Vol. 8(21), pp. 2090-2098, 21 May, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2014.6805 Article Number: B08615F44968 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR

Review

Antibacterial compounds in different of : A review

Chandni Tandon1, Priti Mathur1* and Manodeep Sen2

1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow-226028, India. 2Dr. Ram ManoharLohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow-226010, India.

Received 2 April, 2014; Accepted 6 May, 2014

The growing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance to pathogenic microorganisms has led to the concern of scientists on finding novel antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Datura species is a medicinal that has significant antibacterial properties and has been widely used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, leucoderma, skin disorders, ulcers, bronchitis, jaundice, hysteria, insanity, heart disease, fever, piles, etc. In this review, we focused on the antibacterial characteristics of plant with special reference to phytocompounds studied by various scientists in different species of Datura. Studies showed that maximum antibacterial work has been done on Datura metal, Datura inoxia and against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. were found to be most promising part as a source for antibacterial activities. Steroidal (5¹, 7¹ dimethyl 6¹– hydroxyl 3¹, phenyl 3 α-amine β–yne sitosterol) and β-carboline(1,7 dihydroxy-1-methyl 6,8- dimethoxy β-carboline) are the two antibacterial compounds isolated from D. metel. Research showed that the Datura species are very promising for isolation of new antibacterial compounds.

Key words: Datura, antibiotic resistance, phytomedicine, antibacterial compound.

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants used as sources for therapeutic agents family). The name Datura comes from the early represent a rapidly expanding area of health science Dustura or Dahatura (Mann, 1996). They are commonly (Chopra et al., 1956). It is now believed that traditional called thorn apple, stink weed, devil’s apple, jimson use of the medicinal plants has fewer side effects over weed, angel’s trumpet, etc. (Heiser, 1969; Avery et allopathic medicine. Such promising facts led to al.,1959). All the species are woody, stalked leafy development of herbal derived medicines all over the annuals and short lived perennials which can reach up to world (Pal and Shukla, 2003). Datura as a medicinal two meters in height. The leaves are alternate with lobed plant, is a genus of nine species (, Datura or toothed margin. The flowers are erect, trumpet inoxia, , Datura stramonium, Datura shaped, 5-20 cm long and 4-12 cm broad at the mouth, ceratocaula, Datura discolor, Datura leichhardtii, Datura colors vary from white to yellow, pink and pale purple. quercifolia and ) of vespertine flowering The fruit is spiny . They normally have 12 pairs of plants belonging to the family (Nightshade chromosomes (Howard, 1989; Liogier, 1995; Burkill, 2000;

*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 9695961829.

Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Tandon et al. 2091

Bonde, 2001; Stevens et al., 2001). It is very difficult to also E. coli was more sensitive to ciprofloxacin. differentiate between species of Datura, because some Phytochemical analysis of both D. innoxia powder leaves species, such as D. wrightii and D. inoxia, are almost and alcoholic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, similar in appearance. They can change their size and phenols, glycosides, tannins, resins, saponins, flavonoids shape of , flower and fruit depending on location. and steroids. Mathur et al. (2013), studied antibacterial When growing in a moist location, they grow half as tall activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different as a person, but when growing in a very dry location, they parts of D. inoxia (leaves, fruits, and flowers) only grow into a thin and short plant (Preissel and against pathogenic bacteria E. coli, Pseudomonas Preissel, 2002). aeruginosa and S. aureus. Both aqueous and ethanolic All Datura plants were commonly known to contain extracts of the plant parts have shown mild to strong alkaloids such as , and antimicrobial activity. Joshi and Kaur (2013), worked on (Oliver, 1986). Because of the presence of these antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous substances, it has been used for a long time in some extract of D. innoxia leaf against four pathogenic bacteria: cultures as a poison and (Adams and E. coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, and Garcia, 2005). It is also widely used in phytomedicine to B. subtilis. Results showed that the extracts of D. innoxia cure diseases and was regarded as antispasmodic, have potent antimicrobial activity against pathogens. intoxicant, germicidal, anodyne antipyretic, antiseptic, Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of antiphlogistic, antiproliferative, antidiarrhoeal, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in the extract. antihelminthic, alexiteric and useful in leucoderma, skin disorders, insanity, catarrh, ulcers, bronchitis, heart disease, jaundice and for fever and piles (Agharkar, Antibacterial compounds in Datura metel 1991; Duke and Ayensu, 1985; Ali and Shuab, 1996; Dabur et al., 2004; Chopra et al., 1968, 1986). This species is also known as devil's trumpet, it was first In the present review, we studied antibacterial described by Linnaeus in 1753 and studied by many compounds from different species of Datura scientists for its antibacterial properties and phytocompounds. Okwu and Igara (2009), isolated and identified a new antibacterial steroidal (5¹, 7¹ Antibacterial compounds in Datura Inoxia dimethyl 6¹– hydroxyl 3¹, phenyl 3 α-amine β- yne sitosterol (Figure 1 and Table 1) from D. metel leaves ethanolic D. inoxia is also known as thorn-apple, moonflower, extract using ¹³C, ¹H NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic sacred Datura. The species was first described by data. Compound showed antibacterial activity against S. English botanist Philip Miller in 1768. Many studies were aureus, P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabis, S. typhi, B. done on their antibacterial activity and phytocompounds. subtilis and K. pneumonia but could not inhibit E. coli. Gachande and Khillare (2013), showed antimicrobial Vadlapudi and Kaladhar (2012), evaluated antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of D. inoxia against activity of aerial parts of D. metel L. against the resistant Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, pathogens such as L. acidophilus, P. marginalis, Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi. Jamdhade et al. Pseudomonas syringae, P. aeruginosa, S. mutans, (2010) studied the antibacterial activity of aqueous Streptococcus salivarius and S. aureus. The plant parts extracts of different parts of D. inoxia (, stem, leaf, were extracted using methanol, hexane and chloroform seed and fruit coat) against five human pathogenic solvents. Results of agar well diffusion method revealed bacteria viz. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, that methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited S. typhi and S. aureus. The results indicated that promising antimicrobial activity than hexane extracts. aqueous extract of leaf showed potential antibacterial Ethanolic extract from leaf of D. metel showed potential activity against the tested pathogens. Kaushik and Goyal antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, (2008), also investigated antibacterial activity of D. inoxia P. vulgaris and S. typhi (Gachande and Khillare, 2013). (leaf, stem and root) ethanol, methanol, hexane and ethyl Sakthi et al. (2011), studied antibacterial potentiality of acetate extracts against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of mature leaves of D. and S. typhi) and Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus, B. metel against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli, S. subtilis and S. aureus). Extracts prepared from leaves typhi, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio were shown to have better efficacy than stem and root cholera and P. aeruginosa. The ethanol extract of D. extracts. Among all the extracts, methanolic extract was metel showed maximum zone of inhibition against P. found to be most active against all the bacterial species aeruginosa, E. coli and B. subtilis. S. aureus showed less tested. zone of inhibition. The ethyl acetate extract of D. metel Alwan et al. (2011), studied in vitro antibacterial activity showed maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli. There of D. innoxia dried leaves against E. coli and S. aureus. was no zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of D. innoxia ethanolic extract Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of showed that E. coli was more sensitive than S. aureus, compounds like alkaloids, tripenoid, steroids, flavonoid, 2092 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

Figure 1. Steroidal alkaloid - 5¹, 7¹ dimethyl 6¹– hydroxyl 3¹, phenyl 3 α- amine β- yne sitosterol (Okwu and Igara, 2009).

Figure 2. β-Carboline alkaloid-1,7-dihydroxy-1-methyl 6,8-dimethoxy β-carboline (Okwu and Igara, 2011).

triterpenes, phenolic compounds and tannins in the and root against HIV associated opportunistic infections extracts showing antibacterial properties. causing bacterial pathogens. All parts of plant extracts Jamdhade et al. (2010), investigated antibacterial showed inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa, K. activity of aqueous extracts of different parts of D. metel pneumoniae, E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhi, but methanol (root, stem, leaf, seed and fruit coat) against five human leaf extract showed better antibacterial activity. pathogenic bacteria viz. Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus, Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus. The results indicated that presence of saponins, tannins, phenolic compounds, aqueous extract of leaf were most effective against all the alkaloids, carbohydrates, anthraquinones, protein and tested pathogens. Okwu and Igara (2011), isolated a new aminoacids, fixed oil and fats, glycosides. Akharaiyi β-carboline alkaloid (1, 7 dihydroxy-1- methyl 6, 8 (2011) investigated antibacterial efficacy of crude dimethoxy β -carboline) (Figure 2 and Table 1) from D. aqueous and ethanol extracts of leaf, stem bark and roots metel (leaves). The structure was analyzed using NMR of D. metel against S. hemolytic, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, spectroscopy in combination with IR and MS spectral data. S. aureus, K. pneumoniae, B. cereus, S. typhi and S. Antibacterial studies showed that the isolated compound dysenteriae. All the test organisms were susceptible to successfully inhibited the P. aeruginosa, K. Pneumonia, the plant aqueous and ethanol extracts with various S. aureus, P. mirabilis, E. coli, B. subtilis and S. typhi. degree of sensitivity. The root extracts of the plants Bharathi et al. (2010), studied antimicrobial activity of showed no antibacterial activity while the leaf extracts ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of D. metel leaf, stem exhibited more therapeutic effect than the stem bark Tandon et al. 2093

Table 1. Summary of review showing comparative work of different scientist in different species of Datura.

