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Antibacterial Compounds in Different Species of Datura: a Review

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Antibacterial Compounds in Different Species of Datura: a Review Vol. 8(21), pp. 2090-2098, 21 May, 2014 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2014.6805 Article Number: B08615F44968 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2014 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Review Antibacterial compounds in different species of Datura: A review Chandni Tandon1, Priti Mathur1* and Manodeep Sen2 1Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow-226028, India. 2Dr. Ram ManoharLohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow-226010, India. Received 2 April, 2014; Accepted 6 May, 2014 The growing phenomenon of antibiotic resistance to pathogenic microorganisms has led to the concern of scientists on finding novel antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Datura species is a medicinal plant that has significant antibacterial properties and has been widely used to treat various diseases such as diabetes, leucoderma, skin disorders, ulcers, bronchitis, jaundice, hysteria, insanity, heart disease, fever, piles, etc. In this review, we focused on the antibacterial characteristics of plant with special reference to phytocompounds studied by various scientists in different species of Datura. Studies showed that maximum antibacterial work has been done on Datura metal, Datura inoxia and Datura stramonium against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Leaves were found to be most promising part as a source for antibacterial activities. Steroidal (5¹, 7¹ dimethyl 6¹– hydroxyl 3¹, phenyl 3 α-amine β–yne sitosterol) and β-carboline(1,7 dihydroxy-1-methyl 6,8- dimethoxy β-carboline) alkaloids are the two antibacterial compounds isolated from D. metel. Research showed that the Datura species are very promising plants for isolation of new antibacterial compounds. Key words: Datura, antibiotic resistance, phytomedicine, antibacterial compound. INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants used as sources for therapeutic agents family). The name Datura comes from the early Sanskrit represent a rapidly expanding area of health science Dustura or Dahatura (Mann, 1996). They are commonly (Chopra et al., 1956). It is now believed that traditional called thorn apple, stink weed, devil’s apple, jimson use of the medicinal plants has fewer side effects over weed, angel’s trumpet, etc. (Heiser, 1969; Avery et allopathic medicine. Such promising facts led to al.,1959). All the species are woody, stalked leafy development of herbal derived medicines all over the annuals and short lived perennials which can reach up to world (Pal and Shukla, 2003). Datura as a medicinal two meters in height. The leaves are alternate with lobed plant, is a genus of nine species (Datura ferox, Datura or toothed margin. The flowers are erect, trumpet inoxia, Datura metel, Datura stramonium, Datura shaped, 5-20 cm long and 4-12 cm broad at the mouth, ceratocaula, Datura discolor, Datura leichhardtii, Datura colors vary from white to yellow, pink and pale purple. quercifolia and Datura wrightii) of vespertine flowering The fruit is spiny capsule. They normally have 12 pairs of plants belonging to the family Solanaceae (Nightshade chromosomes (Howard, 1989; Liogier, 1995; Burkill, 2000; *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: 9695961829. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Tandon et al. 2091 Bonde, 2001; Stevens et al., 2001). It is very difficult to also E. coli was more sensitive to ciprofloxacin. differentiate between species of Datura, because some Phytochemical analysis of both D. innoxia powder leaves species, such as D. wrightii and D. inoxia, are almost and alcoholic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, similar in appearance. They can change their size and phenols, glycosides, tannins, resins, saponins, flavonoids shape of leaf, flower and fruit depending on location. and steroids. Mathur et al. (2013), studied antibacterial When growing in a moist location, they grow half as tall activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of different as a person, but when growing in a very dry location, they parts of D. inoxia (leaves, fruits, roots and flowers) only grow into a thin and short plant (Preissel and against pathogenic bacteria E. coli, Pseudomonas Preissel, 2002). aeruginosa and S. aureus. Both aqueous and ethanolic All Datura plants were commonly known to contain extracts of the plant parts have shown mild to strong tropane alkaloids such as scopolamine, hyoscyamine and antimicrobial activity. Joshi and Kaur (2013), worked on atropine (Oliver, 1986). Because of the presence of these antimicrobial activity of ethanol, methanol and aqueous substances, it has been used for a long time in some extract of D. innoxia leaf against