The Earliest Athenian New Style Bronze Coins. Some Evidence from the Athenian Agora*

THE EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS. SOME EVIDENCE FROM THE ATHENIAN AGORA*

(PLATES 75, 76) N the courseof the 2nd centuryB.C., the AthenianAgora was the site of extensive building activity. The most dramatic reshaping of the area took place on the east and south sides. There, the Square Peristyle erected around 325 B.C., probably to house the law courts, and a later, small brick building at the southeast corner of the Peristyle, were demolished. Also torn down were the late 5th century South Stoa I, built, at least in part, to provide offices and dining rooms for magistrates and boards of officials, and several small buildings of the 5th and 4th centuries south of the Tholos.1 In their place were erected three great stoas. The earliest, the so-called Middle Stoa,2 was begun in the second decade of the 2nd century and was of enormous size for its date (146 m. long). About three decades later, during the first part of the reign of Attalos II (159-139 B.C.), the Stoa of Attalos3 was built perpendicular to the Middle Stoa. The new stoa was shorter than its predecessor (116 m.) but had two storeys and a marble facade. Finally, South Stoa IJI was erected, somewhat later than the Stoa of Attalos and the East Building which connected the South and Middle Stoas, and completed the South Square which now formed an adjunct to the main square to the north. The early 2nd century date of the Middle Stoa and the fixed relative sequence of the three Hellenistic stoas are of great potential value to the numismatist, who can, * In preparingthis study, I benefitedgreatly from consultationswith severalpresent and former mem- bers of the Agora staff who gave generouslyof their time and expertise. They are acknowledgedindividually in the followingnotes. Above all, I am indebtedto John H. Kroll, my predecessoras Agoranumismatist, who provided advice and encouragementat every stage of my work. Dates suggested for the bronze coinage of Athens in the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. are based on Dr. Kroll's unpublished study of these early issues. The following abbreviationsare used: AE = bronze. AR silver. AV = gold. Agora, XIV = H. A. Thompson and R. E. Wycherley, The AthenianAgora, XIV, The Agora of Athens, Princeton, 1972. BMC = A Catalogueof the GreekCoins in the British Museum,London, 1873ff. McClean = S. W. Grose, Catalogueof the McClean Collectionof GreekCoins, Cambridge,Fitzwilliam Museum, 1923-1929. Sv. = J. N. Svoronos, Les monnaiesd'Athenes, Munich, 1923-1926. References to this work are exclusively to plates; Sv.- indicates type was not illustrated. In the cataloguesgiven below, all coins are AE unless otherwisestated. Specimensillustrated on Plates 75 and 76 are indicated by an asterisk. 1 Agora, XIV, pls. 6 and 7. 2 Agora, XIV, pp. 66-68, 103-104. 3 Agora, XIV, pp. 104-107. 4 Agora, XIV, pp. 68-69.

Hesperia,XLIV, 3

American School of Classical Studies at Athens is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to Hesperia ® www.jstor.org EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 303 by studying the coins found in the construction fills of the three buildings and related deposits, attempt to shed some light on the bronze coinage of Athens in the 2nd century B.C. Foremost among the outstanding questions regarding this coinage is the date of introduction of the " New Style" bronze types Athena/Fulminating Zeus. The establishment of a relative sequence for the 2nd century Fulminating Zeus and fractional issues is also important, for the archaeologist as well as the numismatist. In this respect, the material from the three stoas is no less significant for what it does not contain than for what it does contain.

THE MIDDLE STOA: THE NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE

The Middle Stoa5 was the first element in the reorganizationof the south part of the Agora. The building, which may have been a royal gift to Athens, had unfluted Doric columns on all four sides and was accessible both from the main square and from the south. The stoa was constructed almost entirely of poros from Aigina. Marble was restricted to the south gutter and the metopes, and the floors were of clay. Work on the building was begun at the east end and proceeded westward. The last two bays of the west end were not erected until the main part of the stoa was completed, thereby allowing the old buildings to the west to continue in use as long as possible.6 In the course of the excavations of 1933, 1935 and 1953-1954, a vast amount of construction fill for the Middle Stoa was uncovered, including great quantities of pottery, stamped amphora handles and coins. The date at which this fill was closed may be placed around 180 B.C. on the evidence of the amphora stamps, which do not include any varieties datable after 183 or 182 B.C.7 The coins catalogued below (Deposit I) are those which were found in areas of the building and north-terracefill which the excavators regardedas undisturbed and in the

5Agora, XIV, pp. 66-68, 103-104. 6 The numismaticfinds do not, however, substantiatea later date for the constructionfill of the west end of the stoa. The latest coins from the west end of the building fill are similar in characterto those from the remainderof the fill: Sv. 81.17-18, 9-639 (east), M2-230 (west); Sv. 81.28-29, 9-286, M2-316 (east); Sv.-, 0-641, M2-14 (east), 0-148, 9-155 (west); Sv. 107.55-69, M'-73 (east), 9-714 (west); BMC, Thessaly,62-67, 0-242 (east). See, however, the remarks,below, p. 330, on a period of inactivity at the Athenian mint and the group of coins, below, p. 311, from an area of the Hellenisticfill south of the Middle Stoa, possibly connected with the completion of the west end of the building (Deposit III). 7 V. R. Grace, " Les timbres amphoriquesgrecs," Explorationarcheologique de Delos, XXVII, Paris, 1970, p. 291: "The end date of the [amphora]stamps of the Middle Stoa filling should thereforebe set 7 years earlierthan that of the Pergamongroup; on present estimate, then, 183 or 182 B.C." Cf. also p. 320. Grace, "Stamped Handles of CommercialAmphoras," Excavations at Nessana, I, London, 1962, p. 124. I am grateful to Miss Grace for reviewing the amphorastamp evidence with me. 304 FRED S. KLEINER drains and layers which were older than the 2nd century structure.8 152 coins were securely identifiable after cleaning.9

DEPOSIT I - Agora Deposit H-K 12-14, Part I

ATHENS Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, bakchos Secondhal of 4th centuryB.C. ring and AeE or variant; all within olive wreath. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Sv. 24.42-50. (5) A *13. A-417 16. M2-246 Rev. e E or variant. Double-bodied owl, head 14. M2-22 17. M2-426 facing; above, on either side, olive spray. 15. M2-227 Sv. 22.41-45. (2) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. *1. 0-274 2. M2-93 Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except between Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. them, AE)and kernos; all within olive wreath. Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except Sv. 24.34-39. (2) below, bakchos ring. *18. 9-396 19. M2-85 Sv. 22.35-40. (3) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. 3. (9-268 5. M27-1 Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except between 4. A-413 them, AE). Sv. 24.51-57. Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. (18) Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except 20. @-264 29. ME-229 details illegible. 21. e-267 30. M2-232 Sv. 22.35-45. (7) *22. e-269 31. M2-236 23. e-675 32. ME-240 6. e-270 10. M2-218 24. e-713 33. M'-243 7. M27-26 11. M2-221 25. M2-10 34. M2-247 *8 ME-35 12. ME-395 26. M2-29 35. M2-248 9. ME-87 27. M2-49 36. M2-251 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 28. M2-198 37. ME-263

8 The undisturbed areas of the fill were excavated in 1933 and 1953-1954 by Dorothy B. Thompson and in 1935 by ArthurW. Parsons. I am indebted to Mrs. Thompson and to Prof. Homer A. Thompson for reviewing the field notebooks with me and helping to assemble the list of relevant coins. 9 The entire deposit of 441 coins consists of the following 366 coins with inventorynumbers, 46 of which disintegratedafter discovery: 9-148, 155, 186, 187, 240-242, 250, 262-274, 285, 286, 311, 314, 328, 329, 335, 336, 395-400, 633-635, 637, 639-642, 649, 663, 668, 674-677, 699-700, 713, 714; A-410-414, 417; M2-1, 4, 10-14, 17-26, 28-36, 38-40, 47-59, 66-82, 85-88, 93, 94, 105, 114-116, 121-124, 197-201, 204, 208-222, 226-253, 258-263, 265-270, 284-286, 288, 301-319, 356-370, 377, 380-384, 390-392, 395, 396, 402,403,405,407-419,421,423,424,426-429,433,437-441,443-457, 460-476,492-497,504-510,624-626, 647-653, 656-695. An additional 75 AE coins, without inventory numbers, are missing. Almost all of these had been identified during the early excavationsas "Athens, 3rd century B.C.," " Greek," " Illegible" or "Disintegrated" and were subsequently discarded. The designation "Athens, 3rd century B.C." was given to coins which were similar in size and fabric to 3rd century Athenian AE; today they would be classifiedas " Greek" or " Illegible". EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 305

Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except details helmet. illegible. A Sv. 24.34-57. (2) Rev. e E Owl r., wings closed; to r., wreath. Sv. 22.76-77. 38. MZ-358 39. M2-454 (3) 64. A-411 66. M27-197 Obv. Athena, uncertain helmet. 65. M2-32 Rev. Two owls, as preceding, details illegible. Sv. 24.34-59. (2) Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except 40. M2-71 41. M2-252 to r., wheat ear. Sv. 22.78-79. (1) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 67. M2-302 helmet. A Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. HE Owl 1., wings closed: all within olive Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., uncertain wreath. symbol. Sv. 22.85-88. (12) Sv. 22.73-79. (4) 42. e-285 *48. M2-228 68. &-634 70. M2-200 *43. A-410 *49. M2-238 69. M2-55 71. M2-308 44. M2-31 50. M?-241 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 45. M?-34 51. MZ-242 helmet. 46. M2-47 52. ME-245 Rev. Owl r., wings closed; details illegible. 47. M2-122 53. M2-310 Sv. 22.64-84. (9) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 72. e-241 77. M2-28 helmet. 73. &-328 78. ML-54 AG) 74. M2--17 79. M2-307 Rev. H Owl r., wings closed; all within olive 75. M27-18 80. M2-309 wreath. 76. MZ-25 Sv. 22.80-84. (1) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian *54. M2-366 helmet. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. A E8 Rev. Owl r. in olive wreath, as preceding, except Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, EDor A; details illegible. all within olive wreath. Sv. 22.71-72, 80-84. (1) Sv. 24.58-59. (3) 55. 9-329 81. &-250 83. MZ-270 82. e-271 First half of 3rd centuryB.C. Secondhalf of 3rd centuryB.C. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Rev. AG)or G3AOwl r., wings closed; all within A wheat wreath. Rev. E) E Two owls, facing. Sv. 22.64-70. (8) Sv. 24.29-31. (1) 56. M2-19 *60. M?-214 84. 9-314 *57. M2-20 61. M2-244 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 58. M2-24 62. ME-267 A 59. M2-59 63. M2-313 Rev. E8 E Owl r., wings open; to r., amphora. 306 FRED S. KLEINER

Sv. 24.10-17. (2) Sv. 23.46. (1) 85. M2-48 *86. M2-261 (struck over AE 96. M2-315 of Antigonos Gonatas, McClean 3594- Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 3608) AE) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. Rev. E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., kernos. Sv. 23.47-49. (1) Sv. 24.33. (1) 97. M2-40 87. M2-58 Obv. Head of Atheno r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Head of Zeus r., laureate. helmet. A A Rev. GE Athena standing r., helmeted, holding Rev. GE Owl r., wings closed, on prow r. owl on 1. and patera in r. hand; border of Sv. 23.50-52. (1) dots. 98. M2-12 Sv. 25.1-4. (1) 88. M2-216 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. Obv. Head of Artemis r., with quiver at shoulder. AC) Rev. Athena with owl and patera, as preceding. Rev. E Zeus, nude, standing r., holding thunder- Sv. 25.5-10. (1) bolt in lowered r. hand, extending 1. arm; *89. 9-637 to r., prow r. Obv. Head of Demeter r., bound with wheat. Sv. 81.9-16. (1) AE *99. &-240 Rev. E Kernos with wheat ear passed through each handle; to r., uncertain symbol. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Sv. 104.8-20. (2) Rev. Zeus holding thunderbolt, as preceding, uncertain 90. 9-674 (struck over Athens AE, Sv. except to r., symbol. (2) 24.33) Sv. 81.4-16. 91. M2-429 (struck over Athens AE, Sv. 100. e-186 101. ME-11 24.10-17, 33) 2nd centuryB.C. Obv. Kernos with wheat ear passed through each handle. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet; border of dots. Rev. A E Bakchosring; all within wheat wreath. Sv. 104.21-23. (3) A Rev. E Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunder- 92. e-398 94. M2-82 bolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; to *93. A-414 r., star and eagle r. Obv. AE)Eabove two superimposedpigs 1. Sv. 81.17-18. (2) A 0-639 *103. M2-230 Rev. E Upright bakchos; all within olive wreath. 102. Sv. 103.41-46. (1) Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. 95. M2-67 Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian except AE and to 1.,wheat ear; to r., eagle r. helmet. Sv. 81.28-29. (2) A Rev. 0 E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. 104. 0-286 *105. M2-316 EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 307

Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. THESSALY, THESSALIAN LEAGUE Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, 196-146 B.C. A Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian except E and to r., cornucopiae and eagle helmet; other details illegible. r. Rev. Horse trotting r.; other details illegible. Sv. - (4) BMC 62-67. (1) *106. 0-148 108. 0-641 117. &9-242 107. 0-155 *109. M?-14 BOEOTIA, THEBES? Obv. Cicada. ca. 220-197 B.C. AE Rev. E Amphora. Obv. Head of Demeter, three-quarter face r., Sv. 107.55-69. (2) wearing wheat wreath. Rev. BOIQTQNto *110. 19-714 111. ME-73 r., inward. Poseidon, nude, standing l., resting r. foot on rock, leaning LEMNOS,MYRINA on trident in 1. hand. 4th to 3rd centuriesB.C. BMC 81-89. (2) 118. e-642 119. M2-305 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. BOEOTIA, UNCERTAIN MINT Rev. MYPIto 1., inward. Owl facing; to r., olive ca. 338-315 B.C. branch. Obv. BMC 2. (2) Boeotian shield. 112. 0-187 113. 0-635 Rev. BOIQTQN Ornamented trident; to r., dolphin; below, uncertain symbol. MACEDON, ALEXANDERIII BMC 57-62. (2) Mint of Sardis, ca. 321 B.C. 120. (9-273 121. M2-77 AV stater EUBOEA, CHALCIS Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian ca. 369-336 B.C. helmet decoratedwith a serpent. Obv. Female head facing, wearing diadem with Rev. AAE--EANAPOYto r., inward. Nike, standing five disks, over which passes a sacrificial 1., holding wreath in outstretched r. hand fillet. and stylis in 1. hand; to 1., m and race torch. Rev. Eagle flying r., holding serpent in beak and M. Thompson and A. R. Bellinger, "A Hoard of claws; other details illegible. Alexander Drachms," Yale Cl. St., XIV, BMC 70-78. (1) 1955, p. 27, no. 11, and p. 39, no. 79. 122. ML-94 *114. M2-204 (1) EUBOEA, UNCERTAIN MINT MACEDON, ANTIGONOS GONATAS ca. 369-336 B.C. 277-239 B.C. Obv. Bull standing r.; above, sword with strap. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. Bunch of grapes; to r., trophy. helmet. BMC 22. (1) Rev. BA Pan r., erecting trophy; other details 123. 0-399 illegible. McClean 3594-3608. (2) ATTICA, ELEUSIS 115. M2-222 116. M?-253 Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. 308 FRED S. KLEINER

Obv. Triptolemos seated 1. in winged chariot Rev. MEF or MErA between two dolphins drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears swimming in a circle; border of dots. in r. hand. BMC 21-29. (3) Rev. EAEYEIor AE)E above pig standing r. 141. 9-262 143. MS-56 on bakchos; below, uncertain symbol. *142. &9-266 Sv. 103.1-13, 33-39. (3) Obv. MEFAabove prow 1. 124. (9-395 126. M?-213 Rev. Tripod between two dolphins; border of 125. M2-150 dots. Obv. Triptolemos in chariot, as preceding, except BMC 30-34. (3) seated r. 144. @-265 146. @-668 Rev. Pig on bakchos,as preceding, except EAEYXI 145. e-649 above. AEGINA Sv. 103.15-16. (1) 127. M2-319 4th centuryB.C. Obv. Demeter or Triptolemos seated 1. in winged Obv. A between two dolphins upward. chariot drawn by two serpents, holding Rev. Incuse square; details illegible. wheat ears in r. hand. BMC 206-222. (1) Rev. Pig standing r. on bakchos; below, EAEYEI; 147. ML-57 all within wheat wreath. 3rd to 2nd centuriesB.C. Sv. 103.17-24. (7) Obv. AlF above prow r. 128. e-263 132. M2-226 Rev. Head of ram r.; below, ArAA; 129. e-311 133. M2-234 border of dots. 130. e-400 *134. M2-249 BMC 230-232. 131. M?-219 (1) *148. M2-53 Obv. Triptolemos 1., mounting winged chariot drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears ACHAEA,PHLIUS in r. hand. 431-370 B.C. Rev. Pig on bakchos, as preceding, except above, Obv. Bull I., butting. EAEY7:I. Rev. :(P: Sv. 103.25. (1) BMC 16-17. (1) 135. MS-284 149. &-272 Obv. Triptolemos mounting chariot, as preceding. ACHAEA,SICYON Rev. Pig on bakchos,as preceding,except EAEY7:l below. 306-283 B.C. Sv. 103.26-28. (4) Obv. Dove flying 1. 136. A-412 138. M2-36 AH 137. M2-33 139. M2-233 Rev. M in olive wreath. Obv. Triptolemos seated in or mounting serpent BMC 161. (1) chariot. 150. 9-335 Rev. Pig on bakchos, as preceding. ARGOLIS,ARGOS Sv. 103.17-24, 26-28.. (1) ca. 250-229 B.C. 140. M?-51 Obv. Head of Hera r., wearingstephanos inscribed MEGARIS, MEGARA APrE. ca. 307-243 B.C. Rev. Athena I., holding spear in raised r. hand and Obv. Prow 1.; on it, a tripod. shield in 1. hand. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 309

