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Attitudes towards Turkey’s Europeanisation Process among Turkish Immigrants in Europe MA Thesis in European Studies Identity and Integration Track Graduate School of Humanities University of Amsterdam Author: Şölen Aslan Student Number: 11310324 Main Supervisor: Dr. Claske Vos Second Supervisor: Dr. Marjet Brolsma July, 2017 Acknowledgements This study would not have been completed without the encouragement and guidance of many people. First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to my MA thesis supervisor Dr. Claske Vos for her unfailing guidance and insightful feedback through the process of writing this thesis. I would also like to sincerely thank my family for providing me with an immense support throughout my education. I foremost must thank the respondents who agreed to participate in my research as their contribution is indispensable to the purpose of this thesis. i ABSTRACT Turkey as a country in the circumference of Europe and with strong historical and cultural connections to the continent has made significant efforts to fulfil requested criteria through socio-economic and cultural convergence with the EU Member States. However, the process seems to be failing. Therefore, this study aims to present a different perspective to the reasons behind this failure and specifically focuses on the attitudes of Turkish immigrants who reside in Europe. The study begins with an introduction regarding the relevance of the subject. It then explores the essential framework for placing Turkey in relation to Europe, understanding the extent of the EU as a representative of Europeanness, the differences between Turkish and European identities as well as issues that potentially affect the process negatively. In the light of these matters, the study concludes with the analysis of the feedback from Turkish immigrants in Europe as a group often neglected whose opinions about Turkey’s integration to Europe bear significance in terms of being exposed to the values of both Turkish and European cultures. In general, the study aims to contribute to the academic discussion of Turkey’s troubled European integration process from the perspective of Turkish immigrants in Europe. Keywords: Europeanisation, European Union, Turkey, immigration, identity, integration ii Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Topic choice motivation…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2 How to define Europeanisation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………....5 1.3 Brief timeline of Turkey’s relationship with Europe ................................................................................ 8 Chapter 2: Positioning Turkey and Europe...................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Is Turkey a European country? .............................................................................................................. 11 2.2 EU as the representative of Europeanness……………………………………………………………………………………………..15 2.3 Turkey as an EU member: motivations of both parties…………………………………………………………………………..18 Chapter 3: Question of Identity ...................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 European identity ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.2 European identity vs. National identity…………………………………………………………………………………………………..26 3.3 Measuring different facets of European identity…………………………………………………………………………………….27 3.4 Turkish identity from the European viewpoint: Othering…………………………………………………………………………28 3.5 Turkish identity from the Turkish perspective…………………………………………………………………………………………29 3.6 Rethinking Identity in the Context of Migration……………………………………………………………………………………...32 Chapter 4: Obstacles in Turkey’s EU Integration...............…………………………………………………………………………….37 4.1 Issue of Geography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..37 4.2 Issue of Demographics……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….....38 4.3 Issue of Economy…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..39 4.4 Issue of Human Rights and Democracy………………………………………………………………………………………………….41 4.5 Religious Concerns………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..43 4.6 Negative Public Opinion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..45 Chapter 5: Stance of Turkish Immigrants in Europe……………………………………………………………………………………..50 5.1 Aims of the research…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….50 5.2 Profile of the target group…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….51 5.3 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52 5.4 Perceptions on Turkey…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..53 5.5 Perceptions on Europe………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….56 5.6 Perspectives on the EU membership…………………………………………………………………………………………………….58 Chapter 6: Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….63 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..66 iii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION “Turkey will not become a member of the union today or tomorrow… It will be a long, difficult, and tortuous journey” (Olli Rehn, EU Enlargement Commissioner on June 29, 2005)1 It has been twelve years since the EU commissioner has made this statement about Turkey’s accession process. Current picture does not seem to be portraying any improvement. Turkey and Europe have been neighbouring each other for centuries and sharing history together. However, both parties are considered to represent different forms of civilisation even though Turkish soil has been land to European civilisation’s main pillars like the Roman Empire as well as Ottomans conquering and ruling over European land. The question of how two societies that are so close in distance and maintain relations on various levels can be considered wide apart in culture and civilisation is an interesting topic to be considered. Turkey and Europe represent quite contrary concepts therefore “clash of civilisations” has been a topic of discussion between Christian, democratic, modern, secular, developed Europe and Muslim, oriental, developing Turkey. Within this framework, if Europe is to be defined by civilisation of secular modernity then it can be argued that there is possibly no room for Turkey in Europe unless Turkey manages to undergo extreme Europeanisation in the cultural sense of the word. However, with the recent refugee crisis between Europe and Turkey followed by the Dutch- Turkish diplomatic crisis, Turkey’s enthusiasm to do so seems far gone while European states utterly claim negative opinions towards Turkey’s current situation. Based on current attitudes of authorities, one could imagine that the negotiations between Europe and Turkey should have a breakdown. However, as the significant other of Europe, Turkey raises questions regarding what European identity is and what are its limits. Similarly, Europe raises questions of how westernised and modern a society Turkey is and serves as an idealistic goal Turkey should strive for. Therefore, this discussion will continue to occupy minds of academics and diplomats. 1 Casanova, Jose. "Long, Difficult and Tortuous Journey of Turkey into Europe and the Dilemmas of European Civilization." Constellations 13, no. 2 (2006): 234. 1 Inspired by this discussion, the present thesis aims to answer the following research question: What is the stance of Turkish immigrants in Europe regarding Turkey’s troubled European integration process? In order to answer the above mentioned research question, the thesis is organised in six chapters including multiple subheadings. The first chapter introduces the motivations for the existing research topic then sets the stage by explaining the literature concerning Europeanisation and timeline of Turkey-Europe relations. The second chapter tries to answer the questions of identity where Europeanness versus Turkishness and effects of migration are elaborated. The following chapter aims to position Turkey in relation to Europe as well as investigating representativeness of the EU and prospects of Turkey’s EU membership. The forth chapter includes the obstacles that can be blamed for Turkey’s failure in Europeanisation process. The topics 4th chapter touches upon ranges from geography, demographic, economy, religion to democracy and negative public opinion. After building this knowledge foundation relevant to the topic, the next chapter analyses the finding of the questionnaire answered by Turkish immigrants in Europe. This chapter serves as the main chapter that directly answers the actual research question. Consequently, the thesis ends with the conclusions derived from the overall study. 1.1 Topic Choice Motivation In this section, the motivations behind focusing on the given topic will be explained. Political and social reasons that make this topic interesting will be demonstrated. In addition to that, similar studies will be pointed out in order to prove the originality of this specific topic in comparison to the others and its possible contributions to the field. Several decades had passed until Turkey finally gained access through Europe’s gate in Brussels in 2005. The European Commission has decided to start the accession negotiations with Turkey which would result in wide-ranging outcomes for the future of both parties. This process meant
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