four pathogenic bacteria: cultures as a poison and hallucinogen (Adams and E. coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, and Garcia, 2005). It is also widely used in phytomedicine to B. subtilis. Results showed that the extracts of D. innoxia cure diseases and was regarded as antispasmodic, have potent antimicrobial activity against pathogens. intoxicant, germicidal, anodyne antipyretic, antiseptic, Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of antiphlogistic, antiproliferative, antidiarrhoeal, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins in the extract. antihelminthic, alexiteric and useful in leucoderma, skin disorders, insanity, catarrh, ulcers, bronchitis, heart disease, jaundice and for fever and piles (Agharkar, Antibacterial compounds in Datura metel 1991; Duke and Ayensu, 1985; Ali and Shuab, 1996; Dabur et al., 2004; Chopra et al., 1968, 1986). This species is also known as devil's trumpet, it was first In the present review, we studied antibacterial described by Linnaeus in 1753 and studied by many compounds from different species of Datura scientists for its antibacterial properties and phytocompounds. Okwu and Igara (2009), isolated and identified a new antibacterial steroidal alkaloid (5¹, 7¹ Antibacterial compounds in Datura Inoxia dimethyl 6¹– hydroxyl 3¹, phenyl 3 α-amine β- yne sitosterol (Figure 1 and Table 1) from D. metel leaves ethanolic D. inoxia is also known as thorn-apple, moonflower, extract using ¹³C, ¹H NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic sacred Datura. The species was first described by data. Compound showed antibacterial activity against S. English botanist Philip Miller in 1768. Many studies were aureus, P. aeruginosa, Proteus mirabis, S. typhi, B. done on their antibacterial activity and phytocompounds. subtilis and K. pneumonia but could not inhibit E. coli. Gachande and Khillare (2013), showed antimicrobial Vadlapudi and Kaladhar (2012), evaluated antimicrobial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of D. inoxia against activity of aerial parts of D. metel L. against the resistant Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, pathogens such as L. acidophilus, P. marginalis, Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella typhi. Jamdhade et al. Pseudomonas syringae, P. aeruginosa, S. mutans, (2010) studied the antibacterial activity of aqueous Streptococcus salivarius and S. aureus. The plant parts extracts of different parts of D. inoxia (root, stem, leaf, were extracted using methanol, hexane and chloroform seed and fruit coat) against five human pathogenic solvents. Results of agar well diffusion method revealed bacteria viz. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, that methanol and chloroform extracts exhibited S. typhi and S. aureus. The results indicated that promising antimicrobial activity than hexane extracts. aqueous extract of leaf showed potential antibacterial Ethanolic extract from leaf of D. metel showed potential activity against the tested pathogens. Kaushik and Goyal antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, (2008), also investigated antibacterial activity of D. inoxia P. vulgaris and S. typhi (Gachande and Khillare, 2013). (leaf, stem and root) ethanol, methanol, hexane and ethyl Sakthi et al. (2011), studied antibacterial potentiality of acetate extracts against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of mature leaves of D. and S. typhi) and Gram-positive bacteria (B. cereus, B. metel against S. aureus, B. subtilis, B. cereus, E. coli, S. subtilis and S. aureus). Extracts prepared from leaves typhi, Shigella flexneri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Vibrio were shown to have better efficacy than stem and root cholera and P. aeruginosa. The ethanol extract of D. extracts. Among all the extracts, methanolic extract was metel showed maximum zone of inhibition against P. found to be most active against all the bacterial species aeruginosa, E. coli and B. subtilis. S. aureus showed less tested. zone of inhibition. The ethyl acetate extract of D. metel Alwan et al. (2011), studied in vitro antibacterial activity showed maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli. There of D. innoxia dried leaves against E. coli and S. aureus. was no zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial activity of D. innoxia ethanolic extract Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of showed that E. coli was more sensitive than S. aureus, compounds like alkaloids, tripenoid, steroids, flavonoid, 2092 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. Figure 1. Steroidal alkaloid - 5¹, 7¹ dimethyl 6¹– hydroxyl 3¹, phenyl 3 α- amine β- yne sitosterol (Okwu and Igara, 2009). Figure 2. β-Carboline alkaloid-1,7-dihydroxy-1-methyl 6,8-dimethoxy β-carboline (Okwu and Igara, 2011). triterpenes, phenolic compounds and tannins in the and root
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