BMC 106-108. (1) Obv. Head of young Zeus Ammon r., laureate. *151. M2-304 NI Rev. TH Bunch of grapes; to 1., trident. TENOS BMC 9-13. (1) 3rd to 2nd centuriesB.C. 152. &-336 A second group of coins associated with the erection of the Middle Stoa (Deposit II) made up part of the Hellenistic fill immediately south of the building.10 The bulk of this fill contained material contemporaryto that in the construction fill of the Stoa itself (Deposit I). As Deposit I, Deposit II may be dated ca. 180 B.C. on the basis of the stamped amphora handles in the fill." 37 coins were securely identifiable after cleaning and are catalogued below.12

DEPOSIT II Agora Deposit H-K 12-14, Part II ATHENS Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except details Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. illegible. Sv. 24.34-57. (2) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 159. K-1295 160. K-1367 A Rev. E E or variant. Double-bodied owl, head Obv. Athena, uncertain helmet. facing; above, on either side, olive spray; Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except details details illegible. illegible. Sv. 22.35-45. (2) Sv. 24.34-59. (1) 153. K-1365 154. K-1377 161. K-1303 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, bakchos helmet. ring and AEE or variant; all within olive A wreath. Rev. HO Owl 1., wings closed; all within olive Sv. 24.42-50. (2) wreath. 155. K-1359 156. K-1428 Sv. 22.85-88. (2) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. 162. K-1324 163. K-1357 Rev. Two owls, as preceding,except between them, AE. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. Sv. 24.51-57. (2) AG 157. K-1300 K-1301 *158. Rev. H Owl r., wings closed; all within olive Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. wreath. 10 The areasouth of the Middle Stoa was excavatedin 1953-1954 by Eugene Vanderpool. I am grateful to ProfessorVanderpool for reviewing his field notes with me and helping to assemble the list of coins from the Hellenistic fill. 11Above, note 7. 12 The entire deposit of 131 coins consists of the following 120 coins with inventory numbers, 10 of which disintegratedafter discovery: K-1290-1303, 1308-1313, 1324-1327, 1333-1338, 1355-1361, 1363- 1369, 1376-1378, 1422-1428, 1432, 1822-1855, 1857-1876. An additional 11 AE coins, without inventory numbers, are missing. 310 FRED S. KLEINER

Sv. 22.80-84. (1) Sv. 104.21-23. (1) 164. K-1355 *174. K-1298 First half of 3rd centuryB.C. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian AR triobol helmet; border of dots. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Ae Rev. E Zeus, nude, standing r., holding thunder- A bolt in lowered r. hand, extending 1. arm; Rev. E E) Owl facing, wings closed; on either side, to r., prow r. an olive branch. Sv. 81.9-16. (1) Sv. 21.43-52. (1) 175. K-1336 *165. K-1356 Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. Zeus holding thunderbolt, as preceding, helmet. except to r., uncertain symbol. A Sv. 81.4-16. (1) Rev. 0 E Owl r., wings closed; to r., wheat ear. *176. K-1327 Sv. 22.78-79. (1) 166. K-1360 2nd centuryB.C. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., uncertain helmet; border of dots. symbol. Sv. 22.73-79. (3) A 167. K-1309 169. K-1313 Rev. E Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunder- 168. K1311 bolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; to r., star and eagle r. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Sv. 81.17-18. (2) helmet. 177. K-1290 178. K-1337 A 8 Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, E or A; Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. all within olive wreath. Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Sv. 24.58-59. (1) 0 170. K-1425 except AE and to l., wheat ear; to r., eagle r. Sv. 81.28-29. (2) Secondhalf of 3rd centuryB.C. 179. K-1293 180. K-1368 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Obv. Cicada. A Rev. e E Owl r., wings open; to r., amphora. Rev A0 E Amphora. Sv. 24.10-17. (1) Sv. 107.55-69. (2) *171. K-1294 181. K-1296 182. K-1325 Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., uncertain MACEDON, DEMETRIUSPOLIORCETES symbol. 306-283 B.C. Sv. 24.10-17, 33. (2) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 172. K-1333 173. K-1427 helmet. Obv. Kernos with wheat ear passed through each Rev. BA above prow r.; below, uncertain mono- handle. gram. McClean 3585-3589. (1) Rev. A E Bakchos ring; all within wheat wreath. 183. K-1326 EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 311

ATTICA, SALAMIS Obv. MErA above prow 1. First half of 4th centuryB.C. Rev. Tripod between two dolphins; border of dots. Obv. Female head r.; details illegible. BMC 30-34. (3) Rev. Shield of Ajax; details illegible. 186. K-1299 188. K-1366 BMC 1-11 187. K-1358 184. K-1424 IONIA, ERYTHRAE? MEGARIS, MEGARA ca. 200-133 B.C. ca. 307-243 B.C. Obv. Head of young Herakles r., in lion's skin. Obv. Head of Apollo r., laureate. Rev. ]TEAEE(DOP[below bow in case r. and club; Rev. MErA PEQNto r. and 1. of lyre. other details illegible. BMC 12-14. Cf. BMC 153-196. (1) 185. K-1310 189. K-1422

The group of coins catalogued below (Deposit III) was found in the Hellenistic fill south of the Middle Stoa near the northwest corner of the Heliaia.13 This fill contained material later in date than that which made up the building fill proper (Deposit I) and the bulk of the Hellenistic fill south of the Stoa (Deposit II). A small group of stamped amphora handles was also uncovered in this area. The stamps post- date those in Deposits I and II and are possibly as late as the early third quarter of the 2nd century B.C., i.e., ca. 140 B.C.14 Deposit III therefore documents later activity in the area immediately south of the Middle Stoa, perhaps in connection with the completion of the west end of the building. 14 coins from this group were securely identifiable after cleaning.15

DEPOSIT III Agora Deposit H-I 14:1 ATHENS Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing uncertain Secondhaf of 4th centuryB.C. helmet. Rev. Two owls r. and 1. within olive wreath; Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. details illegible. A Sv. 24.34-59. (1) Rev. 9 E or variant. Double-bodied owl, 193. K-1612 head facing; above, on either side, olive spray; details illegible. First half of 3rd centuryB.C. Sv. 22.3545. (3) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 190. K-1445 192. K-1465 helmet. 191. K-1459

13 Above, note 10. 14 Informationcourtesy of V. R. Grace. 15 The entire deposit of 40 coins consists of the following 39 coins with inventorynumbers, 6 of which disintegratedafter discovery: K-1440-1442, 1444, 1445, 1454-1460, 1465-1467, 1490-1492, 1610-1612, 1877-1893. One additionalAE coin, without inventory number, is missing. 312 FRED S. KLEINER

A Sv. 22.53-58. (1) Rev. e E Owl r., wings closed; to r., uncertain 200. K-1458 symbol. Sv. 22.73-79. (1) THESSALY, THESSALIANLEAGUE 194. K-1454 ca. 196-146 B.C. Obv. Athena, Corinthian helmet, as preceding. Obv. Head of Apollo r., laureate. Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except details illegible. Rev. GE22A AQN to 1. and r. reading inward. Sv. 22.64-84. (1) Athena Itonia striding r., brandishing spear 195. K-1455 in raised r. hand, holding shield on extended Secondhalf of 3rd centuryB.C. 1. arm; details illegible. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. BMC 49-60. (1) A *201. K-1467 Rev. e E Owl r., wings open; to r., amphora. Sv. 24.10-17. (1) ATTICA, ELEUSIS 196. K-1442 Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Obv. Triptolemos seated 1. in winged chariot AE drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears Rev. E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. in r. hand. Sv. 23.47-49. (2) Rev. EAEYEIabove pig standing r. on bakchos; 197. K-1456 *198. K-1466 below, uncertain symbol. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Sv. 103.1-13. (1) A 202. K-1457 Rev. eE Owl r., wings closed, on prow r. Sv. 23.51-52. (1) MEGARIS, MEGARA *199. K-1610 ca. 307-243 B.C. 2nd centuryB.C. Obv. Prow l.; on it, a tripod. Obv. Head of Zeus r., bound with taenia. Rev. MEr or MErA between two dolphins swim- Rev. Athena, striding r., hurling thunderbolt ming in a circle; border of dots. in raised r. hand, holding shield on extended BMC 21-29. (1) 1. arm; details illegible. 203. K-1611

The Athenian coins from Deposits I-III are summarized below in Table 1.

