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ABBASPOUR TAZEHKAND, Hesameddin 20149.Pdf Brazil in Africa Hesameddin Abbaspour Tazehkand November 12, 2014 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Acknowledgements xi Abstract xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms xv 1. Introduction 1 2. Brazilian Foreign Policy 3 2.1. The Practice of Brazilian Foreign Policy ........................ 4 2.1.1. Brazil in United Nations ............................ 4 2.1.2. Other Multilateral Fora ............................. 4 2.2. The Motives of Brazilian Foreign Policy ........................ 5 2.2.1. How Brazil Sees the World ........................... 5 2.2.2. How Brazil Sees Itself ............................. 6 2.3. A Seat at the Table ................................... 7 3. Pursuit of Prestige 9 3.1. Navy’s Nuclear Submarine Program .......................... 9 3.1.1. History ..................................... 9 3.1.2. Justifications .................................. 10 3.2. China and Deindustrialization of Brazilian Economy . 12 3.2.1. Sino-Brazilian Trade .............................. 12 3.2.2. Direct Competition with China ......................... 14 3.2.3. Overvaluation of real .............................. 14 3.3. In Search of an Explanation .............................. 14 4. Aiming for Autonomy in Africa 17 4.1. A New Dimension ................................... 17 4.2. The 1970s ....................................... 18 4.2.1. Gibson Barboza ................................. 18 4.2.2. Azeredo da Silveira ............................... 20 4.3. Lula’s Diplomatic Offensive .............................. 22 4.4. A Comparison ..................................... 22 4.4.1. Similarities ................................... 22 4.4.2. Differences ................................... 24 iii Contents 5. Ties of Trade 25 5.1. Brazil in the World Economy .............................. 25 5.2. Brazil-Africa Trade ................................... 26 5.2.1. Imports from Africa .............................. 27 5.2.2. Exports to Africa ................................ 27 5.2.3. Raw Sugar for Oil? ............................... 27 5.3. Brazilian MNEs in Africa ................................ 28 5.4. Brasília’s Helping Hand ................................ 29 5.4.1. Export Promotion and Financing ........................ 30 5.4.2. Political Support: The Case of Vale ...................... 31 6. Brazilian Development Aid 33 6.1. The Logic of Brazilian Development Aid ........................ 33 6.1.1. Advantages ................................... 34 6.1.2. Modes ...................................... 34 6.2. Technical Cooperation ................................. 35 6.3. Exporting Domestic Policy Solutions ......................... 35 6.3.1. Social Policy: Bolsa Família .......................... 36 6.3.2. Health Policy: Fighting HIV/AIDS ....................... 36 6.3.3. Agricultural Policy ............................... 37 6.4. Motives ......................................... 38 6.4.1. Commercial ................................... 38 6.4.2. Political ..................................... 39 7. The Blue Amazon 41 7.1. The Strategic Importance of the South Atlantic .................... 41 7.2. Region-Building in South Atlantic ........................... 41 7.2.1. Domestic Efforts ................................ 42 7.2.2. International Efforts .............................. 43 7.3. Brazil-Africa Defense Cooperation ........................... 46 7.3.1. Brazil-Namibia Naval Cooperation ....................... 46 7.3.2. Ministry of Defense-ABC Collaboration .................... 47 7.3.3. Brazilian Military Exports ........................... 47 8. Race, National Identity and Brazil’s Africa Policy 49 8.1. Race Relations: Brazil v. United States ........................ 49 8.2. Racial Democracy and Brazilian Africa Policy ..................... 51 8.2.1. Gilberto Freyre ................................. 51 8.2.2. The 1970s ................................... 51 8.3. Brazil: The Black Nation ................................ 53 9. Conclusion 55 9.1. Domestic Politics of Brazilian Foreign Policy ..................... 55 9.2. Economic Troubles: Brazil ............................... 57 9.2.1. Slowing Growth ................................. 57 9.2.2. Fiscal Issues .................................. 57 iv Contents 9.3. Economic Troubles: Africa ............................... 57 9.3.1. Causes ..................................... 58 9.3.2. Outlook ..................................... 59 9.4. Intangible Links .................................... 59 9.4.1. Culture ..................................... 59 9.4.2. Religion ..................................... 60 9.5. The Future of Brazil-Africa Relations ......................... 