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Brazilian Nuclear-Powered Submarine: National Defense and Technological Externalities

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Brazilian Nuclear-Powered Submarine: National Defense and Technological Externalities 252 BRAZILIAN NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINE: NATIONAL DEFENSE AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXTERNALITIES Israel de Oliveira Andrade Márcio Magno de Farias Franco e Silva Giovanni Roriz Lyra Hillebrand Luiz Gustavo Aversa Franco 252 DISCUSSION PAPER Brasilia, October 2020 BRAZILIAN NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINE: NATIONAL DEFENSE AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXTERNALITIES1, 2 Israel de Oliveira Andrade3 Márcio Magno de Farias Franco e Silva4 Giovanni Roriz Lyra Hillebrand5 Luiz Gustavo Aversa Franco6 1. This text corresponds to the translation of the research, published originally in Portuguese: O Submarino Nuclear Brasileiro: defesa nacional e externalidades tecnológicas. Brasília: Ipea, 2019. (Texto para Discussão, n. 2428). 2. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Admiral Bento Costa Lima Leite de Albuquerque Junior, his office and support staff, Rear Admiral André Luís Ferreira Marques, Professor Álvaro Toubes Prata, Ph.D. – State Secretary of Research & Development Policies and Programs of the Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Communications (MCTIC) – and Professor Antonio Jorge Ramalho da Rocha, Ph.D. – University of Brasilia (UnB) – for valuable suggestions and comments that significantly improved the text, exempting them from any errors or omissions. Any remaining imperfections in the text are the sole responsibility of the authors. 3. Researcher at Ipea. 4. Head of the Graduate Studies Program in Maritime Studies from Brazilian Naval War College (EGN). 5. Researcher in the National Development Research Program (PNPD) at Ipea. 6. Researcher in the PNPD at Ipea. Federal Government of Brazil DISCUSSION PAPER Ministry of Economy Minister Paulo Guedes A publication to disseminate the findings of research directly or indirectly conducted by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea). Due to their relevance, they provide information to specialists and encourage contributions. A public foundation affiliated to the Ministry of Economy, Ipea provides technical and institutional support to © Institute for Applied Economic Research – ipea 2020 government actions – enabling the formulation of numerous public policies and programs for Brazilian development – Discussion paper / Institute for Applied Economic and makes research and studies conducted by its staff Research.- Brasília : Rio de Janeiro : Ipea, 1990- available to society. ISSN 1415-4765 President 1. Brazil. 2. Economic Aspects. 3. Social Aspects. Carlos von Doellinger I. Institute for Applied Economic Research. Director of Institutional Development Manoel Rodrigues Junior CDD 330.908 Director of Studies and Policies of the State, Institutions and Democracy Flávia de Holanda Schmidt Ipea publications are available for free download in PDF (all) Director of Macroeconomic Studies and Policies and EPUB (books and periodicals). José Ronaldo de Castro Souza Júnior Access: http://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/publicacoes Director of Regional, Urban and Environmental Studies and Policies Nilo Luiz Saccaro Júnior The opinions expressed in this publication are of exclusive Director of Sectoral Studies and Policies responsibility of the authors, not necessarily expressing of Innovation and Infrastructure the official views of the Institute for Applied Economic André Tortato Rauen Research and the Ministry of Economy. Director of Social Studies and Policies Lenita Maria Turchi Reproduction of this text and the data contained within Director of International Studies, Political is allowed as long as the source is cited. Reproduction for and Economic Relations commercial purposes is prohibited. Ivan Tiago Machado Oliveira Head of Press and Communication Mylena Fiori Ombudsman: http://www.ipea.gov.br/Ouvidoria URL: http://www.ipea.gov.br JEL: F5; H56; L64. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.38116/dp252 CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................7 2 AREAS OF SURVEILLANCE, PROTECTION, AND POWER PROJECTION: BRAZILIAN JURISDICTIONAL WATERS AND BRAZILIAN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................8 3 THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBMARINES AND THE BRAZILIAN NAVY SUBMARINE FORCE ...................................................................19 4 THE SUBMARINE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM AND THE BRAZILIAN NUCLEAR-POWERED SUBMARINE ........................................................................27 5 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................41 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................43 