Civitans, Jan 1993.

My dearly beloved, you do me honor with an invitation to join you today. We stand only five days before the inauguration of the man from Hope, Arkansas to be president of the u. s., let us turn our attentions for a few minutes to the funny side of politics. In next week's TV Guide there is a story about the actors ~on a program called Saturday Night Live who have roasted our leaders. The title of the article is Passing the (Blow) Torch, and it goes from Dana Carvey who has done George Bush, to Phil Hartman, who wears a silver wig and adds some make-up to make his nose bulge out. Dana Carvey has raised his voice a few notes, learned to speak without pronouns, and, as the article puts it, points ih so many directions he seems to have three hands. But now the role of Comedian-in-Chief has been handed to a Bill Clinton look-alike. We can only wait with high expectations for a 4-year tenn of fun,,even though we cannot know what it will be. TheTV Guideaarticle quoted one of the script-writers for the show--At any moment a new administration will confront events no comedy writer can foresee. Already the burlesque has begun. I hear it said around that the Clintons demanded that storm windows be installed in the ·white House, because Bill does not like the draft. And there are bumper stickers in George Bush's Washington, reminding him the Saddam Hussein still HAS his job. One night last week, on the Jay Leno late-night show, an actor dressed himself as Socks, the Clinten1s black cat, and delivered a few choice lines. It's easy being a cat, he said; you sleep all day and roam around all night. A combination of Ronald Reagan and Ted Kennedy. And he thanked George Bush for leaving behind all those shredded Iran-Contra documents to put into his litter-box. ftccording to the TV Guide story, actor Carvey said, The comedian's prayer is, Please God, send me a public figure who'll run for President and who's the funniest guy you can imagine. And, all through our history, people have found occasion to laugh at the people they have chosen to their highest office. Laughter is the best political medicine. Shakespeare has a line warning us of people who have lean and hungry looks, and to whom noth• ing is funny; ThoIJBs Carlyle said that the person who cannot laugh is not only fit for treas• ons, stratagems, and spoils; but his whole life is already a trearon and a stratagem. So let us for a few minutes remember the presidential jokes have that tickled the furmy-bones of our fathers and grandfathers, for in laughter there is life and health. F~c Talent Show Feb/93.

My dearly't:eloved, lad'ies and gentlemn, boys and girls, and thank you Mr.Ringmaster for that in• troduction. But she did not tell all. I am ab ackyard g:ireenet. I am a professor. I am also the only member of this cast of characters who is devoid of talent. I am grateful for the ±wtn!!J!bnttiw« invitaticm; I am the exception that proves the rule. What I can do is talk. I wasl:orn talking. In fact I made a career of it. Among my thousand hobbies is the collection and repetition of bad jokes. There are people in this world, some of them not far from where we are gathered, who in my classes did not take notes, but instead kept the evidence of the grim reality that is the gaping hole where a sense of humor should be. A soft 8nswer-unay turn away wrath, as I read somewhere, but it has always been my firm belief that a bad joke will drive reason and intelligence off the campus. So if you do notgroan in misery in the next few minutes, forever afterward people will hold suspect the suspicion that you are a good humor~-~erson. Let us call it Bad Jokes 101. It meets no divisional requiremt, and it may even set~by a century mankind's laborious ascent into the light. The study of what makes us laugh is, as with all things intelligent, as old as Aristotle. Those whoj3st with good taste, he said, are called witty. a.t. wit he defined as educated insolence. Uneducated inso• lence is an entirely different matter. So let us give examples of different kinds of bad joke. At the bottom of the thennometer is the pun, the play on words. It has been called the lowest fonn of humor, ~t that is only if you said it first. If I said it first it is a priceless gem. A patient went to the doctor to report a problem. Last night I dreamed I was a wigwam, he said; th~\~~~f~e I dreamed I was a teepee. No probaem, the Dr replied;. you 're just too tense. · string who, after tontorting himself, and unravelling a part, answered, when asked if he~were a member of the twine family, I'm a fra~ The triple pun--woman named ranch F~US--it is where the sons raise meat. The dog people who passed by; vet told him to feed dog ~arlic with his food. Now his bark is worse than his bite. How do you make a Venetian blind? you hit him in the eye. Lawyer, to witness: you testified that this is the person who hit you with his car. Could you swear to the man? Oh, I did that, he said; but he just swore back at me. Another form of humor is the misdirection, the misunderstanding, sometimes deliberate. Man in ice-cream parlor asked, Whattflabors? In heavy hoarse voice, vanilla, choc, strawberry. Say, do you have laryngitis? No, just van, choc, strawb. Elderly couple sits in hotel lobby, behind potted palm. On the other sidB of it ayoung couple sit, and he begins to talk sweetly to her. Woman--Fred, that man is going to propose to her, and he d oesn 1 t know )!3---8. re here. You should whistle to warn him. lolly should I? nobody whistled to warn me. ftrriedc:.bout the prof; his mind is wandering. Oh, I know the prof, the Dr answers; don't worry, it won't~ wander far. And then there are the students. Measure height of the flag pole. Cut pizza into i 6 or 8 pieces? 6; I can't eat 8 pieces. Two Carolina students set out to drive to Disney World. See sign, Clean Rest Rooms. Cleaned 32, day and a half late getting to Orlando. Saw sign, Disney World Left. BillShepherd, the original of the Deacon; swallow-tailed coat, tall blaak hat, plumber's friend. Also master of the prank. Had his own fraternity, Signa Phi Nothing. West Stanly School Theatre Awards Banquet, May 1993.

\ My deafiy beloved, ladies, gentlemen, you do me honor to invite me to share in this happy oc• casion. We are met here to honor the best in a top quality theatre group, and to all of you I give a salute to your talent and enthusiasm and imagination. I have known your director Jim Kennedy for 30 years, since he and I, were troupers together on the campus of our college and also in the summer barn theatre at the county park on the Yadkin River. It is a delight to see him again, and to visit with you. We have in common a love for the theatre, for the per• fonlnance of a work that was designed to entertain while at the same time compelling thought and imaginationfland emotional experience that leads to maturity of soul and spirit. Thevalue of the theatre, as is true of all the arts, is to make people happy, while leaving a pebble in their shoe which forces the audience to think about something that may be novel and therefore painful. ~mind and a creative imagination both rejoice at the harmonies they can find, or make, oetween man and nature; and where they find no harmony, they solve the conflict as well as they may and then they endure with a shiv~r what lif f§.C~ upon us. In that we find ourselves right in the middle of growj.~~:Q, and j\l~~rilo Picasso said that art. is a lie that makes us realize the truth;~Q~t-~0's Braque said tha art is meant to disturb, while science reassures. In response to man's fears and man's hopes!~here came/a very~: ... ago/ the art of the drama. From the very earliest memories of hmµan existence there ~s eC ~actor, the mimic, the creator of illusion and make-believe, in a presentation which reveal84a truth we uld learn in no other classroom. It is one of the oldest of organ- _\ ized human activities. C nturies before there were written words and standardized stages, "' there were dancanse and ers who acted out recognizable human situations. So popular we re these primitive theatricals that even as people were building tow~~ finding food and water j they also constructed place for actors to perform before spectatOFS'"WOne oft he oldest sur- j ~v~ing theatres, and strange enough also one of the best, is the open-air stage with seating ';;' ~ on the, side of a sloping hill at Epidaurus in the Argolid of Greece. So perfect are the acou• .~ '*- stics of that open space that a actor on the stage c~ speak in a conversational tone of voice +.~and be heard by the farthest s ectator a 100 yards or more away. In the ancient world of Greece and Rome there are dozens of s c theatres, many of them still in use. In London there is an ~effort now being made to recon t uct Shakespeare's Globe theatre, that celebrated open O, with 1~a stageland arena for thos~h stood, and three levels of covered seating around seven of the ~~eight s~desdof t~e building. v erever you find it, the theatre is a mixing bowl where author ~ ..; and actors, S-~~cd'gs~tners an co stanner-s and people who make publicity posters, combine their \L:; talents to transform into a peace-giving b eauty the crude and obvious fact that life is vivid ~and restless and exciting--and also terrible. In that peace-giving beauty we all reach a level ~of understanding which is above the reality, and at that level we understand in a.flash of in• spiration the meaning of life and the world, and failure and death, and joy and pain. And when our emotions are stretched almost to the breaking point we hear the unforgettable poetry of the stage, and through the magic of stagecraft and the actor and the imagined setting we can relive the defeats and the triumphs which ennoble men and women. We can hear thevords of Andromache in the doomed city of Troy 30 centuries ago » 0 Greeks, you have found out ways to torture that are not Greek. We can he3r the words of Aeschylus' watchman, in the Agamemnon: God, whose law it is that he who learns must suffer. And even in our sleep, pain that cannot forget, falls drop by drop upon the heart, and in our own despite, against our will, comes wisdom to us by the awe-inspiring grace of God. Or the deathless lines of William Shakespeare: Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow, creeps in this petty pace from day to day, to the last syllable of re• corded time ••• I could a tale unfold whose lightest word would harrow up thy soul, freeze thy young blood ••• This above all: to thine own self be true, and it must follow, as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man ••• and Juli.et's love-words for Romeo: When he shall die, take him and cut him out in little stars, and he will make the face of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night, and pay no \-Drship to the garish sun. One other thing to note. These words, which move us with their power and their beauty, were written to be spoken, with dramatic intensity, and with meaning beyond the letters and the sounds which make up human speech. The theatre's purpose, as with all of art, is to make people happy and to make them think. But it also stands or falls upon the music and the thunder of the spoken word. Every one of us must learn the art of picture-speaking,Wl.ether we want to teach, or run for office, or sell somebody something. It is when we take the oratory, and the eloquence, and the emotional impact, of the stage, to the other side of the footlights, and out into the streets and the market-places and the halls of goverrnnent andoof learning, that we do greate~t honor to the anc~ent art of theatreljso, in the words of Puck, good night unto you all, give me your hands, if we be friends; my congratulations and full respect to you. If we shadows have offended, think but this and all is mended, that you have b.lt slumbered here, while these visions did appear. It was only a dream. r

