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Baseline Study on Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia Republic of Tunisia Baseline Study on Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia: assessing the scope and manifestations IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and soci- ety. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international com- munity to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. The opinions expressed in the Study are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IOM or its State members. Edition: International Organization for Migration (IOM) Tunisia 6 bis Passage du Lac le Bourget Les Berges du Lac, 1053 Tunis Tunisia Tel : +216 71.860.312 Fax : +216 71.962.385 Email : [email protected] Internet : http://www.iom-tunisie.org ___________ © 2013 International Organization for Migration (IOM) ___________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise with- out the prior written permission of the publisher. This publication was made possible through support of the United States Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons (TIP Office), under Award No. S-SGTIP-11-GR-0015 Republic of Tunisia Baseline Study on Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia: assessing the scope and manifestations JUNE 2013 This Study was based on the work and investigation skills, research and analysis of the following team: LEAD RESEARCH CONSULTANT: Elodie BROUSSARD FIELD TEAMS COORDINATORS: Mohamed Alaâ DEMNATI and Anis KRIAA DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH TEAM COORDINATOR: Rim BOUHAFA CHTIOUI RESEARCH ASSISTANTS : Hanen BEN BELGACEM, Rabeb BEN KHALIFA, Maroua BEN SAID, Ahmed DERBALI, Amira FERCHICHI, Badra GAALOUL, Ameni GHORBEL, Abdessamii HAFSAOUI, Imen HENTATI, Sarra MA- JOUL, Hichem ROUAG STATISTICIAN: Marwa CHEBBI Mrs. Hélène LE GOFF, coordinator of the S.H.A.R.E project and Mr. Hafedh BEN MILED, project assistant provided technical and logistical support in the organization of activities related to the Study, helped to monitor the news on trafficking in Tunisia and worked on collecting information on the subject. They finally made a detailed reading of the text and contributed to the enrichment of its content and to the editing of the final Report, before printing and distribution of the publication in Tunisia and around the world. The International Organization for Migration and the consultant in charge of the Study would like to thank all those who contributed to this Baseline Study on trafficking in persons in Tunisia, and especially J/TIP for their financial support. Valuable technical support was provided by the Ministry of Justice, through Mr. Faisal Ajina, the Ministry of the Interior, through Mr. Mustapha ALOUI, the Ministry of Social Affairs, through Ms. Teber NAIMI, and the Ministry of Women and Family Affairs, through the Office of the Child Protection Delegate, rep- resented by Ms. Aida GHORBEL. Thanks to them, exceptional field visits were carried out and their agents were widely questioned throughout the Tunisian territory, thus considerably enriching the re- sults of the Study. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 7 Executive summary ........................................................................................................ 8 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 I. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY ............................. .... 11 1. Definition of trafficking in persons and differences with smuggling of migrants .... ......11 1.1 History of international law on human trafficking ............................................... 12 1.2 Differences between trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants .......... 14 2. Context of the Study ........................................................................................... 16 3. Objectives of the Baseline Study on trafficking in persons in Tunisia ................... 17 4. Calendar of the Study ......................................................................................... 18 5. Presentation of the Project team ...................................................................... 18 5.1. Composition of the team ................................................................................... 18 5.2. Training of the team ......................................................................................... 19 6. Methodology adopted ........................................................................................ 20 6.1. Documentary research ........................................................................................ 20 6.2. Field survey .......................................................................................................... 21 6.2.1. Interviews ...................................................................................................... 22 6.2.2. Observations ................................................................................................. 23 6.3. Focus discussion groups ...................................................................................... 24 6.4. IOM Data protection principles and confidentiality of information ................. 24 7. Study limitations ............................................................................................... 25 7.1. Duration and time of Study ............................................................................... 25 7.2. Geographical coverage of the field survey ....................................................... 25 7.3. Available information regarding trafficking ...................................................... 26 7.4. Interview conditions with potential victims of trafficking ................................ 26 8. Dissemination of the information ...................................................................... 27 II. GENERAL CONTEXT OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN TUNISIA ...................................... ..… 29 1. Presentation of Tunisia ....................................................................................... 29 2. Political, economic and socio-cultural environment and other factors that may influence the development of trafficking in Tunisia .................................................................. 30 2.1. Political situation ............................................................................................... 30 2.2. Economic, socio-cultural and health context .................................................... 31 2.3. Context of Human Rights ................................................................................... 33 2.4. Rights and Situation of women ......................................................................... 33 2.5. Rights and status of children ............................................................................. 35 2.6. Rights and status of workers ............................................................................ 37 2.7. Rights and Situation of migrants in Tunisia ...................................................... 38 2.8. The situation of Tunisians overseas .................................................................. 40 2.9. Civil society in Tunisia ....................................................................................... 41 2.10. Organized crimes and illegal activities ............................................................. 42 2.10.1. Clandestine prostitution ........................................................................ 43 2.10.2. Smuggling of migrants .......................................................................... 43 III. TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN TUNISIA ....................................................................... 47 1. A brief reminder on slavery in Tunisia and the North African Region .................... 47 5 2. Nowadays: Trafficking in persons in the area of Africa, North Africa and Middle East .................................................................................................................... 48 3. National and international legal framework on trafficking in persons .................... 49 3.1. International legal framework ............................................................................. 49 3.2. National legal framework ..................................................................................... 50 4. Internal trafficking ............................................................................................. 50 4.1. Internal trafficking into domestic servitude and forced labour .......................... 51 4.1.1. Children .................................................................................................... 51 . Domestic Servitude ................................................................................. 52 . Formal and informal trade ...................................................................... 54 . Industries ................................................................................................ 55 . Agricultural sector ................................................................................... 55
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