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The Earliest Athenian New Style Bronze Coins. Some Evidence from the Athenian Agora*

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The Earliest Athenian New Style Bronze Coins. Some Evidence from the Athenian Agora* THE EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS. SOME EVIDENCE FROM THE ATHENIAN AGORA* (PLATES 75, 76) N the courseof the 2nd centuryB.C., the AthenianAgora was the site of extensive building activity. The most dramatic reshaping of the area took place on the east and south sides. There, the Square Peristyle erected around 325 B.C., probably to house the law courts, and a later, small brick building at the southeast corner of the Peristyle, were demolished. Also torn down were the late 5th century South Stoa I, built, at least in part, to provide offices and dining rooms for magistrates and boards of officials, and several small buildings of the 5th and 4th centuries south of the Tholos.1 In their place were erected three great stoas. The earliest, the so-called Middle Stoa,2 was begun in the second decade of the 2nd century and was of enormous size for its date (146 m. long). About three decades later, during the first part of the reign of Attalos II (159-139 B.C.), the Stoa of Attalos3 was built perpendicular to the Middle Stoa. The new stoa was shorter than its predecessor (116 m.) but had two storeys and a marble facade. Finally, South Stoa IJI was erected, somewhat later than the Stoa of Attalos and the East Building which connected the South and Middle Stoas, and completed the South Square which now formed an adjunct to the main square to the north. The early 2nd century date of the Middle Stoa and the fixed relative sequence of the three Hellenistic stoas are of great potential value to the numismatist, who can, * In preparingthis study, I benefitedgreatly from consultationswith severalpresent and former mem- bers of the Agora staff who gave generouslyof their time and expertise. They are acknowledgedindividually in the followingnotes. Above all, I am indebtedto John H. Kroll, my predecessoras Agoranumismatist, who provided advice and encouragementat every stage of my work. Dates suggested for the bronze coinage of Athens in the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. are based on Dr. Kroll's unpublished study of these early issues. The following abbreviationsare used: AE = bronze. AR silver. AV = gold. Agora, XIV = H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley, The AthenianAgora, XIV, The Agora of Athens, Princeton, 1972. BMC = A Catalogueof the GreekCoins in the British Museum,London, 1873ff. McClean = S. W. Grose, Catalogueof the McClean Collectionof GreekCoins, Cambridge,Fitzwilliam Museum, 1923-1929. Sv. = J. N. Svoronos, Les monnaiesd'Athenes, Munich, 1923-1926. References to this work are exclusively to plates; Sv.- indicates type was not illustrated. In the cataloguesgiven below, all coins are AE unless otherwisestated. Specimensillustrated on Plates 75 and 76 are indicated by an asterisk. 1 Agora, XIV, pls. 6 and 7. 2 Agora, XIV, pp. 66-68, 103-104. 3 Agora, XIV, pp. 104-107. 4 Agora, XIV, pp. 68-69. Hesperia,XLIV, 3 American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 303 by studying the coins found in the construction fills of the three buildings and related deposits, attempt to shed some light on the bronze coinage of Athens in the 2nd century B.C. Foremost among the outstanding questions regarding this coinage is the date of introduction of the " New Style" bronze types Athena/Fulminating Zeus. The establishment of a relative sequence for the 2nd century Fulminating Zeus and frac- tional issues is also important, for the archaeologist as well as the numismatist. In this respect, the material from the three stoas is no less significant for what it does not contain than for what it does contain. THE MIDDLE STOA: THE NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE The Middle Stoa5 was the first element in the reorganizationof the south part of the Agora. The building, which may have been a royal gift to Athens, had unfluted Doric columns on all four sides and was accessible both from the main square and from the south. The stoa was constructed almost entirely of poros from Aigina. Marble was restricted to the south gutter and the metopes, and the floors were of clay. Work on the building was begun at the east end and proceeded westward. The last two bays of the west end were not erected until the main part of the stoa was completed, thereby allowing the old buildings to the west to continue in use as long as possible.6 In the course of the excavations of 1933, 1935 and 1953-1954, a vast amount of construction fill for the Middle Stoa was uncovered, including great quantities of pottery, stamped amphora handles and coins. The date at which this fill was closed may be placed around 180 B.C. on the evidence of the amphora stamps, which do not include any varieties datable after 183 or 182 B.C.7 The coins catalogued below (Deposit I) are those which were found in areas of the building and north-terracefill which the excavators regardedas undisturbed and in the 5Agora, XIV, pp. 66-68, 103-104. 