Pūpū Mo'o Or Chitons

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Marine Invertebrates Pūpū mo‘o or chitons Acanthochiton viridis Ischnochiton petaloides SPECIES STATUS: IUCN Red List - Not considered Endemic SPECIES INFORMATION: Pūpū mo‘o or chitons are primitive seashore molluscs. They both feed by browsing on algae adhered to hard substrates. Both the kuakulu or green chiton (A. viridis) and the flat chiton (I. petaloides) have separate sexes and external fertilization. The adult kuakulu, 28 millimeters long (one inch), is larger than the adult flat chiton (10 millimeters long or one-half inch). DISTRIBUTION: They occur on rocky and hard substrates throughout the islands. ABUNDANCE: Unknown LOCATION AND CONDITION OF KEY HABITAT: Key habitat for both the kuakulu and flat chiton are reef flats and tidepools. Kuakulu, however, prefers small depressions on limestone reef flats and holes or areas underneath the rubble of tidepools. Flat chitons prefer areas under rocks in both tidepools and reef flats. THREATS: None identified. CONSERVATION ACTIONS: The goals of conservation actions are to not only protect current populations, but to also establish further populations to reduce the risk of extinction. In addition to common state-wide and island conservation actions, specific actions include: . Ensure healthy habitat is maintained. MONITORING: . Survey for populations and distribution in known and likely habitats. RESEARCH PRIORITIES: . Improve understanding of factors affecting the species population size and distribution. References: Hoover JP. 1998. Hawaii’s sea creatures, A guide to Hawaii’s marine invertebrates. Honolulu, HI: Mutual Publishing. 366 pp. Kay AE. 1979. Hawaiian marine shells reef and shore fauna of Hawaii, section 4: Mollusca. Honolulu, HI:Bishop Museum Press. 653 pp. Hawai’i’s State Wildlife Action Plan October 1, 2015 (Last Updated October 2005) .

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Common Name: Chiton Class: Polyplacophora
Common Name: Chiton Class: Polyplacophora Scrapes algae off rock with radula 8 Overlapping Plates Phylum? Mollusca Class? Gastropoda Common name? Brown sea hare Class? Scaphopoda Common name? Tooth shell or tusk shell Mud Tentacle Foot Class? Gastropoda Common name? Limpet Phylum? Mollusca Class? Bivalvia Class? Gastropoda Common name? Brown sea hare Phylum? Mollusca Class? Gastropoda Common name? Nudibranch Class? Cephalopoda Cuttlefish Octopus Squid Nautilus Phylum? Mollusca Class? Gastropoda Most Bivalves are Filter Feeders A B E D C • A: Mantle • B: Gill • C: Mantle • D: Foot • E: Posterior adductor muscle I.D. Green: Foot I.D. Red Gills Three Body Regions 1. Head – Foot 2. Visceral Mass 3. Mantle A B C D • A: Radula • B: Mantle • C: Mouth • D: Foot What are these? Snail Radulas Dorsal HingeA Growth line UmboB (Anterior) Ventral ByssalC threads Mussel – View of Outer Shell • A: Hinge • B: Umbo • C: Byssal threads Internal Anatomy of the Bay Mussel A B C D • A: Labial palps • B: Mantle • C: Foot • D: Byssal threads NacreousB layer Posterior adductorC PeriostracumA muscle SiphonD Mantle Byssal threads E Internal Anatomy of the Bay Mussel • A: Periostracum • B: Nacreous layer • C: Posterior adductor muscle • D: Siphon • E: Mantle Byssal gland Mantle Gill Foot Labial palp Mantle Byssal threads Gill Byssal gland Mantle Foot Incurrent siphon Byssal Labial palp threads C D B A E • A: Foot • B: Gills • C: Posterior adductor muscle • D: Excurrent siphon • E: Incurrent siphon Heart G F H E D A B C • A: Foot • B: Gills • C: Mantle • D: Excurrent siphon • E: Incurrent siphon • F: Posterior adductor muscle • G: Labial palps • H: Anterior adductor muscle Siphon or 1.