r Tokai Commencement, April 1, 1993. My dearly beloved, ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls, not long ago some of us were favored with a brilliant performance of ancient Japanese temple music and dance. Ma--tsuri it is called, a central part of traditional Japanese lifer and to help us understand it, the Direc• tor, professor David Fish of St. Andrew's College)told us about the~¢ Ma. Thed:larac• ter that expresses_it in writing/has two parts; one, as the speaker said, looks li~e a pair of ci_al~..Jswinging~doors, and appropriately enough means gate. The other looks like two small boxes, one on top of the other, and it is the ideogr~ for sun. Together they tell of the sun of understandinggshining through the gates we erect to keep out the light. We meet here today to celebrate the conclusion of an event whose impact and effect are like that Japanese character. No eye can see, nor mind comprehend, what will be the results of our weeks and months together. Kanagawa, and Ho~kaido, and Tokai, can never again be for me ~gue and distant places on the other side of a closed gate, because you live there, and because of the learning and the friendship. we have shared in this brief time. The sunlight of understanding can find its way through the gates--of spaoe, and lan~e, and of thought• patter•s--and that ~derstanding shows us that we CA.N stand.&ese te f~ side by side,...... - ~ 10 si~ on THIS side of the 5'l'inging gates, in re spect., in admiration, and in love. I thank you, Tokai-jin, Nihon-jin, for being America-jin/Jfor a time~ fnd for teaching me to be chibi-jin. May you always remember, as I shall. Domo arrigato.\fGo kuro-san, and sayonara ,vo jee yee. r' ,,, r/ \1 L . .,, V: -/- (' \"'v 1'.o,...v V'..:yo/t(,t I 'l)M,CV\..C) -) ~ "'- I Memorial Day. Woman 1s Club. June 1993. My dearly beloved, ladies, I than~u for the invitation to share this occasion with you. I have chosen to speak to you about~events that are current and, in a way, connected, that we ~note~ this week. Today, June 3, is the 185th birthday of Jefferson Davis, who was president of the Confederate States of America. It is not a holiday, nor should it be; but there are some among us who will note and long remember another milestone on the road away from that conflict. And this past Sunday, May 30, was Decoration Day, as we called it when I was a boy, Memorial Day as we know it now, a national call to remember those who died in battle so that you and I may live in liberty and in peace. Another three days from today, on Sund au, June 6, people of m;y gen• eration will note the 49th year after D-Day, when forces under command of Dwight D. Eisenhower crossed the sea from .England to France in the invasion that began the collapse of the Nasi-domi• nated Fortress Europe, as Aaolf Hitler called it. The 1.000-year Reich fell in a dozen years. My Army unit was part of the second wave in the operation; we crossed Utah Beach on June 12, Sat• urday a week from this weekend, and around me people were killed in the sand. But it is the presi- dency of Mississippian Jefferson Davis and the beginning of Memorial Day about which I would like to remind you today. In the Declarat of Indep of July 4, 1776, Thomas Jefferson wrote what was part of the American c ivU religion--we )told these pruths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that to secure these rights, GoVts are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. But, and it is a major and an ineradicable tragedy upon the pages of our nat• ional history, when Jefferson Davis was president he was defended and supported by an overwhel• ming majority of citizens in elevens tates, and large numbers in the other 22 states, who did not give their consent to the former united states. Abraham Lincoln put the division to the t:ld:alof battle, calling it a test to see whether the nation, or any nation conceived in liberty, could long endure. The bloody ballots of the war-god Mars gave the victory to the union, 'Which now be• came a nation with decisive power located at the center rather than in its constituent parts. ThatITBant that in 1865, several millions of people were now compelled to return to a political entity to which they had given no consent; indeed, 360,000 of their sons and brothers and fathers had given their lives in a losing conflict to retain their separation from it. And that in turn meant that the waging of the peace would be as crucial to the healing of the splintered union as had been the modern weapons that the industrial machine of the c ountry had produced. In almost every home, and every family, and every village and town, people wore the black of mourning for a lost relative or friend. Many of them, on both sides, declared their detennination never to forget what those on the other side had done to them. What British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Greyw:-ote in the world of 1919 could describe the United States in 1e65. War, Grey wrote, has stirred passion, enlisted sympathies, and aroused hatreds; many of the war generation have formed opinions that nothing will modify, and are dominated by predilections or prejudices that have be• come an inseparable part of their lives ••• mental digestion ceases •. to assimilate anything except what nourishe:s convictions already formed; all else is rejected or resented; and new material or reil.ections a tout the war are searched not for the truth, but for.fuel to feed the flame of precon• ceived opinion." People were sullen, and bitter, and filled with hate. The seedbeds of national patriotism were poisoned by the blood of the dead and wounded; men and women who had been(X)erced into a government against their will and without~9~~.rconsent vowed to remember both the denial of the Declar of Indep's assumptions and also the~~ith'~nd destruction to wh:i.ch the defenders of the Union were prepared to go in the testing of the proposition that a nation conceived in liberty could long endure when it denied to 40% of its citizenry their liberty--which, in the crowning paradox, centered around the denial of liberty to three millions of bonded and bound African slaves. So the theme of the post-war generat~on-, from 1865 to 1890, was the re-uniting of fonner enemies and the making of peace among individuals who clenched their fists and ground their teeth as they regarded those who had resisted them in battle. And, ~Jt~ll the roads by which Ameri• cans outlived their emotions and became fellow-patriots in ah'/lfrll'al'ged and indivisible and under God, oddly enough, and perhaps the a'Owning paraaox of them all, was the dedication of rememberingq for the purpose of forgettingf(the savagery in the name of reconciliation. The result was a nat• ional holiday of remembering, and of decorating,the fresh-turned earth of almost a million graves of fallen Americans all across the land. It began as a s pontaneous and generous act of a shared grief~t{tiie women of the confederate states. Because it was without official organization or direction, and because it arose out of the common soul of America, no one can be certain where was the 11.rst nower placed upon the first grave. Even as the conflict raged, women of the South found relief from their sorrow by lanng blossoms upon the graves of the dead. Union military forces moving south in the spring of'.1865 found communities everywhere decorating the resting places of the heroes, even those of Federal soldiers buried in the soil of the rebellion. · wl.\av1""4...... ~~es o~ ~;tlt-A.,..-~ The ugly mounds of earth that covered the remains of those who died that their countries might live, were strewn with flo~-ers that bloomed in the spring, in 1865, andJ866,' and 1867. In that year, 1867, a New York state appeals court jud~ named Francis Miles Finch read in his newspaper that the women of Columbus, Mississippi had "s~rewn flowers alike on the r ves of the Confeder• ate and of the National soldiers" who had fallen int.he battles aroun Shiloh and other places. Emotionally moved by that display of sorrow for those't'who had died in the ighting, Finch com• posed a poem, entitled the Blue a'ld the Gray, which appeared in the Atlantic Monthly magazine in September. It was quickly copied and recited wherever people remembered their dead/1~md could for that reasonfbrget their sullen hostility. Of all the orations and sermons and appeals for the restoration of kindly feeling~between the two sections, Cornell Univ president Andrew D. White wrote, that peem exceeded them all in real effect upon the national heart. It became the great folk poem of Memorial Day. From the silence of sorrowful hours The desolate mourners go, Lovingly laden with flowers Alike for the friend and the foe; -• Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day;-- Under the roses, the Blue; Under-t'he lilies, i..ile Gray. Sadly, but not with upbraiding, The generous deed was done; In the storm of the years that are fading, No braver battle was won:-- Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgmentday;-- Under the roses, the Blue; Under the 1ilies, the Gray.

