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Smart Charging of Future Electric Vehicles Using Roadway Infrastructure Project No. 18ITSTSA03 Lead University: University of Texas at San Antonio Collaborative Universities: University of New Mexico Final Report August 2019 Disclaimer The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors, who are responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated in the interest of information exchange. The report is funded, partially or entirely, by a grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation’s University Transportation Centers Program. However, the U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the support by the Transportation Consortium of South- Central States (Tran-SET). i TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION PAGE 1. Project No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. 18ITSTSA03 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Smart Charging of Future Electric Vehicles using Roadway Infrastructure Aug. 2019 6. Performing Organization Code 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. PI: Sara Ahmed https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0935-5011 Co-PI: Ethan Ahn https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-2071 Co-PI: Mahmoud Reda Taha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3707-9336 Co-PI: Samer Dessouky https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6799-6805 Post-Doc: Moneeb Genedy https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0037-5086 GRA: Daniel Fernandez https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3421-2207 GRA: Ann Sebastian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0345-7204 GRA: Patience Raby https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1149-9033 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. (TRAIS) Transportation Consortium of South-Central States (Tran-SET) University Transportation Center for Region 6 11. Contract or Grant No. 3319 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 69A3551747106 70803 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered United States of America Final Research Report Department of Transportation Mar. 2018 – Mar. 2019 Research and Innovative Technology Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 15. Supplementary Notes Report uploaded and accessible at Tran-SET's website (http://transet.lsu.edu/) 16. Abstract Inspired by the fact that there is an immense amount of renewable energy sources available on the roadways such as mechanical pressure and frictional heat, this study presented the development and implementation of an innovative charging technique for future electric vehicles (EVs) by fully utilizing the existing roadways and the state-of-the-art nanotechnology and power electronics. The project introduced a novel wireless charging system, SIC (Smart Illuminative Charging), that uses LEDs powered by piezoelectric nanomaterials as the energy transmitter source and thin film solar panels placed at the bottom of the EVs as the receiver, which is then poised to deliver the harvested energy to the vehicle’s battery. Through the project, the energy-harvestable 2D nanomaterials (EH2Ns) were tested for their mechanical-to-electrical energy conversion capabilities and the relatively large-area EH2N samples (2cm x 2cm) produced high output voltages of up to 52mV upon mechanical pressure. An electrically conductive glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) was developed to be used as physical support in the integrated SIC system. Furthermore, a lab-scale prototype device was developed to testify the mechanism of illuminative charging. The project team was able to prove the feasibility of SIC concept and the start to end conversion efficiency was calculated to be 40%. The project team also provided field implementation recommended framework based on the results from the small-scale prototype developed. The framework discussed how the developed SIC can be implemented in the field and what are the expected outcomes. The team recommended inserting the EH2N embedded in the GFRP, the LEDs and the needed circuitry in the wheel path of the vehicles on the pavement by cutting a sawtooth compartment with a width of 18’’ and a length of 8’ every couple of miles. On the vehicle, a PV array will be placed on the underside between the wheel wells of each side of the EV to capture the illumination from the LEDs embedded in the roadway. The detailed strategy is presented in this report. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Smart Charging, Electric vehicles, 2D Nanomaterials, No restrictions. This document is available through the Piezoelectric effect, LEDs, solar panels National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161. 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 49 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized. ii SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION PAGE .................................................................................. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .............................................................. viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... ix 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................. 3 3. LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 4 3.1. Electric Vehicles Charging Stations .................................................................................... 4 3.2. Wireless Charging Methods for Electric Vehicles (EVs) .................................................... 4 3.2.1. Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) for EV Applications ................................................. 5 3.2.2. Solar-Powered EVs ....................................................................................................... 5 3.3. Other Wireless Power Transfer Systems ............................................................................. 6 3.4. Energy Harvesting using Roadway Infrastructure ............................................................... 6 3.4.1. Solar Pavements ............................................................................................................ 7 3.4.2. Asphalt Solar Collectors ............................................................................................... 7 3.4.3. Nanomaterials ............................................................................................................... 8 3.5. Fiber Reinforced Polymer Modified Nanocomposite Overlay ............................................ 9 3.6. Power Conditioning Circuits for Nanomaterials Energy Harvesting Systems .................... 9 4. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 11 4.1. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and Photovoltaic (Solar) Panels ....................................... 11 4.1.1. Photovoltaic Solar System .......................................................................................... 11 4.1.2. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) ...................................................................................
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