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Marine Invertebrate Field Guide
Marine Invertebrate Field Guide Contents ANEMONES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 2 AGGREGATING ANEMONE (ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSIMA) ............................................................................................................................... 2 BROODING ANEMONE (EPIACTIS PROLIFERA) ................................................................................................................................................... 2 CHRISTMAS ANEMONE (URTICINA CRASSICORNIS) ............................................................................................................................................ 3 PLUMOSE ANEMONE (METRIDIUM SENILE) ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 BARNACLES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 ACORN BARNACLE (BALANUS GLANDULA) ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 HAYSTACK BARNACLE (SEMIBALANUS CARIOSUS) .............................................................................................................................................. 4 CHITONS ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
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Phylum MOLLUSCA Chitons, Bivalves, Sea Snails, Sea Slugs, Octopus, Squid, Tusk Shell
Phylum MOLLUSCA Chitons, bivalves, sea snails, sea slugs, octopus, squid, tusk shell Bruce Marshall, Steve O’Shea with additional input for squid from Neil Bagley, Peter McMillan, Reyn Naylor, Darren Stevens, Di Tracey Phylum Aplacophora In New Zealand, these are worm-like molluscs found in sandy mud. There is no shell. The tiny MOLLUSCA solenogasters have bristle-like spicules over Chitons, bivalves, sea snails, sea almost the whole body, a groove on the underside of the body, and no gills. The more worm-like slugs, octopus, squid, tusk shells caudofoveates have a groove and fewer spicules but have gills. There are 10 species, 8 undescribed. The mollusca is the second most speciose animal Bivalvia phylum in the sea after Arthropoda. The phylum Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops, etc. The shell is name is taken from the Latin (molluscus, soft), in two halves (valves) connected by a ligament and referring to the soft bodies of these creatures, but hinge and anterior and posterior adductor muscles. most species have some kind of protective shell Gills are well-developed and there is no radula. and hence are called shellfish. Some, like sea There are 680 species, 231 undescribed. slugs, have no shell at all. Most molluscs also have a strap-like ribbon of minute teeth — the Scaphopoda radula — inside the mouth, but this characteristic Tusk shells. The body and head are reduced but Molluscan feature is lacking in clams (bivalves) and there is a foot that is used for burrowing in soft some deep-sea finned octopuses. A significant part sediments. The shell is open at both ends, with of the body is muscular, like the adductor muscles the narrow tip just above the sediment surface for and foot of clams and scallops, the head-foot of respiration.
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Limpets and Chitons, Teacher Guide
TEACHER BACKGROUND Unit 5 - Limpets and Chitons Limpets and Chitons (Ki tons) Key Concepts 1. Limpets are single shelled marine animals that use a flat, muscular foot to remain attached to rocks. 2. Chitons are marine animals which have eight shell plates for protection and use a flat, muscular foot to remain attached to rocks. 3. Both limpets and chitons use their rasping tongue or radula to graze on tiny algae which covers the rocks in tidepools. Background Limpets and chitons are common and commonly overlooked tidepool animals. We tend to think of free swimming fish and scurrying crabs when we think of marine animals. However, a great many marine animals, such as limpets and chitons, lead a sedentary existence, firmly affixed to the bottom or some other feature. Both limpets and chitons possess a large, muscular foot which they use for attachment. During low tides, most limpets and chitons stay in one spot. When submerged during high tides, they glide slowly over the rocks. As the tide falls, they return to precisely the same spot. For limpets that spot is a neat “scar” the exact size and shape of the limpet. Limpets and chitons eat very small but nevertheless visible (macroscopic) plants (algae). Using a rasping tongue, called a radula, a limpet or chiton grazes the surface scraping off the microscopic plants as it travels. This feeding action underscores the interrelationships that exist between plants and animals. The existence of any species of animal is directly or indirectly related to the existence of some species of plant. Although both molluscs, the shells of limpets and chitons are quite different.