No more shall the war-cry sever, or the winding rivers be red; They banish our anger forever When they laurel the graves of our deadl Under the sod and the dew, Waiting the judgment day; Love and tears for the Blue, Tears and love for the Gray.

That was the sentiment which produced Memorial Day in America. A year later, on May S, 1868, Army connnanding officer John A. Logan designated the 30th day of May as a national day of remem• bering, as ne put it, "for the purpose of strewing with flowers the graves of comrades who died in defense of their country during the late war of the rebellion, and whose bodies lie in almost every city, village, and hamlet church-yard in the land." By 1880 eve r:f state in the North ob• served May 30 as Decoration Day, or Memorial day, and in the South a Confederate Memorial Day was made part of the calendar, though the states disagreed upon the date of its observance. In Ala, Fla, Ga, and Miss it is April 26; in Ky and No. Car. it is May 10. 't(.,,,.rL i5 a ~.MK. ~v$ kcWZ- · What the women did in the ;rears of grief th~t folwd that conflict of brother against broth• er, and sister against sister, they can do a gain. oday we as a people are more seriously disunit• ed than we were in 1860. '!be divisions run not along state lines~ but between traditions, and heritage, and place of origin, and perceptions of justice and equality under the law. The Confed• erate battle flag is under attack as it was l~~~s ago, and the memory of Jefferson Davis is held in as great a sense of contempt, as thef ~because of what theYrepresent. Where the men clench their fists and shout threats, may the women open their a :rms and figura tively at Laaat., once againstrewJ>.he camp-grounds and battle-fields of our present secessionist assault upon the national unit;,/that should be the source of ours trength. Fi.fty yrs ago the poet Allen Tate wrote a memorial to the Con~ederate dead. Now that the salt of their blood stiffens the saltier obliv• ion of the sea, seals the m.;llignant purity ofihe flood, what shall we, who count our days and bow our heads with a commemorial woe, in the ribboned coats of grim felicity, what shall we say of the bones, unclean, whose verdurous anonymity will grow? The ragged arms, the ragged heads and eyes Lost in these acres of the insanegreen? ••• Leave now the shut gate and the old stone wall: the gen• tle serpent, green.in the mulberry bush, riots with his tongue thru the hush--sentinel of the grave who counts us all] So we forget what divides us, even as we remember the common clay of our h~aaj,_!.1· witk 5 ~"-'11"> ~~ 'Jk~ f-UJvJ~J I Cf~-3 Jett Davis, ... Sec-war. JvV\L'f · 1s1- ct.vie..- . My dear]J' beloved, ladies am g.tnt1811en, I thank you mst sincerely tor you.r inVi:t;ation to stand here to talk to 10u in celebration at the birthday. t Jefferson Davia. The President of ~Con• fe&Jrate States of America is tod •@ years and ~ d&J"J young, nd the cradle in which his mother Jane rocked him is still to be seen in a museumin Nft Orleaaa. The place he li olds in the heart of his admirers 'is large md limitless. Jefferson Davia ia testi.Ja001' to the auprem&CJ' ot principle over force a character over chicanery. It was Henrr James who asked,, What is charac• ter but the det.emimtion or inciden'b? 'What is incident but the illustration of eharacter'l ~n outstanding am unforgettable answer is the lite 0£ .Jefferson Davis.. He appealed to history to substantiate his cause,. and expected later generations to do justice to bis impe.ccable mrali ty and correctness in defending the a>Yereignty of -the 111e1lber states of the union. We gather around this table today-, to do him honor, and to remember that the price of liberty must be paid in bona and in blood, in mind and in personllity,- and al.so in eterna.1.vigilance. It was upon the Davis tradition that I was nurtured as a boy growing up in Mississippi. M1' parents took me to visit the tirst Davis home in ~asissippi, inWilJd.nson County, at a farm. naJled Poplar Grove. Brier.f'ield, and BeauYOir on the Oul.f, were ·also partSof' the s.toey. But looming above the houses and the fields was the i - ive mind and the beautitul. character of the Magnolia State 1 contribution to the Con.f'ederate governmentJl\Jetter~n Davis was, as wllj the state 18 spokesman in the cabinet ot Franlclin Pierce. In thit ot.f'ioe he revealed nperb capacity .tor adndn• i8tratior.f/and the probing an~ innovati•e mind be offered to tbe cause ot southern independe~ 1S't6 The st.ory- ot Jefferson Davis as secretar7 of war in t.he middle ot the l 8.50's begins.lwith u.s. Arm,y dragoons on 'tbe Rio Grande, conu.nded by Zachary Taylor. There began the w r with .Me±ico that ee d~tically altere.d the e Oll1'S8 ot Americanh .istory. To the dismq of North-Carol.illa-bora Presidttnt Jama·s K. Polk 1IMt the ·At'!tl;r cGmmandera1ibo 'WOUl.d lead the 'troOps in bat.tl.S were almost to a man membersat, or s~thetic to~, the opposition political party. In tact, two of those generals recei-ved nominations of the Whig Party tor the presidency in the natl el.ectiontf that fol• lowed the treaty of peace. Now, I don't know how i~ i8 in these more enlightened latter· days, but in those daya, in THOSE day , a successf\11 11i.litary hero was st.rong poli-tical •d:icine. It wouJ.d not do to pemit one•e opponeu:ta to get that powrful. publicity. There being no ~ratio gener• als--and that may still be t,rue--some mst be manufactured tor the crisis. One or 'them was Frank• lin Pierce of Hew Hampshire, a J.oTal Jaelc8onian De110crat, memberof Congress and district attorney. In. a 'deadlocked convention in J.8.52 Pie~e proved to be the dark: horse who won the prize of his par• ty' a nomination. For man,y yrs I have ·studied that eonYention and that nomination 'Wi-th some contus• ion; James o. Dobbin ot Fqettenlle, N. -O. led the stampede that got~ general the honor, and I still do not lc:now wh;y. 'l'he best guess I can CCDJ up with is that it gave the Democrats what must be the worst political motto any .Allerloan party bas ever u.aed: we Polked you. in 44, we'll Pierce you in S2. 'rhe Whig nadnee to contest that Piercing assault upon the sense•/"1as career soldier 'if.infield Scott., 1lho was A'l!lq commander, Chief' of staff, the nation• s number one S

He also \mew personal happiness and ~ie.t: Mi"s Vinnie w4s .. with bim, 1a·:Yrs younger than he, and filled nth the spirit of ,l ite •4 you.th•. Thq rented the Ed1'$~ 'Everett: house in Wash, w.ith its 20 rooms, and 5 spare bed roQms,.~d ther,e were.two carriages so they had elegant times;· But there were shadows. In june,,' 1854 little Sam died, that active child who ca"lJ.ed hj,mself Aam, who crowed and llapped hil(I wing~ When .chic.ken was served, whose dadd:f loved him, v wno died in his mother's arms, saying,, Mamma, I tired, I 'want bed. ~ Ji-frr.4- h.ij ti~l-.,...,L- . ~ .. · · · · · · ~ puti~ ffi\Vt i"'- l-~(jl.}' • < ~ ~f, i-v. y(',.,~ l

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COLUMBIA (AP) - License plates could cost car owners an extra $1 a year as senators Wednesday told budget negotia• tors to return the table and give $2.5 million to emerg cy medi• cal ervices ere s.

MRS. FRANCES M. SMITH Easley - Mrs. Frances Elizabeth Mauldin Smith, fr!, of 2rJ7 East Sec• ond Avenue, William Farr Me• morial Apartments, wife of the late Joe Bill Smith, died at 7:27 P.M. Tuesday, June l, 1993 at Bap• tist Medical Center Easley follow• ing a period of declining health .

. ~: IN LOVING MEMORY OF RANDY PERRY HESTER 9/26/56 - 6/03/92 It's been a year since God in His love and mercy lifted you out of your suffering. You are now resting in peace.