ABSTRACT In order to prepare and employ naval power and contribute to national defense, the Brazilian Navy, through its programs and projects, seeks to develop means of implementation of naval war operations and actions suitable for its main tasks – sea denial and control, and power projection. A significant portion of these efforts is the Submarine Development Program (PROSUB), which the ultimate purpose is to develop the first Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine. This paper aims to emphasize the importance of PROSUB (especially regarding the nuclear submarine) to the accomplishment of the Brazilian Navy constitutional mission and to the country’s development and security, notably stressing its positive externalities (in technological, human resources and social terms) and the importance of its continuity and enhancement. Keywords: Submarine Development Program (PROSUB); Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine; national defense; geopolitics; defense industry; Defense Industrial Base (DIB); Blue Amazon; maritime power; public policies; Brazilian Navy. Discussion Paper 252 Brazilian Nuclear-Powered Submarine: national defense and technological externalities 1 INTRODUCTION In addition to the sovereignty over its land territory of more than 8.5 million square kilometers, Brazil also has an extensive maritime space, over 3.5 million square kilometers which extends along its more than 7,000 kilometers of ocean coast.1 It is a vital area for the country, which has a large population concentration along the coast and enormous natural resources. It is also noteworthy that almost all Brazilian foreign trade and communication lines cross these waters, thus increasing the region’s relevance for Brazil.2 Furthermore, a large portion of Brazilian foreign trade flows along the Atlantic Ocean so that specific regions abroad have strategic importance for the country – such as the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern tip of Africa, and the Drake Passage, between the Antarctic continent and South America. In order to fulfill its mission of preparing and employing naval power to contribute to national defense,3 the Brazilian Navy (MB, acronym in Portuguese) seeks, through its strategic programs, to develop the necessary means and assets for its operations at sea, suitable for carrying out its main tasks – sea denial, the control of maritime areas, and the projection of power in a limited way. In this way, the Brazilian Navy aims to ensure the surveillance and safety of the Brazilian jurisdictional waters (AJB, acronym in Portuguese), secure national sovereignty and support foreign policy, in addition to exercising deterrence and assisting in the welfare and progress of society. A significant component of these efforts is the Submarine Development Program (PROSUB), with great emphasis on the development of the first Brazilian nuclear-powered submarine, or abbreviated as SN-BR in Portuguese.4 The PROSUB aims to meet important goals of the Brazilian "National Defense Policy", such as having a "large submarine naval force, composed of both conventional and nuclear-powered submarines” (Brazil, 2012b, p. 21, translated by the authors). 1. The Brazilian maritime space, or formally the Brazilian Jurisdictional Waters (AJB, acronym in Portuguese), can be extended to approximately 5.7 million square kilometers if Brazil’s claim is fully accepted by the United Nations as presented later on in the text. 2. The Brazilian Navy created the term Blue Amazon to highlight the strategic importance of this area. 3. Brazilian Navy’s mission and future vision. Retrieved Jan. 31st, 2018, from: <https://goo.gl/PH64bA>. 4. Nuclear-powered submarines are generally referred to as nuclear submarines in the various means of communication. However, in the case of SN-BR, there is no connection with nuclear weapons, but only with the type of energy used in its propulsion system. 7 Brasilia, October 2020 This is a strategic program that, due to the focus on the nationalization of components developed in its different stages, has become the largest scientific-technological training program of the Brazilian defense industry (Drummond, 2017). Although its main objective is related to national defense, it should be noted that the investments made in this program produce benefits of various kinds for the Brazilian society, while also bringing substantive returns in terms of dual-use technologies (civil and military use). The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of the PROSUB, highlighting the nuclear-powered submarine, emphasizing its positive externalities and the need for its continuity and reinforcement. For this purpose, the text is divided into five sections including this introduction. Section 2 presents the main areas of Brazilian Navy's surveillance, protection, and power projection in the so-called Blue Amazon and in the South Atlantic, demonstrating the
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