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GUMBOOT CHITON Cryptochiton Stelleri Middendorff, 1846 (Acanthochitonidae)
GUMBOOT CHITON Cryptochiton stelleri Middendorff, 1846 (Acanthochitonidae) Global rank G5 (26Jun2006) State rank S5 (26Jun2006) State rank reasons Overall population and trends unknown, but the species is considered locally abundant and widespread in coastal areas. Threatened by human harvest; low recruitment rates make the species vulnerable to overharvest. There is also concern about contamination as a result of individuals are rarely observed (MacGinitie and coastal development and oil spills and the MacGinitie 1968). potential effects of climatic warming. Ecology TaxonomyRecent work by Okusu et al. (2003) Very few predators; they include the lurid places the genus Cryptochiton in a subclade rocksnail (Ocinebrina lurida), tidepool sculpin within the Acanthochitonina along with Tonicella, (Oligocottus maculosus), river otter (Lontra Mopalia, and Katharina, based on genetic and canadensis; O’Clair and O’Clair 1998) and the morphological similarities. large asteroid (Pycnopodia helianthoides; Yates 1989). A traditional source of food for humans, General description but the meat is very tough (Harbo 1997, O’Clair The largest chiton in the world, up to 33 cm long. and O’Clair 1998). The purple urchin In Southeast Alaska, typically smaller, about 15 (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) and red urchin cm (Yates 1989, O’Clair and O’Clair 1998). (S. franciscanus) may compete with the gumboot Species is unique among chitons because all chiton for space and food (Yates 1989). May be eight plates are completely concealed by the an indirect commensal to coralline algae by thick and leathery reddish brown or brown mantle eating the fleshy red algae that grows on its (Field and Field 1999, Cowles 2005). The surface and reducing the negative effects of underside is yellow or orange, with a broad foot algae overgrowth (Yates 1989).
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A New Miocene Deep-Sea Chiton and Early Evidence for Teredinidae-Sustained Wood-Fall Communities
Palaeontologia Electronica palaeo-electronica.org A new Miocene deep-sea chiton and early evidence for Teredinidae-sustained wood-fall communities Luca Bertolaso, Vittorio Garilli, Daniela Parrinello, Maurizio Sosso, and Bruno Dell’Angelo ABSTRACT Deep-sea wood-falls are important biodiversity hot spots for insights on chemo- synthesis-based communities. The study of deep-sea wood-fall-related palaeocommu- nities from the Neogene of north Italy shed light on interesting associations from the Miocene of Torrente Cinghio (Tortonian) and of Moncasale di Casina (Langhian). The most common components of this association are typical chemosynthetic/wood-fall molluscs, such as the gastropods Homalopoma sp. and Pseudonina bellardii, the bivalves Idas sp. and shipworms, and the chiton Leptochiton lignatilis n. sp., which belongs to a genus typical of recent sunken woods in tropical waters. The new species described is compared with other fossil and recent congeners, especially with those sharing the same kind of tegmental sculpture, fully covered with randomly or quincun- cially arranged granules. An overview of the sunken wood-related chitons is provided. Surprisingly no taxa of the boring bivalves of the family Xylophagidae, whose species have been known to be fundamental for sustaining this kind of deep sea chemosyn- thetic ecosystem, were found in the studied site; however, other boring Teredinidae bivalves have been abundantly recovered. This suggests that, conversely to what has previously been observed on sunken wood communities, Teredinidae may be viewed as a counterpart for the maintenance of deep-sea wood-fall ecosystems. Luca Bertolaso. Via Manzotti 35, 42015 Correggio (RE), Italy. [email protected] Vittorio Garilli (corresponding author).
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Chiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Fauna of Barbados, West Indies, with the Description of a New Species
BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 36(1): 189-219,1985 CORAL REEF PAPER CHITON (MOLLUSCA: POLYPLACOPHORA) FAUNA OF BARBADOS, WEST INDIES, WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES Antonio 1. Ferreira ABSTRACT Seventeen species of chi tons, one new, have been found in Barbados, the easternmost island of the Lesser Antilles: Lepidochitona beanii (Carpenter, 1857), Ischnochilon slriolatus (Gray, 1828), /. erythronotus (Adams, 1845), I. pseudovirgalus Kaas, 1972, I. bromleyi Ferreira, new species, Stenoplax limaciformis (Sowerby, 1832), S. boogii (Haddon, 1886), Ischnoplax pectinala (Sowerby, 1840), Ceratozona squalida (Adams, 1845), Chiton tuberculalus Lin- naeus, 1758, C. marmoralus Gmelin, 1791, C. viridis Spengler, 1797, Tonicia schrammi (Shuttleworth, 1853), Acanthopleura granulata (Gmelin, 1791), Acanlhochitona astrigera (Reeve, 1847), A. rhodea (Pilsbry, 1893), and Choneplax cf. C. lata (Guilding, 1829). One of these species, I. bromleyi, is endemic; four, I. striolatus, S. limaciformis, S. boogii, I. pectinata, range southward to Brazil; five, L. beanii, S. limacijormis. S. boogii, C. squalida, A. rhodea, occur in both Caribbean and tropical eastern Pacific. Some significant taxonomic changes are proposed: Ischnoplax is elevated to generic level; Ischnochiton boogii is allocated to Stenoplax; Lepidochitona liozonis and L. rosea are regarded as junior synonyms of L. beanii; Acanthochitona hemphilli is regarded as junior synonym of A. rhodea; Acanthochilona elongata. A. interfissa and A. andersoni are regarded as synonyms of Choneplax lata. As the easternmost island ofthe Lesser Antilles, Barbados (l3°04'N, 59°37'W) is exposed to the unimpeded impact of the North Equatorial Current, while its relative closeness to northern Brazil subjects it to the seasonal influence of the Amazon (Kidd and Sander, 1979).
