Pakistan : the Next Generation November 2009 Contents

Home , Afzal Tauseef, Faiz Mohammad Baloch, Gallup Pakistan, Lady Abdullah Haroon, Mahmood Ali, Nadeem Ahmad

Title Back Title Title inside Pakistan : The Next Generation November 2009 Contents

Acknowledgements i Foreword ii Overview iii Key findings iv

Chapter 1 Peril and Promise Pakistan’s future in an uncertain age 1

Chapter 2 Portrait of a Generation Beliefs, attitudes and aspirations 10

Chapter 3 Dividend or Disaster Understanding the policy challenge 19

Chapter 4 Making a Difference Transforming the lives of the Next Generation 28

Chapter 5 The Greatest Generation? Tapping the potential of the young 36

Annex One Next Generation Contributors 45 The youth must not forget who they are and wht they Annex Two r a part of.. They must keep Methodology 52 the cultural heritage alive in thier hearts..... Dont forget your identity if you Footnotes 54 do, the world will forget you...... hey, it rhymes!! Furqan Acknowledgements Foreword

The following research was commissioned for Next Generation Report: Dr. Bernadette Dean, the Next Generation report: Principal, Kinnaird College, Lahore; Asad Inspirational. Influential. A change maker. A help a nation that is tired of poverty and n Survey Report for the Next Generation Jappa, Director International Linkages, leader. hunger, of disappointment and hardship. The Project, Tehseena Rafi and Silal Shafqat, University of Gujrat, Pakistan Country report shows how eager and willing are Nielsen, Pakistan Director University of Central Lancashire; Prof. Words almost never applied to a fresh-faced young people – whether from the teeming n Changing Factors: Political & Democratic Dr. Malik Hussain Mubbashar, Vice Chancellor twenty-something. The same youth who cities or rural outskirts – to take on the Activism of Youth in Pakistan, Iqbal / Chief Executive, University of Health makes up half of Pakistan's population and responsibility of deciding their own future. Haider Butt, Senior Partner, Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan; Ameena Saiyid, who stands to inherit the country tomorrow. Development Pool, Lahore, Pakistan; Managing Director, Oxford University Press, A country that today has urgent internal and When we look at the next generation who and Sabiha Shaheen, Executive Director, Karachi, Pakistan; Dr. Qurat ul Ain Bakhtiari, external challenges; with resources that have are to take our place we would be well BARGAD Founding Director, Institute of Development been underutilized; where the present is advised to realise as a nation that our power n Youth Employment and Economic Growth Studies & Practices, Quetta, Pakistan; Shireen uncertain and the future unclear. lies in their empowerment. in Pakistan, Dr Rehana Siddiqui, Chief of Naqvi, Director, School of Leadership, Karachi; Research, PIDE, Islamabad, Pakistan Bilal Ahmad Rana, Project Coordinator, Youth This report is unique, in that it comes directly Abrar-ul-Haq n Understanding demographic Parliament of Pakistan: Dr Samina Amin from those who hold the power to determine opportunities & threats for young people Qadir, Head of English Programme, Fatima Pakistan's future: the youth. They just don't in Pakistan: the economic, social & Jinnah Women University. have the authority to exercise that power… political impact of youth participation yet. Over twelve hundred members of the Next and /or exclusion, Arshad Bhatti, Generation provided us with detailed and Director, Connective Action – Informing This report is a landmark put together by the insightful written contributions to the report Policy, Reforming Practice; and Kaveri youth of the country, gifted researchers and through the open source consultation Harris, Researcher, Options UK and eminent Pakistanis with funding by the process or in workshops. They are Research Fellow, University of Sussex British Council after months of painstaking acknowledged in Appendix One. n The Next Generation Report – The Policy research and data-collection. Environment, Sabina Ahmad and Kulsum This project was developed and Babri, Value Resources implemented by the following team from the It is because of this effort that I am honoured British Council: Sue Beaumont, David Martin, to pen this foreword, and also because I can We would like to thank the following Task Mark Stephens, Shazia Khawar, Fasi Zaka, see this report igniting a much needed Force members: Moeed Pirzada, broadcast Salman Cheema, Fatima Farooq, Nasir Kazmi, debate on what can be done to invest in the journalist H; Ashfaq Ahmad, Secretary of Sadia Rahman, Nasir Nazir, Obaid Khan, youth so they aren't left short-changed. Youth Affairs (2008), Govt. of Pakistan; Abrar Alamzeb Khan, Amna Ashraf, Mariam Khan, ul Haq, Chairman, Sahara for Life Trust; Asif Muneer, Khurram Saeed, Ahmad Ali and It forecasts Pakistan's prospects over the next Mohsin Nathani, Country Head, Barclays Bank; Sarwat Azeem One of the major challenges twenty years and identifies the country's “The journey of a thousand Ahmad J. Durrani, Vice Chancellor LUMS; which the next generation of miles begins with a single step." most pressing long-term challenges: Pakistanis need to keep this Dr.Rehana Siddique, Chief Researcher, PIDE; David Steven from the Center for Pakistan needs to know is to have answers to the questions, population explosion and untapped adage in mind and no matter Sabiha Shaheen, Executive Director, BARGAD; International Cooperation at New York and enough knowledge about demographic potential, resource scarcity, how trying the circumstances, Arshad Bhatti, Director, Connective Action, Dr. University was policy advisor to the project, the political/economic we need to keep believing that condition of the country social turmoil, distressing gender inequality we can pull through. Tariq Rehman, Quaid-e-Azam University, Dr. with research and editorial assistance from Rabia and the country's growing isolation in the WAQAS ABID Pervaiz. Victoria Collis, Jane Frewer, Michael Harvey, international community. Matthew Kent and Mark Weston. The following provided valuable advice on Images are contributed by Fayyaz Ahmad and The next generation wants to change that to ii shape, content and recommendations for the students of Kinnaird College. Overview Key findings

Pakistan: The Next Generation aims to spark there are welcome signs of a new willingness Peril and Promise and just 5% receive any higher debate on how the country can transform to invest in the next generation. The n Pakistan is a young and increasingly education. itself to harness the potential of its young international community has also failed urban society. Half its citizens are under n In our survey of the next generation (18- people. Pakistan, pursuing a myopic and narrow- twenty; two thirds have yet to reach 29 year olds) a quarter of respondents minded agenda that has not delivered any their thirtieth birthday. are illiterate. Half believe they do not The project, led by a Task Force of eminent tangible improvement in the security of n The population has trebled in less than have the skills for the modern labour public figures, marks the most ordinary people. Indeed, it has had the fifty years. It will grow by around 85 market. Even those with good comprehensive investigation ever into the opposite impact. million in twenty years (roughly the qualifications are struggling to find attitudes and needs of Pakistan's youth. equivalent of five cities the size of decent employment, and are struggling Our report argues that it is time for a fresh Karachi). against discrimination and corruption. We have thoroughly reviewed existing start. We all need to unite behind a new n Birth rates remain high by regional n Disillusion with democracy is research and supplemented this with new mission to meet the needs of the next standards, especially in rural areas. pronounced. Only around 10% have a studies from some of Pakistan's leading generation. Never again will Pakistan have Pakistan's demographic transition (from great deal of confidence in national or academic institutions. such a high proportion of young adults in its high to low mortality and fertility) has local government, the courts, or the population. They offer us a substantial stalled. police. Only 39% voted in the last We commissioned a representative opinion dividend, which we cannot afford to leave on n The economy must grow by 6% a year to election; while half are not even on the poll of Pakistan's young people, exploring the table. meet the needs of its growing voters' list. how the next generation thinks, feels and population. 36 million new jobs are n The next generation loves Pakistan, reacts. The most hopeful message emerging from needed in just ten years. At present, despite the country's failings. It is also our report is the strength of the voices of the Pakistan ranks 101 out of 133 countries civic minded, with nearly half believing Perhaps most importantly of all, we have next generation itself. With the country at a on the Global Competitiveness Index. education's primary purpose is to learn interviewed large numbers of young people perilous point in its history, many young n By 2030, Pakistan will be more urban to be a good citizen or to gain a broad and given them a chance to tell their stories. leaders are determined to play their part in than rural, creating huge demand for understanding of the world. What do they want from the future? What building a brighter future. infrastructure. Energy use could n Many young leaders are no longer obstacles do they face? And how can they quadruple; water will be an increasingly prepared to wait for others to act. They help build a stronger Pakistan? “Sixty-two years back there was a nation in scarce resource. are actively seeking opportunities to search of a land,” one young person told us. n Pakistanis are losing confidence in the build a stronger, more peaceful and In Spring 2009, we launched an interim “At present, there is a piece of land in search future. Only 15% believe the country is prosperous society, and to develop a report to provoke further discussion, inviting of a nation.” heading in the right direction. 72% feel new relationship with the rest of the ideas, input and critique from opinion economically worse off than a year ago. world. formers, policymakers, and future leaders. The next generation is emerging as a Let the girls be provided equal Only one in ten expect an improvement opportunity to study. what is Almost 1,500 people responded, helping us powerful force for change. Only by this? some kind of colossal joke in the near future. Collecting the Dividend complete this landmark exploration of the that we are muslims by religion n I think word 'CHALLENGE' is harnessing its energy can a new Pakistan be In 1980, Pakistan passed a milestone: the not the right expression of most important long term challenge facing and we can't impart education born – one able to overcome the challenges to our female youth? other Portrait of a Generation proportion of adults to children and old the current and future Pakistan. the future will bring. thing, include daily news paper n Young people are passionate believers in people reached its lowest level. Ever scenario, it is a 'WAR' our next generation have to face. reading in their syllabus. and education, but many have had no since, demographic conditions have teach them to really read Mirza Zahid ul Hassan Today, the country sits at a crossroads. For between the lines, not skim opportunity to gain essential skills. Only become steadily more favourable – a too long, leaders have failed to grapple with thru the newspapes half of Pakistan's children go to primary trend that will continue to mid-century. Saamiya Musani deep-seated threats to our future, though iii school, a quarter to secondary school, n A huge generation of young people is iv now entering the workforce. If there are no jobs and services for them, Pakistan faces a demographic disaster. If they are engaged in the economy, politics and society, Pakistan could collect a one-off boost to its growth and development. n This demographic dividend first became available in the 1990s. The window of opportunity will close around 2045, by which time the society will be ageing rapidly. During this period, therefore, investment in the next generation will have a huge impact on Pakistan's long term prospects. n Leaders need to make the next generation their number one priority, dramatically increasing investment in young people, helping them reach their economic potential, supporting young families, and engaging the youth as active citizens and future leaders. n A long term vision for the next generation should form the basis of a new contract with young people, setting out what they can expect from Pakistan and what the country expects them to deliver in return.

0% Corruption, Equal justice for all, Equal rights for all, Equal opportunities for all, after all , we all are humans! Please respect humans! Nadeem Anjum

v Peril and Promise Pakistan’s future in an uncertain age

1CHAPTER Peril and Promise Pakistan’s future in an uncertain age

Pakistan has spent much of the twenty-first 100% century in turmoil. 90% 80% The country sits on a geopolitical fault line, bordering China, India, Afghanistan and Iran 70% – all countries that play a pivotal role in the 60% modern world. 50% Throughout history, the country has been 40% buffeted by external forces and subject to 30% interference from external actors. The 20% relationship with India has long been fraught with difficulty. During the Cold War, Pakistan 10% was drawn into the conflict between the 0% Soviet Union and United States of America in Jun 06 Jun 06 Jun 07 Jun 07 Jun 08 Jun 08 Jun 09 Afghanistan. Wrong direction Right direction Since 9/11, the country has found itself on the front line of the so-called 'War on Terror'. Source: IRI Index: Pakistan Public Opinion Survey 2009 Over the past few years, a wave of attacks Figure 1 – Is Pakistan heading in the wrong or right direction? from extremists has spread fear among ordinary people, while weakening the state food and fuel prices have caused poverty to and isolating Pakistan from the global soar, while a weak economy has blighted the community. prospects of all but the most privileged.

At home, successive governments have failed With confidence at rock bottom, decisive to satisfy the aspirations of a rapidly growing action is needed to place Pakistan back on a population. Democracy was restored in path towards a stable and prosperous future. February 2009 after nine years of military Otherwise, the consequences will be rule, but the new government has struggled frightening. Pakistan risks falling prey to a in the face of interlocking economic, social worsening cycle of poverty, polarisation and and political threats. The main challenge that the conflict, at a time when the population next generation of this continues to increase rapidly and growing country faces is self Ordinary people are increasingly pessimistic, realization. We must realize numbers of Pakistanis hunger for a better life. what we are Pakistanis. We worried about both their own future and that must come of the shell of of their country (figure 1). They are horrified ignorance and compete with the world. by sickening violence directed at schools, Ahmed Abdullah universities and even mosques, with millions forced by fighting to flee their homes. High 1 Peril and Promise Peril and Promise

At this time of crisis, no country can afford to At the founding of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam power shift from the developed to the World stick its head in the sand or to indulge in Muhammad Ali Jinnah told Pakistan's new developing world. Europe and North kneejerk reactions. Instead, the Next citizens that “if we are to survive as a nation America's share of global population has 40% Generation project takes a step back from and are to translate our dream about shrunk considerably and will continue to do 51% today's divisive disputes and offers a long Pakistan into reality we shall have to grapple so. At the same time, their societies are 49% 60% view, focusing on what Pakistan needs to with the problem facing us with redoubled ageing rapidly. Half their citizens are over the achieve over the next twenty years or more. zeal and energy.” 1 age of 40. In most developed countries, recent migrants make up a growing share of 2010 2030 Our report explores the hopes and Unlocking the potential of the next the labour force. aspirations of the next generation – young generation is, we argue in this report, a people who offer great promise for Pakistan's challenge that now dwarfs all others. Rising powers, in contrast, are much younger. 37% future, but only if they are equipped to lead Pakistan will only succeed if it dedicates all of In a developing country, the average citizen productive, engaged and fulfilling lives. At its efforts to a new generation to transform is under 27 years of age. He or she is 50% 50% present, this generation is in grave peril. It is the country. increasingly likely to live in a town or city. 63% starved of education and opportunities, and While the world's rural population is already vulnerable to manipulation by those who do at its peak, urban centres are growing Pakistan not have its best interests at heart. explosively (see figure 2). By 2030, there will be around one and half billion more urban Urban Rural A Young, Urban Planet Source: UN 2007 In preparing this report, therefore, we have dwellers in developing countries. Half a come together to analyse, in a systematic dozen more 'megacities' will have passed the Figure 2 – The move to the cities and thorough fashion, the peril and promise 10 million inhabitant mark. There will be a of Pakistan's next generation, and present Pakistan's future cannot be decided in total of at least half a million new towns and environmental degradation, represent a fresh ideas for reform. We argue that young isolation; it is tied to the prospects of a cities.3 growing problem. people have the potential to act as a crowded and fragile world. We therefore start powerful engine for Pakistan's development. from a global perspective, attempting to Sadly, this young, urban world is likely to By 2030, global demand for food is expected But we also describe the obstacles that block understand the challenges that will face a remain highly unequal. Today, the richest to grow by 50% and for energy by 45%, as this generation's progress and detail the generation that is coming to maturity in an 10% of the world's population own 85% of its more people strive for a better standard of 5 price we will all pay if these barriers are not uncertain and unstable age. wealth.4 Even if developing economies living. Massive investment and innovation removed. expand at unprecedented speed, it will take will be needed if this demand is to be met. Take some simple numbers. In 1960, the decades, and perhaps centuries, for them to Pressure on land and water resources will The message is one of both urgency and world was home to just three billion people. secure their fair share of global resources. increase, driving conflict between and within hope. The next generation is in crisis. Without Since then, the global population has more I believe that our demographic countries. Resources will be the root cause of situation provides our young bold action, its prospects are bleak. But rapid than doubled and will have trebled by 2050, with an extraordinary If economies stagnate, the situation will be many of the world's wars. To have a true leader to work change is possible given leadership and by which time it should have peaked, or at opportunity to compete in much worse. Many young people will live for our beloved country whatever sphere they chose. Pakistan, and it should be a political will, partnership between least be close to stabilisation. Shortly after We have an opportunity to turn frustrating and limited lives. In countries At the same time, climate change will pose common man. government, civil society and the private 2010, the world's seven billionth baby will be our very large and very young gripped by conflict, living standards will slip two simultaneous challenges. On the one Frederick Joseph sector, and a bold plan to change the lives of 2 people into a productive asset. hand, its consequences will hit developing born. Muhammad Fahad Lakhani backwards as absolute levels of poverty the young. grow. countries hardest, disrupting agriculture, Such rapid growth is driving an ineluctable threatening water supplies, and increasing 2 A lack of resources, and associated the number and severity of natural disasters. 3 Peril and Promise Peril and Promise

