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Temporal Variation in Infection Levels and Reproductive Traits of The Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS Folia Parasitologica 2020, 67: 012 doi: 10.14411/fp.2020.012 http://folia.paru.cas.cz Research Article Temporal variation in infection levels and reproductive traits of the acanthocephalan Pseudoleptorhynchoides lamothei in the blue sea catfish Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864) Dolores I. Carpio-Hernández1, Juan Violante-González1*, Scott Monks2, Agustín A. Rojas-Herrera1, Sergio García-Ibáñez1, Jeiri Toribio-Jiménez3, Himmer Castro-Mondragón1 1 Facultad de Ecología Marina, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Guerrero, México; 2 Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México; 3 Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Pachuca, Hidalgo, México Abstract: Current data on reproductive biology and population dynamics of the acanthocephalans are scarce mainly in regions from the tropical Pacific. An analysis was done to identify possible factors that influence variation in infection levels of the acanthocephalan Pseudoleptorhynchoides lamothei Salgado-Maldonado, 1976 in its final host, the blue sea catfish Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864), and describe its main reproductive traits. A total of 1,094 A. guatemalensis were collected from Tres Palos Lagoon from August 2014 to December 2015. Prevalence of P. lamothei varied from 1.47% to 38.33%, and mean abundance from 0.03 to 4.44 helminths per examined host. In female P. lamothei relative fecundity increased with total length. Temporal variations in P. lamothei infection levels were attributed mainly to changes in host feeding and reproductive behaviour in response to local environmental factors as climatic season, and variations in water temperature. Keywords: helminths, dynamics, brackish water fish,Tres Palos Lagoon, Mexico. The acanthocephalans are a highly successful helminth the infection levels of some acanthocephalan species from parasite group which uses all classes of vertebrates as final tropical or subtropical regions has been linked to season- host. Adult acanthocephalans are endoparasites and live in al changes in environmental conditions (e.g., between dry the gastrointestinal tract of all aquatic vertebrate groups, and rainy seasons) (Brasil-Sato and Pavanelli 1999, Vio- and even some terrestrial organisms such as mammals and lante-González et al. 2009), as well as to temporal changes birds. All aspecies of Acanthocephala have an indirect life in host feeding and reproductive behaviour (Brasil-Sato cycle, with an arthropod as an intermediate host (Cromp- and Pavanelli 1999, Violante-González et al. 2008, 2009, ton and Nickol 1985, Aznar et al. 2001, Kennedy 2006, 2017a). Salgado-Maldonado and Amin 2009). Pseudoleptorhynchoides lamothei Salgado-Maldonado Thorough descriptions of the biology of several species 1976 is an acanthocephalan parasite of fresh- or brackish of Acanthocephala are available mainly for temperate re- water fish that has been reported from many locations in gions (Crompton and Nickol 1985, Amin 1975, 1985a, b, Mexico (Violante-González et al. 2007, García-Varela and 1987), but information on these helminths in tropical re- González-Oliver 2008). In coastal lagoons on the Pacific gions is very scarce. In Mexico, the studies done to date coast of Mexico, this acanthocephalan infects several fish on acanthocephalans have mainly been taxonomic descrip- species, but only matures in the blue sea catfish Ariopsis tions (Salgado-Maldonado 1976, Salgado-Maldonado et guatemalensis (Günther, 1864) (see Violante-González et al. 2010, Monks et al. 2011), or checklists of these hel- al. 2007). minths in wild vertebrates (Salgado-Maldonado and Amin Although data does exist on P. lamothei infection lev- 2009, García-Prieto et al. 2010). els in fish from Tres Palos Lagoon (Violante-González et Relatively few studies have focused on aspects of ac- al. 2007, 2009), no study has yet been done of this acan- anthocephalan ecology or life cycle (Monks et al. 2009, thocephalan during a complete annual cycle in this coastal Alcántara-Escalera et al. 2013, García-Varela et al. 2013, lagoon. In addition, no description has been made of its Violante-González et al. 2017a, b). Temporal variation in main reproductive traits. The objectives of the present Address for correspondence: J. Violante-González, Facultad de Ecología Marina. Gran Vía Tropical Núm. 20, Fracc. Las Playas, C. P. 39390, Univer- sidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Guerrero, México. Email: [email protected]. