the field and administrators) come under the treatment or immunisation of human beings or banner of WHO and discussed the issue and animals, research pertaining there to or in the concluded that it requires a proper approach production or testing of biological and animal involving awareness, segregation and waste from slaughter houses or any other like source reduction of various radioactive waste establishment.’ (Agarwal et al., 2011; Nayak (Rudraswami et al., 2013), due to increase use et al., 2015). The first standard on the subject of disposable items the developed countries to be brought out in India was by the Bureau are facing dilemma in its disposal and on the of Indian Standards (BIS), IS 12625: 1989, other hand the developing countries are facing entitled ‘Solid Waste – Hospitals – Guidelines problem of lack of funds and in some cases for Management’ (Annexure 7.1) but it did not lack of regulations for the proper disposal of work as expected and the situation did not waste. The UNDP survey says that most of the change much, but the notification of ‘Biomedical African countries lack proper sanitary landfills waste (Management and Handling) Rules, and policies for proper disposal of biomedical 1998’ was quiet successful in comparison to waste, for example Eritrea, Lasotho, and that of previous one. Ghana have no legislation for health care waste management, the lack of sanitary landfills in Table 1 Various schedules under biomedical Gambia, Ghana, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, waste management and handling rules. and Tanzania had lead to the use of incinerators to a large extent, where as in the case of Zambia Schedule Contents and Kenya unscientific dumpsites are to a large extent. A Study of UNDP shows that most of the Classification of biomedical waste Schedule I countries have not disposed off the sharp waste in various categories at the dumping site and only few hospitals have Colour coding and types of separate pit for the disposal of sharp waste as Schedule II containers to be used for each lack of funding being a major issue of concern category of biomedical waste. (Manasi et al., 2014). In UK environmental Performa of the labels to be used protection act 1990 (Part2), waste management Schedule III for the transport of biomedical licensing regulations 1994, Hazardous waste waste. regulations (England and Wales) 2005 deals Performa of the labels to be used with the issues related to biomedical waste on the bags and container used management and in USA medical waste tracking Schedule IV for disposal of biomedical waste act was set up for regulating biomedical waste container /bags and after the act expired in 1991 states were Standards for treatment and given the responsibility for regulating biomedical Schedule V disposal of waste waste disposal in US there exist a mail back biomedical waste disposal service under this Deadline for the creation of waste Schedule VI service the waste is shipped through US postal treatment facilities service instead of transportation by private

54 Biomedical waste a concerning issue organisation. In case of India Biomedical waste Table 3 Health care waste generated treatment facilities provided by the operators of according to national income level the common biomedical waste treatment facility (Pruss et al., 1999) to a clinical establishment shall be exempted from service tax under entry 2B of notification Annual waste generation National income level number 25/2012 –ST as amended. This might (Kg/ head of prove very beneficial in broader prospect for population) future point of view. There are various methods adopted by different countries for biomedical High income countries 1.1-12.0 All health-care waste 0.4-5.5 waste disposal i.e. in Mongolia open dumping Hazardous Health care waste or open burning, incineration, autoclaving used (Shinee et al., 2008; Sawalem et al., 2008), in Middle income countries 0.8-6.0 All health-care waste Greece recycling- reuse, Pyrolytic combustion, 0.3-0.4 Hazardous Health care waste landfills are widely used, in Malaysia and India: Landfill, incineration, recycling is widely Low income countries 0.5-3.0 used and along with this autoclaving is also proving beneficial in India (Tsakonaet al., 2007; Hossain et al., 2011), dumping and incineration Table 4 Total hospital waste and percentage of infective waste generated in various countries (Vetrivel et al., 2014). Table 2 Measures taken by different Countries Total I% of infective Country for managing biomedical waste. waste waste Name of Measures Undertaken USA 7-10 Kg 10-15 Country Western Europe 3-6 Kg 10-15 The Bio-Medical Waste (Management and handling) India 0.5-2 Kg 30-60 India rules, 2011, under Environment Protection Act 1986 by (MoEF), Government of India. are common biomedical waste treatment The Environment Permitting methods in Libya where as in Bangladesh England and Waste (England and Wales) Wales dumping technique is mainly used for disposal Regulations (Janagi et al., 2015). of biomedical waste. The Waste Management North Island Licensing Regulation. The NGO’s in conjunction with the government and Scotland The pollution Prevention and and hospitals are making efforts globally for Control Regulation. handling biomedical waste, there are several The Canadian Standards NGO’s which collect used (but functioning) Association under the direction medical equipments and distribute them at of Canadian council of ministers local, national and international level this proves Canada of environment (CCME) prepares very beneficial in reducing its incineration. a national guideline document for the management of biomedical waste in Canada. Effects of biomedical waste European commission in In India studies have estimated the average 1990, under the environmental protection act imposed strict hospital waste generation rate ranges between Europe control and their ignorance leads 0.5 and 2.0kg/bed /day and annually about 0.33 to severe fine and custodial million tons of waste (Mc Veigh et al., 1993). The sanction. common problems which are associated with

55 Chhabra et al. improper disposal of biomedical waste includes The World Health Organization (WHO) has hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), classified medical waste in to eight categories. immunodeficiency virus, leading to hepatitis B, 1. General waste: This type of waste makes hepatitis C and AIDS respectively, Staphylococ up to the 85% of the total waste, it is parallel cus ssp. leading to Septicemia, Steptococcus to the household or office waste which spp. causing skin infections and many more, includes paper, glass or plastic waste. along with this Pharmaceuticals waste which is generated due to unwanted and expired 2. Pathological waste: This section of waste chemicals and pharmaceutical products, partially includes human tissue, organ and body parts used vials causes poisoning by absorption which are wished-for disposal but teeth hair through skin, mucous membrane, eyes and and nails are not included in this category. other respiratory tracts (Singh et al., 2014). 3. Radioactive: These include waste which Along with this unauthorised repackaging and is generated during nuclear medicine sale of disposable items and expired drugs treatment, during the treatment of cancer, proves very lethal for life and occupational risk and in some cases pathological waste also are also associated with biomedical waste, contain radioactive waste. injury from sharps in quite common among the 4. Chemical waste: It includes chemical waste handlers associated with the health care waste which is generated during chemical establishment. use in disinfections, use of chemicals According to UEAP (2005) dumping of health as insecticides, during the production of care waste in uncontrolled area can have direct biological etc. and falls under the category environmental effect by contaminating soil and 10 of biomedical waste. underground water and improper incineration 5. Infectious to potentially infectious waste: as can pollute nearby air. the name suggest it includes those waste

Table 5 Hospital waste related infections.

