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The Multilateral System and Brazil´S Engagement with International Security and Stability

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The Multilateral System and Brazil´S Engagement with International Security and Stability THE MULTILATERAL SYSTEM AND BRAZIL´S ENGAGEMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AND STABILITY First of all, it should be stated that Brazil is a country that contributes to international security and stability in many ways and by all the means that it has at hand. Brazil would engage more efforts if it had more resources for cooperation, for humanitarian assistance and other actions to help foster development in other socially and economically vulnerable regions. The main motivation behind this engagement is to be able to contribute to international Peace, be it in multilateral organizations or directly. And I bring the concept of international Peace because to contribute to security and stability is also a contribution to Peace - as a bigger package. So this is the vision that inspires Brazil´s insertion in the international scenario and that motivates our permanent presence in fora that deal with international security. Since we have today my good friend, Dr. Antonio Jorge Ramalho, who will talk about South America and our regional context, I will talk about another region, West Africa, to illustrate how, concretely, Brazil has been trying to contribute to security and stability in a region which is both strategic and historically linked to Brazil. The relations with the countries of the African continent have always had great importance to Brazil, from colonial times to our days. More recently, Brazil played an important role in the process of independence of these countries, especially in the 1970s, when decolonisation was at its peak. At the time, Brazilian diplomacy realized that the newly-born nations were potential partners of the utmost importance, both in the bilateral sphere and 1 in multilateral organizations. For instance, Brazil was the first country to recognise the independence of Angola, having announced its intention to do so on the eve of 11 November 1975, official date of the Angolan independence. Brazil also demonstrated, throughout the years, great solidarity with 'causes' of the African continent, such as the fight against "apartheid". In the last decade, Brazil has turned the relations with the African continent into a true strategic priority of its foreign policy. It´s relevant to mention a fact the illustrates the dimmension of the relations with Africa: Brazil has diplomatic relations with all African countries, and has increased its network of resident Embassies in Africa in order to give more attention to the specificity of relations with each country. Currently, there are 37 Brazilian embassies on the continent, 19 of which were opened or reactivated over the past twelve years. This movement was reciprocated by African countries, which, since 2003, opened nineteen new resident Embassies. Thus, Brasilia is today the Latin American city with the highest number of African Embassies. In the same stream, relations between Brazil and the African countries in the fields of defence and security have intensified significantly over the past decade. Brazil developed a close cooperation with several countries in the region, especially in the areas of capacity building and training of military personnel, and also in the area of defence equipment and industry, with technology transfer. There are still many potential areas for collaboration to be explored, both in terms of bilateral partnerships, as in multilateral and regional initiatives such as the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries), the ZOPACAS (Zone of Peace and 2 Cooperation in the South Atlantic), IBSA (India, Brazil, South Africa) and BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). In addition to the areas where a strong cooperation already exists, there is still room for initiatives in the areas of peacekeeping and international security under the auspices of the United Nations, monitoring and exploration of resources in the South Atlantic, and defence industry. In this regard, Brazil has made a priority the partnership with countries of the West Coast of the continent – our "eastern-most border" - especially in maritime training area. There have been several high-level visit exchanges between Brazil and African countries in recent years regarding defence issues. During his tenure as Minister of Defence, from 2011 to 2015, Ambassador Celso Amorim was visited by senior officials from countries such as South Africa, Angola, Cape Verde, Mauritania, Namibia, Togo and Sao Tome and Principe. Moreover, there were official ministerial visits to Angola, Cape Verde, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda and Senegal. His successor, Jaques Wagner, held meetings in Brasilia in 2015 with his counterparts from Cape Verde, South