On the other hand, new policies will begin to been drastically curtailed. Export markets bite as the world tries to make a rapid escape have collapsed and their industries have few from the carbon age. buffers to see them through tough economic times. They face what The World Bank has Scientists believe that global emissions described as “an emergency for should peak by 2020 at the latest, and development,” a prolonged downturn that decline rapidly every year after that. Even if will curtail opportunities and increase rich countries make drastic cuts to their vulnerabilities to other shocks.9 emissions (a big 'if' given their evasion and inaction on the issue), billions of young The economic crisis was preceded by a people face a future where 'the right to emit' sudden and unexpected resource shock, with is an increasingly scarce and precious food and energy prices hitting Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad resource. unprecedented levels in the summer of 10 In the twentieth century, the global 2008. population quadrupled, but extraction of freshwater grew by a factor of nine.13 By 2030, The oil price spike was driven by a failure of 3.6 billion people will live in parts of the production to keep pace with rising demand, world that are suffering severe water stress.14 especially from China and other fast-growing Turbulent economies. The rise in food prices shadowed Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad Rising demand for food will increase pressure that of oil, as the price of fertilisers and on water supplies, especially as people eat transport leapt and biofuels competed for After a decade of solid growth, the world's more meat. Feeding a meat-eater requires an Times scarce land. Speculation and protectionism economy contracted in 2009, shrinking faster average of 5,400 litres of water a day, twice exacerbated shortages in both areas. The oil than at any time since the Second World 15 price peaked at $147 per barrel in July 2008. that needed for a vegetarian. War.8 The IMF is predicting a slow recovery for 2010, but expects unemployment to Look at the world today and we can see High energy prices helped trigger the Building infrastructure is a particular remain high and sees new risks as these pressures beginning to bite. recession in the United States that then challenge in fast growing cities, whose governments attempt to phase out fiscal 11 citizens are likely to experience growing spread to the rest of the world. Food 2009 was a disastrous year for the global stimulus. water – and energy – shortages. shortages, meanwhile, have had a economy. A financial crisis that began with disproportionate impact on the vulnerable, irresponsible mortgage lending in the United Much attention has been directed at the The economic downturn has offered some pushing tens of millions of people into States has unleashed an economic tsunami plight of those rich countries whose reckless The major challenge is a lack breathing space on scarce resources, with of opportunities and a lack poverty and triggering protests and riots which is destroying wealth in both rich and borrowing practices caused the crisis in the of organizational work commodity prices now lower. However, Less chances and greater streamlining the force of the across the developing world. According to poor countries. World leaders have dubbed first place. In the long run, however, the most investment in increasing supply has also challenges, we don't get the youth in Pakistan. The urgent the Food and Agricultural Organization required training and the crisis “the greatest challenge to the world serious consequences are likely to be felt by need is that the youth of fallen. Renewed economic growth – (FAO), the number of ill-nourished people grooming. 6 Pakistan be focused on a economy in modern times.” Their response those developing countries that lack robust especially at levels needed to cope with a Mubashar Iqbal Awan particular project and how worldwide recently exceeded 1 billion for the has been to cut interest rates drastically and domestic markets. 12 growing global population – seems certain they can help to achieve it. first time since the 1970s. pump liquidity into the economy, with G20 Wajahat Nasser to lead to further resource crunches. Few governments spending an average of 2% of Their currencies tend to be fragile and their believe that resource scarcity has gone Water is another increasingly scarce resource. GDP on the crisis during 2009.7 access to international credit markets has 4 away.16 5 Peril and Promise Peril and Promise Pakistan's Challenges

Pakistan's challenges mirror those of the rest The 2008 resource crunch also hit Pakistan of the world. While outsiders focus primarily 85 million more Pakistanis by 2030 60% of Pakistan’s people live hard, with high food and energy prices Mash Pulse on security problems (which are of course - equivalent to fine cities the size on less than $2 a day pushing inflation up to 23% in 2009.21 Energy both urgent and important), global social, of Karachi shortages remain a feature of everyday life. Sugar economic and environmental drivers remain Onion 44% population increase in just 127th Pakistan’s ranking on the Power demand in cities has eclipsed the key determinants of the nation's twenty years - twice as fast as the Global Gender Gap Index available supply, leading to power cuts and Cooking Oil prospects over the long term (see figure 3). world average 'load shedding' that can last from eight to (out of 130 countries) Milk Fresh twelve hours a day.22 As the government noted in its own 50% of Pakistan’s people will be 6.8 million Pakistani children Chicken (Farm) assessment of future prospects, “Pakistan's living in towns or cities by 2030 not in primary school Blackouts are crippling industry and having a Mutton economy still faces pressures from [an] devastating impact on the lives of ordinary Beef uncertain security environment, higher 36 million new jobs needed in the 70% of Pakistani children will people. Without electricity, hospitals cannot inflation driven by a spike in food prices, next 10years never attend secondary school- function and water cannot be pumped. High Wheat Flour acute power shortages, a bewildering stock and only 5% will go to university food and fuel prices have made the Wheat market, perceptible contraction in large- necessities of life increasingly expensive 0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% scale manufacturing and a slowdown in the (figure 4).23 Around 7% of the population has Sources: Source – Pakistan Ministry of Finance 2009 services sector; lower than anticipated World Population Prospects 2008, World Urbanization Prospects 2007 UNDP Development Report 2009. fallen back into poverty due to the combined inflows and growing absolute financing World Economic Forum 2008, World Bank 2009. UNESCO 2009, Pakistan Ministry of Finance, 2009 food, energy, and economic shocks.24 requirements.”17 Figure 3 – Pakistan’s development challenge Figure 4 – Price increases in essential commodities July 2008 – June 2009 The energy crisis is destined to get worse. After under-performing in the 1990s, the Pakistanis consume less than a quarter of the As with energy, population growth and rising economy saw strong growth in the early accept a $7.6 billion loan from the 25 energy used by the average global citizen. economic aspirations will exacerbate the twenty-first century, fuelled by the global International Monetary Fund (IMF) after a 40% of households have no electricity, while problem. The World Bank warns that Pakistan asset price bubble and by money pumped precipitous decline in its currency reserves firewood, dung and crop residues account 26 will face 'outright water scarcity' over the into Pakistan as part of the 'War on Terror'. and a collapse in confidence in its debt. The 30 for over 80% of all household energy use. coming years. But there has been a severe slowdown of outstanding loan is now $11.3 billion – over Population growth is stretching late, with GDP in 2009 expected to increase 6% of our GDP. infrastructure to the limit. By 2030, with 18 Then there is climate change, perhaps the by only 2%. annual economic growth above 6%, energy most serious long term problem Pakistan The IMF believes that public finances have 27 demand will be four times current levels. faces. Growth is expected to pick up in 2010, but at now been stabilised, but points out that a rate that is barely above population “Pakistan's economic program is subject to Dealing with the energy & water Water is an even greater problem, with The country is already experiencing the growth. Pakistan will remain heavily an unusual degree of uncertainty associated crisis, Radicalization of society, Pakistan one of the world's most water- The Main challenge of Next Lack of Justice and Lawlessness 28 impact of a changing climate. The period generation that if faces it dependent on the performance of China and with security problems and the depth and in Society, Security, Law and stressed countries. The limits of water 19 1995-2006 saw eleven of the twelve warmest fighting for Pakistan's own other rising economic stars, and on duration of the global slowdown.” Ongoing Order, Uncertain Future, resources are quickly being reached, with identity its now the youth Unemployment and Quality of years since 1850, leading to frequent and investment from the international external assistance will be needed if Pakistan aquifers depleted and available water Pakistan who has to decide Life, Increased Polarization severe droughts. Himalayan glaciers are where they want to see community. is to stabilise its economy, boost growth and (between haves and have nots) deteriorating in quality. This makes farms less retreating by between ten and fifteen metres them tomorrow increase social spending to protect ordinary Nabeel Khan Arpheel John productive than their equivalents in India a year. They could disappear in as little as Public finances remain under strain. In Pakistanis from the worst consequences of and is threatening the hydro stations that forty years. October 2008, the government was forced to recession.20 29 6 generate around a third of electrical power. The economy currently loses around $4.5 7 Peril and Promise Peril and Promise

billion each year due to environmental Social change will be rapid. Already, as we World 31 factors. In the future, climate change could Inflation show in this report, attitudes are shifting knock as much as 5% off GDP.32 with a new generation beginning to make its 1.8bn Unemployment voice heard. The boost to economic 3.6bn 3.7bn Taken together, these challenges are having Terrorism development could be dramatic too. With so a dramatic impact on national morale many young adults, Pakistan has a window already hit hard by the security situation. Electricity and Water during which it can achieve a massive surge 72% of Pakistanis say their personal Poverty in its development, creating wealth that can economic situation has got worse in the past be reinvested for the future. 3bn Corruption year. Only one in ten expect things to get 6.9bn 33 8.3bn better in the near future. Law and Order But this dividend can only be collected if the right policies are put in place today. How will Education 1960 2010 2030 Of course, ordinary people are worried about a society that is already under strain feed, terrorism and the security situation, but their 0 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% clothe, educate and provide healthcare to so main worries are day-to-day survival. As Source – IRI Index: Pakistan Public Opinion Survey 2009 many people? Who will build and pay for the figure 5 shows, inflation is seen as by far the infrastructure as cities expand at breakneck country's greatest problem, with speed? And what about scarce fuel, unemployment, access to electricity and electricity, water and food? Figure 5 – What is the single most important issue facing Pakistan? water, and poverty also believed to be 41 m 184m 266m pressing issues. Much will depend on the next generation itself. So who are Pakistan's young people? What do they think and believe? And what

do they want from its future? We turn to 30m 122m 148m these issues in chapter two. Pakistan

Total population Under thirty

The Promise of a Generation Source – UN 2008

Figure 6 – The youth surge Pakistan shows the strains of a country 335 million by 2050 (see figure 6). Depending coping with rapid population growth. In on birth rates, there will be around 85 million 1960, the country had fewer than 50 million more Pakistanis by 2030. Our problems are Politicians, There are three main factors citizens. Today, there are around 180 million education and the biggest of faced by our youth are: 34 all that we really don't "OWN Pakistanis. Any society faces an enormous Education, Justice During this period, a wave of young people PAKISTAN" which we have to (equal opportunity) task when it grows at such breakneck speed. do from now on this is the will sweep across the country. Half the and Employment. only chance we have. population is currently under twenty years of Bilal Raza Khan Abrar ul Hassan Without immediate action, the problems can age and 66% are under thirty. By 2030, the only intensify. Pakistan's population is country will have more people living in projected to exceed 260 million by 2030 and towns and cities than in the countryside.35 8 9 Portrait of a Generation Beliefs, attitudes and aspirations

2CHAPTER Portrait of a Generation Beliefs, attitudes and aspirations

Pakistan's next generation is living through a time of great transformation.

In part, this is a personal journey, but it also tells us a great deal about the future. At the age of eighteen, a young Pakistani is an adult, able to vote and expected to make a full contribution to society. Hopefully, he or she will have been supported through childhood and be prepared to respond to the challenge of being an adult.

By the age of thirty, a young man or woman should be established in their chosen career. Most will have also chosen to start a family, and will thus be responsible for the prospects of their children, making decisions about their upbringing - consequences of which will be felt for decades to come.

Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad Without the right preparation, few young people will make a successful transition to Moreover, they make it easier for young adulthood. They need to be healthy enough people to start their own families and to to survive infancy and to be able to learn in invest in their children's future. school. They need an education that gives them the skills needed in the modern The next generation also needs workplace, the confidence to interact with opportunities to express itself politically and their peers, and the broader set of attributes to participate in building a cohesive society. that make for a rounded human being. They Frustrate its ambitions or waste its energy, will benefit from a family life that provides and you have a recipe for social failure and security, companionship and love, while disruption. readying them for families of their own. The challenges of the next A safe, peaceful environment is also vital, generation of Pakistan is that the they have to compete Preparation is futile without opportunity. both for a family's security and to make with the developed With so many young people, a job market economic development possible. The countries and the scenario is changing rapidly that can expand fast enough to provide violence that has plagued Pakistan in recent Muhammad Laeeq Ur people with rewarding employment is times deters young people from attending Rehman especially important. Jobs offer financial school, going to work and socialising with rewards, of course, but they also provide their peers. It is a major impediment in people with identity and self respect. achieving their goals. 10 Portrait of a Generation Portrait of a Generation