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Developing Perspectives on Molluscan Shells, Part 1: Introduction and Molecular Biology
CHAPTER 1 DEVELOPING PERSPECTIVES ON MOLLUSCAN SHELLS, PART 1: INTRODUCTION AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY KEVIN M. KOCOT1, CARMEL MCDOUGALL, and BERNARD M. DEGNAN 1Present Address: Department of Biological Sciences and Alabama Museum of Natural History, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; E-mail: [email protected] School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................................................................2 1.1 Introduction .........................................................................................2 1.2 Insights From Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics ............13 1.3 Novelty in Molluscan Biomineralization ..........................................21 1.4 Conclusions and Open Questions .....................................................24 Keywords ...................................................................................................27 References ..................................................................................................27 2 Physiology of Molluscs Volume 1: A Collection of Selected Reviews ABSTRACT Molluscs (snails, slugs, clams, squid, chitons, etc.) are renowned for their highly complex and robust shells. Shell formation involves the controlled deposition of calcium carbonate within a framework of macromolecules that are secreted by the outer epithelium of a specialized organ called the mantle. Molluscan shells display remarkable morphological
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Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and Little Known Gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar
1 Reference (Explanations see mollusca-database.eu) Abbreviation Kiel S. 2005, New and little known gastropods from the Albian of the Mahajanga Basin, Northwestern Madagaskar. AF01 http://www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/ForschungImadagaskar.htm (11.03.2007, abstract) Bandel K. 2003, Cretaceous volutid Neogastropoda from the Western Desert of Egypt and their place within the noegastropoda AF02 (Mollusca). Mitt. Geol.-Paläont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, Heft 87, p 73-98, 49 figs., Hamburg (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Kiel S. & Bandel K. 2003, New taxonomic data for the gastropod fauna of the Uzamba Formation (Santonian-Campanian, South AF03 Africa) based on newly collected material. Cretaceous research 24, p. 449-475, 10 figs., Elsevier (abstract). www.geowiss.uni-hamburg.de/i-geolo/Palaeontologie/Forschung/publications.htm (29.10.2007) Emberton K.C. 2002, Owengriffithsius , a new genus of cyclophorid land snails endemic to northern Madagascar. The Veliger 45 (3) : AF04 203-217. http://www.theveliger.org/index.html Emberton K.C. 2002, Ankoravaratra , a new genus of landsnails endemic to northern Madagascar (Cyclophoroidea: Maizaniidae?). AF05 The Veliger 45 (4) : 278-289. http://www.theveliger.org/volume45(4).html Blaison & Bourquin 1966, Révision des "Collotia sensu lato": un nouveau sous-genre "Tintanticeras". Ann. sci. univ. Besancon, 3ème AF06 série, geologie. fasc.2 :69-77 (Abstract). www.fossile.org/pages-web/bibliographie_consacree_au_ammon.htp (20.7.2005) Bensalah M., Adaci M., Mahboubi M. & Kazi-Tani O., 2005, Les sediments continentaux d'age tertiaire dans les Hautes Plaines AF07 Oranaises et le Tell Tlemcenien (Algerie occidentale).