Africa, Mauritania and Sao Tome and Principe, being the last three of them in the context of the 10th LAAD Defence and Security Industry Exhibition, from 14 to 17 April 2015, in Rio de Janeiro. The current Minister of Defence, Aldo Rebelo, took office in October 2015, and official visits to the African continent are being planned for the year of 2016. In the last fifteen years, Brazil has signed agreements for cooperation in the area of defence with the following African countries: i) South Africa, ii) Angola, iii) Guinea-Bissau, iv) Equatorial Guinea v) Mozambique, vi) Namibia, vii) Nigeria, viii ) Sao Tome and Principe and ix) Senegal). Further agreements are currently in negotiation with Algeria, Benin, Cape 3 Verde and Mali. Brazil has 9 Defence Attachés in Africa: South Africa, Angola, Cape Verde, Egypt, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria and Senegal. It also has non-resident Attachés accredited to Benin, Ghana, Morocco, Sao Tomé e Príncipe and Togo. With regard to cooperation in capacity building and training of military personnel, Brazil has increased the number of courses offered for African officers and Non-Comissioned Officers - especially for those of Portuguese-speaking countries - in courses offered by Brazilian military training institutions. With respect to Cape Verde, for example, the Brazilian Army has been engaged in promoting military training directed to public security, as well as for participation in Peacekeeping Operations. Moreover, Brazil has indicated the possibility of cooperating in the drawing up the doctrinal basis and institutional framework for the eventual creation of an Air Force in Cape Verde. As for naval cooperation, the Brazilian Navy created 'Naval Mission Centers' in three African countries: Namibia in 1994, Cape Verde in 2013, and Sao Tome and Principe in 2014, aiming at providing capacity building and training the military in these countries. The partnership model between Brazil and Namibia in the naval area is truly emblematic: since the beginning of cooperation, about 90% of the workforce of the Namibian Navy (officers, NCOs, sergeants, corporals and sailors) were trained and formed by Brazil, both at the Naval Academy in Rio de Janeiro, and also at the Walvis Bay Naval Base in Namibia, which today hosts 37 Brazilian military instruction personnel, including officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, sergeants, soldiers and sailors. Other African countries have also asked for Brazilian support in training their military. Nigeria, for example, has expressed interest in creating a Special Forces Brigade for counterterrorism operations, based on the 4 experience of the Special Operations Brigade of the Brazilian Army. In addition, there are prospects of cooperation with that country for instruction courses in flight safety areas, training of helicopter pilots for the Nigerian Army, airborne operations and operations in jungle environment. Cameroun has also sought to develop a partnership with Brazil for the training of Army officers, Air Force technicians and pilots, and the establishment of the Applied School of Navy officials. Mauritania expressed interest in sending soldiers to the training schools of the Army and Air Force of Brazil, and the Brazilian Centre for Peace Operations (CCOPAB) and the Course for Operations of 'Guarantee of Law and Order'. Also worth mentioning, Angola received, in 2014, a mobile detachment of CCOPAB, which provided support to the training of Angolan military to participate in Peacekeeping Operations, and Senegal has requested support from the Brazilian Ministry of Defence to rehabilitate its Aeronautical School. It is also worth mentioning that Brazil announced, in 2009, its intention to donate three aircraft Embraer T-27 (Tucano) to the Mozambican Air Force. Brazilian cooperation should also include the training of Mozambican personnel for the operation of these aircraft. This programme is pending evaluation of the Brazilain National Congress. In regard to the development of defence technology, the main Brazilian initiative in Africa is the A-Darter missile joint project with South Africa, to develop a 5th generation air-to-air weapon. The Brazilian Air Force maintains a Monitoring and Control Group in South Africa. The Brazilian investment in the project has already reached $ 50 million dollars, and it is hoped that, with the A-Darter, Brazil will master critical technologies related mainly to aerodynamics, guidance and control, image processing 5 and real-time information of rocket engines construction technology. In addition, Brazil and South Africa are also studying the feasibility of joint development of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). With regard to combatting piracy in the African coastline, Brazil has given its support through capacity building initiatives, such as joint exercises and the provision of equipment and technologies to combat
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