Violence also denies the next generation the cities, towns and the countryside, and were The fall in fertility is one of many cultural chance to make a broader contribution as spread across the country's four provinces, as changes facing the next generation. Today's citizens. Young people around the world are well as Azad Jammu and Kashmir. We also youth are also increasingly likely to live in a major force for social change, driving conducted focus groups, gaining a rich and towns and cities. Within 25 years, most of political movements and working for the detailed understanding of how the next them will be based in urban areas.38 They public good. For Pakistan's youth to make a generation thinks, feels and reacts. spend much of their free time watching similar impact, opportunities must be television, surfing the internet or created for them to express their views and Most of Pakistan's young people, our survey communicating with friends via their mobile become involved in improving their shows, are yet to take full control of their phones. communities. As well as a legal environment lives. Around one in ten consider themselves that allows them to associate with others and the head of their own household. The rest Some worry that traditional values are being speak their minds, young activists need to be live with parents or an elder sibling, or in the left behind. A young Karachi'ite complains, able to trust the country's security apparatus case of married women, with their parents- “Respect is gone, in school we wouldn't dare to protect their rights and their safety. in-law. speak in front of our teacher, but now it's different. No one listens to the teacher.” So does the next generation believe it is Families are quite large, with their elders Another, from Narowal, says that people are equipped to make the transition to continuing to have a major influence on their “in the rat race of wanting more and more for adulthood? The Next Generation research lives, even as they reach adulthood. Parents themselves. Envy and greed has entered Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad explores the beliefs, attitudes and aspirations play a role in decisions over marriage, their lives.” of young people from across Pakistan. It education and work, and their influence over provides a snapshot of how the country's their daughters is particularly strong. 36 For many, religion is an anchor in this sea of youth are faring and insights into how well change. Three-quarters of our respondents prepared they are to seize the opportunities Young people generally marry in their identify themselves primarily as Muslims, of the future. twenties: men on average when they are 26 compared to just 14% who define years of age, women when they are 22. 37 themselves primarily as a citizen of Pakistan. The Miseducation Almost three quarters of the men in our sample are unmarried, compared to less than While they are worried about religious half the women. extremism, they want to live in a society of a Generation where religious values such as peace, justice Couples start their own families quite soon and equality are promoted. As a young man after marriage, with women having most of in Multan argues, “every issue will be solved if The Lives Will there be enough jobs for their children in their twenties. Family size in we go back to the fundamentals of Islam.” As they reach their late teens and early the next generation? With Pakistan is falling – though at 3.7 children per The next generation of twenties, young people's woeful lack of the current security threats, Pakistan would be facing a preparation for adulthood is thrown into will we be able to attract They Lead woman, it is still higher than in many major problem of freedom, foreign investment? Will they comparable countries. Despite the increase education, one-ness and sharp relief. be able to go abroad for language. higher studies? Will they be in their available time as a result of having Raheel Ahmad able to enjoy safety in their fewer children, young women are still The next generation has great faith in own country? We interviewed a representative sample of overwhelmingly likely to be housewives education. 92% believe that improving the Afsa Babar young Pakistanis between the ages of rather than being part of the workforce. quality of the educational system is an eighteen and twenty nine. They came from 11 important issue, while women, in particular, 12 Portrait of a Generation Portrait of a Generation

are concerned about whether or not their Portrait of Generation connections in high places are more children will receive a good education. important than talent and hard work. Men Women 60% 0% 6% Currently, however, both access to education 50% “There is no education,” complains a resident 15% 14% and the quality of schooling are mixed. 40% of Multan. “There is a culture of intercession Education enrolment rates have improved in and recommendations.” A young man from 30% recent decades, but many Pakistani children Lahore agrees: “Here, a student struggles day are denied any education at all. Only half go 20% and night but the son of a rich man by giving 10% to primary school, a quarter to secondary money gets more marks than him. This curse 23% school, and just 5% receive any higher 0% has become widespread in society.” education.39 Poor children, those who live in 62% Total omen the country, and girls suffer the worst Rural W op 2 onomic Baluchis T 0% exclusion, their opportunities choked off at espondents In work r classes Housewives 80% the very beginning of their lives. socioec Never been enrolled in school Students Unemployed In our survey, a quarter of respondents are Source: Nielsen 2009 Missed Source: Nielsen 2009 illiterate and have never attended an Figure 7 – Uneven access to schooling educational institution. For girls (wherever they live) and rural respondents (whatever Opportunities Figure 8 – Stay-at-home women their gender), this proportion rises to 36%. In Balochistan, nearly half the next generation and contribute in the house.” has had no education at all (figure 7). Quality of education is an equally urgent problem. The next generation is especially Unsurprisingly, the next generation enters Official unemployment in Pakistan is not that Cost is the main barrier keeping children out critical of government schools, where large the labour market unsure that it has the tools high, at around 8%, but 70% of employment of school. Many children do not live near a class sizes, poor facilities and unmotivated it needs to thrive. Half of those interviewed is in the informal sector and government school, while even 'free' teachers provide inadequate preparation for in our survey believe their qualifications are underemployment among young people is schooling requires parents to spend money the demands of adulthood. below par, while only a quarter think they are rife. 40 on text books and uniforms. For girls, sufficiently qualified for the job they want. negative family attitudes to schooling are a “The teachers in government schools spend In our survey, there is huge gender disparity their time doing nothing,” says one young major constraint. Youth should also be made But even good qualifications may not be at work (figure 8). Among men, a fifth of man from Islamabad. “In the government aware of social responsibility, enough. Many have concluded there is little those who have left education describe One young woman from Narowal reports sector,” another adds, “the students are large so that they can help build and advance their own point in becoming educated if there are no themselves as unemployed. Many of the rest that “people feel that boys should study in number and the staff is limited, so less towns, villages and jobs. In Narowal, reports one young man, “if have marginal and unstable jobs. Only 22% more than girls.” According to a young man attention is given to children. The duration of communities, rather than you have an MA or an MBA you do not get a have permanent full time jobs, while 36% are Hard work, Patriotism, abandoning their Freedom of Speech from Islamabad: “The girl once married will the period is 25 minutes and 15 minutes are environment- hence job. People are roaming around with degrees self-employed and 18% are daily wage Zia Jafri go to someone else's house. So people ask: consumed in taking attendance.” entrepreneurial skills will be in their hands.” A woman in Lahore tells a earners. Among young women 80% identify an extreme guide in 'why should we spend so much money on advancing their own similar tale: “A hawker comes by and sells themselves as housewives, with only 6% in her as she will not remain in our house?' That The next generation also worries that communities. vegetables. He has done a BA. He says that work (the rest are students). is why they spend more money on their sons, educational opportunities are not provided Tatheer Zehra there is no benefit of his study.” so they can be well educated, get good jobs equally to all children. They feel that 13 14 Portrait of a Generation Portrait of a Generation

Most young people have growing fears 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 the military is widely trusted (figure 9). about their employment situation, believing The military Overall, just 4% of the next generation that too few jobs are available and that believes that corruption in Pakistan society is prospects are getting worse. Almost half of Religious educational institutes low. those in work, moreover, took more than six months to find their jobs, while many find State-run educational institutes Security is another serious problem. Young their working life disrupted by corruption people are frightened to leave their homes and discrimination. Educational ministry because of terrorism and crime. “Suicide attacks and bomb blasts have become the Bias against people based on gender, Public health system fashion of the day,” says a student from NWFP. ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and Young women experience a different kind of Police disability is common, while favouritism is violence, with many citing eve-teasing as a also rife. “These days,” one of the next Local government deterrent to their involvement in society. generation complains, “whichever jobs you get are through recommendation.” National government Several focus group participants also report problems at universities, where student Great deal of Combine a weak labour market with high Courts confidence groups, taken over and corrupted by political inflation and economic underperformance, No confidence parties, are often more interested in violent at all and the outlook for many is bleak. One Source: Nielsen 2009 feuds than student affairs. Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad young man from Karachi sums up the problem: “The environment these days is When young people brave the outside world, very bad. There are no jobs. Everything is Figure 9 – How much confidence do you have in Pakistan's institutions? there are few outlets for them to express about the public,” says one young man from getting expensive. The poor man's life has their opinions and energies. “When we go Narowal, while another criticises politicians become very difficult.” out we have no facilities but only tensions,” Only 10% of survey respondents have high says a young man from Islamabad. confidence in the national government, with most believing that the government is failing Young people feel they have few platforms to deliver on all levels. from where they can express themselves, while a failure to enforce basic civil liberties Letting Us “In every department of the government When talk about realization i means that few young Pakistanis feel able to there is bribery,” says one. “Unless you know think Next generation of Pakistan campaign for change. Disengagement from If we look around us the first someone nothing is done.” When asked what do realize there responsibility the political process is widespread. Just 2% thing we need to do is to and the only problem prevail is build trust among Down successive governments have given young there involvement most of the are members of a political party, while only themselves and help each people in recent years, a young citizen from young people afraid to involve 39% voted in the last election and half are other in as much as possible. them self in politics and showing The other thing is to talk to Islamabad has a direct, but depressing, there responsibility is due to not even on the voters' list. make them realize that they answer. “Unemployment, inflation and poor democratic culture in are important to us and what This sense of injustice is not limited to Pakistan they need to be The political class is seen as selfish and ever they want to do or are terrorism,” he replies. involved so the only concrete doing we support that. education and the labour market. The next step would there involvement corrupt: “Politicians are busy in their own Sarmad Riaz generation believes that most of Pakistan's Trust in the courts, police and local Arpheel John fighting and no one even cares or bothers institutions are riddled with corruption. government is similarly depleted, while only 15 16 Portrait of a Generation Portrait of a Generation Hopes and Fears

Despite their growing frustration, young career skills (figure 10). An overwhelming people still love their country, with a majority 9% majority, meanwhile, believe the next believing it is the best country in the world generation should actively participate in 9% to live. 32% building a flourishing Pakistan. They yearn Injustice Learning practical career skills for a less individualistic society that puts Most, however, believe Pakistan is heading in Learning to be a good citizen aside ethnic differences and takes collective Poor economic conditions 10% the wrong direction and only one in ten Gaining a broader understanding of the world action to tackle problems. think it is doing well. They share the Lack of education and Learning more about religion awareness pessimism of their parents' generation, but Improving one’s social status But this generation is at a crossroads. Starved are even more likely to feel their security is Other of opportunity, it feels bottled up and Poor foreign policy of Pakistan under threat. 41 This not only makes them fear 15% frustrated, trapped in a world where only the for the future, it makes them angry and wealthy and the well-connected thrive. While Poor foreign policy of 25% other governments wounds their pride. few believe violence is justified, many understand its causes, believing that 0 10% 20% 30% Source: Nielsen 2009 In the aftermath of the suicide bombing of injustice and poor economic conditions are Source: Nielsen 2009 the International Islamic University in fuelling social unrest and terror (figure 11). Islamabad (IIUI), for example, a Facebook Figure 11 – What are the main reasons for violence and terror in Pakistan? group was set up to mourn the victims, pray Figure 10 – What is the most important reason to get an education? Many in the next generation do not believe for the wounded, and protest the violence. Pakistan's leaders really want the country to “They didn't attack IIUI,” the group change. And although they have ideas about proclaimed, “they attacked the Pakistani the future, the next generation are convinced youth.”42 the next generation and their elders. Religion nobody is listening. is not an issue, with an overwhelming Young people understand the damage that majority sharing their parents' religious “Only the next generation can make a terrorist violence has caused to Pakistan's beliefs. But a sizeable proportion of prosperous Pakistan,” says one young person international reputation, but they want the Pakistan's youth do not see eye-to-eye with from NFWP. “We have seen and inherited too world to understand that they are much their parents on social issues, while even many from our elders: corruption, bribes, more likely to be victims of violence than its more disagree with their parents on politics. mismanagement and the rest.” perpetrators. “People consider us a terrorist The gap in attitudes is wider in Pakistan's nation,” says one young man from Lahore. The next generation, fortunately “Previously when a foreigner came we gave rapidly growing towns and cities, a sign of or unfortunately, is groomed him gifts,” adds another: “Now if he comes his deeper changes that may well be on the under an environment where 43 the parents and elders teach gift is death due to bomb blasts.” way. them the ways of illegal overtaking. The potential can Give a "fair" chance to This trend could be a positive development. not be realized by scoring As in "real" "people". A man from Karachi speaks for many: “The O and A Level examinations but Hira Hanif condition of Pakistan is like that of a person Young Pakistanis are surprisingly civic- the emphasis should be given minded. More believe that education's for the active participation of the who has fallen in the eyes of the world.” youth in the community and its primary purpose is to help them become a activities. At this time of crisis, there is some evidence good citizen with a broad understanding of Majid Ali Khan Ghori that a generation gap is opening up between the world, than to simply teach practical 17 18 Dividend or Disaster Understanding the policy challenge

3CHAPTER Dividend or Disaster Understanding the policy challenge

The challenge posed to Pakistan's next generation is substantial and growing.

Over the next two decades, the country will have around 85 million more citizens.44 Educating, feeding and caring for so many children will be a daunting task for a society that is struggling to satisfy the needs of today's much smaller population. Each year, moreover, growing numbers of young adults will be searching for productive and satisfying jobs.

The stakes are high. Pakistan could derive benefits from its young population that will endure into the next century. Or it could miss the opportunity, suffering damage that will take a century or more to repair.

Courtesy : Kinnaird College Students In the next two chapters, we explore the actions that policy makers need to take to unlock the potential of the next generation. The first step is for them to understand the scale of both the problem and the potential opportunity. We thus present a broad Demography is not destiny. Policymakers overview of the next generation's key need to make the right policy choices today political, social and economic implications. if Pakistan is to prosper tomorrow. That is why the next generation needs farsighted The picture is a complex one. Sheer numbers leaders, guided by evidence on how it can matter. Pakistan has never had so many fulfil its potential. young people and the size of the next generation will continue to grow over the Need solid Education with self motivation coming decades. But the relative size of the towards their own sense next generation is also important. The of shouldering population is steadily ageing. Through the responsibilities. Need actions not talk first half of the twenty-first century, the shows and Yo Yo cheers... proportion of workers in the population will Muhammad Zaki Hassan increase. The conditions are right, therefore, for a major economic breakthrough, but this is where policy comes into play. 19 Dividend or Disaster Dividend or Disaster Collecting the Dividend The Cost of Failure

The size of the opportunity can best be country, family sizes started to drop. As soon The dividend doesn't come for free. It has to understood if we look at the experience of as parents felt they had sufficient security to be earned. A country needs to educate its other countries that have benefited from a plan for the future, most wanted to invest children and make sure they are healthy; find dynamic, youthful population. more resources in fewer children. In time, them jobs as they get older and provide Dividend or Disaster therefore, national populations have tended them with opportunities to save; and offer Economists have been studying the growing to stabilise – but not before a huge 'baby them ways of expressing their desire for pains of 'young countries' since the 1990s, boom' generation has been born. social and political change. Dividend Disaster when East Asia experienced its economic 'miracle'. According to Harvard University's Baby boomers are responsible for delivering If these avenues are blocked, not only will an David Bloom, East Asia's boom countries the demographic dividend. When they are opportunity be missed, but young people's nEconomic growth nSpiral of poverty collected a substantial 'demographic young, they place a great strain on the frustration can prove destructive. As David dividend' as its youthful generation reached country's health and education systems, but Bloom argued, “it's no good turning out nIncreased savings nCrime maturity. as they reach adulthood, the workforce educated people if they can't find work. swells. With fewer children to care for, Nothing is more likely to breed unrest than nInvestment in children nConflict “The East Asian economies had huge women are also more likely to work. The armies of under-employed young people.” n n numbers of new workers entering the labour longer people expect to live, the more they While prosperity must be built patiently over Social transformation A crippled next generation market,” Bloom argues. “It was a shot in the are likely to save for old age, which in turn decades, conflict can destroy hard-fought arm for economic growth. We calculate that offers an economic boost. In smaller families, development gains in months. as much as one-third of the growth in their meanwhile, children are likely to receive a Figure 12 – The Demographic Dividend boom years was the direct result of the better education. Countries who fail to collect their dividend favourable hand their age structure had dealt thus risk a 'demographic disaster' (figure 12). them.”45 Part of the impact comes from changing The top ten countries in the Fund for Peace's attitudes. Youthful idealism and energy drive Failed States Index all have proportions of urbanisation is another risk factor, while So what shapes the demographic dividend? change. More prosperous societies invest young people that are higher than the 47 under-developed democracies are also more The seed is better health. The twentieth more in the future, which in turn creates the average developing country. likely to be destabilised than autocracies or century saw an extraordinary transformation conditions for future prosperity and growth. countries with strong democratic in health standards. In 1900, people lived Citizens begin to believe in a better future, Henrik Urdal, from the International Peace institutions. only a little longer than they had throughout causing them to act in ways which make that Research Institute, highlights the risks run by human history. By the end of the century, future possible. They become less tolerant of young countries if they fail their young 48 So how is Pakistan positioned? Will our next however, global life expectancy had doubled unstable and ineffective political and social people. Urdal has found that countries with generation deliver a demographic dividend? 46 systems, and demand institutions capable of large numbers of 15-24 year olds have to around 70 years of age. The biggest Being an agricultural country, Or is a demographic disaster more likely? A proper youth policy should change was for babies and young children. looking after their interests over the long we don't need any additional substantially increased chances of be that should be loans as is. Eliminate corruption Parents found that many more of their term. experiencing conflict. concentrating on the youth in the Military & Governmental only. As I said earlier, a equal children were living to become adults. As a institutions across the country. and affordable education Also eliminating the feudal result, the world's population began to shoot Education, on its own, does not necessarily system, opportunities for mentality by making these land sports and vocational up. lords an example by taxing help. Indeed, countries that expand their education is a must. agricultural land owners. higher education systems may find Ayesha Khan But this was just the start of a fundamental Arsalan Bobby Khan themselves at greater risk of unrest if their 'demographic transition', as, in country after 20 graduates are unable to find work. Rapid 21 Dividend or Disaster Dividend or Disaster Collecting the Dividend The Cost of Failure