ORGANISM DISEASE CAUSED RELATED WASTE ITEMS VIRUSSES • AIDS • Infected needles, body fluids HIV • Infectious Hepatitis • Infected needles, body fluids Hepatitis B • Infectious Hepatitis • Human excreta, soiled linen Hepatitis A, C • Dengue, Japanese encephalitis, • Blood, body fluid Arboviruses tick-borne fever, etc. • Human excreta, soiled linen. Enteroviruses • Dysentery BACTERIA • Shigellosis • Human excreta and body fluid in land fills Shigella ssp. • Typhoid and hospital wards Salmonella typhi • Cholera • Sharps used as needles, surgical blades in Vibrio cholerae • Tetanus hospital waste. Clostridium tetani • Wound infections, septicemia, • Rodent infestations of poorly managed Staphylococcus rheumatic fever, endocarditis, landfills and dumping grounds Borrellia spp. skin and soft tissue infections. • Louse and tick borne fevers PARASITES Giardiasis Human excreta, blood and body fluids in Giardia Lamblia Cutaneous leishmaniasis, poorly managed sewage system of hospital Wucheraria bancrofti Kala Azar Plasmodium Malaria

56 Biomedical waste a concerning issue

which may cause infections to human this could scope from 15%-35% depending beings, these waste includes human or on the total quantity of waste generated. animal tissue, used bandages, used surgical Some of the waste management processes that gloves, cultures and many more. are applied till now is summarized as beneath. 6. Sharps : This section of biomedical waste Handling, Segregation, multination, disinfection, includes syringes, needles, broken glasses, storage transportation and final disposal are microscopic slides, discarded blades, vital steps for safe and scientific management broken pipettes etc. of biomedical waste in any establishment. 7. Pharmaceuticals: The pharmaceutical waste generated in the health care units includes Segregation of biomedical waste partially used vials, syringes, expired drugs, One of the most essential part of hospital waste patients personal, medication, etc. management is the segregation of waste within 8. Pressurized containers: It includes Gas the premises of the hospital or other health care cylinders, Aerosol cans, Gas Cartiges etc. units by using different colour coding container WHO has recommended that hospitals for different waste category suggested by the in developing countries use a simplified government of India, the options are listed classification for practical purpose i.e. below hazardous waste: It constitutes up to 5 % of the total waste, second is the non-hazardous Categories of Biomedical Waste waste: (This waste amount to 85% of the The waste is being classified in to 10 different total most of the health care units), third categories as one is the infectious waste: as the name suggest it includes those waste which may 1. Human anatomical waste (human tissue cause infections to human beings, these organ body parts), category waste includes human or animal tissue, used 2. Animal waste (includes animal tissue body bandages, used surgical gloves, cultures and parts waste generated from veterinary many more (Constitutes around 10% of total hospitals etc) in category biomedical waste), the fourth one is the non- 3. Microbiology and biotechnology waste infectious waste: It is also known as offensive (waste generated from laboratories, waste waste and as the name suggest it is non- generated during culture activities) in infectious or rather non harmful for human category health. It includes Incontinence waste, non infectious clinical waste, nappy waste etc. 4. Waste sharps (includes blades, needle, Though it is not much harmful but it should be syringes, glass etc), the treated with proper care. Finally the chemical 5. Unwanted medicine and cytotoxic drug, waste: It includes chemical waste which is category generated during chemical use in disinfections, 6. Soiled waste (items contaminated from use of chemicals as insecticides, during the body fluid it includes plasters, dressing, production of biological etc. and falls under cotton contaminated by blood) in category the category 10 of biomedical waste. 7. Solid waste (includes disposable waste According to World Health Organization other than sharps i.e. Tubes, catheters etc), reports, 85% hospital waste are actually in category non hazardous, whereas as 10% are 8. Liquid waste(waste generated during infectious and 5% are non infectious. laboratory work, washing, cleaning, In USA, about 15% of hospital waste is disinfecting process etc) are included regulated as infectious waste as, in India whereas in category

57 Chhabra et al.

Table 6 Biomedical waste categories and their treatment and disposal options (MoEF).

Type of Treatment and disposal Category Type of waste container bag options to be used 1 2 3 4 Yellow a) Human Anatomical Waste Yellow coloured Incineration Human tissue organ and body parts. non chlorinated plastic bags After treatment liquid waste b) Animal Anatomical Waste can shall be discharged in Experimental animal carcasses, Yellow coloured to drained complying to the body parts organs, tissues including non chlorinated discharge norms. Solid shall be the waste generated from animals plastic bags or disposed in secured landfills or used in experiments or testing in containers by incineration. veterinary hospitals or colleges or animal houses. Yellow coloured Incineration or chemical containers or disinfection followed by disposal c) solid waste non- chlorinated in municipal sanitary landfills. Items contaminated with blood, body plastic bags fluids like gloves, dressings, plaster Incineration. Non-chlorinted casts, cotton swabs and bags Autoclaving/micro-waving containing residual or discarded yellow plastic blood and blood components. bags or suitable hydroclaving/chemical packing material disinfection followed by d) Expired or discarded Yellow coloured shredding an sterilization .After medicines including all items the treatment final disposal is contaminated with cytotoxic drugs non chlorinated plastic bags or secured / sanitary landfills or e) Chemical waste chemicals used containers disposal through registered or in the production of biologicals and authorized recyclers, which ever used/discarded disinfectants. is applicable f) Discarded linen, beddings contaminated with blood or body fluid. Microbiology, Biotechnology and other clinical laboratory waste Laboratory culture, stocks or specimens of micro organisms, live or attenuated vaccines, human and animal cell cultures used in research industrial laboratories, production of biologicals, residual toxins, dishes and devices used for cultures. Red Contaminated Waste (Recycable) Red coloured Autoclaving/micro-waving a) Waste generated from disposable non chlorinated items such as tubings, bottles plastic bags or hydroclaving/ chemical intravenous tubes and sets, containers disinfection followed by catheters, urine bags, syringes shredding an sterilization. After (without needles) the treatment final disposal is secured / sanitary landfills or disposal through registered or +waste to energy plant or authorized recyclers, which ever is applicable. In case of occupier does not wish to opt for recycling the incineration may be opted.

