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A Review on Design and Fabrication of a Solar Roadways International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 A Review on Design and Fabrication of a Solar Roadways Kohak P.G1, Kandake R.A2, Patekar V.P3, Ghorpade D.S4 1,2,3,4Asstt. Prof. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, DVVP COE, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The Solar roadways is a series of structurally- externalized costs of burning fossil fuels. Perhaps the most engineered solar panels that are driven upon. The idea is to important element of solar roadways technology is that its replace all current petroleum-based asphalt roads, parking power generation capacity demonstrates the base load lots and driveways with solar road panels that collect energy viability of renewable energy sources. Clean energy to be used by homes and businesses. The renewable energy technology existence can power the entire countries created by solar road panels will replace the current need for economy and more. fossil fuel which is used for generation of electricity in turn reduces greenhouse gases. An intelligent highway 1.1 Mean Daily Global Isolation infrastructure and a self-healing decentralized power grid that will eliminate our need for fossil fuels. Additionally, it can Insolation (also known as solar irradiation) is a measure of be used for traffic detection, illuminated roadways and on the the solar radiation received by a given area over a given go charging of electric vehicles using inductive charging. period of time. The unit used for insolation is either MJ/m2 or kWh/m2. The mean daily global insolation will give a Key Words: solar, renewable energy, fossil fuels, measure of total solar energy available in each part of India. greenhouse gases, electric vehicles. In order to calculate the amount of electricity that can be produced by the solar panels, the solar insolation data for 1. INTRODUCTION each area are required, so that the calculated amounts of electricity that can be produced by the solar panels are closer to the actual electricity that will be produced under The solar roadways are a series of structurally engineered real environmental conditions. The mean daily global solar panels that are driven upon. The idea is to replace all insolation values given in map for the purpose of evaluating current petroleum-based asphalt and concrete roads, the mean daily global insolation, the following factors have parking lots and drive ways with solar road panels that been taken into consideration: collect energy to be used by our homes and businesses. The ultimate goal is to store excess energy in or alongside the solar roadways. This renewable energy replaces the need for Solar panel orientation is treated as horizontal for the current fossil fuel use for the generation of electricity. this case, as they are going to be placed on roads. This, in term, reduces the greenhouse gases to half. The Solar roadways system would might, at present, cost about 3 times Period for which the mean daily global insolation is what it costs to install and asphalt road but would be more considered is annual. This consideration is made as durable, more easily replaced in modular fashion and is able we require data for calculation purposes only. The to pay for itself by generating more electricity than our period can also be considered on a monthly or daily economy can consume. At just 15% efficiency, far below basis instead of annual, for more accurate what is expected, 100% solar roadways at enabled driving calculations. infrastructure would produce 3 times total electricity demand. There are additional benefits as well, which is a Maximum and minimum available mean daily global built-in smart grid, major new investment and job creation. insolation value as depicted in map are taken into The economic benefits inherent in global leadership in build consideration, so that an upper and lower bound in the most advanced clean energy infrastructure. Every estimate of the amount of electricity that may be dollar invested in renewable sources ultimately generates produced by the Solar Roadways system can be return because the resource is not burnt and lost. The predicted. roadways can also communicate with drivers, altering drivers with visual message to caution about the road ahead, The Average Mean Insolation received in India is around 5 help in traffic management, illuminate roads, at night for kWh/m2/day which is around 1825kWh/m2 per year. better visibility of the roads and lane markings. By integrating wireless inductive charging in the solar roads, we can also charge electric vehicles on the go. They can make the emerging electric vehicle economy far more affordable and easier to manage. They can help us to eliminate 100s of billions of dollars per year, or more in © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2049 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 