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Folia Parasitologica 2020,67:012 Table 1. Host biometrics and temporal variation in the infection parameters of the acanthocephalan Pseudoleptorhynchoides lamothei Salgado-Maldonado, 1976 in Ariopsis guatemalensis (Günther, 1864) doi: 10.14411/fp.2020.012 from Tres Palos Lagoon, Guerrero, Mexico. Host biometrics Infection parameters Season Month ST °C Rain (mm) No. fishes Mean fish length (cm) CF GRI GSI Preval (%) Mean abund Total No. Range DI M : F Rainy 2014 Aug 2014 25.7 244.4 46 26.1 ± 1.6 0.9601 1.56 9.38 15 0.74 ± 4.7 34 1–14 4.49 1 : 0.81 Sep 25.1 281.4 47 27.5 ± 1.8 0.9284 1.78 6.85 4 0.19 ± 3.5 9 2−7 2.78 1 : 2.00 Oct 24.9 191.3 41 24.7 ± 2.2 0.8739 2.86 1.79 5 0.34 ± 8.5 14 1−13 10.29 1 : 1.17 Nov 24.6 28.5 77 21.0 ± 2.3 0.9542 4.14 0.48 13 0.19 ± 1.0 15 1–4 0.63 1 : 0.50 Dry 2014–2015 Dec 23.5 13.4 60 23.6 ± 2.5 0.9408 3.75 2.14 38 1.62 ± 5.2 97 1−20 6.47 1 : 2.39 Jan 2015 23.8 0.3 66 26.0 ± 3.0 0.8969 3.68 1.39 11 0.45 ± 4.1 30 1−12 3.87 1 : 2.50 Feb 24.3 3.0 68 23.8 ± 2.6 0.9584 3.28 5.02 1 0.03 2 0−2 Mar 25.6 42.10 72 25.6 ± 3.2 0.9180 4.31 6.57 10 0.22 ± 1.6 16 1–5 0.98 1 : 4.00 Abr 26.6 2.60 68 26.5 ± 1.8 0.9052 3.39 7.99 6 0.57 ± 15.0 38 1–32 23.75 1 : 2.17 May 27.7 111.90 71 24.4 ± 2.0 0.9345 4.35 6.01 15 0.37 ± 3.3 26 1–12 4.51 1 : 0.82 Rainy 2015 Jun 27.5 142.0 55 25.8 ± 2.9 0.9449 3.96 6.24 35 0.85 ± 2.0 47 1–7 1.63 1 : 2.73 Jul 26.9 147.6 75 24.0 ± 3.0 0.8792 3.17 5.81 21 0.60 ± 3.1 45 1–14 3.43 1 : 2.67 Aug 27.5 149.6 78 23.1 ± 2.6 1.0193 2.77 6.47 37 4.44 ± 15.4 346 1–76 19.99 1 : 0.86 Sep 26.3 234.2 86 22.8 ± 3.4 0.8541 2.60 2.78 17 0.73 ± 5.9 63 1–23 8.20 1 : 0.58 Oct 26.3 127.6 60 25.4 ± 2.58 0.8704 3.82 2.42 12 0.27 ± 1.7 16 1–5 1.27 1 : 1.40 Nov 26.3 31.9 63 23.6 ± 2.3 0.8608 4.01 1.43 25 1.22 ± 6.1 77 1–20 7.71 1 : 1.27 Dry 2015 Dec 25.1 10.5 61 23.8 ± 1.9 0.8911 3.85 1.78 38 2.56 ± 7.7 156 1–28 8.75 1 : 1.28 ST – surface temperature; Rain – rainfall; CF – Fulton’s condition factor; GRI – gastric repletion index; GSI – gonadosomatic index, Preval – prevalence; Mean abund – mean abundance; Total No. – total number of acanthocephalans; Range – minimum-maximum number of acanthocephalans present; DI – Dispersion index (variance to mean ratio), M : F – male to female ratio. Significant differences in the male to female ratio in bold (p < 0.05). Carpio-Hernández of each fish, total length and weight were recorded during each 2015. Sex December August 2014and nets, between using gill Specimen collection tained fromthelocalmeteorologicalstation(No.768050). values wereob and meanrainfall such assurfacetemperature parameters < 170mm).Environmental precipitation May (total precipitation ≈ 950 mm), and a seasons, a climatic This tropicalregion experiences two distinct 2006). te-González to 5.8ppt,beinga the depthrangesvariesfrom0.5 pulco, Guerrerostate.It hasa goon located on the Pacific coast of Mexico, 25 Sampling location malensis catfish, sea blue host, final its in acanthocephalan this of traits reproductive main the to describe and time, in variation influence that study weretoidentifypossiblebioticandabioticfactors distribution pattern. spatial acanthocephalan to determine was applied to meanratio), to describe ined host),andrangeofintensity exam of parasitesper number (mean hosts), meanabundance ed Infection anddispersionparameters nado (1976). nally identified according to the description of Salgado-Maldo in synthetic resin for examination of the internal organs; and fi mounted and carmine with hydrochloric were stained specimens tory bursa. They were then fixed and stored in 70% ethanol. The and copula the proboscis everted had the helminths time which water andkeptat4°Covernight,after tion, placed indistilled sec were removedfrom each Acanthocephalans of equallength. the digestive system of each fish was divided into three sections at thefamilylevel index sampling month,throughtheuseofShannon-Wiener as thediversityofitemsconsumedbyhostpopulationsineach was variety The host diet and Goitein2001). ma-Junior method analysis wasdoneusingthefrequencyofoccurrence consumed by this catfish at each sampling month. Prey item weight, and W W ed withtheequation:GRI= index(GRI)wascalculat The gastricrepletion = totallength.
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