Pakistan is mid-way through its demographic in Balochistan and North-West Frontier The economic loss, we believe, is transition. Province. 53 The country is not on track to considerable. In research conducted for this meet its Millennium Development Goal In 1950, life expectancy was around 45 years pledges of reducing child mortality by two- of age, while one in seven babies would fail thirds and maternal mortality by three- to survive the first year of their life. Today, life quarters between 1990 and 2015.54 expectancy is around 63 years of age and infant mortality has halved, although it Educational performance, meanwhile, is remains above average even for a low- scandalously low. Less than 40% of young income country. 49 people are enrolled in school, compared to the South Asian average of 58%. 55 As expected, women are having fewer children. In 1950, each had an average of six UNESCO has forecast that by 2015, 3.7 to seven children. The fertility rate is now million Pakistani children will be out-of- around 3.7 children per woman, but again school, with enrolment rates among girls this is relatively high when compared to much lower than those among boys.56 With other countries in South Asia, where the only half of Pakistani children currently average is now well below 3. 50 attending primary school, extraordinary Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad steps will be needed if the country is to Releasing the The demographic transition has stalled, in achieve its Millennium Development Goal of other words, and will not be completed until universal primary education by 2015. 57 the birth rate falls far enough for the available around 1990, but the window will Dividend country's population to stabilise. Even children in school are not getting any 52 close by 2045. quality education. A survey in Punjab, for Pakistan passed a milestone in 1980. In that example, found that over two-thirds of grade year, the proportion of adults in the Due to a lack of proper planning, she argues, 3 students were unable to either write a population dropped to its lowest level. These nearly twenty years of the dividend have sentence in Urdu or perform simple maths.58 Demographic challenges place Pakistan at a adults were confronted with the task of already been wasted. “Time is running out to Other studies have found a serious lack of crossroads. Action taken today will have an caring for huge numbers of children (and a put appropriate policies in place,” she warns, facilities in schools, including textbooks, impact for a generation or more. Conversely, 51 “the absence of which may result in large- 59 relatively small number of old people). Coming to think of it the desks and blackboards. the country will reap the consequences of scale unemployment and immense pressure government cannot do failure for decades to come. on health and education systems. In short, a anything. What example are Since then, the 'dependency ratio' has they and their corrupt The implications are frightening in a world Racism is a most common steadily declined and it will continue to do so socio-economic crisis may take place, motives serving the youth? where growth industries demand steadily An overriding priority must be to expand factor in our Country.. If i making the demographic dividend more of a When the corruption as access to education. The experience of other belong from pakton a until at least the middle of the century, at quoted by transparency increasing skills. As Durr-e-Nayab argues, “A Punjabi will not support which time growing numbers of baby demographic threat.” international has increased country like Pakistan that is yet to solve its countries shows that rapid progress is me in any condition . A boomers will be hitting retirement. This, by over 200% in 2 years , primary schooling issues can at best have possible, given political will, adequate Big problem The failure to collect the demographic what can we expect of them Ahmed then, is the country's window of opportunity. except plundering what is some patches of success but not expect to funding, and effective delivery. According to Durr-e-Nayab, of the Pakistan dividend has many causes. Health standards left of our nation. take full advantage of what the demographic Syed Ali Shehryar Institute of Development Economics (PIDE), are still too low, while access to healthcare is dividend has to offer.” 60 In India, when the New Education Policy was the demographic dividend first became unevenly distributed, and particularly weak 22 introduced in 1986, half of all children did 23 Dividend or Disaster Dividend or Disaster

not attend primary school. Less than a something as simple as having a teacher resources, and natural disaster. quarter of a century later, that figure has who lives in the village where he or she fallen below 15%.62 Progress has been teaches has a significant impact on primary To a certain extent, policies must be especially rapid since 2001, with 20 million school enrolment.66 Parents want to send specifically tailored to the needs of women, Capturing the dividend extra school places provided. Education's their children to be educated by people they asserting their human rights, protecting gender gap has also narrowed considerably trust to do a good job. They want results that them from violence, providing them with with almost as many girls as boys receiving at will have a significant impact on their child's access to health, education, and other least basic schooling. 63 future prospects. services, and increasing their economic Expand and improve education empowerment. If Pakistan could expand access to basic Education creates demand for more education at the same rate as India and other education, as parents and students realise its Even more important, however, is to ensure Develop and implement policies for countries have done, at least 4 million more growing value in an increasingly competitive that all policies are designed to meet the women and families children would be in school by 2020. world. For this reason, standards of provision needs of women and families as part of a need to be improved throughout the sustained effort to increase investment in The government is now committed to educational system, from primary to tertiary social and human capital. Labour market reforms to promote increasing expenditure on education to 7% levels. of GDP by 2015, through its new National The new focus on social protection is fairness and stability Education Policy (this is slightly higher than Investment in education should be part of a especially welcome. As the government has India's target of 6% GDP).64 As the Ministry of broader effort to put women and families at accepted, because the challenges facing Education struggles to spend its current the heart of the political agenda. Pakistan disadvantaged families are so entrenched, “it is, therefore, important to address primary funding allocation, however, this goal will ranks 127th out of 130 countries on the Figure 13 – Capturing the divident not be met unless capacity for delivery Global Gender Index and has fallen fifteen needs via social protection, while improves dramatically. places down the index since 2006.67 Only a simultaneously focusing on the mechanisms third of adult women are literate, while just that ensure the exit from absolute poverty is At present, the educational system is failing 14% of women participate in the labour permanent for the majority of the vulnerable at all levels. Tellingly, there are now over force. and a large proportion of the chronically out of 133 countries on the latest Global 68 twelve thousand 'ghost schools' which poor.” Competitiveness Index, with investors most provide no education at all. According to Not only is this a drag on the economy, it Zubeida Mustafa, “There are schools in the damages the prospects of future Investment in human capital will only pay rural areas where teachers don't show up for generations. Well-educated women, living dividends if there are simultaneous increases months at a time or they outsource their job secure and fulfilled lives, pass on their good in the number and quality of employment to people who know nothing, which drives fortune to their children. They are also likely opportunities for young people (figure 13). Private sector should be 65 The government has set a target of assigned enhanced role in away the children.” Everyone has direct or to invest more time, energy and resources in implementation of newly Give them open ground a smaller family, thus helping the county expanding the labour market by a minimum approval National Youth indirect experience of similar stories. and free wind to breath Policy so that maximum stabilise its population. At present, in Syed Waseem Raza of 6.3% per year over the next ten years – youngsters could benefit Educational reform, therefore, must be as contrast, too many families are stuck in a self- that's at least 36 million new jobs in just a from this policy. 69 much about delivering quality education as reinforcing cycle of ill health, deficient decade. Muhammad Adyan about improving the quantity of school education and poverty – a plight that is places on offer. Research shows that exacerbated by conflict and violence, Change on this scale will not be delivered corruption and feudalism, a lack of natural 24 without radical reform. Pakistan ranks 101 25 Dividend or Disaster Dividend or Disaster

when governments change. Effective cooperation between the federal, provincial Catching Up and district governments will be needed. Only by building a non-partisan movement can the needs of the next generation be truly met. As this chapter has shown, Pakistan is currently struggling to keep up with the Third, young people have a right to a level challenges posed by a growing population. playing field. Urgent action is now needed to make up lost ground. This demands a new approach with At present, discrimination and corruption four elements. hamper too many people's prospects. Legal changes to ensure gender and racial equality First, policy makers need to start planning for and to stamp out graft are part of the the long term. solution. Such measures should apply in schools, the workplace, government bodies The youth surge will last decades, not years, and public services such as the health system and solving its problems is not an overnight and courts. Creating outlets where those task. The country needs a long term vision who feel discriminated against can express that sets in place multi-year policy priorities their grievances and agitate for change, to accommodate the needs of its rapidly including encouraging effective civil society growing population. In the current activism, is also important. environment, security concerns naturally make it easier to think short rather than long Finally, young people themselves must be the term – a myopic perspective that, sadly, is driver for change. Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad enthusiastically endorsed by the international community. Only by Every day, the spread of new technology is articulating a farsighted vision can leaders making it easier for people to communicate help pull Pakistan through this turbulent with each other, empowering the young and period. giving them new opportunities to champion social change. The next generation should be Government should provide Second, Pakistan must start to build a primary engine for reform. By tapping its the windows for the momentum behind a national mission for Youth of today is lacking ideas, energy and enthusiasm, the country as engagement of the youth in direction and even if they do the decision making process. change. have it no one is taking a whole can make sure it is prepared for the No decision about us, chance to trust them. This growing challenges of the twenty-first without us. Private/Civil attitude should be changed. century. Sector: Opportunities like The future will be bright only if Pakistani Baroosh Ahsan Model Parliaments, society is united in its commitment to Assemblies and role-playing. reforms that will take a decade or more to Wajahat Nasser yield results. Consensus needs to be built across political parties, allowing continuity 26 27 Making a Difference Transforming the lives of the Next Generation

4CHAPTER Making a Difference Transforming the lives of the Next Generation

When it comes to Pakistan's next generation, one size does not fit all. Young people live diverse lives; their ambitions, needs and problems are far from uniform; and they have “During the election everyone a multitude of assets to contribute to society. is gathered here, all are seen here. Afterwards, nobody is We have therefore used our survey data to Frustrated Farmers even seen here.” identify five key groups of young Pakistanis. These groups are not set in stone: others could have been identified. Nor is this Who they are What they need intended to be comprehensive typology, Rural youth Education and security covering all members of the next generation. Uneducated, poor farmers An agricultural revolution – Moreover, many people will belong to more Pessimistic but powerless training, infrastructure, land than one group, while demands, problems Cut off from mainstream reform and potential solutions overlap between society, many turning to Islam groups. That said, we hope that by considering solutions through these different lenses, policies will be better targeted and tailored to young people's needs.

We therefore look at each group in turn, and ask what measures would make the most difference to their lives. What skills and Frustrated Farmers preparation do they need? How can the opportunities they enjoy be expanded? And which changes to their environment will help them prosper? We start with Pakistan's army of marginalised rural youth, who are massively We also focus on how young people can be disadvantaged and face huge obstacles in all enabled to participate in generating their aspects of their lives. own solutions. We know that if everything is left to the government, change will be very Members of this group can be found slow. They must do everything throughout Pakistan's countryside, and they are not doing currently especially in the poorest provinces such as and must not do anything of A renaissance must be driven from the what they currently are Balochistan and North-West Frontier doing! grassroots – one that involves young people Province. In some ways, they live an Uzair Javed in shaping the country's future to achieve existence similar to that of their parents and lasting, long term change. grandparents, but in recent years they have been confronted by modernity, as television 28 Making a Difference Making a Difference

and radio have awakened them to the young people gain fair reward for their injustices they face and the possibilities of a efforts and allow them to create jobs for their “The environment these days different life. peers. is very bad. Above all there are no jobs. Everything is getting These young people are largely uneducated, Given the limitations of the central expensive. The poor man cannot often illiterate, and work in low-paid government in connecting with the exist now – his life has become agricultural jobs or are unemployed. They are provinces, promoting self-reliance in rural Urban Strivers very difficult” frustrated with the government and areas is key to the latter's progress. thoroughly disenchanted by mainstream Who they are What they need politics. As a young man told us, “politicians indulge in extravagance and enjoy Young urban dwellers Vocational training themselves and do not bother about the on the edge Labour market reform public's grievances as they do not affect Facing an insecure future Measures to fight corruption them.” Many hope that a stricter application Urban Strivers Desperate for jobs and discrimination of Islamic law will bring Pakistan a brighter Infrastructure improvements future. Jobs in public works projects Young people in urban areas form the On the whole, this group is surprisingly Courtesy : Fayyaz Ahmad egalitarian. Its members believe society is second of our groups. Many of them have recently moved to towns and cities from rural unfair and that it discriminates against regions like Balochistan will thrive and their areas and are working hard to get on the women, the young and the poor. They young people will live productive, dignified ladder to prosperity. in Karachi said, “if there are forty jobs there believe society's treatment of ethnic lives. minorities is unjust. They are very pessimistic are six hundred candidates.” Nepotism and Most of this group are men, though there are corruption, meanwhile, mean the playing about Pakistan's current plight, but feel Such engagement should be started by some women venturing out into the labour field is far from level for the few jobs that do powerless to change things. listening to marginalised young rural market. They are in a highly insecure exist. dwellers' demands. Security is an important position. For them, the future could go either Pakistan's rural youth, however, have not concern in NWFP and parts of Balochistan. In way, towards rising prosperity or a lifetime of Job creation will rely on quite dramatic given up hope. They are keen to generate most rural areas, where many young people struggle and frustration. Much will depend reforms to education and the labour market. solutions to their problems. Fortunately, currently lack any form of education, on factors beyond their control, including the Vocational training should be provided to global trends present them with a potential nurturing the skills needed to develop global economy, food and energy prices, and those who do not feel their skills are suited to opportunity. As climate change, population modern agriculture is likely to be high on the national and regional security situation. today's economy. Labour market reforms growth and energy scarcity force up the price their list. Forums and promoting of of food, farmers have the chance to If u can...give us a good should encourage people to set up their own student exchange so that an atmosphere to study n The urban strivers' main concern is businesses and make life easier for them exchange of cultures can be capitalise. The country's potential as a food Further measures to bring farming into the practice...give us world class witnessed and create a field education in pakistan or employment. Already at working-age, they once they are up and running. producer has already been recognised by twenty-first century might include improved for next generation "MADE abroad.....or kill us... need rapid remedial action to ensure that IN PAKISTAN" market foreign countries such as the United Arab irrigation and transport infrastructure, and Adil Ayub they can move into long term, fruitful jobs. Addressing corruption and discrimination, globally Emirates, which have attempted to lease possibly microfinance programmes to allow Syed Hussain Raza Moosavi They are painfully aware that job creation is for example, through more transparent Pakistan's arable land to fulfil their future young would-be farmers to invest in seeds, failing to keep pace with the growth of the government contracts and more effective food requirements. If young people can be fertiliser and land. Measures to reform the working-age population – as one young man enforcement of anti-corruption and anti- engaged in reinvigorating the countryside, feudal land system, moreover, will both help 29 30 Making a Difference Making a Difference