6 The numismaticfinds do not, however, substantiatea later date for the constructionfill of the west end of the stoa. The latest coins from the west end of the building fill are similar in characterto those from the remainderof the fill: Sv. 81.17-18, 9-639 (east), M2-230 (west); Sv. 81.28-29, 9-286, M2-316 (east); Sv.-, 0-641, M2-14 (east), 0-148, 9-155 (west); Sv. 107.55-69, M'-73 (east), 9-714 (west); BMC, Thessaly,62-67, 0-242 (east). See, however, the remarks,below, p. 330, on a period of inactivity at the Athenian mint and the group of coins, below, p. 311, from an area of the Hellenisticfill south of the Middle Stoa, possibly connected with the completion of the west end of the building (Deposit III). 7 V. R. Grace, " Les timbres amphoriquesgrecs," Explorationarcheologique de Delos, XXVII, Paris, 1970, p. 291: "The end date of the [amphora]stamps of the Middle Stoa filling should thereforebe set 7 years earlierthan that of the Pergamongroup; on present estimate, then, 183 or 182 B.C." Cf. also p. 320. Grace, "Stamped Handles of CommercialAmphoras," Excavations at Nessana, I, London, 1962, p. 124. I am grateful to Miss Grace for reviewing the amphorastamp evidence with me. 304 FRED S. KLEINER drains and layers which were older than the 2nd century structure.8 152 coins were securely identifiable after cleaning.9 DEPOSIT I - Agora Deposit H-K 12-14, Part I ATHENS Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, bakchos Secondhal of 4th centuryB.C. ring and AeE or variant; all within olive wreath. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Sv. 24.42-50. (5) A *13. A-417 16. M2-246 Rev. e E or variant. Double-bodied owl, head 14. M2-22 17. M2-426 facing; above, on either side, olive spray. 15. M2-227 Sv. 22.41-45. (2) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. *1. 0-274 2. M2-93 Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except between Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. them, AE)and kernos; all within olive wreath. Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except Sv. 24.34-39. (2) below, bakchos ring. *18. 9-396 19. M2-85 Sv. 22.35-40. (3) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. 3. (9-268 5. M27-1 Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except between 4. A-413 them, AE). Sv. 24.51-57. Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. (18) Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except 20. @-264 29. ME-229 details illegible. 21. e-267 30. M2-232 Sv. 22.35-45. (7) *22. e-269 31. M2-236 23. e-675 32. ME-240 6. e-270 10. M2-218 24. e-713 33. M'-243 7. M27-26 11. M2-221 25. M2-10 34. M2-247 *8 ME-35 12. ME-395 26. M2-29 35. M2-248 9. ME-87 27. M2-49 36. M2-251 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 28. M2-198 37. ME-263 8 The undisturbed areas of the fill were excavated in 1933 and 1953-1954 by Dorothy B. Thompson and in 1935 by ArthurW. Parsons. I am indebted to Mrs. Thompson and to Prof. Homer A. Thompson for reviewing the field notebooks with me and helping to assemble the list of relevant coins. 9 The entire deposit of 441 coins consists of the following 366 coins with inventorynumbers, 46 of which disintegratedafter discovery: 9-148, 155, 186, 187, 240-242, 250, 262-274, 285, 286, 311, 314, 328, 329, 335, 336, 395-400, 633-635, 637, 639-642, 649, 663, 668, 674-677, 699-700, 713, 714; A-410-414, 417; M2-1, 4, 10-14, 17-26, 28-36, 38-40, 47-59, 66-82, 85-88, 93, 94, 105, 114-116, 121-124, 197-201, 204, 208-222, 226-253, 258-263, 265-270, 284-286, 288, 301-319, 356-370, 377, 380-384, 390-392, 395, 396, 402,403,405,407-419,421,423,424,426-429,433,437-441,443-457, 460-476,492-497,504-510,624-626, 647-653, 656-695. An additional 75 AE coins, without inventory numbers, are missing. Almost all of these had been identified during the early excavationsas "Athens, 3rd century B.C.," " Greek," " Illegible" or "Disintegrated" and were subsequently discarded. The designation "Athens, 3rd century B.C." was given to coins which were similar in size and fabric to 3rd century Athenian AE; today they would be classifiedas " Greek" or " Illegible".
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