(Continued)

58 Biomedical waste a concerning issue

Table 6 Continued

Type of Treatment and disposal Category Type of waste container bag options to be used White Waste sharps including metals Puncture proof Chemicals disinfection/ (Translucent) Needles, syringes with fixed containers Autoclaving followed by needles scalpels, blades or any shredding/ mutilation/ other contaminated sharp object sterilization by encapsulation that may cause puncture and cuts `in metal container or cement this includes both used discarded concrete; combination of and contaminated sharps shredding cum autoclaving ; destruction by needle and tip cutters; which ever is applicable and final disposal through registered or authorised recyclers or secured/ sanitary landfills or designated concrete waste sharp pit. Blue Glass broken or discarded and Puncture proof contaminated glass containers

Table 7 Colour coding in biomedical waste against a marginal increase of 0.33 % the year management. ago. Karnataka was the highest producer of biomedical waste at 83,614 kg /day, followed by Type of Waste Colour Coding container Category Maharastra, which produced 65,660 kg of bio waste every day. These two states also reported Yellow Plastic bag Cat 1,2,3,6 the highest number of violations of norms in 2013. Disinfected Out of 4,430 incidents of norm violations by health Red container/ Cat. 3,6,7 Plastic bag care institutions and common biomedical waste treatment facilities in 2013, Karnataka alone Plastic bag/ Blue/White//, Puncture Cat. 4,7 reported 1233 cases and Maharastra 602. The translucent proof overall waste generated throughout the Country Black Plastic bag Cat 5,9,10 was 4,84,271 kg/day in 2013, 4,16,823.6 kg/day in 2012 and 4,15,429 kg in 2011. along with this statement of Central Minister Prakash Javadekar 9. Incineration ash and the last category an incidence of Bhopal where Six government 10. Chemical waste i.e. Chemicals used in and private hospitals, including AIIMS Bhopal biological process (Rastogi et al., 2011) have been pulled up by National Green Tribunal (NGT) for failing to comply with biomedical waste Biomedical waste and present scenario rule (Times of India- 31st May 2015, R. Ganguly) Like the two sides of the coin the present status this shows that though there are several rules and of biomedical waste management policies regulation regarding the disposal of biomedical have both the positive and the negative impact, waste but their implementation is challenging as Environment Forest and Climate Change task. Minister Prakash Javadekar said in Lok Sabha A report shows that PGI Chandigarh generates that there has been a 16% increase in daily near about 1,400 Kg of biomedical waste generation of biomedical waste in 2012-13 as every day out of which 850 Kg is incinerable

59 Chhabra et al. waste along with this PGI’s incinerator plant also caters Government hospitals along with private sector hospitals and health care centres, PGI charges other hospitals 50.56 per Kg for the use of incinerators. Every day PGI receives around 250Kg of incinerable waste from GMCH-32 and around 150Kg from other envirocare and 4-5 Kg from Punjab University and some other sources. According to PGI officials in 1996 CPCC gave its consent to PGI to run the two incinerators, which have a shelf life of around 10-12 years, for 15 years Fig. 3 Comparison of biomedical waste and the consent period got over in 2011- generated and its treatment in 2012 and 2013. 12 but in the last three years PGI is getting annual approval from CPCC to run incinerator but ideally it should be replaced as now it has been 18 years and same incinerator is being used, resulting the problems in waste disposal and this may also lead to accident as the incinerators are worn out. This shows the careless behaviour towards the waste disposal program. Along with these issues of concern there are some appreciable work done to handle the issue of biomedical waste disposal as report shows that the King George’s Medical Fig. 1 States with highest violation of BMW University received a special recognition management rules in 2011 report. award from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Health th Table 8 Biomedical waste market to grow at a Organisation on 6 Mar 2013 for outstanding CAGR of 8.41% by 2025. Amount of biomedi- work of KGMU medical staff in transforming cal waste generated in various places in India the hospital over two and a half years from (Mandal et al., 2009). an institution without any effective waste management program in to a regional model Biomedical waste Place of Type of institution for sound bio-biomedical waste generated in Study Hospital management practices. Kg/bed/day Govt, private, The report of MoEF in 2011 shows that there Kolkata 1.044-1.368 Large Hospitals have been huge number of violation of BMW Govt, and management and handling rules according New Delhi 1.5-1.8 private to the report Maharashtra (4,667) was the highest violator of the rules followed by Large Tertiary Mumbai 1.13 care center Kerala (1,547), Bihar (1,221), West Bangal (632), Uttar Pradesh (532), Tamil Nadu (507) Large Tertiary Manipal 0.776 and overall there were 13,037 violations care (Manasi et al., 2014) as shown in the chart Punjab Tertiary care 1.05-1.50 below.

60 Biomedical waste a concerning issue

Biomedical waste and rural India Rural Health Structure

Fig. 4 Comparison of no. of HCFs; no. of HCFs using CBWTs; no. of HCFs having • CHC is 30 bedded hospital or referral unit for treatment and disposal facility; no. of HCFs 4 PHC with specialized services and caters applied for authorization and no. of HCFs to a population of 1.2 lakh. granted authorization during 2012 and 2013. • PHC is a referral unit for 6 sub centres 4-6 bedded. caters population around 30,000 • Sub Centres are ring up points between PHC system and community and caters to a population of 5000.