discrimination laws, will also help strengthen As with all our young people, however, these the business environment and assuage the future leaders lack opportunities to trigger “Narowal is a small town with frustrations of those young urbanites who change. They are frustrated with and cut off petty minds. People do not allow “We can’t say that if we are girls to leave the house” believe that only the powerful are given a fair from political machinations and do not feel going out of our homes in the deal. completely in control of their careers. If the morning we will come back safe Stay-at-home Women and sound or not.” country's elder generations do not listen to Business also requires robust infrastructure. The Insecure Rich them or involve them in planning and Pakistan suffers greatly from electricity implementing reforms, their potential will be Who they are What they need shortages, breakdowns in communication wasted. New opportunities for economic, Who they are What they need Married women from middle Reproductive health services systems and other infrastructure problems. social and political entrepreneurship and lower socioeconomic Universal primary education These are a serious impediment to business, Wealthy, well educated elites Opportunities to lead therefore need to be created, unleashing the classes Lifelong learning and therefore to job creation. However, aid Future leaders Forums for debate next generation of leaders and using them to Mothers opportunities money could be used to rebuild Politically engaged Platforms for action harness and focus the energy of their peers. Not in work, not well educated Participation in family and infrastructure, with young urban strivers Worried about the future Security Not involved in society, but community decisions employed as the labour to put it in place. Emerging entrepreneurs will need support fearful for their children’s Gender work with men Public works projects are a common tool of through the global economic downturn, and future governments whose countries are in bad financial support to explore opportunities in economic straits – in the case of Pakistan, growth areas such as green technology and they could create a virtuous spiral where services. In the social sphere, they need to be they employ large numbers of young at the forefront of regenerating civil society. urbanites and the fruits of their labour would And it is time to start promoting a new benefit other jobseekers by strengthening However, although they are in a better generation of political leaders, looking to children. Few of them have received much of the business environment. position than most of their peers, these them to generate interest and involvement an education and few participate in work. privileged young Pakistanis are less in the political system among a wider confident than elites in more stable Pakistani youth. countries. Both men and women are extremely worried about political instability and security, and concerned about the state The Insecure of democracy. They are fearful that if their country continues on its current path, their promising futures will be stifled. The next generation, expects Stay-at-home a lot after reading the history Rich of PAKISTAN. There should More than any of our other groups, the be young PRO, INTER and Apart from sympathy and BASIC political groups and insecure rich are politically engaged. They disrespect? Recognition, Women summits after every 6 More fortunate than the urban strivers are follow national and international political Respect and Tolerence! months where the new era Pakistan's insecure rich. Well educated, Rabia Kiyani can share their knowledge events and have the skills and knowledge and their words freely wealthy, with their careers currently on the needed to help rectify matters. They are without the fear of getting right track, this group forms the elite of likely to be the leaders who drive economic Our fourth group consists of married women silenced. Rabia society, from which its future leaders will be reform and social change, if they are given from all but the highest social classes. Most drawn. the chance. 31 of these women are housewives with 32 Making a Difference Making a Difference Optimistic Patriots

believe women have a role to play in public Our final group is an anomaly compared to life, and efforts must be made to alter these the others. It consists of the few Pakistanis perceptions. Negative family attitudes who believe there is little wrong with the towards girls' schooling are the main reason country. Fiercely patriotic, they see it as “Pakistanis are not terrorists, why girls in our survey do not attend school, heading in the right direction and are are not corrupt always, and are for example, with one man arguing that adamant that it is the best place to live in the respectable and honourable “there is no point women studying since they world (very few of them want to study Optimistic Patriots people” will not work.” abroad, moreover). They believe the country is unique and that solutions imposed from Many women, meanwhile, complain how outside are not applicable or useful. Who they are What they need 'eve teasing' deters them from going outside Lower middle class Investment in secondary and and participating in the public sphere. Work Questioned about the problems many others Fiercely patriotic vocational education with men has proven effective in other see as plaguing Pakistan, this group bristles – See Pakistan as victim Participation in improving developing countries in reducing they believe foreigners, and much of the Resentful of foreign services national media, have a bias against the discrimination against women, and it has the interference potential to improve both men's and country and that its image overseas as a women's lives in Pakistan. home for terrorists and chaos is unjustified.

“We are not terrorists,” said one young Courtesy : Kinnaird College Students respondent to the open source survey, “but our enemies want to paint us as terrorists.” Another claimed that “extremists are only 1% or even less of the total population of the situation is denying them career country.” opportunities, and do not see religious extremism or even Al Qaeda and the Taliban Many members of this group hail from the as serious problems. lower middle classes. They are small businessmen, shopkeepers and agricultural The Patriots' optimism and pride in their workers. Many are self-employed. Those in country mark a rare note of positivity among urban areas have been educated to primary those we spoke to. Pakistan would benefit or lower secondary level, while those in rural from harnessing this spirit to help improve They must do hard work as areas have had only the bare bones of an conditions among the wider society. These quaid e azam mohammed ali Pakistan could be jinnah did in his life. do what prosperous unless and education at best. lower middle class groups are concerned ever they can do for their untill there should be about educational quality, and will have their beloved country and always less islamicphobia and convictions reinforced rather than weakened say truth and always keep anti-fundamentalist These optimists (who tend to be towards the there mind united among activities. younger end of our target group) are much if the education system for their children themselves nd keep there Sana more likely than other groups to believe that improves and if vocational training for adults country clean and green – things in Pakistan are improving. They have becomes more widespread. Suleman Shafi Batla more faith in the government than others. 33 They do not feel strongly that the current In addition, involving them in improving 34 Making a Difference

education and other services in their communities is likely to bring benefits both in terms of enhanced service quality and strengthening their already strong sense of civic responsibility.

Bringing It Together

“What we have in this country is no merit, no justice, no [provision of] basic needs,” one

young man from NFWP told us. “What is the Courtesy : Kinnaird College Students youth to do when even simple electricity cannot be provided?” they continue. “They will need to realise their This quote sums up the frustration felt by responsibility to their country and be honest most young people (with our Optimistic in making right decisions to improve the Patriots a notable exception) – a frustration country they inhabit. Perseverance and that one describes as a 'monster' corroding sincerity will be the hardest principles they the soul of the generation. will need to grasp and hold on to.”

“The future generation will be confronting From all sections of society, young people The youth are the leaders of more challenges than any generation before are eager to be part of building a stronger tomorrow, what they dream them,” writes a young medical student. Pakistan. They want to be involved in today will become the reality for Pakistan tomorrow, so it “Economic, social and political scenarios are identifying and implementing policies that is important that they dream going to worsen and the country is going to will help them fulfil their potential, and bring and work to provide a better plunge deeper into turmoil. Corruption, wider benefit to the country they love. Pakistan for the next generations. They can work joblessness and war have discouraged the by reaffirming the goals and youth almost to a point of no return.” So how do we harness their energy? We turn the ideologies with which Pakistan was formed. to this question in the final chapter of the Wajahat Nassar “The biggest challenge is not going to be Next Generation report. external but one within the Pakistani youth,” 35 The Greatest Generation? Tapping the potential of the young

5CHAPTER The Greatest Generation? Tapping the potential of the young

Any country that thrives does so by harnessing the energy of its young. This is especially true when the population is growing as fast as Pakistan's. Leaders cannot simply try and make reform happen for young people – the next generation itself must drive the changes that will bring great benefits to the whole nation.

Our report therefore concludes by asking what the next generation itself believes must be done to enable it to realise its potential. Who should take responsibility for developing, designing and implementing new policies and approaches? And how can young people themselves help create a better future for Pakistan?

To answer these questions, we ran an open consultation with young people from across the country. The aim was not to duplicate the Nielsen research, which surveyed in a systematic way the views of a nationally representative sample. Instead, we wanted to open up a channel through which young leaders could contribute their policy ideas and suggestions directly to the Next Generation research.

The response was extraordinary. We received a flood of written submissions – over twelve Figure 14 – Word cloud from the Next Generation consultation (based on 1212 responses). hundred in all – most of which showed great If the ppl of this generation quality, detail and insight. Contributions would quit drugs and smoking, our next came primarily from young professionals generation would (people working in medicine, engineering, automatically become more involved in creating a more law, IT, accountancy, banking and similar a unique picture of the ideas and aspirations prosperous Pakistan? jobs) and from students. of the next generation (see figure 14). Samreen

In total, nearly 200,000 words were submitted (or 800 pages of text) – providing 36 The Greatest Generation? The Greatest Generation? Can Government Lead?

When respondents were asked to propose younger generation who are not even secure recognise their own responsibility for concrete steps to release the next in their own homes. destabilising Pakistan. Some believe it is time generation's potential, they clustered around to end foreign interference. “We should fight three policy areas. “With soaring inflation and failed political foreign (US, British, and other) dominance in and economic systems, government remains Pakistan,” writes an accountancy student, In education, there is strong support for in the state of denial,” she concludes, “In “and fight implementation of their wills in investment in infrastructure and the these conditions its very difficult for the Pakistan.” development of a modern, standardised youth of Pakistan to be the change which curriculum. they want to see tomorrow.” In spite of these sentiments, there is also an immense hunger for greater international To improve employment opportunities, links, with young people desperate to build respondents want to see a move towards a relationships with other countries, and to more entrepreneurial, meritocratic economic access educational opportunities abroad. In system, with aggressive action taken to Let Down by the words of one respondent, the counter nepotism. international community should enlist a new generation in “cultural programs to promote And third, concerted efforts are needed to Pakistani culture and build a better image in address resource scarcity, with investment in the World the world.” Courtesy : British Council, Lahore Office alternative energy, better management of natural resources, and a programme to bring Many others share this desire to be part of agricultural productivity up to standard. rebuilding their country's image abroad. curriculum should reflect the needs of the There is also considerable anger at the role Foreigners, they argue – and especially the Young people are, however, highly sceptical modern era, moral and ethical values.” the international community has played in British and Americans – should revisit their that governments can deliver their promises Pakistan. “The war on terror and the prejudices, and explore the much more to the next generation. Education is Young Pakistanis feel similarly frustrated corresponding instability in the country has complex realities of life in Pakistan. overwhelmingly seen as the most important when they discuss the government's gone a long way to isolate the Pakistani priority, but the failure of successive reforms economic policies, or its attempts to tackle youth from the rest of the world,” notes one Other respondents focus on the idea that is seen as reflecting deep divides in society. food, energy, water and other resource respondent. “Stop treating us like an international exposure will have a highly shortages. Successive governments have uncivilised bunch of hooligans who don't beneficial impact on young people Elites buy a high quality education for their failed to respond effectively to these This goal can only be know anything,” writes another. themselves, expanding horizons, broadening children, while those from lower income achieved by giving understanding of the modern world, and challenges, and it is hard to see why this one participation to the youth in families are left unprepared in an (or the next) should be any different. the affairs of their own Young people feel they are stereotyped by allowing young Pakistanis to learn from their Mainly by combating increasingly competitive world. Leaders homeland. The country has the rest of the world; identified either as peers. “Any such programs will promote poverty. Because when a to move from personalized family is facing hunger it simply pay lip service to the need for “The next generation of Pakistan has its decision-making to more terrorists, or corrupt, or both. Western interactions and exchanges between other doesn't matter which kind broad-based set-ups. Once of marketing technique we education for all. “Education policy has dreams and ambitions hijacked by ugly governments are criticised for having cultures of the world, thus encouraging open always been a challenge for every generation the youth would have stakes dialogue and positive exchange of ideas, are using they don't care political reality,” one student told us, listing and a share of responsibility focused too heavily on security, rather than about it. of Pakistan since independence,” wrote one rampant terrorism, ongoing suicide attacks, in a thriving Pakistan, they considering broader development issues. thinking and perception with other youth Beenish Wasay respondent. “Today the challenge is still would put in their best in across the world.” military conflict, external interference from this regard. there. We have not provided a standard and the West, and deficits in basic human rights Amer Rizwan 37 Respondents feel they have also failed to 38 comprehensive education system. The among the litany of challenges plaguing a The Greatest Generation? The Greatest Generation?

There is also the potential for building global Unless leaders reach out actively to young society, meanwhile, should act in a networks that will help the next generation people and the groups that represent them, coordinated way to promote basic rights for meet its potential. they will find it more and more difficult to all. maintain the public confidence that is “Our youth policymakers and youth required if they are to govern. A similar change of mentality is needed from organizations need to be provided with more the international community. International opportunities to learn from youth-related The direction of accountability must engagement needs to be more long term activities in the developed world,” writes a therefore run from elected official to the and strategic, building confidence among PhD student. “More interactions with youth active citizens of the next generation. young people that donors are intent on movements will enhance the quality of youth helping the country realise its future advocacy in Pakistan.” “The youth has to start on one platform,” potential, and that funds will be invested in argues a journalist, “the same platform so ways that make a tangible difference to the they know which direction to take…The lives of ordinary people. youth should be encouraged to move into politics. We need young blood there. And Better working partnerships are needed so very importantly, they should be more vocal, that aid can be monitored and its Rebuilding instead of passive about the problems faced effectiveness demonstrated. Again, an by any sector of the society.” important question is whether the international community is prepared to be Courtesy : British Council, Lahore Office Trust “Government should provide windows for held accountable for achieving durable the engagement of youth in the decision- results. making process,” another young Pakistani writes, “No decision about us, without us.” accept that we were born here, we live here Investment in the next generation needs to and we will die on this land... We need to start from the earliest years, with the Young people should be empowered follow our religion, our values, our culture provision of health, education, security and through active participation in policy and erase all differences.” other vital services. These should be seen as making. Government should make clear The New the basic human rights of a young citizen. commitments to the next generation, and There are clear signs that some young then transparently report on their success or leaders are already prepared to seize the The government then needs to regain the failure in meeting them. Activism initiative. The Lawyers' Movement trust of its young people, through more demonstrates the potential for what effective interaction with them in their Business and civil society are seen as having academic and author Rasul Baksh Rais has This is a very special platform The govt and the youth are various roles – as students in secondary and an important role in improving standards of for me to get my voice heard Many young people believe that the next hailed a new type of social movement; “not two pillars of the nation they higher education; workers; parents of their governance, while countering corruption because i always wanted to generation can no longer afford to wait for being driven as much by the old-fashioned, should move side by side for own children; and citizens on whose and nepotism. They also have the ability to be a part of British Council. others to show leadership. Instead, it must deal-making power elites, as by strong the prosperous Pakistan. And now i believe i am. Pakistan zindabad approval the legitimacy of the state directly create opportunity for young people. Alinah seize the opportunity to act. popular sentiment among the Pakistan Mehreen Malik ultimately rests. youth inside and outside the country.” 71 The private sector can provide opportunities “The next generation needs to put their As leaders in all countries are discovering, we for entrepreneurship, while acting as a differences aside and think about their The Lawyers' Movement showed the live in an increasingly less deferential age. showcase for a meritocratic society. Civil 39 country,” writes a student. “We need to growing power of technology to connect 40 The Greatest Generation? The Greatest Generation?

young people and allow them to organise. fill the palms of the hungry down the Pakistan needs a long term vision for the next Social media (blogs, Facebook, Twitter, etc), street.”72 generation. email and, especially, the mobile phone have all created brand new opportunities for fresh The group, and others like it, demonstrate Times of crisis drive short term thinking, but types of activism and political engagement. the power and responsibility that young we urgently need to switch the focus from people have to create their own destiny. “The the symptoms of Pakistan's problems, to root The earthquake in 2005, and reactions to the next generation is our only hope of creating causes. That means setting goals that will refugee crises that resulted from conflict in a more prosperous Pakistan,” a student transform the next generation's prospects by Swat and other areas, have also shown the concludes. 2030, while building support for an next generation's willingness to raise funds ambitious, but realistic, programme to and deliver services to their fellow citizens at “The generation should be free of the implement them. times of crisis. conventional beliefs and practices that keep Pakistan from rising above the problems These goals should be the number one priority Young people are willing to volunteer in facing it. It will have to create its own sphere of senior leaders. large numbers when they see a cause they of beliefs and practices that would not only believe in. By doing so, they help expand civil benefit our country, but would make it an Success will be impossible without personal society, and demonstrate the importance of example to be recorded in history.” commitment from the President, Prime a 'third space' that is not solely reliant on Minister and cabinet. The heads of all major Courtesy : British Council, Lahore Office funding from government or international opposition parties and leaders from the donors. private sector, civil society, the media, and academia must also pledge themselves to From the next generation, we are beginning this agenda. level, non-partisan task force to create and to see the birth of a new type of civil society Commitment guide a credible plan for delivery. organisation, dedicated to the virtues of self- Delivery should be integrated across all policy help, personal responsibility, and direct issues. The second priority is to release the economic action. Zimmedar Shehri (Responsible to a Generation potential of the young. Citizens) – some of whose members made Pakistan has some good education, youth, valuable contributions to the Next and employment policies, but Pakistan needs 36 million jobs in the next Generation research – offers an example of implementation is generally disappointing. decade. It must equip young people with the what is possible: In creating this report, we have come on a The next step is to put young people at the skills demanded by the global economy, and heart of every government policy, building a long journey. Along the way, we have A complete new policy is help many more young women find Youth is just a sick and “We wish to nurture in every one of our confronted head-on the massive challenges needed for all the youths national mission for a new Pakistan. employment opportunities. Good jobs must pissed off right now and countrymen a community spirit,” the group especially 14, 15 years old they don't wana be here facing Pakistan's young people. We have because of the increased be the primary objective of all economic anymore due to our political explains, “whether this be through working been honest about the extent of current terrorist activities. A The first priority is to invest in young people. reforms, while new approaches are needed set up and they are fed up shoulder to shoulder with him in clearing up failure to invest in the next generation. And youngster should be shown to tackle scarcity in energy, water, food and regarding current drama ( so a direction, a career path, a Without quality education for all, the next called war of civilizations) refuse from his marketplace; whether this be we have explored in great detail the harsh goal, for this career advisory other resources. only democratic way can be convincing the neighbourhood imam to reality that is life for many young Pakistanis. services are required. generation will never reach its potential. helpfull in secular ways. Shoaib Jadoon Syed Waseem Raza stock books in his masjid for the young to Rapid progress towards universal education The third priority is to create policies that help read; whether this be by collecting a handful Our findings can be summed up in ten is possible, especially given recent budget young families. of food from an affluent house with which to propositions. 41 commitments; but Pakistan needs a high- 42 The Greatest Generation? The Greatest Generation? Manifesto for a Generation