We Love & Miss You Wife-Joyce, Mother, Father & Fa . IN MEMORY OF JEFFERSON DAVIS JUNE 3, 1808 - DEC. 6, 1 889 Today, June 3, is the birthday of Jefferson Davis, who was President of the Confederate States of America during the War Between the States (1860-1865). 1Born in 1808 in Fairview, Ken• tucky, he was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, who was a 'hero of Davis' father. Jefferson Davis and his family moved to Mississippi when he was a child. -Davis attended West Point Mili• tary Academy, where he was a classmate of Robert E. Lee. He was elected to Congress in 1845, but resigned his seat in 1846 to be• come Colonelof the First Missis• sippi Volunteers in the Mexican War. He was elected as a Senator after his service in the war. In 1853 he became Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. When Mississippi seceded from the union on Jan. 9, 1861, Davis made his farewell speech to the Senate, stating that the South wished to leave the union peace• fully. "All we ask is to be left alone," he said. Davis was elected president of the confederacy and was inaugu• rated on Feb. 18, 1861 in Mont• gomery, Alabama. Davis dis• played overwhelmingprob1ems and lack of needed resources. When Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital, fell into Northern hands, Davis and his cabinet fled farther South. The last cabinet meeting was held in Abbeville, S.C. Davis was cap• tured on May 10, 1865, near Ir• winsville, Georgia. He as im• prisoned and shackled and treated cruelly for two years. He was charged with treason, but was never brought to trial. He was finally released on bond in 1867 and moved to Biloxi, Missis• sippi, to Beauvoir Plantation. It was there that he wrote "The Rise and Fall of the Confederate States." Jefferson Davis was a great Christian and a great American. 'He believed very strongly that the Federal Government was get• ting too much power and taking power away from the individual states. To him States' rights was the issue of the war. He viewed slavery as a passing institution and believed it would be ended, even if the South had won the war. He died on Dec. 6, 1889 at the age of 81, and was given the larg• est funeral the South had ever seen in New Orleans, Louisiana. 16th Regiment S.C. Volunteers Sons of Confederate Veterans Camp36

l \ Until recently it ha~ lf:e~ ~'dr.omal~mong students of contemporary America to describe the decade of the 1950s as a quiet ~i.me of recuperation after years of depression doing-without and wartime separations and sorrows. The small house in a new development, the backyard cookout, the togetherness family, and the warmth of Dwight Eisenhower's smile, served to calm the nerves and satisfy the appetites. Ozzie and Harriet and Beaver Cleaver solved all their problems in a 22-minute episode on TV .z~l-*>:• But as the perspective sharpens and hindsight approaches toward clarity it is becoming

*~H~As many a 60s activist said with a sneer, the 50s was a time of stifling conformity, the bland leading the bland. I Halberstam•s story is filled with individs/ apparent that America in the 1950s was not a population marching in a.ep and in slow time. It was instead a time of leavening of the dough for the bread that made of the 1960s a cultural bench mark separating a simpler, if not in fact more innocentl America,from the present~ bewildering world in which we reside. David Halberstam In this vastCDntinent of a book Pulitzer-prise winning author/has marked outk the mountain ranges and the vaJ.Aeys of a people living through a time of drastic change, of which most of them were only vaguely aware. Some of the innovations were serious, while others were It was in the 1950s that the nation was wired for television, a new invader into :£XK living rooms, to work its influence upon politics and attitudes with its own vision of the ideal family and neighborhood. Harley Earl, lured from Hollywood by imaginative General Motors executives, designed ever more status-centered automobiles. William J. Levitt invented mass production of single• family homes, using the skills learned in the Navy Seabees, and directed crews that built forty houses every day. For one dollar down, and a clean-shaven face, anyone could own a home. Eugene }'erkauf, whose name in German means For Sale, saw opportunity in the new middle class, and began a chain of discount stores he named E. J. Korvette, after a Canadian Navy sub• chaser, sales centers whose aisles were jammed with bargain-hunters. It was another indication of America the land of the new, the country that revered the young and forgot a more sedate past. In Cali€ornia the McDonaldl:rothers opened a hamburger stand in San Bernardino that was such a success with almost-instant sandwiches at 15¢ each that Ray Krmc, Who knew not cooking)Sbut selling, began to sell franchise rights that revolutionized American eating habits. Forty years later there were 8,600 McDonald's in America, and 12,000 in the rest of the world. A similar early-bird was Kemmons Wilson of Memphis, who :Jrmg, in 1951 took his family on a vacation tour by car to Washington. He was distressed to find no suitable motel space~ His vision of the travelling Amie±can family became Holiday Inns, which at one time built a new motel room every fifteen minutes, and a complete inn every two and a half days. Children,. 'vilson decided, would stay free, and every room would have an aira:>nditioner and a television set. On the stage/rennessee Williams, director Elia Kaz an, and ~actor Marlon Brando combined playwrite) their talents to produce the explosive Streetcar Named Desire. It was a first step in tho opening of American society to more freedom in expression and tas~es. To that upheaval Alfred Kinsey biolggist of personal morality, contraceptive researchers uargaret Sangerland Goody Pincus, actor James Dean, rock star Elvis Presley, and writers Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, also cxmtributed. Their success, nalberstari wrote, was a sure s ign that the wall::; ~e were tumbling down, And over the entire scene loomed the forboding mushroom-shaped cloud of nuclear power, from the Hiroshima bomb ofl 945 to the Hydrogen explosion at Bikini Atoll in th~arshall islands, added anxiety and fear to the so-called silent generation. (Computer technology kept pace, adding such acronyms as Eniac, EDVAC, and UNlVAC to the vocabulary. So rapid were the changes in the electroniccalculators that in 1964 the Census Bureau's original UNIVAC (for UDiversal Automatic Computer) was sent to the Smith• sonian Institution as a genuine antique. It was only twelve years old, and already obsolete. Until recently it has been cust.onary among students of contemporary Ame -Lca to describe the decade of thel950s as a quiet time of recuperation after the grinding insecurity of Depression doing-without followed by wartime separations and sorrows. • The house in a newdevelopmt, the togetherness family, the backyard cookout, and the warmth of grandfather-figure Dwight Eisenhower's smile, calmed the nerves and satisfied the ap• petites. ~6n television, Ozzie and Harriet and Beaver Cleaver managed to solve all their prob• lems in the 22 minutes allotted to each episode. The national psyche seemed undisturbed. As many a 6os activist said with a sneer of oontempt, the Sos was a time of stifling con• formity, the bland leading the bland • But as the perspective sharpens and hindsight approaches its proverbial clarity, it is becomangapparent that America in the 1950s was not a time for marching in step and in slow time. It was instead a leavening of the dough for the bread that made of the 50s a cultural bench mark separating a simpler, if not in facn more innocent America, from the present bewil• deBing world of the pres9nt. In this vast continent of a book Pulitzer-prize winning author David Halberstam. has charted the mountains and the valleys of a people unaware for the most part that they were liv• ing through a time of d rastic changes in attitudes and life-styles. So0e of the innovations of the1950s were shi~ing sands of outwward appearances, others were seismic dislocations of bedrock American values. In an author's(I note to the reader, tucked a:way at the very end of the book, after the references and the index, Halberstam declared his purpose in its writing. It was to exploae a more interesting and complex decade than most people imagine, but in admition, to show why the sixties happened. So many of the forces which exploded in the 60s had already appeared in the Sos, as the paee of American life quickened. To Halberstam, a major ingredient in that quickening was agf'owing subterranean rebellion against what he called the puritanism of Amertcan life and the conventional quality of the Amer• ican dream. The Sos, he wrote, was a time of "tearing away the facade that Americans used to hide their sexual selves." On the stage, playwright Tennessee Williams, director Elia Kazan, and actor Marlon Brando combined their talents to produce an explosive theatrical triumph in Streetcar Named Desire. Halberstam declared that/in itself, on stage and on screen, made the unsayable sayable, and the forbidden legitimate. (play) Beat generation writers Jack K~rouac and Allen uinsberg, legendary actor James Dean, and Elvis Presley's rock-and-roll happenings, meatt that a new l'1oung generationiof Amehicans were breaking away from the habits of its parents, and defining itself mu words and music. Halberstam~ wrote that the old order had been challenged and had not held. The young did not have to listen to their parents anymore. Down many o~her avenues the unravelling of an earlier American society, usually ascribed to the 60s decade, intruded upon the spaces presumably occupied by a much more sedate world. Using the reporter's tactic of the interview, and including Brief biographies with appropriate anecdotes to enliven his account, master craftsmaft David Halberstam has written social history of the recent past, and has told a story which is a joy to read. The one notable gap in his book is of the old order's valiant efforts to hold back the tide of unsayablos and forbiddens, and to preserve the habits of the parents. It may be true that superficially the center did not hold, and puritanism was overwhelmed. But other scholars have found large islands of faith and morality unsubverted by theoounter-culture. In 1960, when Americans living in mass-produced homes at Levittown ate a fast-food sand• wich, and watched a sit-com on TV, and took delight in an affluent consumerism, much that was recognizable as Middletown mingled, uneasily perhaps, xi::iX but stubbornly, with those who dared to be rebels without causes,

Brookridge, Sept/93. Jefferson and Hamilton: the Great Debate.