The status of biomedical waste management in primary health care units of rural areas was nastiest in contrast to that of urban areas 742.7 million people live in rural areas and are served through 147,069 sub centres, 23,673 PHC’s and 4535CHC’s and there are no proper measures for managing biomedical Fig. 5 Number of HCFs / CBWTFs violated waste. During 2002-2004 a widespread study BMW rules and Number of show cause was carried out by INCLEN (International notices issued to defaulters HCFs / CBWTFs climate Epidemiology Network)25 Program during 2012 and 2013. evaluating network (IPEN) on biomedical waste management practices prevailing in the Country and the study indicated the As per the (annual report 2013 on subsistence of inappropriate BMWM practices implementation of biomedical waste across the country especially in rural areas management and handling rules 1998 and as and further an assessment was carried out amended, by Central pollution control board) by IPEN in 2009 study group in 25 project there is an increase of quantity of biomedical districts of 20 States aiming at documenting waste generated during 2013 in comparison to present biomedical waste management that of 2012 as shown in Fig. 3, and there is practices prevailing in the primary, secondary an decrease in the number of HCFs/CBWTFs and tertiary health care centres across the violated BMW during 2013 when compared to study area and suggestions were given for the year 2012 Fig. 5, there is an increase in the betterment of the same. number of applications for authorization by HCFs from 1,02,086 to 1,06,805 from 2012 to Treatment of biomedical waste: The 2013 and increase of authorization granted by Government of India has published a Gazette government to HCFs from 98,074 to 1,05,270 notification on 20th Jul 1998 according to which from 1012 to 2013 Fig. 3. all persons who are associated with generation,

61 Chhabra et al. collection, receiving, storage, transportation, Shredding: Under this processes biomedical treatment, disposal, or handling medical waste waste such as syringes, bottles etc are in any form or are responsible for handling the broken down in to small pieces so that they medical waste without any unfavourable effect may not be used again and can easily be to human health and the environment. Along disposed off. with this the publication of the above Gazette Needle cutter: As in order to prevent the reuse notification on biomedical waste management of needles and their proper deposal needle makes it mandatory for all the health care units cutters are used. to implement this rule., so in order to control the effect of biomedical waste proper methods Microwaving: Under this technique the are to be adapted to control the adverse effect biomedical wastes are treated for sterilization some of which are as follows. and onsite disposal of biohazard. It requires an adequate power supply and does not produce Incineration: under this process the wastes is any emissions. completely oxidized and denatured. Disinfection: For liquid 1-10 % bleach is Deep burial: According to biomedical waste used to disinfect biomedical waste, solution if rule 1998 the waste which falls under the sodium hydroxide is also used as disinfectant category 1 and 2 may be treated by deep burial depending upon the nature of the waste technique and some important points are to be (Thakur et al., 2012). kept in consideration while using this technique Chemical treatment: Under this method the such as this method is only applicable in towns waste including solid, sharps liquid etc are with population less than 5 lakhs and in rural treated by chemicals using 1% hypochlorite areas and the site which is selected should solution with minimum contact time of 30 be authorized by the concern authority along minutes. In USA this technique is quiet with this proper distance should be maintained common and is also available in mobile vans, from the residential area keeping in view that primarily the waste is shredded and is passed contamination of surface water or ground through 10% solution of pypochlorite followed water may not occur and the area should not by further fine shredding and drying of waste be prone to flood and erosions. which is later on land filled. Autoclaving: It is a low heat thermal process Secured landfills: It is a dumping site where where waste is brought in direct contact with solid waste including paper glass and metal the steam for such duration that the materials is concealed between the layers of different are disinfected. These are of three types materials in such a way so as to trim down the • Gravity type: Air is evacuated by the help of contamination. Landfills are often lined with gravity alone; system operates at temperature the layer of absorbent materials and sheet of 121deg. C and steam pressure of 15 psi of plastics in order to prevent the leakage of for 60-90 minutes. waste in to the soil and water. • Pre-vacuum type: This process vacuum Along with all these basic techniques some pump is used to evacuate air from the work by Indian government agencies in collaboration with international organizations pre-vacuum autoclave system so that the is bean done such as innovative biomedical time cycle is reduced 30-60 minutes and it waste management project was launched by operates at 132 deg. C. Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF), • Retort type: It is used to operate for United Nations Industrial Development much larger volume at much high steam Organisation (UNIDO), Global Environmental temperature and pressure. Facility (GEF) in association with State