Many next generation members are already We end our report on a note of hope and raising their own children, often with few optimism. The next generation is at a resources and in a dangerous and unstable crossroads, faced by obstacles that some Zero tolerance towards corruption. environment. By engaging with young commentators describe as insuperable. people as parents, we can turn them into Thou shall judge your fellow human beings based on advocates for peace and security, for better Our experience, however, is that most young nothing but his/her merit. education and health, and for the rights of people have not yet given up hope. They believe the next generation can pull Pakistan the young mothers who will have the Teach Pakistan, server Pakistan. I pledge to spend at greatest influence on the future of Pakistan. through this time of crisis, and that lasting change is still within reach. least 4 hours per month for 5 years teaching in The fourth priority is to help young people community service. become active citizens. In several of our workshops, we asked participants to work together to create a I shall read at least one book a year that is in direct Next generation challenges can only be manifesto for their generation, summarising conflict with my belief. solved with the enthusiastic involvement of the goals they believed young Pakistanis young people themselves. New should set themselves and their peers in the I will not discriminate. opportunities for participation are needed at pursuit of positive change for their country. all levels of society, with a fresh generation of leaders put in positions of authority as soon We received many inspiring examples, and I pledge to accept all my mistakes instead of as they demonstrate their worth. There is believe there is no better way we could justifying them. Courtesy : Kinnaird College Students fresh energy in the grassroots – it is time to conclude our report than with one devised tap it. by a group in Lahore, that really caught the I will not be a second-class citizen in my own country The government, civil society, business and eye: international organisations should work and not compromise Pakistan and its sovereignty The international community must live up to its together to create and share authoritative while doing so. responsibilities. analysis on the needs of the next generation, building on the start we have made in this Over the past decade, its obsession with report. They should also be accountable for security has done nothing to make Pakistan a results. Why not prepare an annual report, safer place. Now is the time for the world to accounting for the impact and effectiveness invest in Pakistan's future, supporting the of investment in the next generation? government and wider society as it delivers Children, or the next the next generation programme. generation is the future of this country, today's children All this should form the basis of a contract If we get these things i am International actors should also seize the would be tomorrow's Prime very hopeful that we can with the next generation, setting out what Minister, President, Doctor or opportunity work with young people – prove how Amaizing we can a Teacher, and these young people can expect from their society be ! ... helping rebuild the relationship between designation would lead to a --- I am hopeful ! ---- and what their country expects them to good society, good Pakistan and the world. Sabeen Inam deliver in return. So far, the next generation environment and a good has been failed by its leaders. It deserves a Pakistan. Delivery to the next generation must be based Raheel Ahmed solemn and binding commitment that this on robust evidence. will now change. 43 44 Annex One Next Generation Contributors

We are very grateful to the following members of the Next Generation who took the time to make written contributions to this report.

Aadia; Aadil Khan; Aamir Aslam; Aamir Khan Amjad Hussain; Amjad Hussain; Amjad Balouch; Aamir; Aamir; Abbas Ali; Abbas Ali; Rasheed; Amjad Zafar Ali; Ammad Khan; Abcd; Abduallah Shakil; Abduallah Shakil; Ammad Qayyum; Ammar Hassan; Ammar Abdul Aziz Soomro; Abdul Aziz; Abdul Basir; Saleem; Ammara; Asif Mumtaz; Amna Asad; Abdul Faheem; Abdul Qayyum Khan; Abdul Amna Durrani; Amna; Amna; Anam; Ayesha; Rehman; Abdul Shakoor Soomro; Abdul Anas Waheed Khan; Anas; Aneel Iqbal Sittar Anwar; Abdull Haseeb; Abdullah Amdani; Anjum; Annas Shaikh; Ansab Omer; Abdullah Shahwani; Abeeda Haroon; Waseem; Anum Atique; Anum Iqbal; Abeer Saeed; Abid Khan; Abida Mushtaq; Anwar; Anwer Khan; Aqeel Javed; Abrar Ul Hassan; Ahsan; Abu Ammar; Adam Aquarius; Arbab Tanveer Ahmed Kasi; Zia; Adeel Akhtar; Adeel Shahzad; Adil Ayub; Arbish Khan; Arif; Armughan Hameed; Adil Karim; Adil Razzaq Taj; Adil; Adnan Aroosha Qamar; Arpheel John; Arsalan Shafiq; Adnan Shakir; Adnan; Aejaz Ali; Bobby Khan; Arshad Bqa Rashdi; Arslan Aeman Nadeem; Afaq; Afrinah Ahmed; Afsa Ahmad; Arslan Arshed; Arslan Tahir Mian; Babar; Afshan; Aftab Ahmad; Aftab Usman; Asad Ali Warraich; Asad Zia; Asadullah Afzaal Akhtar; Ahmad Abbas; Ahmad Ali Gul; Shaikh; Asif Elahi Mangat; Asif Iqbal Bhatti; Ahmad Kamal; Ahmad Khan; Ahmad Asif Iqbal; Asif; Asim Iqbal; Asim Malik; Shaheen; Ahmad; Ahmar Qasim Qazi; Asim; Asma Ambreen; Asma Farhad; Ahmed Abdullah; Ahmed Bin Tariq; Ahmed Assad Sheraz; Ataush Shafi; Ateeq Ur Faraz; Ahmed Hammad; Ahmed Hassan; Rehman; Ather Tahir; Atif Rana; Ahmed Khayyam; Ahmed Mujtaba; Ahmed Atif Waheed; Atif; Atif; Atta Ur Rehman Mujtaba; Ahmed Raza; Ahmed Zubair; Qureshi; Attiq Ur Rehman; Aurangzeab Farid Ahmed; Ahmed; Ahmed; Ahraz; Ahsan Butt; Aurangzeb Maqsood; Awais Javed; Arshad; Ahsan Rafiq; Ahsan Yousaf Awais Malik; Awais; Ayaz Khan; Ayesha Chaudhary; Ahsan; Aimal Angar; Aiman Hassan; Ayesha Khan; Ayesha Malik; Ayesha Salam; Aisha Manzoor; Aiza Parwaiz Ghouri; Noor; Ayesha Umar; Ayesha; Ayesha; Ayesha; Akbar Haroon; Akber Memon; Akber Shakil; Azad; Azam Ishaque; Azaz Ahmad; Azeem; Akram; Aleena; Ali Abbas Kiani; Ali Affan Azhar Iqbal; Azzam Saddique; B.M Rana; Usmani; Ali Ahmad; Ali Ahmed; Ali Asghar Badar Yousaf; Bairum Ali; Bakht Biland Amed Vakil; Ali Faizan Khan; Ali Falak; Ali Hussain; Khan; Bakhtawer; Barkat; Baroosh Ahsan; Aina; Ali Mehboob Alam; Ali Nawaz; Ali Raza Bassam; Beenish Javed; Beenish Wasay; The change has to come from within Panjwani; Ali Salah; Alina Rana; Alinah; Beenish Zia; Behroz Altaf Baloch; Bilal Syed Muhammad Hasan Alvina Noah; Amal Huma; Amar Lal; Amara Ahmad; Bilal Ahmed Khan; Bilal Karim Javed; Amber Naveed; Amber Osman; Mughal; Bilal Raza Khan; Bilal; Bilal; Bisma Ambreen Ansari; Amer Mahmood; Amer Khan; Bryan; Burraq Ghani; Bushra Zaheer; Rizwan; Amir Bilal; Amir Rashid; Amir Raza; Bushra Zulfiqar; Collin Mark Joesph; Danish Amir; Amir; Amjad Ahmad; Amjad Ali Shah; Hussain Memon; Danish Hussain Memon; 45 Annex One Annex One

Danish Khalil; Danish Muhammad Saleem; Hammad Tanvir Hammad; Hamza Bin Ikram; Khurram Hamid; Khurram Naseem; Khurram Mohammad Azam Khan; Mohammad Bilal Danish Mujadid; Danish; Daniyal Akhtar; Hamza Nawaz Khan; Hamza Shams; Hamza Saeed; Khushbakht Ejaz; Khwaja Naeem Arif; Mohammad Hashim Jilani; Mohammad Darya Khan Pahore; Dawar Ayyaz; Dawar Tahir; Hamza; Hania Iqbal; Haroon Habib Saeed; Kinza; Kiran Jamshaid; Kiran Makhani; Ishtiaq; Mohammad Jamaluddin Thaheem; Hameed; Delila; Dr Haris Hamid; Dr Irfan Khalqui; Harris Muzammil Ansari; Hasan Kjnjkn; Komal Khan; Kumail Raza; Laila; Mohammad Kazim; Mohammad Ovais; Ahmed; Dr Mehreen Fatima; Dr S Sajjad Kara; Haseeb Javed; Haseeb Javeed; Lucky; M Adil Siddiqui; M Ali Abdullah; Mohammad Ovais; Mohammad Raza; Haider; Dr.Sumaira Mansoor Alam; Easar Ala Hashim Maudoodi;Hashmat Jamal Khan; M Saqlain; M Shehryar Raza; M Tahir; Mohammad Soheib Awan; Mohammad Tahir; M; Ehsan; Eisha Mohsin; Ejaz Hussain; Hassan Abbas; Hassan Ali Siddiqi; Hassan M Tahir; M. Ali Kemal; M. Shahjahan Bhatti; Mohammad Yaqoob; Mohammad Yasir; Ejaz Ur Rehman; Emaan A; Emmad Akhtar; Fayyaz; Hassan Jahanzaib; Hassan Javed M.Ahsan Haider; M.Rizwan Afzal; Maaz Bin Mohammd Sufyan Janjua; Mohsin Ali; Engr. Muhammad Nasir Khan; Essmaeel Ali; Malik; Hassan Korrani; Hassan Mahmood; Qasim; Maaz Rana; Maaz Rauf; Muhammad Mohsin Naseer; Mohsin Nasrullah; Eva Syed; F. M. Bilal; Fahad Arshad; Hera Hashmi; Hiba Ikram; Hina Bashir; Haseeb Khan; Madeeha; Madiha Baig; Mohsin Waheed; Mohsin; Moiz Ahmad; Fahad Shah; Fahadbinnaqeeb; Fahmida Hina Osman; Hina Usmani; Hina Yahya; Madiha Haroon; Madiha Malik; Muhammad Mr. A.D.Tahir; MS Ali; Ms. Amina Zafar, Ms. Fariq; Faisal Aziz; Faisal Hassan Afridi; Hira Hanif; Hira Riaz; Homera Mughees; Irfan; Maha Chaudhry; Maham Najam; Zaira Ahmad, Ms. Zahra Asgher, Ms. Hina Faisal Pervez; Faisal Rasool; Faisal; Faiz Ali; Hooria Imam Khan; Huda Batool; Huda Syed; Mahrukh; Mahwish; Maida Khan; Maira; Chaudhry and Ms. Moneeza Abbas, Lahore Faiz Kakar; Faiza Attique; Faiza Haroon Huma Khan; Ridx Rox; Huma Taha; Huma; Majid Ali Khan Ghori; Majid Bhatti; College for Women; Zainab Saeed, Shazre Faiza Riaz; Faiza Riaz; Faiza; Faiza; Faiza; Humair; Humayun Iqbal; Hummayun Majid Masih; Majid Naseer; Majid Ur Rehman; Sarfraz, Rabia Haseeb, Mahwish Hussain, and Faizan Akram; Faizan Ali; Faizan Javied; Ahmad; Hurria Hussein; Husna Asim; Malik Aamer Sohail; Malik Babur Javed; Beenish Naeem, Kinnaird College; Murtaza Faizan Karim; Faizan Suhail Minhas; Fakhar Hussain; Ibtisam Asad; Ibtisam Ilahi; Iftikhar Malik Junaid Mohammad Khan; Malik Khwaja, Shoaib Ahmed, and Usama Hussain; Falak Afroze; Faraz Ahmad Khan; Ahmad; Iftikhar Ahmed; Ikhlaq Ahmed Mehmood; Malik Zameer Ahmed; Mamoon Mehmood, Responsible Citizens; Amjad Faraz Ahmad Khan; Faraz Faheem;Faraz Qureshi; Ilsa Abdul Razzak; Imran Ali; Khan; Manaal Memon; Mansha Pasha; Bashir, Qasim Farasat, Raja Shoaib, Ghani Siddiqui; Faraz Shafiq; Fareeha Imran Hafeez Panhwar; Imran Khan Zarkoon; Mansoor Shafiq; Maqsood Ahmed Soomro; Muhammad Ahmad, Komal Patras, Sohail Himayat; Farhan Bin Khalid; Farhan Khan; Imran Khan; Imran Khan; Imran; Inayat; Maria Khan; Maria Mashkoor; Maria Arshad, Dr. Mohsin Kamal, Tahira Hafeez, Farhan Sharif; Farhan; Saamiya Musani; Ingrid Bashir; Iram; Irfan Ahmed; Irfan Ali; Muzammil; Maria; Mariam Ilyas; Mariam Irfan Ahmad and Abdul Jabbar Siddiqui, Farheen Wajahat; Farnaz; Fatima; Farooq; Irfan Khan; Irfan Tariq; Irshad Ahmad; Irum; Shoaib; Mariam; Marium; Mariyam Khan Youth Parliament of Pakistan; Dr. Bernadette Farrukh Akhtar; Farrukh Ali Khan; Farrukh Ishaq Bukhari; Ismat Gul Khattak; Izza Shahis; Baloch; Maroof Ahmad; Maryam Yousaf; Dean, Vice Chancellor, Kinnaird College; Mr Nadeem; Farrukh Zaman Kiani; Farzana Jahanzeb; Jan Mohammed; Jansher Bloch; Maryam; Maryam; Maseehullah; Masham Asad Tahir, CEO, Anwar Janat Foundation; Saeed; Fatima Ali; Fatima Arif; Fatima Saeed; Jarrar Kazim Ali; Javaria Khalid; Javaria Khalid; Mateen Tahir Chuhan; Maya; Naeem Baig, Ministry of Youth Affairs; Ms Fatima Sajjad; Fatimah Siddiq; Fawad Ali; Khalid; Javeria Munawar; Jawad; Jawed Iqbal Mazhar Usman; Mehak; Mehboob Ul Haq Sadia A. Mehmood, United Nations Fawad Hirani; Fawad Mulk; Fawad Mulk; Ghouri; Jehanzeb Akhtar; Jhonny Deep; Siddiqui; Saad Mansoor; Mehmood Riaz Population Fund; Ms Rabia Muzaffar, Ministry Faysal Idrees Malik; Fayyaz Ahmad; Fayyaz Jude Clement Dsouza; Junaid Ahmed; Ahmad; Mehrab; Mehria; Mehru Basit; of Affairs; Ms Sabina Ahmad, Value Madni; Fazal; Fazeel Qamar; Fizza Muazzam; Junaid Ahmer; Junaid Pasha; Kamal Nawaz Saddam; Mehru Shoaib; Mehvish Irfan; Resources; Mr Ijaz Khaliq, Human Resource Fizza Mughal; Fouzan; Fouzia Nawaz; Advocate; Kamni Siraj; Kamran Khan; Kamran Mehwish Khalid; Mercede; Meti; Mian Abid Development Network; Ms Fauzia Tariq, Frederick Joseph; Furqan; G Ganesh Kumar; Khan; Kamran; Kanza Fahim; Kanzul Fatima Ali; Mian Khaqan Shah; Milik Yasir; Mina Voluntary Services Overseas; Ms Nazoora Ali, The British Council is doing a tremendous job by giving us Ghalib Nawaz; Ghazal Khan; Ghazanfar Arif; Karim Alam; Kashif Ali; Kashif Irshad; Please built the minds of Mariam; Minhil; Mehreen Malik; Minna Liang; World Population Foundation; Ms Rabia a chance on putting forward individual to remove Abbas Awan; Ghazanfer Sadiq; Ghulam Kashif Jameel; Kashif Raza; Kashif Waheed; Mirbahar Deen Muhammad; Mirza Asim Manzoor Khan, ROZAN Youth Help Line; our views about our beloved terrerism and nation and our motherland Abbas; Ghulam Akber; Ghulam Mustafa Kashif; Kashif; Kashif; Kauser Iqbal; Khadija; extremism... Ghani; Mirza Muhammad Ali Baig; Mirza Khaliq Nawaz, Usman Shahid, and Zahra which means more than Sohail Patel; Ghulam Sarwar; Googleboy; Guhu; Khadim Hussain; Khalid Kayani; Khalid Zahid Ul Hassan; Misbah Shahzadi; Misbah Mumtaz, Quaid-i-Azam University; Nofil anything to us. Gulrayz Ahmed; H Help Seeker; H M Asghar Zaman; Khawaja Inam Ul Haq; Khawaja Ur Rehman; Misha Mansoor; Miss Gill; Farooq and Muhammad Ayaz Shafqat, Youth Kamran Khan Khan; Habiba; Hafiz Muhammad Imran Iqbal; Muneeb Ahmad; Khawaja Zia Ud Din; Khawar Moazaam Bilal; Moazzam; Mobeen Ahmed; Parliament of Pakistan; Hira Sagheer, Haider; Hamad Khan; Hamayoon Khan; Ali; Khizar; Khizer Shafi Batla; Khoobi Mobeen Iqbal; Modusser Tufail; Mohammad Samreen Asghar, Shumaila Afzal, Muntaha Hammad Farooq Khan; Hammad Raza; Aurangzeb; Khurram Abbas Haryani; 46 Ahsan Farooqui; Mohammad Ashfaq; Hibb, Anam Niazi and Zainub Younus, Fatima 47 Annex One Annex One