This year marks the 25oth anniversary of Thomas Jefferson's birth, a milepost which has been noted in scholarly conferences, and a number of books about the great Virginian, and the house that he designed and lived in. It is appropriate for us here to remember what once was, and is no more; that, in a sentence, is the purpose and function of history in human life and thought. The date was A:Rl"il 2, 1743, and the pl~ce was a recently completed farm house at Shadwell, on the bank of the Rivanna. Then, and there, was born the child whose lineage was rich with ancestry and tradi• tion. Thomas Jefferson's mother never let her son forget that her family could trace their pedi• gree--the word is Jefferson's, perhaps accurately repeating Jane Randolph Jefferson's exact term --far back in England and Scotland. Jefferson's mother, and John Marshall's grandmother, both were descended from the bluest blood of English gentry. Peter Jefferson, the father of 10 children-• Thomas was the 3d child and the first son--was ~iant in stature and in mioo, with the daring & ambition of a pioneer on an uncertain frontier.~was a colonel in the Virginia militia, he was a landlord of expansive estates, and a surveyor commissioned to continue the dividing line be• tween Va and N.C. When son Thomas was 5, his parents sent him to the best school in the neighbor• hood, a move that began his remarkable path toward genius and scholarship. Peter Jefferson died when Thomas was but 14, leaving him the oldest living:m.ale of the family, and in a sense the legal head of the house. He continued his studies at a good classical school, taught by a local parson, and he learned the ancient and modern languagesijand philosophiesAJ>r that liberal education tradi• tion. At the age of 17 he entered Wm & Mary Col'iege at Wtisburg, and that might have been his first ever experience of walking the streets of a town. His stay at the colonial capital gave opportun• ity for the boy to demonstrate his passion for books, a love affair which lasted throughout his long life. Book lovers are born and not made, and Jefferson never outgrew his desire to ovm, and to read, and to quarrel with, books of all kinds, in many languages, and on many subjects. It was at the College that he learned perhaps more than any student ever acquired in school. Greek and Latin classics, modern European writings, and the political and polite literature of mother Eng• land,Qbedame his meat and drink. And what he read, his mindtlike a spongepsoake.d up and retained. Later, while putting down the foondations for his home at Monticello, in 177.0, he entered some notes in a Memorandum book, in a mixture of English and Latin, which became the directi6n-markers for all of his life. "No liberty, no life," he wrote; what is, is right; long life, long health, long pleasure and a friend, nil desperandum, fiat :f:listitia ruat coe Lum ," By that time he had chos• en the study of law as his profession; his teacher was George Vlyt.he, professor at Wm & Mary, under whose direction Jefferson studied and "read law~~ for if> yrs before ~da~ to face an examining com• mittee to obtain a license_. afSd J ~E?:51ar~i , ~the age of 24, ~f n admitted to the disting• uished bar of colonial Virginia. He was owner of a substantial estate inherited from his surveyor father, he was manager of the family's property at Shadwell; his life was moving in the sedate & predictable course of such a lamed gentleman in the English provincial manner. Tall, red-headed, with brown freckles across his nose, with one shoulder elevated a bit higher than the other, and with a stammer in his voice which denied him the aotivitj so essential to an ambitious young man --that of dramatic and memorable oratory, he turned to writing. His pen was touched with magic; he possessed the gift of putting upon paper the unsp9ken convictions of the man & woman of the community. He was amateur violinist of some ability, he was scientist interested in learning of all subjects, he was architect of skill and imagination, he was founder of the Univ of Va, and defender of liberty in the best of Enlightenment learning. Not for slaves, to be sure; but even there he was a liberal who wrote that he trembled for his country when he remembered that God is just, and that his justice is not stayed forever; he also declared that he has sworn upon the al• tar of that same God, eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man; and of relig liberty he wrote that whether his neighbor had 20 gods, or no god, neither robbed his purse nor broke his bone. Such was the man who represented Virginia in the Continental Congress, who wrote an immortal transcription of a rather dull essay by John Locke about mhe English revo• lution of 1689--we hold these truths to be self-evident--that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights, govts are instituted among men, deri~ing their just pwrs from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of govt becomes destructive of these ends, itis the right of the people to alter or to abolish it.11 So firn)J.y did Thomas Jeff•rson believe in the inherent right of revolution that h• spoke of it of• ten. The tree of liberty must be frequently manured with the blood of patriots; and again, God forbia that a generation should ever pass without its revolution, hew:"ote. Into our own time, when we hav come to deny the right of revolution, refusing to recognize a foreign govt because it came into existence as an act of revolt--this denying the yery heart of the_1mer Revol and the natl indepsndence that it won ••• when we no longer accept revoi, we con~ider Je.rrerson a oi~ odd, a red-eyed radical, an enemy of staoi1ity and property rights and the rule of the best and the wisest. But in his own generation he said what needed saying, and he said it clearer and more memorably than did anyone else. He served as wartime governor of Va, as minister to France, and as ldr of the opposition to the policies of the George Washington administration, which were the l«)rk of the other towering figure in ihe great generation of American ldrship. He was Alexander Hamilton, who did not tower; he wasqf'small but delicatelydliseled statue; nor did he enjoy the security of nat~e birth or proper family connections. Twelve ye~1s younger than Jefferson, Hamil• ton was born in 1755, on the British west Indian island of Nevis¥to par nts who were not married to each other. His father was James Hamilton, a ne•er-do-well whose business ventures unfortunate• ly ended in bankruptcy, and who lived in open adultery with Rachel Lavien. James Hamilton was the 4th son of ~cottish nobility, of Ayrshire, an unenviabLe.birth, for it meant that he could not in• heritthe family title.or property. He emigrated to a British colony and there tried to prove that the accident of his birth was no accurate measure of his abilities. That he failed) and that he abandoned his uncovenanted family) left la~ting marks upon son Alexander. The unpl asantn ss of his early yrs did not embitter hiln against the world so much/as they filleel him with a grim deter• mination to conquertro with the superiority of his mind and ability. In a trading company of Eng• lish partners on th~anish island of St.Croix/{Hamilton learned the fundamentals of business and fina,.qce, and took that valuable apprenticeship with him when his report of a destructive hurri• cano"'Un 1772 won him a scholarship to study on the mainland, in Jersey and NewYork. In the war for Indep..he w~s aide-de-camp to the comdg-Gen Washington. Already he had learned that, in his words, a vast majority of mankind is entirely biased by motives of self-interest; your people, sir, is a great beast, he said. To Hamilton, and others who agreed with him, the great unwashed public was incapable of thinking or acting tor itself; to win their support required the cooperation of the rich, the wise, and the well-born, that small percentage of the population who were ldrs by birth and whose stake in society was proclaimed by their ownership of property. They controlled the<•opin ion forming, and the opinion disseminating institutions--the pr s s, tho church, the local govt; but they too were sway d only -cy- motives of self-interest; to win and to keep their allegiance the hook must be baited not w/patriotism or w/virtue, but with material gain. S it was that in the Phila Constit Conv of 1787 he proposed a system of govt based upon an elective monarchy, a:ld a monied aristocracy/Who would maintain order a~~~eep economic and political control in a few hands and families. \/Tho man Who had no famil:,y}.l~uld make family and success the keys to power and tow alth/by govt subsidy and protection. So it was that when G.Wash became president in 1789 he appointed to his cabinet Thomas Jefferson as Sec-St, and Alexander Hamilton as Sec-Treas. In the formative years ~f th Republic, tw widel:,y differing att·ti.tudes toward govt and s ocie cy- appear ed, spawning two political parties, symbolized by the personalities and philosophies of Jefferson and Hamilton. Unless we understand where they stood, and why they stood there, we will remain ig• norant of much f importance that goes to make up the story of American history. Both men wanted to continue and to expand the meaning of the American Revo;tut; it had won political Lndeps ndence from English authority am law, but in every other activity of society/th!! rickety establmt known as the United States looked to England, and to Europe, for guidance and support. Indeed, the story of American cultural and social history is the effort to declare independence from lder standards in language, and in the arts. It is a fascinating story, but I cannot pursue it here, and in this limited time. Jefferson wanted to continue declaring independence in American society, while Ramil ton thought that the future lay with the economy, and the iooustrial revolution, and the applica• tion of steam power and factory production to all of li:te. Jefferson had lived in Europe 1' 1191! he had visited the industrial cities of the English midlands, and he was repelled by what he saw; people ....-Were dependent upon their wage for their subsistence, people till8 could not vote freely because the employer fired those who did not support his candidates, people 1dlt) lived like animals .,l'in the mines and the sunup-to-sundown mills andf..the unyielding stone of city tenements. America. 's S great~ .. he knew, was its immense supply of arable land. He would use it to close forever the ~ Americ1n"COntinent to the blight and congestion and dehumaniza~ion that steam engines and power /$. looms required. So long as we have land to work, let us keep the dista.ff--the gadget the w ricer used to weave cloth from threads--in Em-ope. Let Amerirea be the h 11e of an honest, intelligent, and fre husbandry, with a population of yeoman farmers, owning their own land, producing by the sweat of their brows all that they needed--wool tor cloth, grain and animals for food, a few fruit trees and a fishing pond, with a smoke house and a small room by the spring for storing butter, eggs, and cheese. Jefferson's vision of America was of a rural Arcadia, where free people stood upon their own soil and thernore were b eh lden to no man; people who lived by the slow turn of the sea$ons and deperrled upon--'the goodness of providence, who were the chosen people of God be• cause they labored in the earth. When God made humanity he put them inte a garden. Evil festered in the faceless, rootless cities, where lived miserable beings who own d n thing but the clothing on their backs who did n t know their grandparents, and who dared not speak even if they had a thought, for they were netrfree. It was a vision of a Robinson Crusoe island, and Thomas Jeffer- ~ knew it wouldW>rk, for it was real to him at Monticello.\{ In the financial collapse of 1819, when Jefferson was an old man with only 1 yrs left to his life, he 1st everything he had, and could Jeff-Hamilton, 2