62 Biomedical waste a concerning issue

Pollution Control Board, under this project five INCLEN Program Evaluation Network (IPEN) Study states i.e. Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharastra, Group. (2012) Injection Practices in India. WHO Odisha, and Punjab were involved. The South-East Asia J. Public Hith., 1, 189–200. project was based on the non burning Janagi, R., Shah, J. and Maheshwari, D. (2015) Scenario of management of medical waste in US and UK: A technique; microwaves will be established at Review. J. Global Trends Pharm. Sci., 6, 2328–2339. the identified hospitals in the first phase. 28 Manasi, S., Umamani, K.S. and Latha, N. (2014) leading hospitals (four large, eight medium Biomedical waste management: issues and con- and 16 small) will be covered in the in the cerns, A ward level study of Banglore City. 1–22. pilot project. A hospital with more than 500 Mandal, S.N. and Dutta, J. (2004). Integrated Biomedical beds is categorised as a large hospital. waste management plan for Patna city. J. Inst. Town Plan India, 6, 1–25. Solar thermal autoclave refiner: It is an McVeigh, P. (1993) OR nursing and environmental ethics. important method for wet sterilization of Medical waste reduction, reuse and recycling. biomedical instruments along with WES system Todays OR Nurse, 15, 13–18. and proves handy in rural areas of developing Ministry of Environment, Forest And Climate Change countries. It works on the absorption of Sun’s Notification (To be published in the Gazette of energy by a semi parabolic black mirror India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3, Sub section which transmits energy to the aluminium (i)) 2015, 1–39. plate which kills viruses’, microbes and later Nayak, A., Chopra, R. and Kaur, R. (2015) Biomedical waste management: A Review. J. Adv. Med. Dent. on contaminated effluent water is treated Sci. Res., 3, 130–133. with high speed water separation recycler Onursal, B. (2003) Health waste management in India. for removal of contaminants without the use WHO Report. of any sought of chemical while executing Patel, D.A., Gupta, P.A., Kineriwala, D.M., Shah, the process primarily the electric impulse H.S., Teivedi, G.R. and Vegad, M.M. (2012) An are applied to clump the contaminants and investigation of an outbreak of viral hepatitis B in later on the low power pulses generate micro Modassa town, Gujarat. India. J. Global Infect. Dis., bubbles to lift the contaminates for harvest 4, 5–9. (Abitha and Dhanapal, 2014). Pruss, A., Giroult, E. and Rushbrook, D. (1999) Safe Management of Wastes from Health-Care Activi- ties, World Health Organization, Geneva. References Rastogi, V., Rastogi, P. and Shalini, B. (2011) Abitha, S.B. and Dhanpal, R. (2014) Biomedical waste Bacteriological Profile of Biomedical Waste Man- management in rural areas using solar powered agement Guideline. J. Indian Acad. Forens. Med., thermal autoclave technique. National Conference 33, 145–149. on Green Engineering and Technologies for Rudraswamy, S., Sampath, N. and Doggalli, N. (2013) sustainable future. J. Chem. Pharmaceut. Sci., Global Scenario of Hospital Waste Management. Special issue 4, 144–145. Int. J. Environ. Biol., 3, 143–146. Agarwal, B., Kumar, M., Agarwal, S., Singh, A. and Sawalem, M., Selic, E. and Herbell, J.D. (2009) Hospital Shekhar, A. (2011) Biomedical waste and Dentistry. waste management in Libya: A Case Study. Waste J. Oral Hlth. Comm. Dent., 5, 153–155. Manage., 29, 1370–1375. Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules. Shinee, E., Gomoboja, E., Nishimura, A., Hamajima, N. (1998) and lto, K. (2008) Health care waste manage- Biomedical Waste Management: Situational analysis ment in the capital city Mongolia. Waste Manage., and predictors of performances in 25 districts 28, 435–441. across 20 Indian States. Indian J. Med. Res., 139, Singh, A., Singh. J., Singh, A.P. and Singh, R. (2014) 141–153. Biomedical Waste Management and their Possible Hossain, M.S., Anthanam, A., Narulaini, N.A.N. and Omar Health risks with Controlling Measures in Bareilly A.K.M. (2011) Clinical solid waste management city, UP, India. Oct. J. Res., 2, 296–302. practices and its impact on human health and envi- Status and issues on the implementation on biomedical ronment – A review. Waste Manage, 31, 754–766. waste (Management and handling) rules, 1998

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and as amended. Final annual report-2013 as on evaluation: a case study. Waste Manage., 26-3-15Central pollution control board (Hazardous 27, 912–920. waste management division). Sengodan, V.C. (2014) Segregation of biomedical waste Thakur, Y., Surjit, S. and Katoch. (2012) Emerging in an South Indian tertiary care hospital. J. Nat. technologies in Biomedical Waste Treatment and Sci. Biol. Med., Jul-Dec; 5, 378–382. disposal. Chem. Eng. Transact., 29, 787–792. Tsakona, M., Anagonostopoulou, E. and Gidarakos, E. (2007) Hospital waste management and toxicity

Fish Diversity of Lucknow District (Uttar Pradesh), India Hari Om Verma, Anju Agarwal1* and Krishna Gopal The Academy of Environmental Biology, Lucknow (U.P.), India 1Sri Jai Narain Post Graduate College, Lucknow (U.P.), India

Abstract: Lucknow a capital of Uttar Pradesh has vast potential of fish faunal diversity and offersconsiderable scope of inland fisheries development. Aquaculture activities in rural for most of the fisherman area. In order to establish fish faunal diversity of Lucknow a preliminary, data have been collected with the help of local fish farmers and market survey. Various lentic and lotic water bodies of different locations of the district for 9 months during 2014–2015 have been collected. During the study period, 83 fish species belonging to 58 Genera, 21 Families and 8 Orders have been identified. Cypriniformes was found the dominated Order with 56 species (68%) followed by Perciformes 9 species (11%) and Clupeiformes 6 species (7%). The present study showed that Lucknow possesses rich fish diversity but proper conservation measures are required to maintain sustainability and richness of the species diversity of the district.

Keywords: Fish diversity, Faunal, Aquaculture activities, Defragmentation.

Introduction declining rapidly due to habitat destruction defragmentation, water abstraction, industries Fish diversity within the fresh water ecosystem and private use (Szollosi-Nagy 2004; Ricciardi has a great importance in terms of the and Rasmussen 1999; Gibbs 2000; Dawson et livelihood and the economic importance of the al., 2003) exotic species introduction (Copp et people living around it. Accordingly the relation al., 2005), pollution (Lima-Junior et al., 2006) between the biodiversity and human well- and global climate change impacts (Leveque being is interrelated and is being promoted et al., 2005). Thus there is an argent need for increasingly through the concept of ecosystem proper inventorisation and documentation of services provide by the species. Biodiversity this diversity in order to develop a fresh water is essential for stabilization of ecosystem, diversity information system (Islam et al., protection of overall environmental quality for better understanding intrinsic species 2013). Icthyofaunal diversity refers to variety of on the Earth (Vijaykumar, 2008). The lack fish species (Johnsonet al., 2012) fishery plays of knowledge on the ichthyofauna is a big an instrumental role in the socio-economic gap for popularizing little known fish variety development of the country, as it is a valuable in a particular ecosystem. Attempt has been resource of livelihood for a huge section of made to survey fish fauna associated with economically backward population. It also habitat; this will help in planning methods for generates employment, alternate income and their production and effective exploitation stimulates growth of new subsidiary industries (Renjithkumar et al., 2011). The objective of the (Goswami et al., 2012). Uttar Pradesh has study to give recent data a better knowledge vast potential of aquatic bioresources and of the fish diversity of the Lucknow district offers considerable scope of inland fisheries and a tool for conservation and planning of development and aquaculture. State contributes the aquatic environments. During the last few approximately 14.68% of the total national decades, the fish biodiversity of the state is fish diversity (Lakra, 2010) and resources are