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Mollusca: Polyplacophora)
Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e60446 doi: 10.3897/rio.6.e60446 Project Report Large-scale project ‘Chiton of the Mexican Tropical Pacific’: Chiton articulatus (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda ‡, § ‡ Facultad de Ciencias del Mar (FACIMAR), Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa (UAS), Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico § Direccion de Catedras-CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT), Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico Corresponding author: Omar Hernando Avila-Poveda ([email protected]) Reviewable v 1 Received: 06 Nov 2020 | Published: 10 Nov 2020 Citation: Avila-Poveda OH (2020) Large-scale project ‘Chiton of the Mexican Tropical Pacific’: Chiton articulatus (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e60446. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e60446 Abstract The marine mollusc, commonly called sea cockroach or chiton Chiton articulatus, is a mollusc belonging to the group known as Polyplacophora because its shell is composed of eight individual plates. This mollusc inhabits the rocky intertidal shore of the Mexican Tropical Pacific, where it is endemic. It has ecological, but also economic, importance. Ecologically, it is the preferred food of the snail Plicopurpura pansa, a protected species, in the cultural heritage of the country. Additionally, it is a basibiont (generates substrate for other individuals) that maintains the biodiversity of the Region. Economically, it has changed from artisanal consumption to become a culinary tourist attraction, offered at restaurants as an exotic and aphrodisiac dish, in tourist places like Huatulco or Acapulco. Despite being an exploited resource for decades, little is known about its life history. The Mexican Authorities have not yet recognised this mollusc as a fishing resource, so that it does not have any law that controls its extraction, sale and consumption, putting at risk the recruitment, survival and permanence of this species.
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Illustrated Summary of Chiton Terminology
©Zoologische Staatssammlung München/Verlag Friedrich Pfeil; download www.pfeil-verlag.de SPIXIANA 33 2 171–194 München, November 2010 ISSN 0341–8391 Illustrated summary of chiton terminology (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) Enrico Schwabe Schwabe, E. 2010. Illustrated summary of chiton terminology (Mollusca, Poly- placophora). Spixiana 33 (2): 171-194. The aims of the present paper are to summarize and offer a standard set of ter- minology used to describe morphological and partly anatomical (e. g. the radula) characters of Polyplacophora. To make the understanding of some previously misused terms easier, the identification and description of relevant parts of the animal are illustrated and discussed in context of additional literature. Enrico Schwabe, Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Muenchhausenstr. 21, 81247 Munich, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction “An den Tentakeln des Kopfes befinden sich Riech- organe [On the tentacles of the head there are Chitons are a group of basal, exclusively marine olfactory organs.].” However, chitons do not have molluscs, which have not significantly changed cephalic tentacles at all, and certainly not olfactory their bauplan during more than 300 million years tentacles! of evolution. Their more or less solid, dorsal plates This short contribution intends to clarify the termi- have been preserved in numerous fossil records and nology of chitons and to present a detailed general allow researchers a direct comparison with living description of chiton morphology, to summarise for species, and accordingly there is a high number amateurs, students or scientists the present stage of described fossil and recent taxa. At present we of scientific knowledge of a fascinating group of count for about 930 recent species (see Schwabe animals.
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New Outlook on the System of Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora)*
VENUS 65 (1-2): 27-49, 2006 Review New Outlook on the System of Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora)* Boris Sirenko Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab.1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia; [email protected] Abstract: In order to build a natural classification of the chitons, a new approach is proposed that uses not only the shells, as usual, but also other suitable features including aesthetes, girdle, radula, gills, glands, egg hull projections, spermatozoids etc. Several previous classifications are discussed. A brief review of the evolution of the Polyplacophora is given and a new classification of the chitons is proposed. The roles of the articulamentum and the reductions in the tegmentum in chitons are discussed. The evolutionary line of the reduction of slits is shown for the superfamily Cryptoplacoidea. Specifically, the genera Hemiarthrum, Weedingia and Choriplax, which have unslitted valves, have been removed from the order Lepidopleurida and reassigned to the order Chitonida within the Cryptoplacoidea. Affinities of these and other genera within the Cryptoplacoidea are discussed. Keywords: Polyplacophora, taxonomy, evolution, articulamentum, reduction of tegmentum Introduction Creating classifications at its best is all about searching for phylogenetic affinities. The described natural system is a reflection of our ideas about affinities, expressed with the aid of a hierarchy of taxa. In the words of Darwin (1873): “...that Natural System is founded on descent with modification; - that the characters which naturalists consider as showing true affinity between any two or more species, are those which have been inherited from a common parents...all true classification being genealogical; - that community of descent is the hidden bond which naturalists have been unconsciously seeking...” For the early classifications of chitons, naturalists usually used a single or a few characters and their classifications were thus artificial.
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