remain a tenant in the house he had built/ only because some friends signed his note and gave him space. Had that calamity come 20 years earlier, the entire course of American history would be different. But:)history does not pemit us to t~n back its pages, to erase or to correct even half a line of it. \l-But now consider Alexander Hamilton •s vision for America. He had never seen the blight that a factory imposed upon people and earth. What he could see was that the states of the· American Union, while politically independent, remained economical~ as colonies, producing raw materials and buying ..._,_finished goods, and therefore doomed to poverty, and, ultimately, to the loss of independence. It was the axiom of mercantilism that states, and people, who were economical.17 dependent, could not long preserve political indet=endence. 95% of the population de• pended upon agricul~ure, as farmers,aid factors, as packers and shippers. Other ingredients of an independent economy, such as banking, transport._. commerce,&manufacturing, had been either domi• nated, or denied, by the British. Now that Americans were indep, they must -RiMr use their freedoms to create a balanced an:! prosperous business system. Hamilton knew that people are so stupid, and so cautious, that they would never willingly change from the farm to other ways of making a liv• ing; govt must show the way, and must even subsidize it. So in a truly remarkable series of state papers, which would rank among the greatest contributions to American literature if the people who taught{it} ever read them, Alexander Hamilton drew a blueprint for an American economic miracle. He woul"Cf':deny free trade by imposing tariff duties on imports, to give domestic produers a monopo• ly ef the home market, he would re~jf~ the welltodo with windfall profits on their worthless Con• tinental notes and bonds; he would'=''~terial advantages encourage the construction of roads and bridges, of mills and factor.&es; hewoulm enable inventors and innovators to profit by their imag• inations by providing patents and copyrights; he would subsidize the creation of a merchant mar• ine 'to take the products of American mills and fields to the markets of the world. He saw not a n America of Arcadia, a rural utopia; he saw a future America of Affluence, whose industrtl.al and fi• nancial might woua.d be the wonder of the world. --Now, in this 2Soth anniversary of Thomas Jeffer• son's birth, let us measure the effect of these two patriots and thinkers whose inventive minds, though different in results, were instrumental in detennining the course of what was to them their future. Make the leap from 1790 to 1890, a century later. The rural Eden of Jefferson's vision has been crushed into blighted poverty and dependence upon the railroads, and the banks, and the industrial giant that had been nourished and blessed by the defeat of the plantation Confederacy. But the national economy dominated the world's horizons; in steel production, in coal mining, in textiles, and in other activities, the United States stood supreme. So much so that before the decade of the 1890s had ended the country had gone to war over markets in the Caribbean and in the distant islands of the far Pacific Ocean, and in another 20 years had buried the war dead of a war in Europe that a Jeffersonian Anerica might perhaps never even noticed. Hamilton was right after all, though, wasn't he? The wave of the future is with the smokestack, and with steam, and electricity, and the power of falling water; with them you join the B~g Le<'gues, you become a SuperPower, you enjoy the material fruits of success and progress. But then, take another leap, another century, to 1990, to the 2d centennial of Hamilton's well~intended program. All about us there is disarray, miles upon miles of ghostly shells of mills in Massachusetts stand idle, the steel mills have become the rust belt, serw.ice jobs with low pay and little security confront the most of us. 'Ihe justly celebrated American ingenuity, and imagination, and inventive spirit, and the puritan lt.'Ork ethic, have lost the competitive advantage to leaner and hungrier, if not in fact more intelligent, people who only a half-century ago were our enemies, to be bombed back into the stone Age, to be forever destroyed. From that perspective, how does the Jeffersonian vision look now? Who would prefer a country of green fields and forests, and social and personal inde• pendence, to cities where evil festers, and violence has seized control of the streets, where mere survival is cheered as an adventure in the unexpected?

~ Thomas Jefferson, who favored a revolution in every generation, was in fact the - defender of the world as it was, and the unrelenting opponent of change; Alexander Hamilton, who is remembered among us as the father of American conservatism, was in fact the instiga• tor of revolutionary change, the founder of the planned economy, and the architect of the public debt, by which the interests of bankers, and S&Llooters, and employers of wage labor, are rewarded with golden parachutes provided by a tax exemption or an outright grant. A Hammer, a nail, and a church door in Wittenburg. brookridge Oct/93.