65 Verma et al. available in the form of 28,500 km of rivers and to Perciformes (9 species) and Clupeiformes canals, 1.38 lakh ha of reservoirs and 1.61 lakh (6 species). Ophiocephaliformes comprise 5 ha of ponds and tanks as well as 1.33 lakh ha species while, Mastacembeleformes shared 3 of floodplain lakes and derelict water. species and Mugiliformes contributed 2 species whereas Beloniformes and Tetraodontiformes Materials and Methods shared one species. The dominant order was Cypriniformes (minnows and carps) comprising Fishing was carried out with the help of local 68% of all the number of species recorded. fishers using gill net, cast net, drag net, scoop Next to Cypriniformes, other dominant net including hooks and lines (Bose et al., orders were Perciformes, Clupeiformes and 2013). The samples were collected from tanks, Ophiocephaliformes constituting 11%, 7% and lakes, rivers (Gomti), irrigation canals and fish 6% of species recorded, respectively (Fig. 1). markets. Gomti is the main river which flows from west to east and cover entire length of All others order like Mastacemleleformes the district. As soon as the small fishes were shared 4% and Mugiliformes, Beloniformes, collected they were directly placed in a wide Tetraodontiformes, 2%, 1%, 1% contribute mouth jar having 2 liter capacity with 8% respectively. The dominant family was formalin solution (Bagra, 2010). Separate jar Cyprinidae comprising 42% of the total was used for preserving individual species and number of species abundancy (Fig. 2) and brought to the laboratory for identification. comprises Amblypharyngodonmola, Ambly pharyngodon microlepis, Aspidoparia Fresh or preserved samples were identified on jaya, Aspidoparia morar, Aristichthysno the standard taxonomic keys for fishes (Day, bilis, Barilius bola, Botia Dario,Catlacatla, 1996; Talwar and Jhingran, 1991). In addition Chaguniuschagunio, Chela atpar, Chela various morphological characters, shape, laubuca, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cirrihinareba, colors etc were recorded by FAO Identification Crossocheiluslatius, Ctenopharyngodonidella, Sheets, Srivastava (2002), ITIS (Integrated Cyprinuscarpiocommunis, Cyprinuscarpiospe Taxonomic Information System) Standard cularis, Cyprinuscarpionudus, Danio devario, Report (http://www.itis.gov), Fish Base (http:// Esomusdanricus, Hypophthalmichthys fishbase.org). The collected fish were identified molitrix, Labeoangra, Labeobata, up to species level. Labeocalbasu, Labeodero, Labeogonius, Labeorohita, Lepidocephalichthys guntea, Results and Discussion Osteobramacotio, Oxygastergora, Puntius Lucknow has vast freshwater fisheries chola, Puntius sarana, Puntius sophore, resources which consist of lentic and lotic Puntius ticto, Somileptes gongota. Genus water bodies exclusively of culture fishery Labeo represented by 6 species was from seasonal, perennial and culture ponds dominant followed by Genus Puntius with and capture fishery from rivers, nullas and 4 species. Other diversified families were irrigation canals. Present fish biodiversity Bagridae (8% contribution) reported species in the river originate mainly from natural are Mystusbleekeri, Mystuscavasius, reproduction or escape from the numerous Mystusmenoda, Mystustengara, Mystusaor, water bodies of the district. During the study Mystusseenghala, Rita rita. Another period fish faunal diversity was noticed of family is Schilbeidae 6%, Channidae and which 83 fish species belong to 58 genera, 21 Sisoridae 6%, Centropomidae, Anabantidae families and 8 orders were identified (Table1). and Clupeidea 4%, Mugilidae, Nandidae, After morphometric and meristic analysis of all Mastacembelidae, Notopteridae share 2% and specimens found the Order Cypriniformes (56 some other family like Siluridae, Chacidae, species) contributed maximum as compared Saccobranchidae, Claridae, Belonidae,

66 Fish Diversity of Lucknow District

Table 1 Fish diversity of Lucknow district (Uttar Pradesh).

Order Family Scientific name Local/ common name Clupeiformes Clupeidae Gudusiachapra Suhia Gudusiagodanahiai Godanahiasuhia Gonialosamanmina Majhalisuhia Engraulidae Setipinnaphasa Phansi Notopteridae Chitalachitala Moi/ knifefish Notopterusnotopterus Patra/ featherback Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Amblypharyngodonmola Dhawai Amblypharyngodonmicrolepis Dhawai Aspidopariajaya Jaya Aspidopariamorar Kenwachi/ Harda Aristichthysnobilis Bighead carp Barilius bola Bhola/Nayer Botiadario Baghaua Catlacatla Bhakur/ Catla Chaguniuschagunio Gelhari Chela atpar Chelhwa Chela laubuca Dendula Cirrhinusmrigala Nain/ Mrigal Cirrihinareba Raia Crossocheiluslatius Petphorani Ctenopharyngodonidella Grass carp Cyprinuscarpiocommunis Common carp Cyprinuscarpiospecularis Common carp Cyprinuscarpionudus Common carp Danio devario Patukari Esomusdanricus Dendua Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp Labeoangra Thuthuniahiaraia Labeobata Bata Labeocalbasu Karonchh Labeodero Kalabans Labeogonius Kurai Labeorohita Rohu Lepidocephalichthysguntea Nakati Osteobramacotio Gurda Oxygastergora Dariaichalho Puntius chola Sidhari Puntius sarana Barb/ Olive barb Puntius sophore Pool barb Puntius ticto Ticto barb Somileptesgongota Baluari (Continued)