of Affairs; Ms Sabina Ahmad, Value Muhammad Azeem Khan; Muhammad Muhammad Usman Ansari; Muhammad Amin; Obaid Ahmad Usmani; Omair; Resources; Mr Ijaz Khaliq, Human Resource Babar; Muhammad Bilal Khan; Muhammad Usman Butt; Muhammad Usman; Omer Abdue Rehman Khan; Omer Ansari; Development Network; Ms Fauzia Tariq, Bilal Shahid; Muhammad Bilal; Muhammad Muhammad Usman; Muhammad Waleed Osaid Ahamd; Osama Riaz Minhas; Osama; Voluntary Services Overseas; Ms Nazoora Ali, Daniual Rashid; Muhammad Ehtesham Ul Khan; Muhammad Waqas; Muhammad Paras Maurice; Qaidar Khan; Qaiser Zaman; World Population Foundation; Ms Rabia Haq; Muhammad Fahad Lakhani; Yahya Rokhani; Muhammad Yaser Khan; Qamer Uddin; Qasim Sheikh; Qazi Fazli Manzoor Khan, ROZAN Youth Help Line; Muhammad Faisal; Muhammad Faizan Khan; Muhammad Yasir Chughtai; Muhammad Azeem; Qudsia; Qurat Ul Ain Asif; Khaliq Nawaz, Usman Shahid, and Zahra Muhammad Faizan Wajahat; Muhammad Younas; Muhammad Yousuf Dalia; Quratulain Paracha; Quratulain; Rabeea Mumtaz, Quaid-i-Azam University; Nofil Faraz Aslam; Muhammad Farhan Naeem Muhammad Yusuf; Muhammad Zafir Zia; Ahmed; Rabia Azam; Rabia Kiyani; Farooq and Muhammad Ayaz Shafqat, Youth Sheikh; Muhammad Fazeel; Muhammad Muhammad Zaki Hassan; Muhammad Zakir; Rabia Shahid; Rabia; Rabia; Rabia; Rabia; Parliament of Pakistan; Hira Sagheer, Ghufran; Muhammad Hafeez; Muhammad Muhammad Zia Ul Haq; Muhammad Zohaib Rabia; Rafay Sadiq; Raheel Ahmed; Raheel Samreen Asghar, Shumaila Afzal, Muntaha Hamid; Muhammad Hammad Jamil; Hafeez; Muhammad Zohaib Javed; Ahmed; Rai; Raja Sajid Hussain; Ramla Hibb, Anam Niazi and Zainub Younus, Fatima Muhammad Haris Nazir; Muhammad Muhammad Zubair; Muhammed Abdul Mustafa; Rana Omer; Rana Tahir; Rana Tahir; Jinnah Women University; Noormah Jamal, Hashim Khan; Muhammad Hasnain Ali; Rahim; Muhamnmad Tahir; Mujeeb; Rana Yasir; Rao Umer Ali Khan; Rao Zahid; Umair Ahmad, Faizan Khan, Usman A. Jilani, Muhammad Hassan; Muhammad Mujtaba Memon; Mulazim Ali Khokhar; Rashid Ahmed; Rashid Hasan; Rashid Abeer Amir Kiani, Masooma Zubairi and Humayoon; Muhammad Ilyas; Muhammad Munazza; Muneer; Murtaza Khurshid; Mehmood Khan; Rashid Sardar; Rashid; Raja Manzul Fatima, Beaconhouse School System; Ilyas; Muhammad Imran Khan; Muhammad Murtaza; Musa Durrani; Musa; Musirah Behram Ali; Rayaan Iqbal; Rehan Zaidi, Shabhaz, Ali Shabhar, Aliya Naseer, Imran; Muhammad Irfan; Muhammad Ishfaq; Farrukh; Mustafa Ahmed; Mustafa Kamal; Rehman Afzal Khan; Rehman Habib; Muhammad Saad Mian, and Ali Shabbar, Muhammad Ismail Memon; Muhammad Mustafa Tariq Ghani; Mustansar Khalid Rehman Ilyas; Riaz Karim Khan; Rida Abaid; STEP; Rabeea Mazhar, International Islamic Jaffar Malik; Muhammad Jawad Bhatti; Saeed; Muzamil Ahmad; Muzammal Khalid; Rizwan Akhlaq; Rizwan Maqsood; Rizwan University; Rubina Mazhar, Muslim Aid. Muhammad Jawwad Baig; Muhammad Muzammil Sherani; Mysty; Nabeel Asad Riaz; Rizwan Shakir; Rizwan; Rizwan; Rmasha Muahmmad Sajjada Shamim Ahmed; Junaid; Muhammad Kamran Lodhi; Chaudry; Nabeel Khan; Nabi Bux Samo; Ghaffar; Rubina; Ruwa Rehman; S. Areej Mubashar Iqbal Awan; Mubashir Vohra; Muhammad Khan Karim; Muhammad Laeeq Nadeem Ahmad Malik; Nadeem Ahmad Mehdi; S. M. Abbas Kazmi; S.M Haris Burney; Mudassar Laiq Qureshi; Mufaz; Mughis Ur Ur Rehman; Muhammad Mahmood Ali Saleemi; Nadeem Anjum; Nadeem; S.M Omair; Saad Ashraf; Saad Bin Mehmood; Rehman; Muhamamd Asif Ejaz; Muhammad Siddiqui; Muhammad Mahmood Aslam; Nadia Hussain; Naeem Sarwer; Naeem; Saad Jan; Saad Naeem; Saad Saleem Malik; Aamir; Muhammad Abbas; Muhammad Muhammad Mansoor Khan; Muhammad Nafees; Naila Tabasuum; Naima Bintaey Saad Saleem Umer; Saad Salman; Saad; Abbas; Muhammad Adnan Hanif; Mansoor Shaukat; Muhammad Mehdi; Shahab; Naima Tariq; Najeeb Ullah; Namini; Saad; Saad; Saba Jokhio; Saba Rasheed; Muhammad Adnan Hanif; Muhammad Muhammad Muneeb Saeed; Muhammad Areeba Gadar; Naqib Ullah Khan; Naseem Sababa Khalid; Sabah A Siddiqui; Sabah Adyan; Muhammad Ahmed; Muhammad Muneeb; Muhammad Nasarullah Toor; Achakzai; Nasir A Khan; Nasir Ali; Nasir; Saeed; Sabeen Inam; Sabeen; Sabertooth; Aizaz Shaheen; Muhammad Ajmal; Muhammad Rafay Moeen; Muhammad Nasreen Fatima; Nasrullah Shah; Nassir Nazir; Sabiha Faiz; Sadaf Azeem Idrak; Sadaf; Muhammad Akhtar Shaheen Rind; Ramzan Mallah; Muhammad Rehan Hashmi; Nauman Ahmed; Nauman Ali; Nauman Saddam Hussain; Sadia Hafeez; Sadia Nasim; Muhammad Ali Abbas; Muhammad Ali Khan; Muhammad Rehan Raza.; Muhammad I think the next generation Farooq; Naveed Ahmad Khan; Naveed Sadia Siddiqui; Sadiq Chagani; Safdar Ali Muhammad Ali; Muhammad Ali; Rizwan; Muhammad Saad; Muhammad wants to be involved but we Ahmed Badar; Naveed Ahmed; Naveed Khan; Safi; Sahar Karim; Saifuddin; Saifullah are mostly controlled by the Muhammad Ali; Muhammad Ammar Yasir; Safdar; Muhammad Saifullah; Muhammad elders and the Taboos of the Ahmed; Naveed Ali; Naveed Ali; Naveed Raza; Saima Aslam; Saima Ghaus Qureshi; “I believe in change , Muhammad Annus; Muhammad Anwar Saleem; Muhammad Samad Khan; society. Frankly, here it Khuhro; Naveed Shakur; Naveed William; Saima Jabbar; Saima Rashid; Sajeel Qayum because evolution is the seems what you say does not ultimate survivor of Hashmi; Muhammad Arslan Sarwar Tarar; Muhammad Shabeer; Muhammad Shafiq; matter but who and how old Naveed Zafar; Nawaz Nizar; Nawaz Siddiq; Mirza; Sajjad Ahmad Jan; Sajjad Ali; Saleem mankind" Muhammad Ashraf Malik; Muhammad Asif Muhammad Shahzar Ilahi; Muhammad you are matters a lot. The Nayha Raza; Naziha Ali; Nazish Naveed; A Siddiqui; Saleha Baloch; Saleha Baloch; Jarrar Kazim Ali Ahmed; Muhammad Asif Nadeem Bhutta; Shershah; Muhammad Tahir Iqbal; elders need to trust the next Neha Khan; Nimra Ahmad; Nisar; Nizar Saleha Shahid; Salma Iqbal; Salma Khaton; generation more. Muhammad Asim; Muhammad Aslam; Muhammad Talal; Muhammad Talha; Junaid Ahmed Ahmad; No Name; Noman Ahmed; Noman; Salma Rahman; Salman Ahmad Awan; Muhammad Ataullah Khan; Muhammad Muhammad Umair Azhar; Muhammad Noor Ahsan; Noor Latif Khan; Noor; Nasir; Salman Ahmad; Salman B; Salman B; Salman Atique; Muhammad Awais Nadeem; Umair Shabbir; Muhammad Usama Masood; 48 Noorul.Ain Ahmad; Nouman Akbar; Nudrat Fazal; Salman Latif; Salman Zahid; Sama 49 Annex One Annex One