60 Bibliography 63 A. Ministery of Foreign Affairs 67 A.1. Technical Capacity ................................... 67 A.2. Federalism and Foreign Policy ............................. 67 B. Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade 69 B.1. SECEX ......................................... 69 B.2. CAMEX ......................................... 70 B.3. APEX .......................................... 70 B.4. BNDES ......................................... 70 B.4.1. Mandate .................................... 70 B.4.2. Funding ..................................... 71 C. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 41/11 73 D. Tables 75 v List of Figures B.1. Partial Chart of MDIC ................................. 69 vii List of Tables 3.1. Brazilian Trade with China v. the World (2003 – 2012) . 12 3.2. Top Three Brazilian Exports to China and their Share of Brazilian Exports to China . 13 3.3. Percentage of Product Categories Machinery/Electrical and Transportation in Brazil- ian Imports from China ................................ 13 4.1. UN Resolution A/RES/3129(XXVIII) .......................... 20 4.2. UN Resolution A/RES/3379(XXX) ........................... 21 4.3. UN Resolution A/RES/3383(XXX) ........................... 22 5.1. African Trade with Various Countries (2003 v. 2012) ................ 26 5.2. Brazilian Trade with Africa v. the World (2003 – 2012) ............... 26 5.3. Top Three Brazilian Exports to Major African Export Destinations in 2012 . 27 5.4. Major Brazilian MNEs with Operations in Africa ................... 28 7.1. UN Resolution A/RES/41/11 .............................. 44 7.2. ZOPACAS Member States & Ministerial Meetings ................... 45 7.3. Brazil’s Defense Cooperation Agreements with African Countries . 46 8.1. Racial Categories in Brazil ............................... 50 D.1. Brazil’s Top African Export Destinations and their Share of Brazilian Exports to Africa 75 D.2. Brazil’s Top African Import Origins and their Share of Brazilian Imports from Africa 76 D.3. Undersecretaries in MRE and their Departments ................... 77 D.4. Foreign Ministers of Brazil (1960 to Present) ..................... 78 ix Acknowledgements I would like to thank Farzan Rohani and Azam Heydari, without their moral and material support finishing my studies would have been impossible. Prof. Zussman’s seemingly infinite patience and constant encouragements were another reason that have kept me going over the past 18 months. I am also very grateful to Prof. Abrahamsen, for introducing me to the subject of African politics and being so generous with her time and ideas. I am also indebted to Kaitlin Blackhall who read an earlier draft of this paper and made numerous suggestions. Finally, I would like to thankProf. Matias Spektor for providing me with a copy of his doctoral dissertation, Spektor (2007). xi Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the modern Brazil-Africa relations with an emphasis on the eight years of Lula da Silva’s presidency. History and various aspects of this relationship (such as trade, development aid and defense policy) are explored and used to extrapolate the future trajectory of Brazil-Africa relations. xiii Abbreviations and Acronyms ABC Agência Brasileira de Cooperação Brazilian Cooperation Agency ALADI Associação Latino-Americana de Integração Latin American Integration Association Amazul Amazônia Azul Tecnologias de Defesea Blue Amazon Defense Technologies APEX Agência Brasileira de Promoção de Exportações e Investimentos Brazilian Trade and Investment Promotion Agency ASA Cúpula América do Sul-África Africa-South America Summit BNDES Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social National Bank for Economic and Social Development1 BRIC Brazil, Russia, India and China BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CAMEX Câmara de Comércio Exterior Foreign Trade Chamber CLCS Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf CNPq Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico2 National Council for Scientific and Technological Development CPLP Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa Community of Portuguese-Speaking Countries CIRM Comissão Interministerial para os Recursos do Mar Interministerial Commission for Sea Resources DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo Embrapa Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDI Foreign Direct Investment Fiocruz Fundação Oswaldo Cruz The Oswaldo Cruz Foundation FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas GERCO Plano Nacional de Gerenciamento Costeiro National Coastal Management Plan GTEX Grupo Técnico de Estudos Estratégicos de Comércio Exterior Technical Group for Strategic Studies in Foreign Trade 1 In English publications BNDES refers to itself as “Brazilian Development Bank.” 2 The
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