Molecular Plant Nature of Instrument S/N Species Solvent Pathogens effected formula/name of Reference part phytochemicals used compound C36 H46 O2N Staphylococcus aureus, Steroidal alkaloid (5¹, 7¹ dimethyl ¹³C, ¹H NMR, IR Okwu and Igara Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 6¹– hydroxy 3¹, and MS Leaf Ethanol (2009) Proteus mirabis, Solmonella phenyl 3 α - spectroscopic typhi and Bacillus subtilis amine β – data. ynesitosterol)

Klebsiella pneumonia Pseudomonas aeruginosa, C14 H20 O4 N2 NMR Klebsiella pneumonia, β-carboline alkaloid (1, 7 dihydroxy-1- spectroscopy in Okwu and Igara Leaf Ethanol Staphylococcus aureus, methyl 6, 8 combination with (2011) Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia dimethoxy β- IR and MS coli, Bacillus subtilis and carboline) spectral data Salmonella typhi

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia Gachande and coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Leaf Ethanol Khillare (2013) Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi - - - 1 Datura metel Ethanol Alkaloids, tripenoids, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and ethyl steroids, flavonoids, Sakthi et al. (2011) Leaf Escherchia coli and Bacillus acetate triterpenes, phenolic subtilis compound and tannins - -

Saponins, tannins, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, phenolic compound, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bharathi et al. alkaloids, carbohydrates, Leaf Methanol Escherichia coli, Salmonella (2010) anthraquinones, protein typhiand Staphylococcus and amino acid, fixed oil aureus - - and fats, glycosides

Streptococcus β hemolytic, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aqueous, Saponins, flavonoids, Escherichia coli, ethanol tannins, phenols, Akharaiyi (2011) Leaf Staphylococcus aureus, alkaloids, glycosides, Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus terpenoids and steroids cereus, Salmonella typhiand - - Streptococcus dysenteriae 2094 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

Table 1. Contd

Lactobacillus acidophilus, Pseudomonas marginalis, Methanol Pseudomonas syringae, Aerial Vadlapudi and and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, - - - parts Kaladhar (2012) chloroform Streptococcus mutans, Steptococcus salivarious and Staphylococcus aureus.

Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Jamdhade et al. Leaf Aqueous - - - Salmonella typhi and (2010) Staphylococcus aureus.

Bacillus subtilis, E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Gachande and Leaf Ethanol Proteus vulgaris and Khillare (2013) Salmonella typhi - - -

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Banso and Adeyemo Saponins, tannins, Leaf Ethanol Klebsiella pneumonia and (2006) alkaloids and glycosides - - Escherichia coli

Leaf Ethanol Pseudomonas aeruginosa - - - Kumar et al. (2010)

Enterobacter, Micrococcus

Branche luteus, Pseudomonas s and Benzene aeruginosa, E. coli, Gul et al. (2012)

leaves Staphylococcus aureus and - - Klebsiella pneumonia. - 2 Datura stramonium Alkaloids, glycosides, reducing sugars, tannins, Staphylococcus aureus, steroids, terpenoids, Leaf Ethanol Salmonella typhi and - - Reddy et al. (2009) phenols, flavonoids, Pseudomonas aeruginosa proteins, saponins, amino acids

Leaf, Escherichia coli, fruit, Staphylococcus aureus and Sharma et al. (2013) stem, Methanol Pseudomonas aeruginosa. root and - - - callus

Staphylococcus aureus, Sharma and Sharma Flavonoids, phytosterols Leaf Methanol Escherichia coli, (2013) and alkaloids Pseudomonas aeruginosa - - Tandon et al. 2095

Table 1. Contd

Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Jamdhade et al. Leaf Aqueous - - - Salmonella typhiand (2010) Staphylococcus aureus

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Gachande and Leaf Ethanol - - - Proteus vulgaris and Khillare (2013) Salmonella typhi

alkaloids, phenols, Escherichia coli and glycosides, tannins, Alwan et al. Leaf Ethanol Staphylococcus aureus resins, saponins, (2011) flavonoids and steroids - -