In size he was a giant of a man, with muscle and mind that set;·,him above most of those who knew him. But in the world in which he lived, Martin Luther was just another commoner, son of a miner, under the authority of church and state. But he was unlike the most of us, in his time, or Ln-ours , because he knew the scriptures, the documents of his faith, and he took seriously what they taught him. Because he did, and because he had the courage to stand up and respond to the relig & polit pwrs of his people, he divided history into two parts, andJ.left his thumb-print upon the world from that day to this. He took his stand, because he could do no other, and he thrilled and in• spired people in all parts of Xndom;, he struck a match that lit the latent dislike for their Ch. Its yoke was not easy,"nor its burden light; it was Italian at the dawn of national sentiment that would divide a once-united people on the basis of language and geography; it exacted large sums of money from people who lived on the borders of poverty. But what made MartinI.uther a world figure was his discovery of the theology of salvation that first Paul, and then Augustine, had taught, a theology that made of each :intlividual his own. priest, a subversive thought at a time when the community of faith compelled individuals and free thinkers to conform or die unshriven. Tg~EellA is one holy church, outside of Wiich there is no sal\tation, was the doctrine declared in 1302r~.::- \ tra .ecclesiam nulla salus. Xty was a faith into which everyone was l:.J:>rn, just as they were born citizens,_or subjects, of the govt of their locality. In both cases people were commanded to obey both ordained and crowned authority, under pain of expulsion or execution. Luther took his stand against that political-ecclesiastical authority because he as an individual had read and studied~ the scriptures, and placed his individual understanding above the collected wisdom of the Church with all of its princes, and popes, and scholars. It was revolution in its time, and it reformed the landscape of states and churches. In our own time that protestant impulse is dead, or dying, so that a denomination we all know can order worshippers to regard their minister as the spiritual authority in their faith, and can deny the local autonomy of the congregation to order.its own life and faith. In that_respect, the s tory of Martin Luther is a reminder that things. come around, and the more things change, the more they are the same. In 1.536 John Fisher and Thomas More, advis- , ors to. the English Icing, were beheaded for refusing to acknowledge the king as they head of the ClJ, insisting upon,the authority otiome; in 1982 the British crown sent a diplomatic delegation to the Vatican to restore the broken relatshp. It makes a difference when we live, and express our faith. Martin Luther was born Nov 10, 1483, .510 yrs ago next month, in the tQWTI. of Eisleben, in the Coun• ty of Mansfeld, in Saxony, the son of a moderately wealthy minertwho was later elected to the town council. His mother, Margarethe, was of a business family~\he nearby town of Eisenach. The son was baptised 1the next day, which was the feast of st.Martin, so that was his Xn name. The next yr the family moved to the govt 'center of Mansfeld, where father Luther was successful in owning mine shafts and smelting furnaces. By 1.507, when the son was ordained a priest, father Luther was among the raw recognized ldrs of the region. He was wealthy enough to provide his son an excel• lent education and to buy him expensive books. Father Luther expected his son to enter a profitable profession and care for his parents when they grew elderly:.>(The Ch into which the~.infant was bap• tized had lost its evangelical mission. Its theologians defined salvation as the attainment of per• fection and righteousness, so that the soul could enter into the presence of God in paradise. Be ye therefore perfect, as your-heavenly father is perfect, the Xr had taught; the apostle Paul used a similar term for those who have attained God's favor;; in the Colossian ltr he wrote, Christ.the hope of glory we proclaim, warning every man and teaching every man in all wisdom, that we may present every man perfect in Xr. The Xn life was therefore a process by which the soul is made per• fect. The process began at birth, and for roost o.£ us was not completed at our death. If anyone were to declare that he or she was saved, that would be in itself an untruth, for it would reveal the deadly sin ofrpride. Not the pope, not those who wouldlater be canonized as saints, could know that they were saved. The knew they were on the road to perfection, and they bad faith that the prescrib3d acts would eventually win for them the crown of life. The pathway was marked by seven sacraments, acts which if taken in faith would bring salvation~·l);sacrament was defined as the out• ward and visible sign of an inward and invisible grace. They be~~ at birth w/baptism. It was, as the council of Trent defined it, the Laver- of regeneration which washes away the taint of original guil~. Without it, a newborn babe will exist forever in limbo, afflicted with Adam's sin but unable to find cleansing inl:aptism. It is the only sacrament that anyone may offer~ in Xn hospitals there are fonts of holy water along the halls, and nurses, attendants, floor sweepers, may in a crisis baptise .an infant. All who take instruction in the faith (and here I speak of what I learned before Vatican II; it may be erroneous in the new church) all are taughth:>w to baptize--ego baptizo te ••• Abortion of the unborn is an affront to those who choose life, but it is in a ddn a spiritual sin, for it condemns that soul to limbo. Then comes confirmation, when the child reaches the age of ac• countability, and is admitted to confession and mass, knowing that+its sin is now on its own head. ~hese two sacraments, baptism and confirmation, happen only once-in the life of the believer. The next two sacraments are optional; you may or may not take them. One is ordination to a voca• tion. It is not necessary to perfection that you take a vocation, but if you do you must enter by way of the sacrament of ordination. The other is marriage, and again the same rule applies. You need not marry to enter heaven; in fact, medieval monasticism and aseeticism taught that marriage populates earth, but, celibacy populates heaven. But if you do enter into a family relatship with another person, then there must be a 3d person present; God must bless the couple, with the sacra- - ment of matrimony, or they live in sin and are conunitling the deadly sin of lust. The man who is presently pope extended lust also into marriage; he said that if a man look upon his wife to lust after her, he has committed adultery with her in his heart. Then come two sacraments which the be• .liever accepts o·f-een, every day, or everyveek; they are confes.sion of sin, and the assigmnt of pen ance, to clear the account and receive forgiveness. God forgives the sin, but there is the harm it has done to family and friends, and thatmustbe paid for. From 1215 and the 4th Lateran Coun- _cil, penance had been the dominant Xn sacrament. And because most of us do not obtain perfection in this life, there was developed the idea of purgatory, a place of purging, or cleansing, to en• ble the soul at last to find rest in God. One is wise, therefore, to begin early, and continue often, paying for sorrow and grief one has caused by sinning. The other· frequent]y taken sacrament is holy communion, the Eufnharist, the mass. It is a duplication each norning of the last supper, with the broken bread and the poured wine of the new covenant, with prayers dating from a.d.50 that enableran ordained priest to assist in the miracle of transsubstantiation, in which the sub• stance of the elements crosses over to become hosts of the body and blood of Christ. This is my body, broken; this is my blood, and as oft as you do this, you do proclaim the Lord's death until he comes. And then finally, at the point of death, the e acramerrt of the anointing, and confession, and forgiveness. Into that theological world Martin Luther grew up, schooled to be a lawyer at the Univ of Erfurt--in 1945 I visited that school. In 1502 he received a degree, and remained as instructor of grammar and logic, in 1505 earned the M.A. and entered the faculty of law in May. That summer he was caught in a terrifying thunder-and-lightning storm, promised to enter a relig vocation if God preserved him. When the clouds rolled away, regretted his vow, but met it anyway. Took vows as Augustinian hermit novitiate and completed his initiation a yr later. He found the sacramental system cold and frightening, and his father-confessors were unable to ease his fears. He flagellated the flesh, he did penance, and still he was not at~peace. He was, in the language of our grandfathers, under conviction. But as he:prepared his lectures at the college in th~ small town of Wittenburg, angry w/God, raging at God, hating the righteous God who punished sinners, e• ternally lost thru original sin, unable to evade God's wrath, incapable of attaining the mo.ral per faction that God demard edl, he experienced divine intervention. As he put it later, "at last, by 'the mercy of God, meditating day and night, I gave heed to the context of Paul's words, namely, 'In it the righteousness of God is revealed, as it is written, 1He who thru faith is righteous shall live.' There I began to understand that the righteousness of God is that by which the right• eous··man lives by a gift of God, namely by faith." In an instant, Luther's entirew:>rld turned; a load of guilt fell from him; and he felt himself altogether born again, and had entered paradise itself thru open gates--to quote Luther again. Salvation was not a ~ocess by which the individual becomes perfect; that is beyond human ability, a rd more than that/ft.'s unnecessary. Salvation is ob• tained by faith in the resurrected Xr, and not by anything man cah do, other than to trust and to believe. Salvation is not a line drawn along our lifeline, from birth to death; it is instead a line drawn across our time. We were there when it happened; we know th~e time before, and the time after, it came to us, with a feeling of spiritual and emotional release hat gave us life a rd joy and peace within. Again to quote Luther, he knew the pwr of God, the isdom of God, the strength of God, the salvation of God, the glory of God. Jesus had done all that God required; when he said, tetelesthai, it is finished, then all that is required of us is that we accept it, in humble penitence and in faith. Luther could never forget that towering experience, nor could he deny its reality. As he read the messianic promises of OT, and the gospel narratives of thew ork of God in Xr, and the theological teacpings of Paul's ltrs, he knew a truth that freed him from fear and doubt and anger. He taught .t.f¥:. new theology, of salvation by faith alone, to his classes. Had there been no intrusion from Rome into his small parish, it is likely that no one would have known that brother Martin had reverted to the theology of Paul and Augustine--he was an Augustinian, remember--and had accepted a definition of salvation that made many teachings and practicas of the church wrong and a needless burden. But there was intrustion, and therein hangs the tale of the vrs ,,., g reformation that folwd. For that we must go to Rome, and to the pontificate of Jul• ius II, pope 1503-1513, who was a Renaissance humanist and gentleman who contracted w/Michelange• lo to sculpt for him a tomb worthy of his grandeur. He wanted it built into the then-standing Ch of San Pietro, on Vatican hill in Rome. The design he pref erred wa~rge and e labor ate, sq_J2ig that it would not fit into the existing cathedral. He ordered tha i be torn down, and th~ the architect Michelangelo design for him another church, larger and m re magnificent than any structure in Xndom, with his o'Wt'l tomb the centerpiece. Some of you have raad Robt Browning's Lutb:lr, 2 or univ president parody of. that example of egotism; or you know a preacher/who demanded a more elaborate mansion than was then available. Browning's poem is entitJ.ed, the bishop orders his tomb at St.Praxed's church. So the c onstruction of a new