TABLE 1: ATHENIAN COINS FROM THE MIDDLE STOA DEPOSITS I: Constructionfill of the Middle Stoa, ca. 180 B.C. II: Hellenisticfill south of the Middle Stoa, ca. 180 B.C. III: Hellenisticfill near the northwestcorner of the Heliaia, ca. 140 B.C. I II III Athena/Double-bodiedowl Sv. 22.3545 12 2 3 Athena/Two owls Sv. 24.34-59 32 8 1 Athena/Owl 1. Sv. 22.85-88 12 2 Athena/Owl facing (AR triobol) Sv. 21.43-52 1 EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 313

Athena/Owl r., wings closed Sv. 22.64-84 27 5 2 Athena/Two facing owls Sv. 24.29-31 1 Athena/Owl r., wings open Sv. 24.10-17, 33 3 3 1 Zeus/Athena with owl and patera Sv. 25.14 1 Artemis/Athenawith owl and patera Sv. 25.5-10 1 Demeter/Kernos Sv. 104.8-20 2 Kernos/Bakchosring Sv. 104.21-23 3 1 Two pigs/Bakchos Sv. 103.4146 1 Athena/Owl on thunderbolt Sv. 23.4649 2 2 Athena/Owl on prow Sv. 23.50-52 1 1 Athena/Zeus holding thunderbolt Sv. 81.4-16 3 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, star Sv. 81.17-18 2 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, wheat ear Sv. 81.28-29 2 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, cornucopiae Sv. - 4 Cicada/Amphora Sv. 107.55-69 2 2 Zeus/Fighting Athena Sv. 22.53-58 1 Total 11130 11

THE STOA OF ATTALOS: THE NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE

The Stoa of Attalos16 was a gift to Athens from Attalos II, king of Pergamon, 159-138 B.C. The building had two storeys with a row of 21 shops behind the colonnade on each level. Pentelic marble was employed for the columnar favade and the interior trim; the walls were of poros from Peiraieus. The 45 main columns of the ground floor were of the Doric order and were unfluted in their lower parts. The interior colonnade consisted of 22 entirely unfluted Ionic columns. The upper outer colonnade comprised 45 fluted double Ionic half columns with a marble balustrade between them. The inner columns of the second storey were unfluted and had 16 Agora, XIV, pp. 104-107. H. A. Thompson, The Stoa of Attalos II in Athens,Picture Book No. 2, Princeton, 1959. 314 FRED S. KLEINER

Egyptian palm capitals. In its final form, the Stoa of Attalos was 116 m. long and 20 m. deep, but the original plan called for three fewer shops on each level. The change in design necessitated two successive extensions of the northern terrace of the building during the construction of the foundations. The Stoa of Attalos cannot have been built prior to 159 B.C., the year of Attalos II's accession to the Pergamene throne, since the dedicatory inscription of the building names Attalos as king. Construction of the building was probably begun about 150 B.C. and almost certainly before 146 B.C. The construction fill of the building excavated by the American School in 1933, 1936, and 1949-1954 did not contain any long-petal Megarian bowls, a variety introduced at Corinth just before the destruction of the city in 146 B.C.17 The fill did contain, however, a series of stamped amphora handles of the period 182-146 B.C., including 31 Knidian eponyms not present in the construction fill of the Middle Stoa (Deposits I and II).18 The excavation of two earlier buildings beneath the Stoa of Attalos also produced numismatic evidence relevant to this study. The remains of the older of the two struc- tures, the Square Peristyle,19lay beneath the north end of the 2nd century stoa. The building, which housed the Athenian law courts but was never completed, had a square central courtyard bordered on all four sides by colonnades. It had earthen floors and brick walls. The interior Doric peristyle was of hard limestone. Built about 325 B.C., the Square Peristyle went out of use in the early part of the 2nd century B.C. Also buried beneath the Stoa of Attalos are the foundations of a small brick building of uncertain function erected in the first half of the 2nd century B.C. and torn down shortly after its construction. The building consisted of five rooms in a row and was situated at the southeast corner of the Square Peristyle.20 The coins catalogued below (Deposit IV) are those which were found in undisturbed areas of the construction fill of the Stoa of Attalos and those which were associated with the small brick building beneath the Stoa.21 50 coins were securely identifiable after cleaning.22

17 G. R. Edwards, Corinth,VII, iii, HellenisticPottery, Princeton, 1975, pp. 176-179. 18 Informationcourtesy of V. R. Grace. 19Agora, XIV, pp. 60-61. 20 Agora, XIV, p. 58, fig. 17. 21 The latter group consists of the following coins: CA-5, 7-11 and 16. Seven of the AE coins are missing or disintegrated. The Stoa of Attalos and the buildings beneath it were excavated in 1933 and 1936 by ArthurW. Parsonsand in 1949-1954 by Homer A. Thompson and Eugene Vanderpool. Professor Thompson kindly discussed the numismaticfinds from these excavationswith me. 22 The entire deposit of 120 coins consists of the following 100 coins with inventory numbers, 9 of which disintegratedafter discovery: I-1086, 1180, 1334; 2A-5-16, 39, 50, 58, 61, 62, 77, 78, 103, 108, 126-128, 150, 165, 167, 227-230, 248-250, 264, 265, 267-270, 291-299, 348, 349, 358-365, 379-381, 490-504, 507-526. An additional20 AE coins, without inventorynumbers, are missing. Most of these had been identified during the early excavationsas "Greek" or "Disintegrated" and were subsequently discarded. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 315

DEPOSIT IV Agora Deposits P-R 6-12 and Q-R 10-11

ATHENS Sv. 22.85-88. (1) 220. CA-11 Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. 3rd B.C. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. First half of century A Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthianhel- Rev. 0 E or variant. Double-bodied owl, head met. facing; above, on either side, olive spray. Rev. AO or OA Owl r., wings closed; all within Sv. 22.41-45. (2) wheat wreath. 204. CA-299 205. 2A-379 Sv. 22.64-70. (1) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. 221. 2A-78 Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian below, bakchos ring. helmet. Sv. 22.35-40. (3) A 206. CA-227 208. 2A-362 Rev. E E Owl r., wings closed; to r., cornucopiae. 207. 2A-361 Sv. 22.73-74. (1) Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. 222. CA-228 Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. details illegible. Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., wheat ear. Sv. 22.35-45. (1) Sv. 22.78-79. (2) 209. 2A-298 223. 2A-5 224. CA-297 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them bakchos Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., uncertain ring and AGE or variant; all within olive symbol. wreath. Sv. 22.73-79. (1) Sv. 24.42-50. (2) 225. 2A-12 210. CA-230 211. CA-358 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. helmet. Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except between A e them,AO. Rev.Twoowlsr. and 1.; between them, E) or A; all within olive wreath. Sv. 24.51-57. (4) 212. CA-58 214. CA-127 Sv. 24.58-59. (1) 213. CA-77 215. CA-248 226. CA-61 Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. Secondhalf of 3rd centuryB.C. Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except details Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. illegible. A Sv. 24.34-57. (4) Rev. E E Owl r., wings open; to r., amphora. 216. CA-292 218. CA-364 Sv. 24.10-17. (1) 217. 2A-359 219. 2A-380 227. CA-14 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. helmet. Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., uncertain A symbol. Rev. HE Owl 1., wings closed; all within olive Sv. 24.10-17, 33. (2) wreath. 228. CA-291 229. CA-365 316 FRED S. KLEINER

Obv. Kernos countermarkedover head of Athena A r., wearing Attic helmet. A Rev. E Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunder- Rev. Kernos countermarkedover e E, owl facing, bolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; to wings closed; on either side, olive branch. r., cornucopiae and eagle r. Sv. 104.5-7. (1) Sv.- (2) 230. CA-296 *241. LA-15 242. LA-16 Obv. Head of Demeter r., bound with wheat. Obv. Athena, Corinthian helmet, as preceding. Ae Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Rev. E Kernos with wheat ear passed through except to r., E and eagle r.; other details each handle; to r., aplustre. illegible. Sv. 104.14-20. (1) Sv. 81.20-31. (1) *231. 2A-103 (struck over Athens AE Sv. 243. CA-165 24.10-17, 33) Obv. Athena, Corinthian helmet, as preceding. Obv. Kernos with wheat ear passed through each Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, handle. except to r., eagle r.; other details illegible. e Sv. 81.17-31. (1) Rev. A E Bakchos ring; all within wheat wreath. 244. CA-128 Sv. 104.21-23. (1) Obv. Athena, Corinthian helmet, as preceding. 232. CA-267 Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Obv. AeE above two superimposedpigs 1. except all details illegible. A Sv. 81.17-52. (2) Rev. E Upright bakchos; all within wreath. 245. 2A-7 246. LA-294 Sv. 103.41-46. (1) Obv. Cicada. *233. CA-10 Rev. Ae Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian hel- E Amphora. met. Sv. 107.55-69. (3) A *247. CA-269 249. CA-494 Rev. e E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. 248. 2A-295 Sv. 23.46. (1) 234. CA-270 MACEDON, ANTIGONOS DOSON Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 229-220 B.C. Ae Obv. Head of young Herakles r., wearing lion Rev. E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. skin. Sv. 23.47-49. (5) Rev. BA Nude youth on horse stepping r.; other 235. CA-6 238. CA-268 details illegible. 236. LA-13 239. CA-293 McClean 3609-3613. (1) *237. CA-39 250. CA-9 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. A ATTICA, ELEUSIS Rev. GE Owl r., wings closed, on prow r. Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. Sv. 23.51-52. (1) Obv. Triptolemos seated 1. in chariot 240. CA-348 winged drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears 2nd centuryB.C. in r. hand. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. EAEY71 above pig standing r. on bakchos; helmet; border of dots. below, bucranium. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 317