67 Verma et al.

Table 1 Continued

Order Family Scientific name Local/ common name Siluridae Wallago attu Padhani/Barari Bagridae Mystusbleekeri Tengra Mystuscavasius Sutahawatengra Mystusmenoda Belaunda Mystustengara Tengana Mystusaor Dariaitengara Mystusseenghala Dariaitengara Rita rita Hunna/Rita Sisoridae Bagariusbagarius Gonch Erethistespussilus Panahi Gangatacenia Tinkatia Hara hara Panahi Sisorrhabdophorus Bistuiya Chacidae Chacachaca Chakawa Schilbeidae Ailiacoila Patasi/Minti Clupisomagarua Baikari/Karahi Eutropiichthysvacha Banjhoo Pangasiusupiensis Payas Siloniasilondia Silund Saccobranchidae Heteropneustesfossilis Singhi Clariidae Clariasbatrachus Mangur Beloniformes Belonidae Xenentodoncancila Kauwa Mugiliformes Mugilidae Rhinomugilcorsula Corsula Sicamugilcascasia Yellowtail mullet Ophiocephaliformes Channidae Channagachua Chanaga Channamarulius Saur Channa punctatus Girai Channastriatus Sauri Channastewartii Saur Perciformes Centropomidae Chanda baculis Chanri Chanda nama Chanri Parambassisranga Chanri Sciaenidae Sciaenacoitor Patharchatti/ Bhola Nandidae Badisbadis Sumha Nandusnandus Dhebri Anabantidae Anabas testudineus Kawai Colisafasciatus Khosti Colisalalius Khosti Mastacembele- Mastacembelidae Mastacembeluspancalus Malga/Barred spiny eel formes Mastacembelusarmatus Bam/Zig-zag eel Synbranchidae Amphipnouscuchia Andhasanp/Cuchia Tetraodontiformes Tetraodontidae Tetraodon cutcutia Ocellated Pufferfish

68 Fish Diversity of Lucknow District Fish diversity of Lucknow district

district. The fisheries of riverine system are Mastacembelef Tetraodontifor based on relatively large number of species ormes mes 4% 1% and a wide range of fishing gears. Fish Perciformes 11% Clupeiformes biodiversity in the district alters by habitat 7% degradation, invasion of exotic fishes and Ophiocephalifo rmes fishing pressure is the main cause is (Lakra et 6% al., 2008; Lakra, 2010). Environmental stress Mugiliformes and fishing pressure are reflected in the fish 2% community composition and biodiversity of fishes (Dwivedi and Nautiyal, 2010; Mayank Beloniformes 1% et al., 2011; Kumar, 2012; Tamboli and Jha, Cypriniformes 68% 2012). Present study indicates the changing scenario of fish diversity of Lucknow district.

Fig.1 Diagrammatic representation of per cent contribution in each order. Reports are available on occurrence of 87 fish

Fig. 1 Diagrammatic representation of per species from eastern part of Uttar Pradesh cent contribution in each order. and 111 taxa have been notice whereas 30 Verma et al. species are described in stretches of river Ganga at Allahabad (Srivastava, 2002; Lakra, Mastacembelidae Synbranchidae Clupeidae Tetraodontidae Anabantidae 2% 1% 4% 1% 4% Engraulidae 2010). 63 fish species belong to 20 Families 1% Nandidae 2% Sciaenidae Notopteridae and 45 Genera were reported from river 1% 2% Centropomidae 4% Betwa (a tributary of Ganga basin approved

Channidae 6% under First River - Linking Plan of India) in

Mugilidae 2% Uttar Pradesh (Lakra 2010). More recently, Belonidae 1% 92 fish species belong to 58 Genera and Clariidae 1% Cyprinidae 24 Families were recorded by NBFGR from 42% Saccobranchidae 1% 5 river Ganga in Uttar Pradesh. Another report Schilbeidae 6% revealed the presence of 56 species belonging Chacidae 1% Sisoridae to 42 Genera, 20 Families and 7 Orders from 6% river Gomti (Sarkar et al., 2010). Recent Bagridae 8% Siluridae 1% assessment by NBFGR, Lucknow revealed the Fig.2 Diagrammatic representation of the per cent contribution in each Family. occurrence of about 123 fish species (Lakra, Labeorohita,Diagrammatic Lepidocephalichthys guntea, representation Osteobramacotio, Oxygastergora, of thePuntius per chola, Fig.Puntius sarana,2 Puntius sophore, Puntius ticto, Somileptes gongota. Genus Labeo represented 2010).While evaluating the utilization pattern centby 6 specie contributions was dominant followe din by Genuseach Puntius Family. with 4 species. Other diversified families were Bagridae (8% contribution) reported species are Mystusbleekeri, Mystuscavasius, in Uttar Pradesh, out of 123 species about Mystusmenoda, Mystustengara, Mystusaor, Mystusseenghala, Rita rita. Another family is Schilbeidae 6%, Channidae and Sisoridae 6%, Centropomidae, Anabantidae and Clupeidea 4%, 33% are considered as ornamental, nearly Mugilidae, Nandidae, Mastacembelidae, Notopteridae share 2% and some other family like Sciaenidae,Siluridae, Chacidae, Saccobranchidae, Synbranchidae, Claridae, Belonidae, Tetraodontidae, Sciaenidae, Synbranchidae, 57% are potential food and 10% are listed Tetraodontidae, Engraulidae contribute only 1% of all fish species. In the culture ponds, EngraulidaeCatlacatla, Labeorohita, Cirrhinusmrigala, contribute Ctenopharyngo only 1%donidella, of Hypophthalmichthys all fish under potential sport fishes (Lakra, 2010). The molitrix and Cyprinuscarpio were very common species in the district. In the seasonal ponds, species.Puntius spp., Channa In spp ., Wallago the attu, culture Clariasbatrachus ponds, and Heteropneustes Catlacatla, fossilis were the environmental threats could be man-made common fish species. In the rivers and irrigation canals, Indian major carps and catfishes was Labeorohita,also recorded frequently. FCirrhinusmrigala,ish diversity in terms of number (83 Ctenopharyngo species) observed in Lucknow and natural or in combination with cascading district. The fisheries of riverine system are based on relatively large number of species and a donidella,wide range of fishing Hypophthalmichthysgears. Fish biodiversity in the district alter molitrixs by habitat degradation, and and interlinked impacts. Conservation and invasion of exotic fishes and fishing pressure is the main cause is (Lakra et al., 2008; Lakra, Cyprinuscarpio2010). Environmental stress andwere fishing verypressure commonare reflected in thespecies fish community in sustainable utilization of natural resources are composition and biodiversity of fishes (Dwivedi and Nautiyal, 2010; Mayank et al., 2011; theKumar, district. 2012; Tamboli In and the Jha, 2012).seasonal Present study ponds, indicates the Puntiuschanging scenario spp of fish., issues receiving global attention after signing Channa spp., Wallago attu, Clariasbatrachus the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD, and Heteropneustes fossilis were the common 1992). Though not much published literature fish species. In the rivers and irrigation canals, is available on the threat status of fish species Indian major carps and catfishes was also of Uttar Pradesh, yet it is fact that population recorded frequently. Fish diversity in terms of some species is constantly going down and of number (83 species) observed in Lucknow there is an urgent need to protect the same