Leavs,fr Aqueous Escherichia coli, uit, root Mathur et al. and Staphylococcus aureus and and ethanol Pseudomonas aeruginosa - - - (2013) flower

3 Ethanol, Escherichia coli, methanol Staphylococcus epidermidis, Alkaloids, flavonoids and Joshi and Kaur Leaf and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, tannins (2013) aqueous and Bacillus subtilis. - -

Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,Bacillus cereus, Bacillus Kaushik and Goyal Leaf Methanol subtilisand Staphylococcus - - (2008) aureus -

Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Jamdhade et al. Leaf Aqueous - - Salmonella typhiand - (2010) Staphylococcus aureus

Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia Gachande and coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Leaf Ethanol - - - khillare Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi (2013) 4 Datura ferox Leaf, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus stem cereus, Escherichia coli, Jamdhade et al. Aqueous - - - and fruit Salmonella typhi and (2010) coat Staphylococcus aureus 5 Datura ceratocaula ------2096 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

Table 1. Contd

6 Datura discolor ------

7 Datura leichhardtii ------

8 ------

9 Datura wrightii ------

extracts. Phytochemical analysis revealed the has been found to show antibacterial activity carotenoid in plant parts and callus. The results presence of saponin, flavonoids, tannins, phenols against P. aeruginosa but not against E. coli and indicated that methanolic leaf extract exhibited and alkakoids, glycocides, steroids and terpenoids B. amyloliquefaciens. better antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. of which steroids, terpenoids and tannins were The in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial activity of coli, P. aeruginosa. In the metabolite rich fraction absent in the ethanol extract. different parts of D. stramonium (leaf, fruit, stem, (flavonoids, phytosterols and alkaloids), greatest root and callus) were investigated by Sharma et bactericidal activity was exhibited by flavonoids al. (2013), against E. coli, S. aureus and P. against P. aeruginosa. Gul et al. (2012), studied Antibacterial compounds in Datura aeruginosa. All the solvent extracts (ethanol, antibacterial activity of D. stramonium branches stramonium methanol, petroleum ether and aqueous) showed and leaves samples in three different solvents significant antimicrobial activity against all the benzene, chloroform and ethanol against D. stramonium is commonly known as tested micro-organisms. Methanolic extract was Enterobacter, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas jimsonweed, thorn-apple and moon flower. It was most active against all micro-organisms, whereas aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and K. pneumonia. scientifically described and named by Swedish all the extracts showed significant activity against All the solvent extracts showed significant botanist in 1753 and was studied P. aeruginosa. Jamdhade et al. (2010), studied antibacterial activity against tested pathogens. by many scientists for their antibacterial properties antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of Comparative minimum inhibitory concentration of and phytocompounds. Ethanolic leaf extract from different parts of D. stramonium (root, stem, leaf, benzene, chloroform and ethanol extract D. stramonium showed potential antimicrobial seed and fruit coat) against five human determined that benzene extract was very activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, P. pathogenic bacteria viz. B. megaterium, B. effective against all bacterial strains. The vulgaris and S. typhi (Gachande and Khillare, cereus, E. coli, S. typhi and S. aureus. The results antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of D. 2013). The antimicrobial activity of D. stramonium indicated that aqueous extract of leaf were most stramonium L. (Solanaceae) were evaluated by (leaf ethanolic extract) studied by Banso and effective against all the tested pathogens. Reddy et al. (2009), against K. pneumoniae, S. Adeyemo (2006), were assessed against P. The phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial typhi, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and E. coli. The plant activities of in vitro grown callus and D. coli. The alcoholic extract of the plant has shown showed significant antibacterial activity against stramonium methanolic extracts of root, stem, promising antimicrobial activity and effectively the tested pathogens. Phytochemical analysis leaves, fruits, callus and crude metabolite rich inhibited the growth rate of S. aureus, S. typhi, P. revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, fractions were studied by Sharma and Sharma aeruginosa and E. coli but K. pneumonia and P. alkaloids and glycosides. Kumar et al. (2010), (2013), against E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris were found resistance. Phytochemical investigated the antibacterial activity of D. aeruginosa. The crude extracts from D. studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, stramonium (leaf ethanolic extract) against three stramonium were analyzed for moisture, starch, glycosides, reducing sugars, tannins, steroids, standard microorganisms, E. coli, Bacillus carbohydrate, ascorbic acid, lipid, proline, terpenoids, phenols, flavonoids, proteins, amyloliquefaciens and P. aeruginosa. The plant crudeprotein, phenols, DNA, RNA, chlorophyll and saponins and amino acids in the extract. Tandon et al. 2097

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