Sv. 103.4-5. (1) Obv. Zeus, nude, standing 1., leaning with 1. 251. CA-250 hand on long scepter and holding Nike r. Obv. Triptolemos seated in chariot, as preceding. on extended r. hand; border of dots; other Rev. As preceding, except pig standing 1.; below, details illegible. uncertain symbol. Rev. Achaia seated 1., on throne, resting with 1. Sv. 103.14. (1) hand on long scepter and holding wreath 252. CA-167 in extended r. hand; border of dots; other details illegible. ACHAEA, ACHAEAN LEAGUE BMC 134-174. (1) ca. 280-146 B.C. 253. CA-62 The six coins catalogued below (Deposit V) constitute a small hoard, perhaps the contents of a lost purse. They were found stuck together, embedded in the earthen floor of the Square Peristyle beneath the fill of the first northern extension of the terrace of the Stoa of Attalos. If the coins were dropped during the construction of the terrace extension and unknowingly stamped into the Square Peristyle floor by a workman, the hoard would be contemporary with or slightly later than Deposit IV, the coins from the main part of the Stoa of Attalos fill, i.e., ca. 150-146 B.C. If, however, the coins were embedded in the floor of the Square Peristyle while that building was still in use, the date of the deposit would be considerably earlier, perhaps ca. 185 B.C., since only two of the three Fulminating Zeus varieties found in Deposits I and II (ca. 180 B.C.) are present in this hoard. All six coins were securely identifiable after cleaning. DEPOSIT V ATHENS Sv. 81.17-18. (3) 2nd centuryB.C. *254. CA-212 *256. 2A-214 255. CA-213 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. helmet; border of dots. Rev. Zeus hurlingthunderbolt, as preceding,except

A AE and to 1., wheat ear; to r., eagle r. Rev. E Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunder- Sv. 81.28-29. (3) bolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; to *257. CA-209 *259. ?A-211 r., star and eagle r. 258. CA-210 The Athenian coins from Deposits IV-V are summarized below in Table 2.

TABLE 2: ATHENIAN COINS FROM THE STOA OF ATTALOS DEPOSITS IV: Constructionfill of the Stoa of Attalos, ca. 150-146 B.C. V: Hoardfrom the SquarePeristyle floor, ca. 185-146 B.C. IV V Athena/Double-bodiedowl Sv. 22.35-45 6 Athena/Two owls Sv. 24.34-59 11 Athena/Owl 1. Sv. 22.85-88 1 318 FRED S. KLEINER

Athena/Owl r., wings closed Sv. 22.64-84 5 Athena/Owl r., wings open Sv. 24.10-17, 33 3 Kernos/Kernos Sv. 104.5-7 1 Demeter/Kernos Sv. 104.8-20 1 Kernos/Bakchosring Sv. 104.21-23 1 Two pigs/Bakchos Sv. 103.41-46 1 Athena/Owl on thunderbolt Sv. 23.46-49 6 Athena/Owl on prow Sv. 23.50-52 1 Athena/FulminatingZeus, star Sv. 81.17-18 3 Athena/FulminatingZeus, wheat ear Sv. 81.28-29 3 Athena/FulminatingZeus, cornucopiae Sv. 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, uncertain Sv. 81.17-52 4 Cicada/Amphora Sv. 107.55-69 3 Total 46 6

SOUTH STOA II: THE NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE South Stoa 1123 was the final element in the reorganizationof the South Square and extended from the Heliaia to the East Building. The new stoa, unlike the Middle Stoa and the Stoa of Attalos, was almost certainly a civic project. It was a one-aisled Doric colonnade 93 m. long and 8.50 m. wide, with clay floors. The material used for the columns, entablature, steps, roof and rear wall facing was largely taken from the Square Peristyle. The construction fill of South Stoa II contained long-petal Megarian bowls, which were not present in the Stoa of Attalos fill of ca. 150-146 B.C. South Stoa II slightly postdates the Pergamene building; the excavators are inclined to believe that it was begun about 140 B.C.24 A very small number of coins was found during the excavation of the construction fill of South Stoa II in 1953 and 1960. These are catalogued below (Deposit VI). Only nine coins were securely identifiable after cleaning.25

23 Agora, XIV, pp. 68-69. 24 J am grateful to Professor Thompson for discussing the evidence for dating the building with me. 25 The construction fill was excavated in 1953 by Margaret Crosby and in 1960 by Homer A. Thompson. The entire deposit of 15 coins consists of the following: T-1193-1195, 1204, 1211, 1222-1225, 1532-1533, 1835-1838. The list of 15 coins was assembled from the notes of Miss Crosby and discussions with Professor Thompson. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 319

DEPOSIT VI Agora Deposit M-N 15:1, Part I

ATHENS Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, e Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. except AE and to 1., uncertain symbol; to Obv. Head of Athena r.. wearing Attic helmet. r., eagle r. Rev. Two owls r. and 1. within olive wreath; Sv. 81.25-31. (1) all details illegible. 265. T-1223 Sv. 24.34-57. (1) Obv. Head of Zeus r., bound with taenia; border 260. T-1204 of dots. A E 2nd centuryB.C. Rev. [0] Athena, striding r., hurling thunderbolt Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian in raised r. hand, holding shield on extended helmet; border of dots. 1. arm; [to 1., pileus; to r., horse's head r.]. Sv. 22.53-54. (1) A *266 T-1194 Rev. E Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunderbolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; LEMNOS, MYRINA to r., star and eagle r. 4th-3rd centuriesB.C. Sv. 81.17-18 (2) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian *261. T-1195 262. T-1225 helmet. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. MYPIto 1., inwards. Owl facing; to r., olive Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, branch. BMC 2. (1) except AE and to 1., wheat ear; to r., eagle r. 267. T-1193 Sv. 81.28-29. (1) 263. T-1222 EUBOEA, HISTIAEA Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. ca. 196-146 B.C. Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, AR tetrobol A Obv. Female head r., wearing vine wreath; hair rolled. except E and to r., cornucopiae and eagle Rev. Nymph Histiaea seated r. on the stern of r. a galley, holding a trophy stand; other details Sv. - (1) illegible. 264. T-1532 BMC 131. (1) Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. *268. T-1224 (obv. countermark: gorgoneion)

The predecessor of South Stoa II was South Stoa 1,26 built in the latter part of the 5th century B.C. The building was one of the earliest two-aisled stoas with rooms behind. The rooms served as magistrates'offices until the stoa was demolished around 140 B.C. to make way for South Stoa II. Two deposits of coins associated with South Stoa I are relevant here and considerably augment the scanty numismatic finds from the construction fill of South Stoa

26 Agora, XIV, pp. 74-78. 320 FRED S. KLEINER II (Deposit VI). The first, Deposit VII, catalogued below, consists of those coins which were found in the destruction debris of South Stoa 1.27 66 coins were securely identifiable after cleaning.28

DEPOSIT VII Agora Deposit M-N 15:1, Part II ATHENS Sv. 24.51-57. (3) 277. Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. T-1229 279. T-1670 278. T-1254 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. A Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. Rev. E) E or variant. Double-bodied owl, head Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except details facing; above, on either side, olive spray. illegible. Sv. Sv. 22.41-45. (2) 24.34-57. (1) 269. T-1681 270. T-1764 280. T-1179 Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. Obv. Athena, uncertain helmet. Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except Rev. Two owls, as preceding, details illegible. below, bakchos ring. Sv. 24.34-59. (1) Sv. 22.35-40. (1) 281. T-1177 271. T-1240 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. helmet. Rev. Double-bodied owl, as preceding, except AE) details illegible. Rev. H Owl r., wings closed; all within olive Sv. 22.3545. (4) wreath. 272. T-1176 274. T-1250 Sv. 22.80-84. (5) 273. T-1242 275. T-1680 282. T-1173 285. T-1340 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. 283. T-1255 286. T-1661 Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, bakchos 284. T-1285 ring and AeE or variant; all within olive Obv. Triptolemos seated 1. in winged chariot wreath. drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears Sv. 24.42-50. (1) in r. hand. 276. T-1249 Rev. AE)E above pig standing r. on bakchos; Obv. Athena, Attic helmet, as preceding. below, uncertain symbol. Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except between Sv. 103.33-39. (1) them, AE). 287. T-1610

27 South Stoa I was excavatedin 1953 by MargaretCrosby and in 1966-1967 by Homer A. Thompson and John McK. Camp II. Notes of Miss Crosby on file at the Stoa of Attalos containlists of the coins of 1953 from the destruction debris of South Stoa I and from the various floors of the same building. The relevantcoins from the 1966-1967 excavationswere selected in consultationwith ProfessorThompson and Mr. Camp, to whom I am indebted. 28 The entire deposit of 155 coins consists of the following, 7 of which disintegratedafter discovery: T-1142, 1145, 1146, 1172-1179, 1196, 1216, 1217, 1219, 1220, 1226-1229, 1237-1244, 1249-1255, 1267, 1268, 1272, 1284, 1285, 1290, 1297, 1340, 1357, 1371-1377, 1388, 1604-1610, 1612, 1622-1626, 1658-1662, 1666-1683, 1687-1693, 1696-1704, 1722, 1723, 1756-1760, 1762-1771, 1773-1775, 1839-1869. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 321