Tanveer; Saman Javed; Sameen; Sameer Jafri; Syed Ali Murad; Syed Ali Shehryar; Mehboob; Waheed; Wajahat Iqbal; Wajahat Aqib; Samia Arif; Samia Fatima Naqvi; Syed Ammar Gillani; Syed Ather Hasnain Nassar; Wajeeha; Waleed Malik; Wali Samiurrehman; Samreen Shahbaz; Samreen; Rizvi; Syed Azfer Iqbal; Syed Bilal Hussain; Mohammad Baloch; Wali Muhammad Samsoor; Sana Aslam; Sana Azhar; Sana Haq; Syed Danish Iqbal; Syed Faiq Mehmood; Chandio; Wamiq Naeem; Waqar Ahmed; Sana Shah; Sana Shams; Sana Ullah; Sana; Syed Farhan Fazal; Syed Farrukh Shah; Syed Waqar Ahmed; Waqar; Waqar; Waqas Abid; Sana; Sana; Sana; Saneeta Massey; Saqib Hassan Talal; Syed Hassan Zulfiqar; Syed Waqas Ashraf; Waqas Bin Younus Awan; Nawaz; Saqib Riaz; Saqib Tariq; Sara Abu Hussain Raza Moosavi; Syed Kamran Ali; Waqas Hussain; Waqas Tubbsim; Waqas; Tahir; Sardar Bacha; Sardar Ishtiaq Ahmed Syed Kashif Khurshid; Syed M. Aaqib Javaid; Wara Iftikhar; Warda Rizvi; Warda; Warsha Khan; Sardar Ishtiaq Ahmed Khan; Sardar Syed Muhammad Ali; Syed Muhammad Jamnadas; Waseem Hussain Chaudhry; Yaser; Sarmad Aftab Lashari; Sarmad Khan Baqar; Syed Muhammad Hasan; Syed Waseem Rabbani; Wasif Mehmood; Wasim Khattak; Sarmad Riaz; Sarwat Abbas; Sarwat; Saad.M.Ali; Syed Saghir Hussain; Syed Malik; Wasim; Wasimullah; Wayne Sazeen Baloch; Scar Scariot; Sehrish; Shabihulhassan Bokhari; Syed Shahzaib Pennefather; Shabihulhassan; Shadha Zawawi; Shafqat Ahmed; Syed Shariq Munir; Syed Sharjeel Mahmood Khan; Shagufta; Shah Gul; Shah Hasan; Syed Shayan Sultan; Syed Tahir We would also like to thank the following Nawaz; Shah; Shahana Bano; Shahbaz Abbas; Hussain; Syed Tariq Husaain Hatmi; who attended the workshops to discuss Shaheen Koaser; Shahid Ghafoor; Shahid Syed Waqar Ahmed; Syed Waseem Raza; the draft report: Imran; Shahid Khaskhely; Shahid Rehan; Syed Zeeshan Shahid; Syed Zohaib Asad Shahid; Shahida; Shahmeer; Shahnawaz; Sherazi; Syeda Saima Shabir; T Tahir; Xari Jalil; Xaynab Auraqxai; Yaseen Munshi; Shahroze Asif; Shahwaccar; Suhail; Shahzad Tabassum Huda; Tabinda Afzal; Tabish Ali; Yasir Ameen; Yasir Faraz Abbasi; Yasir Hassan; Shahzeb Irshad; Shakeel Ahmad; Tamim; Tafheem Ul Haq; Taha; Tahir Iqbal; Mehmood; Yasir Mohmood Aslam; Yasir Riaz; Shakeel Ahmed Raza; Shakeel Ahmed; Tahir; Tahir; Tahir; Tahira Khan; Taimoor Yasir Sohaib; Yasir Tahir Siddiqui; Yasmin Shakeel Ahmed; Shakeel; Shakil; Shakir Malik; Taimoor; Taimorr Khan; Talha Akhter; Jawaid; Yastoor Khan; Yousaf Ali; Yumna Hussain; Shakir; Shanzay; Shanze'; Sharaf Tallal; Tanveer Hussain Tanveer Zia; Tanveer Zahid; Zaheer Abbas; Zaheer Kazim; Qaisar; Sharan Ahmed; Shariq Mushir; Zia; Taha; Tarique Mehmood; Tatheer Zehra; Zaheer Kazim; Zahid Ahmad Butt; Zahid Bin Shaukat; Yasir Mirza; Shawez Banuri; Shazeb Tauseef Ahmed; Tauseef; Tauseef; Tayyaba Khalil; Zahid Shahab Ahmed; Zahid; Ullah Khan; Shazia Azmat; Shazia; Sheeraz; Sarmad; Tehreem Fatima; Toobah Ali; Touqir Zahid; Zahid; Zahid; Zahida; Zahra Qadeer; Sheheryar Iqbal; Shehzadi Rabail; Sheraz; Abbas; Touseef; Tahir Mahmood; Triumph; Zaid Bin Mukhtar; Zain Ali; Zain Aman; Shermeen; Shireen Khalani; Shoaib Farrukh; Tughral Turab Ali; Tyrone Tellis; U Uzair Javed; Zain Khan; Zain; Zainab Shiraz; Zainab; Shoaib Jadoon; Shoaib Khan; Shoaib Raza; Ubaid Bashir; Ubaid Tariq; Ufaq Asif; Umair Zakaria Hamid; Zaki Hyder Bihan; Zamar; Zareen Zubair; Zeeshan Dawood; Zeeshan Shumaila; Sidra Sheikh; Sidra Umar; Sidra Ahmad Khawaja; Umair Ahmed Khan; Umair When i was an intern at an organization l i was told that Manzoor; Zeeshan Tariq; Zeeshan; Umar; Sidra Umar; Sidra; Sikandar Hayyat; Ahmed; Umair Gill; Umair Matloob; Umair I feel that there should be a the commitment interns show Simab Chuhan; Siraj; Sitwat Farooq; Soban Nasir; Umair Shariq Farooqi; Umair Wali; Zehra Anwer; Zehra; Zeina; Zia Jafri; quota for qualified youth to to their work is probably more sit in the parliament and also Ahmed; Sofia; Soha Muneer; Sohaib Saleem; Umaiz Imtiaz Butt; Umar Anjum; Umar than the employees show to Zia Ullah Akhunzada; Zia; Zaeem Rizvi; to observe the parliament their's. We just need to give Sohail Khan; Sohail; Sonika Dhingra; Sorath Rizwan; Umer Ali; Umer Malik; Umer Saleem; Zillerehman Khan Niazi; Zoan Hassan; Zobia sessions, as they need to our 18-23 year students Samreen; Zofashan Basit; Zohaib Iqbal; know how policymaking is Shah; Sufian Gul; Suhail Choudhry; Suhail; Umer Younas Butt; Umer; Unjela Siddiqi; opportunities to work like done.... and how they can NGOs, volunteering, social Zohaib; Zoraiz; Zulfiqar Baig; Zulfiqar Pomi; Suleman Sheikh; Suleyman Shafi Batla; Usama Bin Najam; Usman Farooq; Usman play their roles to change if work and internships and sit Zulqi; something is not working. Sulman Zahid; Sultan Yousaf; Sumera Hasan; Ghani Rathore; Usman Habib; Usman Hassan; back and watch them do Zahid Shahab Ahmed Summiyah Malik; Sundus; Swaleha Malik; Usman Nasem; Usman; Usman; Uzair Ijaz wonders. Sybil Daniel; Syed Aabid Hussain; Syed Aalso Khan; Uzair Khalid; Uzair Khan; Uzair; Maria Muzammil Abbas; Syed Ahmad Abbas Zaidi; Syed Ali Uzma Siddiqui; Vikas Kapoor; Waheeb 50 51 Annex Two Annex Two

Annex Two Methodology

The Next Generation project was designed to David Steven (Center for International defined as having a population less than youth's potential response towards the create a landmark report that would be Cooperation at New York University) acted as 100,000 persons. accumulation of the report. On-site visits to a inclusive and owned by the youth of this policy adviser to the Task Force. number of universities and other educational country. It required a methodology as Target respondents for the qualitative institutes were conducted for this purpose. vibrant, flexible and diverse as the youth it After a thorough and exhaustive evaluation research were as follows: males and females, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of aims to represent. of existing research on geography, aged between 18-29, belonging to Science and Technology, Government geopolitics and demographics, new and socioeconomic classes A, B and C. College Lahore, Lahore College for Women, The inception of the report began with an specially-tailored research was Azad Jammu and Kashmir University – independent committee established to commissioned by the Task Force. The desk research and quantitative survey Muzaffarabad campus, Karachi University, Sir explore the potential and prospects of the were used to develop the main quantitative Syed University Karachi, City University country's next generation. The Task Force Iqbal Haider Butt, Senior Partner, survey tool, with the following sections: Peshawar were some of the institutions in devised the core plan of action and Development Pool, and Sabiha Shaheen, screener, socioeconomic classification, this pool. performed an advisory role in supervising Executive Director, BARGAD contributed general outlook, education, health and the evolution of the report itself. Changing Factors: Political & Democratic environment, politics, employment, society, The interim report was made available to a Activism of Youth in Pakistan. Dr Rehana aspirations, demographics and media habits. panel of approximately 20 academics, civil The Task Force is comprised of: Siddiqui, Chief of Research, PIDE, wrote Youth society leaders and community enablers who n Govt. of Pakistan, represented by Ashfaq Employment and Economic Growth in A nationally representative sample was shared feedback and suggestions. These Ahmad, Secretary of Youth Affairs Pakistan for the report. Arshed Bhatti, recruited from the four provinces of Punjab, suggestions were backed by endorsements n Geo Television Network, represented by Director, Connective Action and Kaveri Harris, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan, and from Azad from community stakeholders. A series of Moeed Pirzada, Head of International Researcher, Options UK and Research Fellow, Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). The sample size workshops and seminars was held in order to Desk University of Sussex authored Understanding was 1226. involve young leaders in developing n Sahara for Life Trust, represented by demographic opportunities & threats for findings. Abrar ul Haq, Chairman young people in Pakistan: the economic, In July 2009, a campaign for collecting n Barclays Bank, represented by Mohsin social & political impact of youth opinions to form the basis for components of The interim report was widely publicized Nathani, Country Head participation and /or exclusion while The the recommendations for youth policy was through the electronic media in the form of n Lahore University of Management Next Generation Report – The Policy launched with an initial appearance by UK discussions on television channels and radio Sciences (LUMS), represented by Ahmad Environment was by Sabina Ahmad and Foreign Secretary David Milliband on a stations. The campaign proved very helpful J. Durrani, Vice Chancellor Farida Ahmad of Value Resources. national radio show arranged by the British in creating widespread interest. We wish to n Pakistan Institute of Development and Council through Radio One FM91. thank TV One, Express News24, ATV and Economics (PIDE), represented by AC Nielsen were commissioned to conduct radio channels FM 91, FM 101 and FM 96 for Dr.Rehana Siddique, Chief Researcher desk research, a qualitative study, and the Simultaneously, an open poll consisting of this. n Sabiha Shaheen, Executive Director, Next Generation quantitative survey. This is the Question on five questions was launched on British It is vital that those who (BARGAD) which we have to think Council's website. The poll was intended to Before finalizing the report in its current form have share with those who n upon & response... do not have; whether it is Connective Action, represented by During the qualitative phase, 10 focus groups elicit viewpoints from 18-29 year olds across a meeting was held in October with the knowledge, wealth or a Arshad Bhatti, Director were conducted at 6 locations. Karachi, We have to take some the rural and urban expanse. By September Ministry of Youth Affairs in order to come to a few kind words, whatever n steps in order to make our one can afford; be the British Council, represented by Sue Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad and Peshawar dream come true... 2009, 1212 Pakistani young people had clear perspective on youth issues to include giver, not the taker Beaumont, Country Director; Nasir fall in Stratum I which is defined as having a M. Rizwan Afzal responded. in the report. Ramla Mustafa Kazmi, Director Islamabad; Shazia population of 1 million or more. Narowal and Khawar, Head of Programmes Islamabad Muzaffarabad fall in Stratum III which is Additional focus groups were conducted to 52 achieve a deeper understanding of the 53 Footnotes

1. Muhammed Ali Jinnah (1947): Address to 10. Alex Evans (2008): Rising Food Prices: 2009; and International Energy Agency, 27. ibid Civil, Naval, Military and Air Force Officers Drivers and Implications for World Energy Outlook, OECD/IEA, Paris, of Pakistan Government at Kahliqdina Development. Chatham House, London. 2008 Hall, Karachi, October 11 1947. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/yhmf7br 11. James Hamilton (2009): Causes and 17. Ministry of Finance (2009): Pakistan Consequences of the Oil Shock 2007- Economic Survey 2008-2009. Government 2. Population Division of the Department of 2008. Brookings Papers on Economic of Pakistan, Islamabad. Available at: Economic and Social Affairs of the United Activity. Conference Draft. March. http://tinyurl.com/yg6u627 Nations Secretariat (2008): World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. 12. Food and Agriculture Organization of the 18. IMF (2009) op cit United Nations, New York. United Nations (2009): The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2009: Economic 19. International Monetary Fund (2009): 3. ibid Crises – impacts and lessons learned. FAO, Program Note: Pakistan. Available at Rome. http://tinyurl.com/yk8ykyh 4. United Nations University (2006): Richest 2% own half of the world’s wealth – study. 13. World Economic Forum Water Initiative 20. International Monetary Fund (2009): IMF UNU Update, Issue 44, December. (2009): The Bubble is Close to Bursting: A Executive Board Concludes 2009 Article IV Forecast of the Main Economic and Consultation with Pakistan. IMF Public 5. World Bank (2008). Double Jeopardy: Geopolitical Water Issues Likely to Arise in Information Notice (PIN) No. 09/43, 3 Responding to High Food and Fuel Prices. the World in the Next Two Decades, draft April. IMF, Washington DC. Working paper presented at G8 produced for the World Economic Forum Hokkaido-Toyako Summit, 2 July 2008. Annual Meeting 2009. WEF, Geneva. 21. IMF (2009) op cit. World Bank, Washington DC. January. 22. The Nation (2009): No let-up in load 6. G20 (2009): Declaration on Strengthening 14. Organisation for Economic Co-operation shedding. The Nation on Web. 2 April. the Financial System, London, 2 April. and Development (2009): OECD Daily Times (2009): Industrialists demand Available at http://tinyurl.com/dh9s95 Environmental Outlook to 2030, Page 5. uninterrupted power supply. 5 April. OECD, Paris. 7. International Monetary Fund (2009): 23. RM Hathaway and M Kugelman (eds.) World Economic Outlook - Crisis and 15. International Water Management (2009): Powering Pakistan. Oxford Recovery. IMF, Washington DC. April. Institute (2007): Does Food Trade Save University Press, Oxford. Water? The potential role of food trade in For the Rich youths: Internships in major I hope the word " Next 8. ibid; International Monetary Fund (2008) water scarcity mitigation. IWMI, Sri Lanka. organisations. 24. Muhammad Aslam (2009), Pakistan Generation" does include World Economic Outlook: Financial Stress, Available at: http://tinyurl.com/ykm9q8e For the Poor youths: Tell Economic Survey 2008-09: Poverty. all those youngestrs who them to think about how are living in small villiges Downturns and Recoveries. IMF, they would do it. They Ministry of Finance, Pakistan. that are far & far from Washington DC. October. 16. Alex Evans, Scarcity, security and know more about life than cities. any of us. 25. ibid Nasir A Khan institutional reform, presentation given to Zeina 9. World Bank (2009): World Bank updates a seminar organized for the UN global economic forecasts. World Bank Department of Political Affairs by the 26. ibid press release, 31 March. Geneva Centre for Security Policy, August 54 55 Foundation and Gallup Pakistan poll: No School Access, Type, and Quality on the Generation Gap In Majority of Pakistan. 56. UNESCO (2009): EFA Global Monitoring Decision to Enroll in Rural Pakistan. Gallup, Islamabad. Report 2009. UNESCO. Paris. University of Chicago, Chicago.

44. UN Population Division (2008) op cit. 57. DFID (2007) op cit. 67. World Economic Forum (2009): The Global Gender Gap Report 2009. WEF, Geneva. 45. Harvard Public Health Review (2005): Pigs, 58. UNESCO (2009) op cit. Pythons and Economic Miracles. Spring. 68. Ministry of Finance (2009) op cit. 59. Bhatti and Harriss (2009) op cit. 46. UN Population Division (2008) op cit. 69. ibid 60. Durr-e-Nayab (2006): Demographic 47. Fund for Peace (2008): Failed States Index. Dividend of Demographic Threat in 70. World Economic Forum (2009): The Global Fund for Peace, Washington DC. Pakistan. PIDE Working Papers 2006:10. Competitiveness Report 2009-2010. WEF, Pakistan Institute of Development Geneva. 48. H. Urdal (2006): A Clash of Generations? Economics, Islamabad. Youth Bulges and Political Violence. 71. Rakul Baksh Rais (2007): Youth of The International Studies Quarterly 50(3): 61. R. Siddiqui (2009): Youth Employment Nation, Daily Times, 13 November. 607–630. and Economic Growth in Pakistan. Paper Available at http://tinyurl.com/ykyfqod prepared for this project. 49. UNDP (2009): Human Development 72. http://www.zimmedarshehri.com/beta/ Report 2009: Overcoming Barriers: 62. Deepa Sankar (2007): What is the default.php Human Mobility and Development. UNDP, progress in elementary education Geneva. participation in India during the last two decades? – An analysis using NSS 50. UN Population Division (2008) op cit. Education rounds. The World Bank, Washington DC. April. 51. ibid 63. The World Bank (2008): India: Education 52. Durr-e-Nayab (2006): op cit. for all – Sarva Shiksha Abhiya. Available at http://tinyurl.com/ykl6cdr 53. World Health Organisation (2008): Pakistan Country Cooperation Strategy at 64. Khawar Ghumman (2009): Education to Survival of the generation The youth must not forget is doubtful...right now who they are and wht they a Glance. WHO, Geneva. Available at: be allocated seven percent of GDP. Dawn r a part of.. They must keep http://tinyurl.com/cuqfpf News, 10 September. actually the generation the cultural heritage alive can survive but the in thier hearts..... Dont question is how the forget your identity if you 54. UK Department for International 65. Zubeida Mustafa (2009): The Road to nation will survive....we do, the world will forget Development (2007): Pakistan and the Corruption. Dawn News, 16 September. are still not a nation.... you...... hey, it rhymes!! Warda Rizvi Furqan MDGs. DFID, November. Available at: http://tinyurl.com/djwmy4 66. C. Lloyd, C. Mete, Z. Sathar (2005): The 55. UNDP (2008) op cit. Effect of Gender Differences in Primary 56 57