69 Verma et al. for posterity. According to recent conservation Authority, Cochin. Entrepreneurship Development. assessment of NBFGR, a total of 20 freshwater Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhu- fishes are categorized as threatened of which baneshwar, 1–6. 9 under endangered and 11 vulnerable (Lakra, Dwivedi, A.C. and Nautiyal, P. (2010). Population dynamics of important fishes in the Vindnyan region, India. 2010). The Government of Uttar Pradesh has Lambert Academic Publication, Germany. declared endangered Chitalachitala as a State Gibbs, J.P. (2000) Wetland loss and biodiversity conser- Fish and planning for its conservation is in vation. Conserv Biol., 14, 314–317. process (NBFGR, www.nbfgr.res.in). Due to Goswami, U.C., Basistha, S.K., Bora, D., Shyamkumar, lack of sufficient information on occurrence K., Saikia, B. and Changsan, K. (2012) Fish diver- and abundance of fish species of Lucknow, sity of North East India, inclusive of the Himala- is not possible to quantify the rate of decline yan and Indo Burma biodiversity hotspots zones: in its diversity but this report would be useful A checklist on their taxonomic status, economic as baseline data for any future assessment importance, geographical distribution, present status and prevailing threats. Int. J. Biodivers. and conservation plan for fisheries. However, Conserv., 4, 592–613. more awareness and motivation is required Islam, M.R., Das, B., Baruah, D., Biswas, S.P. and Gupta, on the value of indigenous fish diversity and A. (2013) Fish diversity and Fishing Gears used conservation of aquatic resources to ensure in the Kulsi River of Assam, India. Annals of the sharing of benefits of its utilization in Biological Research, 4, 289–293. an equitable manner so that the aquatic Jagera, H. I., Chandlerb J.A., Leplab, K.B. and Winklec, ecosystem gets adequate time to recover W.V. (2001) A theoretical study of river fragmen- its natural community structure (Lakra and tation by dams and its effects on white sturge on populations. Environ. Biol. Fish., 60, 347–361. Pandey, 2009; Lakra, 2010). Jayaram, K.C. (1999) The Freshwater Fishes of the Indian Region. Delhi, Narendra Publishing House, Acknowledgements New Delhi, India. Author thankful to Hon. Director K.S. Institute of Johnson, J.A., Ramesh, R.K., Sen, S. and Sreenivasa, M. Research and Training for providing laboratory R. (2012) Fish diversity and assemblage structure facility. We also thankful to Uttar Pradesh in Ken River of Panna landscape, central India. Journal of Threatened Taxa., 4, 3161–3172. Council of Agricultural Research, for financial support. Kumar, N. (2012) Study of ichthyofaunal biodiversity of Turkaulia Lake, East Champaran, Bihar, India. Int. Res. J. Environ. Sci., 1, 21–24. References Lakra, W. S. (2010) Fish biodiversity of Uttar Pradesh: Bagra, V. and Das, D.N. (2010) Fish Diversity of River issues of livelihood security, threats and conserva- Siyom of Arunachal Pradesh India: A Case Study. tion. In: National Conference on Biodiversity, De Our Nature, 8, 164–169. velopment and Poverty Alleviation (May 22, 2010). Bose, A.K., Jha, B. C., Suresh, V. R., Das, A. K., Parasar, Uttar Pradesh State Biodiversity Board, Lucknow, A. and Ridhi. (2013) Fishes of the Middle Stretch 40–45. of River Tawa, Madhya Pradesh, India. J. Chem. Lakra, W.S. and Pandey, A.K. (2009) Fish germplasm re- Biol. Phys. Sci., 3, 706–716. sources of India with special emphasis on conser- Copp, G.H., Bianci Bogutskaya N.G., Eros, T, Falka, I., vation and rehabilitation of threatened species. In: Ferreira, M.T., Fox, M.G., Freyhof, J., Gozlan, Goswami, U.C. and Dilip Kumar, eds, Aquaculture R.E., Grabowska, J., Kovac, V., Moreno-Amich, Management. Narendra Pub. House, Delhi, 85–104. R., Naseka, A.M. and Wiesner, C. (2005) To be, Lakra, W.S., Singh, A.K. and Ayyappan, S. (2008) Fish or not to be, a non-native freshwater fish. J. Appl. Introductions in India: Status, Challenges and Ichthyol., 21, 242–262. Potentials. Narendra Pub. House, NewDelhi. Dawson, T.P., Berry, P.M. and Kampa, E. (2003) Climate Leveque, C., Balian E.V. and Martens, K. (2005) change impacts on freshwater wetland habitat. J. An assessment of animal species diversity in Nat. Conserv., 11, 25–30 continental waters. Hydrobiologia, 542, 32–67. Dey, V.K. (1996) Ornamental fishes and Hndbook of Aqua Lima-Junior, S.E., Cardone, I.B. and Goitein, R. (2006) farming. The Marine Products Export Development Fish assemblage structure and aquatic pollution

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