First half of 3rd centuryB.C. Obv. Head of Zeus r., laureate. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian A helmet. Rev. eE Athena striding r., helmeted, holding Rev. AE) or GA Owl r., wings closed; all within owl on 1. and patera in r. hand; border of wheat wreath. dots. Sv. 22.64-70. (4) Sv. 25.1-4. (1) 288. T-1174 290. T-1608 301. T-1357 289. T-1241 291. T-1672 Obv. Head of Demeter r., bound with wheat. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian AG) E helmet. Rev. Kernos with wheat ear passed through A each handle; to r., aplustre. Rev. E) E Owl r., wings closed; to r., wheat Sv. 104.14-20. (1) ear. *302. T-1668 (struck over Athens AE Sv. Sv. 22.78-79. (1) 24.10-17, 33) 292. T-1703 Obv. Demeter head, as preceding. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. Kernos, as preceding, except to r., uncertain Rev. Owl r., as preceding, except to r., uncertain symbol. symbol. Sv. 104.8-20. (3) Sv. 22.73-79. (4) 303. T-1172 305. T-1851 293. T-1175 295. T-1666 304. T-1226 (struck over Athens AE Sv. 294. T-1267 *296. T-1774 24.10-17, 33) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Kernos with wheat ear passed through each helmet. handle. Rev. Owl r., wings closed; details illegible. Sv. 22.64-84. (1) Rev. A E Bakchosring; all within wheat wreath. 297. T-1372 Sv. 104.21-23. (3) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 306. T-1290 308. T-1701 helmet. 307. T-1373 A Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them, E) or Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian helmet. A; all within olive wreath. A Sv. 24.58-59. (1) Rev. E) E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. *298. T-1604 Sv. 23.46. (1) Secondhalf of 3rd centuryB.C. 309. T-1196 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. A AE) Rev. e E Owl r., wings open; to r., uncertain Rev. E Owl r., wings closed, on thunderbolt. symbol. Sv. 23.47-49. (1) Sv. 24.10-17, 33. (1) 310. T-1388 299. T-1142 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. helmet. Rev. Owl 1., wings closed; to 1., amphora; all A within olive wreath. Rev. GE Owl r., wings closed, on prow r. Sv. 22.89-92. (1) Sv. 23.50. (1) *300. T-1227 *311. T-1375 322 FRED S. KLEINER

Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Sv. 81.17-31. (1) helmet; border of dots. 320. T-1769 AE) Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. E Zeus, nude, standing r., holding thunder- Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, bolt in lowered r. hand, extending 1. arm; except all details illegible. to r., prow r. Sv. 81.17-52. (2) Sv. 81.9-16. (1) 321. T-1374 322. T-1700 312. T-1146 Obv. Cicada. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. Zeus holding thunderbolt, as preceding, AE) Rev. E Amphora. except to r., uncertain symbol. Sv. 107.55-69. (1) Sv. 81.4-16. (1) *323. T-1760 313. T-1376 Obv. Head of Artemis? r., laureate. 2nd centuryB.C. AE) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Rev. E Amphora. helmet; border of dots. Sv. 107.36-41. (1) *324. T-1377 A Rev. E Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunder- ATHENS OR DELOS bolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; to r., star and eagle r. 2nd centuryB.C. Sv. 81.17-18. (2) Obv. Head of Apollo r., laureate. 314. T-1612 315. T-1658 Rev. Lyre; uncertain legend. Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Sv. 106.23-36 or Sv. 105.43-62. (1) Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, 325. T-1702

except AEand to 1.,wheat ear; to r., eagle r. EUBOEA, CHALCIS Sv. 81.28-29. (1) ca. 369-336 B.C. 316. T-1697 Obv. Female head facing, wearing diadem with Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. five disks, over which passes a sacrificial Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, fillet. A Rev. Eagle flying r., holding serpent in beak and except E and to r., cornucopiae and eagle claws; other details illegible. r. BMC 70-78. (1) Sv. (2) 326. T-1677 317. T-1671 318. T-1773 ELEUSIS Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Secondhalf of 4th centuryB.C. except to r., E and eagle r.; other details Obv. Triptolemos seated 1. in winged chariot illegible. drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears Sv. 81.25-31. (1) in r. hand. 319. T-1698 Rev. EAEY7Iabove pig standing r. on bakchos; Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. below, uncertain symbol. Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Sv. 103.1-13. (1) except to r., eagle r.; other details illegible. 327. T-1371 EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 323

Obv. Triptolemos seated in chariot, as preceding. Obv. MEFAabove prow 1. Rev. Pig on bakchos, as preceding, except EAEY2I Rev. Sacred column between two dolphins; or AGE above. border of dots. Sv. 103.1-13, 33-39. (1) BMC 35-39. (1) 328. T-1239 332. T-1284 Obv. Demeter or Triptolemos seated 1. in winged chariot drawn by two serpents, holding CORINTH wheat ears in r. hand. 4th to 3rd centuriesB.C. Rev. Pig standing r. on bakchos; below, EAEYE:I; all within wheat wreath. Obv. Pegasus flying l.; below, 9. Sv. 103.17-24. (1) Rev. Trident upward; to l., A or A; to r., race *329. T-1216 torch. Obv. Triptolemos 1., mounting winged chariot BMC 446ff.; K. M. Edwards, Corinth, VI: drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears Coins, 1896-1929, Cambridge (Mass.), 1933, in r. hand. no. 11. (1) Rev. Pig standing on bakchos, as preceding. *333. T-1252 Sv. 103.26-28. (1) MYSIA, PERGAMUM 330. T-1251 ca. 200 B.C. ATTICA, SALAMIS First half of 4th centuryB.C. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet Obv. Female head r., details illegible. ornamentedwith griffin. Rev. Shield of Ajax; details illegible. Rev. (PIAETAIPOYto r., inward. Serpent coiled; BMC 1-11. (1) head r.; to l., '1M. 331. T-1667 BMC 81; C. Boehringer, Pergamon, Ausstellung in Erinnerungan Erich Boehringer,Ingelheim MEGARIS, MEGARA am Rhein, 1972, no. M34. (1) ca. 307-243 B.C. *334. T-1297

The second deposit associated with South Stoa I, Deposit VIII, comprises those coins contained in the uppermost floors of the 5th century building, i.e., those floors which were in use at the time the stoa was demolished (ca. 140 B.c.).29 20 coins were securely identifiable after cleaning.30

DEPOSIT VIII Agora Deposit M-N 15:1, Part III

ATHENS Sv. 24.51-59. (1) Second half of 4th centuryB.C. 335. T-1741 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearinguncertain helmet. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Attic helmet. Rev. Two owls r. and 1.; between them AE Rev. Two owls, as preceding, except details A illegible. or 0; all within olive wreath. 29 Above, note 27. 30 The entire deposit of 53 coins consists of the following, 8 of which disintegratedafter discovery: T-1582, 1583, 1627-1657, 1724-1730, 1732, 1733, 1735, 1737-1742, 1776, 1786, 1787, 1806. 324 FRED S. KLEINER

Sv. 24.34-57. (1) e 336. T-1637 Rev. AE Zeus, nude, striding r., hurling thunder- to Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian bolt in raised r. hand, extending 1. arm; helmet. l., wheat ear; to r., eagle r. Rev. Owl r., wings closed, within olive wreath; Sv. 81.28-29. (1) details illegible. 346. T-1649 Sv. 22.71-72, 80-84. (1) Obv. Athena, Corinthian helmet, as preceding. 337. T-1627 Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, ex- Obv. Triptolemos seated 1. in winged chariot A drawn by two serpents, holding wheat ears cept E and to r., cornucopiae and eagle r. in r. hand. Sv. (2) AGE above pig standing r. on bakchos; Rev. *347. T-1645 348. T-1735 below, kernos. Obv. Athena, Corinthian helmet, as preceding. Sv. 103.33-37. (1) Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, 338. T-1582 except above 1. arm, e; to r., eagle r.; other of 3rd centuryB.C. First half details illegible. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Sv. 81.17-18, 25-31. (2) helmet. 349. T-1738 350. T-1739 Rev. AE or EA Owl r., wings closed; all within Obv. Athena, Corinthianhelmet, as preceding. wheat wreath. Rev. Zeus hurling thunderbolt, as preceding, Sv. 22.64-70. (4) except to r., eagle r.; other details illegible. 339. T-1632 341. T-1725 Sv. 81.17-31. (1) 340. T-1638 342. T-1726 351. T-1740 Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian Obv. Cicada. helmet. A AE Rev. e E Owl r., wings closed; to r., wheat ear. Rev. E Amphora. Sv. 22.78-79. (1) Sv. 107.55-69. (1) 343. T-1655 352. T-1787 Secondhalf of 3rd centuryB.C. ELIS, ELIS Obv. Head of Zeus r., laureate. 323-191 B.C. A Obv. Head of Zeus r., laureate. Rev. EE Athena standingr., helmeted, holding owl FA on 1. and paterain r. hand; borderof dots. Rev. AEIin olive wreath. Sv. 25.1-4. (1) QN *344. T-1651 BMC 149-155. (1) Obv. Head of Demeter r., bound with wheat. 353. T-1650 AG Rev. E Kernos with wheat ear passed through PAMPHYLIA, SIDE each handle; to r., uncertainsymbol. 2nd centuryB.C. Sv. 104.8-20. (1) Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian 345. T-1640 helmet. 2nd centuryB.C. Rev. Pomegranate. Obv. Head of Athena r., wearing Corinthian BMC 71-72. (1) helmet; border of dots. *354. T-1652 EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 325

The Athenian coins from Deposits VI-VIII are summarized below in Table 3.