energy for production of electricity, one cannot miss on solar energy. Solar roadways will eliminate the need for extra land for energy production as our existing road network can be used for generation of energy. In this paper, we find out the feasibility of solar roadways in India, if it covers all our roads with smart solar road panels which generates electricity, illuminates road, wireless charging of EVs and much more. 4. SYSTEM COMPONENTS i. Solar panel Table – 1: Types of solar panels and specifications Photo – 1: Direct Horizontal Radiance in India Solar Cell Efficiency Advantage Disadvantage 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Type -Rate s s Monocrystallin ~20% High Expensive The population of the world is on rise. It is hard to keep in e Solar Panels efficiency line with electricity demands of the population. Thus, in (Mono-SI) rate; developing countries like India, we still have to depend on optimised load shading as an option to meet with the electricity supply for of the country. commercial use; high In India, 76.5% of electricity is generated with coal. Coal is a life-time nonrenewable resource of energy and will exhaust in few value years. Power generation with coal powered Thermal Power Polycrystalline ~15% Lower price Sensitive to Plants pollute the environment and is the major cause of Solar Panels high global warming. (p-Si) temperatures; lower lifespan Thus, to tackle with this problem, we need to implement the & slightly less use of solar energy as it is free, nonpolluting and never- space ending source of energy. efficiency Thin-Film: ~7-10% Relatively shorter Our roads and highways receive plenty of sunlight during the Amorphous low costs; warranties & day time. If only we were able to harness this solar energy, Silicon Solar easy to lifespan we would be able to meet up with the ever-growing Panels (A-SI) produce & requirement of electricity. flexible Concentrated ~41% Very high Solar tracker Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy. The PV Cell (CVP) performanc & cooling operating cost of the solar energy generation is negligible. e & system Thus, it also helps in reducing the cost of energy to the efficiency needed (to consumers. rate reach high efficiency 3. OBJECTIVES rate) India receives plenty of the solar insolation with an Table – 2: Specification Of Solar Panel annual average of 5.44 kwh/m2/day, which is quite high. Thus, making India one of the most suitable Maximum Power 10W countries for solar power utilization. Tolerance of Maximum Power ± 3% The total length of operational express ways in Open Circuit Voltage 21 V India is about 1581 Km. with around 800 Km. under Maximum Power Voltage 100VDC construction. This is a total of 2381 Km. of roads Maximum Power Current 9.63A which are just absorbing the suns energy. As the Module Efficiency 19% world is shifting towards the use of renewable Type of Cells Polycrystalline Silicon © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2050 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Cell Configurations 72 in Series 9 IR Sensor - 2cm Range 2 Dimensions (L x B x H) 338 × 258 × 16 mm 10 Wireless Copper 4 coils 4 Charging Kit Windings ii. Base layer (Coils) 11 Power - - 1 Generally, the base layer is made up of the recyclable Supply materials used in construction work. These materials are as follows 5.2 Schematic Diagram Fly ash Micro silica S Roa Sola Batt Crushed Air-Cooled Blast Furnace Slag (Aggregate) U d r ery Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) N surf pane unit Demolition Waste (MALWA) Reclaimed Bitumen/Asphalt Pavement (RAP) Ra ace l Plywood sheets ys laye r Infra- Mic LCD iii. Battery Bank red displa iv. LEDs ro v. Transformer sensor cont y vi. PIC Controller Reset roll vii. Relay LED er viii. LCD Display (16x2) circuit Panel ix. IR Sensor x. Wireless charging Kit Crysta xi. Power Supply R Wirel l xii. Glass el ess circuit ay powe 5. DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION Figure – 1: Schematic Diagram r 5.1 List of Materials gener 5.3 Model ation Table – 3: List of Materials circui The project design and modelling are done on Catia V.5, the SR. NAME OF MATERIAL/ SPECIFICA QTY assembly design and exploded view is as below: t NO. THE PARTS MODEL TIONS . 1 Solar Panels Monocrystall 10W 1 ine (Solar India) 2 Base Layer Plywood - 1 3 Battery - 12V 1 Bank 4 LED 4 stripes of 3 - 12 LEDs each and 2 Individual LEDs 5 Transformer - - 2 6 Pic PIC16F877A 40 pins 1 Controller 7 Relay Sun hold - 1 RAS-1210 Photo – 2: Assembled (Isometric) View Relay 8 LCD Display - 16x2 1 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.34 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2051 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 09 | Sep 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 E=6168.9425 GWh 5.5 Cost of Solar Roadways The solar roadways panel consists of the following parts liste d below i.
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