TABLE 3: ATHENIAN COINS FROM THE SOUTH STOA DEPOSITS VI: Constructionfill of South Stoa II, ca. 140 B.C. VII: Destructiondebris of South Stoa I, ca. 140 B.C. VIII: Uppermostfloors of South Stoa I, ca. 140 B.C. VI VII VIII Athena/Double-bodiedowl Sv. 22.35-45 7 Athena/Two owls Sv. 24.34-59 1 7 2 Triptolemos/Pig Sv. 103.33-39 1 1 Athena/Owl r., wings closed Sv. 22.64-84 15 6 Athena/Owl r., wings open Sv. 24.10-17, 33 1 Athena/Owl l. with amphora Sv. 22.89-92 1 Zeus/Athena with owl and patera Sv. 25.1-4 1 1 Demeter/Kernos Sv. 104.8-20 4 1 Kernos/Bakchosring Sv. 104.21-23 3 Athena/Owl on thunderbolt Sv. 23.46-49 2 Athena/Owl on prow Sv. 23.50-52 1 Athena/Zeus holding thunderbolt Sv. 81.4-16 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, star Sv. 81.17-18 2 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, wheat ear Sv. 81.28-29 1 1 1 Athena/FulminatingZeus, cornucopiae Sv.- 1 2 2 Athena/FulminatingZeus, uncertain Sv. 81.17-52 1 4 3 Cicada/Amphora Sv. 107.55-69 1 1 Artemis?/Amphora Sv. 107.36-41 1 Zeus/Fighting Athena Sv. 22.53-58 1 Total 7 56 18 326 FRED S. KLEINER ATHENIAN BRONZE COINAGE IN THE SECOND CENTURY B.C.: EVIDENCE FROM THE AGORA STOAS The coinage of Athens in the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. is universally referred to today as "New Style" coinage, a term which owes its origin to a change in the format of the silver coins struck by the Athenian mint during the late Hellenistic period. In contrast to the early " Old Style" silver coins, the new coins were struck on larger, thinner flans and the archaistic head of Athena, standard on the silver obverses since the late 6th century, was replaced by a more "modern" head of Athena Parthenos based on the famous Pheidian statue. The reverse types were also altered. The new coins depicted a larger owl standing on a Panathenaicamphora and bore the names or monograms of monetary magistrates, letters indicating the months of striking, symbols, and other control marks. The date of the first "New Style" silver coin has been the subject of controversy in recent years. The traditional date of ca. 229 B.C., coincident with the withdrawal of Macedonian garrisons from Athens, has been abandoned in favor of either 196, the date of Flamininus's proclamation of the freedom of the Greek cities, or ca. 164, after the establishment of Delos as a free port under Athenian control. The earlier of the newly proposed dates was put forward by Margaret Thompson in 1961 in her monumental study of the Athenian " New Style " silver. The later date of ca. 164 was maintained by D. M. Lewis in his 1962 review of Thompson's book.31 No consensus has yet been reached on the question and it is beyond the scope of this study to reopen the discussion here.32 It is important to point out that although the term "New Style" has also been applied to the bronze coins of Athens in the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C., its appropriate- ness is highly questionable. These coins do not differ significantly in fabric or size from the Athenian bronze issues of the 3rd century B.C. and the "New Style" types, Athena Parthenos head/Owl on amphorawithin wreath, are not adopted for the bronze coins until after 86 B.C.33 Furthermore, the "New Style" bronze obverses include 31 M. Thompson, The New Style Silver Coinage of Athens, Amer. Num. Soc. St., X, New York, 1961. D. M. Lewis, Class. Rev., N.S. XII, 1962, pp. 290-292; idem, "The Chronology of the Athenian New Style Silver," Num. Chron., 1962, pp. 275-300. M. Thompson, "Athens Again," Num. Chron., 1962, pp. 301-333. 32 For recent discussions of the problem, see C. Boehringer, Zur Chronologiemittelhellenistischer Miinzserien, 220-160 v. Chr., Antike Munzen u. Geschnittene Steine, V, Berlin, 1972, pp. 22-31, 200-204. H. B. Mattingly, " Some Third Magistratesin the Athenian New Style Coinage,"J.H.S., XCI, 1971, pp. 85-93; idem, "Some Problems in Second Century Attic Prosopography,"Historia, XX, 1971, pp. 34-43. M. Thompson, The Agrinion Hoard, Num. Notes and Mon. (American Numismatic Society), CLIX, New York, 1968; idem, "Byzantium over Aesillas," Rev. Num., 6th Series, XV, 1973, pp. 54-65. 33 A. R. Bellinger, Two Hoards of Attic Bronze Coins,Num. Notes and Mon. (American Numismatic Society), XLII, New York, 1930. M. J. Price, "The New-Style Coinage of Athens. Some Evidence from the Bronze Issues," Num. Chron., 7th series, IV, 1964, pp. 27-36. J. H. Kroll, "Two Hoards of First- Century B.C. Athenian Coins," JEA-., XXVII, 1972, A', pp. 86-120. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 327 representationsof Zeus, Apollo, Artemis and other deities, even a cicada. This dichot- omy between the silver and bronze coins regarding types is, in itself, sufficient reason for dissociating the two series and suggesting that the "New Style" silver and the "New Style" bronze may neither have been introduced simultaneously nor have been of identical duration. There are other differences between the two series which underline the independ- ence of the silver and bronze issues. The complicated system of control marks used for the silver coins is lacking for the bronze. There are no monograms, names or control letters on the bronze reverses although such marks appear on the comparably small flans of the silver drachms and hemidrachms. Although symbols are standard on the bronze and silver coins alike, those which are employed on the bronze are small in number and can rarely be connected with specific silver issues. The evidence of the " New Style " silver coins will therefore be of little value in establishing either a relative or an absolute chronology for the "New Style" bronze. A chronology for the bronze issues will have to be established by other means.34 The earliest of the " New Style " bronze issues, Athena head/Zeus holding thunderbolt (P1. 75, Nos. 99, 176) and the first two varieties of the Athena head/Fulminating Zeus series, with symbols star and wheat ear, (P1. 76, Nos. 103, 254, 256, 261, 105, 257, 259) have traditionally been dated to the period 229-197, i.e., contemporarywith the first "New Style" silver issues.35 The revisions in the old silver chronology brought about by Thompson's comprehensive study of the coinage and Lewis's proposal of an alternative "low chronology" have led to a tacit acceptance that the bronze chronology must be adjusted accordingly. No one has, however, suggested a specific date for the introduction of the new bronze types, although Thompson has placed the beginning of the" New Style" bronze coinage before 169 at the latest.86 Price has published an early Fulminating Zeus issue from a deposit at Corinth datable to ca. 146 B.C., the year of the city's destruction, thereby providing a firm, if late, terminusante quemfor the beginning of the "New Style" bronze.37 Perhaps the most important result of the foregoing compilation of Agora deposits is the establishment of a terminusante quem of 180 B.C. for the first "New Style" bronze issues, thereby proving that Lewis's low chronology for the silver is not valid for the bronze. In the two Middle Stoa deposits of ca. 180 B.C. (Deposits I and II)

3 Thompson, New Style (above, note 31), pp. 525-526 has also emphasized the differences between the "New Style" silver and bronze, Cf. Bellinger, op. cit. (above, note 33), p. 12: "It must be confessed that the [bronze] symbols and types and their connection with symbols on the silver coinage are embarrass- ing." 35 B. C. Head, BMC, Attica, London, 1888, pp. xxxiiff.; idem, Historia Numorum2, Oxford, 1911, pp. 378ff. J. P. Shear, "The Coins of Athens," Hesperia, II, 1933, pp. 258-259 and pl. 7. 36 Thompson, New Style (above, note 31), p. 528. 37 M. J. Price, "Coins from Some Deposits in the South Stoa at Corinth," Hesperia, XXXVI, 1967, p. 362. 328 FRED S. KLEINER three varieties of the Fulminating Zeus series are already present: star and eagle, wheat ear and eagle, and cornucopiae and eagle (P1. 76, Nos. 103, 105, 106, 109).38 That these three varieties are in fact the earliest of the series is confirmed by their scarcity and extreme wear in Sullan deposits of ca. 87 B.C.39 In the Middle Stoa deposits, the determination of relative wear is difficult because of the corroded condition of the bronzes,40but several Fulminating Zeus coins seem to be recently struck pieces in fresh condition, while others show only moderate wear. It is doubtful if any of the Middle Stoa Fulminating Zeus coins were in circulation more than ten or twenty years before being deposited. Thompson's date of 196 for the first "New Style" tetradrachm is therefore suitable for the first Fulminating Zeus bronze coin. A second result of this inquiry is the establishment that the Cicada/Amphora fractional bronzes, (P1. 76, Nos. 247, 323), traditionally described as " Delian cleruchy issues" and dated to the period after 164,41 were struck for use in Attica as well as in Delos,42 and must have been issued before 180 B.C. These coins are in good condition in Deposits I and II and represent the fractional denomination struck by the Athenian mint after 196 to accompany the early Fulminating Zeus bronzes. The Cicada/Amphoratypes are not present in any of the Sullan hoards published by Price.43 Earlier than the Fulminating Zeus and Cicada/Amphoratypes, and datable to the very end of the 3rd century, is the bronze series of Athena head/Zeus holding thunderbolt (P1. 75, Nos. 99, 176).44 These coins show little-to-moderate wear in Middle Stoa Deposits I and II. The obverses of this series document the transition from the 3rd century Attic-helmet type to the Corinthian helmet worn by Athena on the "New Style" Fulminating Zeus bronzes. The fractional denominations which accompany the Zeus-holding-thunderbolt types are undoubtedly the Athena head/Owl on prow and Athena head/Owl on thunderbolt varieties (P1. 75, Nos. 198, 237, 311, 199).45 These types are comparablywell preserved in the Middle Stoa deposits and also reveal a transition from the Attic to the Corinthian helmet on the obverses. The types are appropriate as fractional counterparts of the Zeus-holding-thunderbolt series: both the owl and prow appear as symbols on the large bronzes and the thunderbolt echoes the attribute of Zeus. 38 Sv. 81.17-18 (star), 81.28-29 (wheat ear). The cornucopiaevariety was not recordedby Svoronos. A poor specimen was published by Bellinger, op. cit. (above, note 33), pl. I, 1. 39 Price, Num. Chron. (above, note 33), p. 29. M. Caramessini-Oeconomidesand F. S. Kleiner, "A New Hoard of Athenian Bronze Coins," Ath. An. Arch., VII, 1974, pp. 149-156. 40 Shear, Hesperia,II, 1933, p. 231 discusses the condition of Agora bronze coin finds. 41 SV. 107.55-69. 42 Most of the coins in the small Delos hoard of 1968 are Cicada/Amphoratypes. E. Foster and T. Hackens, " Decco Metal Detector Survey on Delos," Archaeometry,XI, 1969, pp. 170-171. Cf. T. Hackens, Delos, XXVII, Paris, 1970, table p. 409. 43 Price, Num. Chron.(above, note 33), p. 29. 44 Sv. 81.1-16. 45 Sv. 23.46-52. EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS 329

No less important than this clarification of the late 3rd and early 2nd century bronze chronology is the insight into the working pattern of the Athenian mint provided by the Agora stoa deposits. The most curious phenomenon in the Agora deposits is the reoccurrence of the same three Fulminating Zeus varieties of Deposits I and II (star, wheat ear and cornucopiae)-and only these three-in the other Agora deposits through and including the deposits of 140 B.C. Table 4 summarizes the 2nd century Athenian contents of Deposits I-VIII. It will be noticed that of the 44 Fulminating

TABLE 4: SECOND CENTURY ATHENIAN COINS FROM THE AGORA STOAS I: Constructionfill of the Middle Stoa, ca. 180 B.C. II: Hellenisticfill southof the Middle Stoa, ca. 180 B.C. III: Hellenisticfill near the northwestcorner of the Heliaia, ca. 140 B.C. IV: Constructionfill of the Stoa of Attalos, ca. 150-146 B.C. V: Hoardfrom the SquarePeristyle floor, ca. 185-146 B.C. VI: Construction-fillof South Stoa II, ca. 140 B.C. VII: Destructiondebris of South Stoa I, ca. 140 B.C. VIII: Uppermostfloors of South Stoa I, ca. 140 B.C. V I/II IV VI-VIII III Athena/FulminatingZeus, star Sv. 81.17-18 3 4 4 Athena/FulminatingZeus, wheat ear Sv. 81.28-29 3 4 3 Athena/FulminatingZeus, cornucopiae Sv.- 4 2 5 Athena/FulminatingZeus, uncertain Sv. 81.17-52 4 8 Zeus/Fighting Athena Sv. 22.53-58 1 1 Cicada/Amphora Sv. 107.55-69 4 3 2 Artemis?/Amphora Sv. 107.36-41 1 Total 6 16 9 24 1

Zeus coins, every legible piece bears as symbol either a star, wheat ear or cornucopiae, varieties present in the Middle Stoa deposits and struck between ca. 196 and ca. 180 B.C. In fact, the only new Athenian types which appear in the later deposits are the Zeus/Fighting Athena issue, commonly found in rather worn condition in the Sullan hoards,46 and the Artemis?/Amphora fraction, of uncertain date. Moreover, the Zeus/Fighting Athena types do not appear in any deposit earlier than 140 B.C., but occur twice in 140 contexts. The specimen in Deposit III is too damaged to deter- mine wear, but the piece from Deposit VI (P1. 76, No. 266) appearsto have been struck

46 Price, Num. Chron.(above, note 33), p. 29. Caramessini-Oeconomidesand Kleiner, op. cit. (above, note 39), p. 151. 330 FRED S. KLEINER recently. The Zeus/Fighting Athena coins must have been issued between 146 and 140 B.C., which accounts for the relative wear of these coins in the hoards of 87 B.C. The eight deposits from the Agora stoas thus attest to a period of some thirty-five years-between 180 B.C. at the latest and 146 at the earliest-when no new bronze coins were struck.47 After an initial period of striking large and fractional-denomination bronzes at the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 2nd centuries, the emission of bronze coins was suspended until 146-140 B.C. It seems that the Zeus-holding- thunderbolt and early Fulminating Zeus bronzes and the owl-on-prow or -thunderbolt and Cicada/Amphora fractions were issued in sufficient quantities before 180 B.C. to satisfy the small currency needs of Athens for a third of a century or longer.48 In contrast to the continual emission of silver coins in the 2nd century, the Athenian mint struck bronze coins at irregular intervals, apparently only when new bronze coins were needed. Such a minting pattern (or lack of pattern) would fit the ever-changing monetary needs of an ancient, as well as a modern, society far better than the artificially even distribution of issues usually proposed by the modern numismatist. A corollary result of this investigation of Athenian bronze coinage in the first half of the 2nd century is that one can now date all the issues found in the Sullan hoards not present in these Agora deposits as after ca. 140 B.C. This includes not only the remaining Fulminating Zeus varieties-amphora, two pilei, thyrsos, etc.-but the following important fractional denominations: Athena/Amphora, Athena/Two owls on thunderbolt, and Cicada/Owl.49 A careful re-examination of the Sullan hoard material should permit a narrower dating of these bronze issues also, and supply an absolute as well as a relative chronology for all the Athenian bronzes of the second century B.C.50

FRED S. KLEINER AMERICANSCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES ATHENIAN AGORA EXCAVATIONS

47 The only Fulminating Zeus bronze found in the Corinth deposits of 146 B.C. was a worn example of the wheat-ear-and-eagle variety already present in Middle Stoa Deposits I and II. Price, Hesperia, XXXVI, 1967, p. 362. 48 J. H. Kroll has documented an even longer gap in Athenian bronze coinage between the Athena/ Sphinx series of Augustus and the first Athenian Imperial types of the 2nd century after Christ ("The Eleusis Hoard of Athenian Imperial Coins and Some Deposits from the Athenian Agora," Hesperia, XLII, 1973, pp. 312-333). 49 Sv. 107.75-79, 24.60-68 and 107.50-54 respectively. 50 The author is presently engaged in such a study through the courtesy of Mrs. Mando Caramessini- Oeconomides and Professor Margaret Thompson, Chief Curators of the Athens Numismatic Museum and the American Numismatic Society, where the known published and unpublished Athenian bronze hoards are housed. PLATE 75 * 'S...,* 1 8 13 18 22 158 43

48 49 54 165 57 60 296 298

171 86 300 344 89 231 302

93 174 233 198 237 311 199

- *1P

* 99 * * - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~176

FRED S. KLEINER: THE EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS PLATE 76

103 254 256 261 105 257

259 106 109 241 347 110 247

323 266 324 114 201 268 134

329 142 148 333 151 334 354

FRED S. KLEINER: THE EARLIEST ATHENIAN NEW STYLE BRONZE COINS