cathedral began, at great expense. When Leo X replaced Jul• ius as pope, he planned a fund-raising campaign to pay the costs of the building. And in Saxony, in Germany, Albert of the bishopric of Mainz also needed money, to repay the heavy debts he had incurred in beying three church offices, with their incomes, an action clearly contrary to Church laws. Leo and Albert decided upon a massive sale of indulgences to raise the money they both neede it that point the medieval church confronted its own corruption and mismanagement, at the issue that was theological. An indulgence is a piece of paper ·that grants permission to do ·something. In this case it offered remission of sins and with it freeaom from all or part of one's confinemt in purgatory, so that one proceeded directly into ~radise. The indulgence replaced the penance required in punishmt for sin; it was sold for a price, it was a check written by the church, draw• ing uponi:he enormous treasury of grace that came from Xr's sacrificial death on the cross, a treas ury the Ch controlled, and could grant or sell. Albert, Archbishop of Mainz, and Leo, bishop of Rome, hired an indulgence salesman named John Tetzel, to play upon popular fears, and to offer an immediate escape fro~ purgatory for one's departed relatives--as Tetzel said it, as soon as the coin clinked in the chest the soul of a dead relative f~ew out of the gloom of purgatory into the bright light of heaven. People even got the impression that what he said was that the grace of God could be bought with a price. The ~axon prince refused to permit the sales of indulgences in his territory, but Tetzel came just across the river, and many simple folk crossed over~ buy the favor of God. To Martin Luther's new theology, it wasQlasphemy, it was thievery t!l>f-the people whose priest he was. He had no quarrel with the doctrine of the indulgence, or penance for one 1s sins. He objected to the misuse of the doctrine, to further the selfish ambitions of crooked humanity. His response was in the best medieval university tradition. With a hallI11er, and a nail, and a piece of paper, he went to the church door in Wittenburg. It was the day before the Church feast of All-Sa"ints, or All-Hallows if you prefer, the day for celebrating the saints for which there was no feast-day for them by themselves. It was, and is, a high holy day for believers; so mmttl so that jokesters, and devil-worshippers, believed that on the night before All-Hallows, on Hallow evening, Hallowe'en, the witches rode their brooms, the dead emerged from their graves, black cats roved the world, and peopl~.-£.i~ended the black mass. The orthodox mass included the words, Hoc est corpus, as the broken~!tfftl!d up to receive the veneration of worshippers, so in theblack mass the words were hocus pocus. The daye was October 31, 1517, when all the faithful would attend church and would see the announcement on 'the door. Luther posted 95 debate topics.f-An theses, and offered to meet all comers in debate with him. A disputation of Master Martin Luther, Theologian, for the elucidation of the virtue of Indulgences, the notice read .•\Every Xn who is t:ruly contrite has plenary remission both of penance and of guilt as his due, even w/o a ltr of pardon"( he wrote. He had to choose between the authority of his monastic order and his Church, and the pwr of the political state, on the one hand, and his own relig experience •on the other. For him it was no contest. Reality had broken in upon him, and if doctrine ran counter to that which had assured him the peace that passeth understanding, then doctrine was wrong. When the head of his Augustinian orderoommanded him to recant his errors, when the pope excommunicated him for heresy and disobedience, and when the emperor of the HRE ordered him to come to heel, he could only say, unless I am convicted by Scripture or by right reason (for I trust neither popes nor councils since they have often erred and contradicted themselves) •• I neither can nor will recant aqvthing\lsince it is neither safe nor right to act against conscience. 111% Hier stehe ic~, ich iann nich anders. Gott hilfe rnich. Amen. A hammer, a nail, and a church door in Wittenburg, and the faith of a German monk, came together on that Hallowe'en 476 yrs and 2 weeks ago, and thew orld has not been the same since. Columbus. 9~ 1993. Our ancestors had an advantage over us in that they marked time by watching drops of water escape from a container thru a tiny hnle in its side, or grains of sand flow through the narrow neck of an hour glass: We prefer the silent changes of a digital clock, or the turning of wheels and gears in a small timepiece we can hide beneath a shirt cuff. Time, as the sundial inscription has it, is too fast when we are happy, and too slow when wegrie~e, and for all of us it passes more rapidly than we ever thought possible from yesterday to today, and then to tomorrow. Some of us who think the day too long to endure, think life itself too brief. But pass us by it does. This week we mark another anniversary of the voyage of Chri sopher Columbus from Spain to the new world in those 3 frightfully small ships. It was a journey of immense historical significame, for it was a giant step in the expansion~[ Euro~~ overseas, into the world beyond Europe. Someone has estimated that in 1450 there were/~Bv~Hem~~Br culture areas--and as another person defines the terms there are more, or less--and each of them was ignorant of the existence of the others. Whatever we may think about the discoveries, or the encounters, as recent writers have called them, we must admit that when the peoples of earth learned that they were not alone, it was Europeans who did the in• troductions. The most significant fact of modern world history is that Europeans went forth in their frail barks to know the unknown and to see what lay beyond the seas which encompassed them. Whatever there is of world civilization is European at base, in clothing, in foods, in the tachnol• ogies of modern life: The fork for eating, the flat round disc for recorded music, the book bound on one side of the page, the mathematical foundations of natural science, electricity in all its uses; these are but a few of the vast array of tools and ideas that went from Europe to the farth• est reaches of the world. The European lpnd mass is not the largest, nor are its people notable for meekness, and yet it is the fundamental reality of our time that it is the European languagej" and ideas of government, and economic order, and military pwr, which have inherited the earth. ) How that happened is the major ingredient of modern history; why it happened isnuch less certain. Two differing explanations have been offered; one is economic-;-'"'ind the other religious. Economical:± ly, Europe needed the rest of the world more than the rest of the world needed Europe. The contin• ent we call Europe has the rainfall and soil fertility to feed its people, and to clothe and shel• ter them; but otherwise it is the world's poorest region for natural resources. Some coal deposits of soft and sulphurous carbon, and some minerals to smelt and form. But of luxury goods, the kinds of things the wealthy need to show their neighbors haw well off they are, Europe is impoverished. Beginning with the crusade in 12th Cen, Europeans discovered that the pagans enjoyed delights of which they were ignorant. Not a single silk-worm inhabited Europe; not a cotton-plant; not a corn of pepper, or cinnamon-vanilla-mace-clove plant, to fill the narrow streets of the cities with a heady armna from the kitchens of the rich. The European diet was adequate, but boring; cracked grain, boiled in salted water, or ground into meal for bread; some fruit, some fish, some vegetable some game animals, and pork in season; but nothing to advertise to the community the successes of \the successful. No tea, coffee, chocolate, to make a non-alcoholic beverage that would not kill, ~as drinking the local water o~en did. No luxU.ry woods, ebony, mahogany, cedar, for tables and ~ chairs~"~1hile Europeans were on the borders of starvation, that did not matter; but when there was 5 sufficient wealth to enable the nobility and the pri~~~~~!_banking and land-owning to enjoy a ~~more expansive existence, then the materials must be WtV.t from the world outside. For nearly ~three centuries those luxury goods were brought from the East by caravans,, at great expense, to <:the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, to the Levant, Lebanon, the land of the rising sun. There Venetian ships collected them for transport to Italy and to the regions beyond the Alps. The wealth that trade produced financed the amazing outburst of the humans pirit we call the Renaissance. It was the desire of business~men on the Atlantic coast to gain a mare of the profits that motiva• ted the voyages of exploration. But there was another reason for Europe1n expansion, and that was relig. In name, at least, Europeans were Xns. Their lives may not, show it, nor would their taste for the pleasures of this presentw:>rld proclaim it, but the other name for Europe was Xndom. And of all the world's religs, Xt~ is the most missionary minded. You can be Hindu, Buddhist, animist, Jew or Greek, and lose no sleep over those who do not share ~Qflrfaith and practice, but no Xn can escape the great commission, to go into all the world, antl preach, and teach, and baptize ,/fev• en in one impressive parable, to go to the highways & hedges, and compel people to come in to feed at the tanquet. (Lkl4). So when the first European adventurers journeyed eastward tt was upon a military campaign to recover the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord Christ from the infidels who controlled and blasphemed it. And when merchants set forth along the trade routes to obtain cargoes of nutmeg or tealeaves, the missionaries went with them. And set forth they did, from Portugal to the south• ern tip of Africa in 1486, and to India a dozen yrs later. The Indies were the rich goal, and ~ all water r~ute dramatically reduced the costs and multiplied the profits. Within acgeneration~ had turned enice fromttle queen of the Medit to a museum town, subsisting upontourists who came to wonder at the palaces their merchant millionaires build along the canals. vJhile the Portu- guese were sailings outh to reach the East, an Italian in the service of the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella was convinced that because the earth is round, he could reach the East by sailing west. Itvas no wild hare-brained notion; Columbus studied the literature of the g eograph• ers--something you cannot do at the local university, which has no dept ofg3ography. In 2d Cen b.c. the Grk mathematician Eratosthenes proved the earth to be as phere, though he underestimated its diameter by several hundreds of miles. Columbus also knew the writings of Marco Polo and his broth• er; they reported that east of Cathay-China was a vast ocean, and they knew that west of Europe was an ocean. Columbus reasoned that it was the same ocean, and just a few weeks of sailing westward from Spain the ship would reach the rich and fabled East. In ;t..492 the Spanish monarchs completed their conquest of Spain by capturing Granada from the Moors, and to celebrate that victory the queen granted Columbus a fund to charter ships and hire seamen. On FridayAugust 3 he left the port of Palos to sail southward to the Canaryislands, where he founrl the westbound trade winds at the 28th parallel. The wind blew steadily and with strength, always in the same direction. That frightened the crew-members. They did not fear falling off the edge of a flat earth; that they believed in a flat earth is altogether erroneous, used only by people who want to belittle their opponents by charging them with· scientific ignorance. No, they feared not the edge, but that they would never find a fa var able win·a for returning home. Columbus kept them on course, and on October 11, an hourbefore moonrise, at 10 p.m., the Rdrhiral, Columbus himself, saw what he took tobe a light ahead, liKe<-a little wax candle- rising and f'aLl.Lng, as he described it. And when the dawn broke the next morning, Oct 12, the watchmanct"iad, Tierra, tierraJ It was the most significant sight any human eye has ever seen from a 31.ip at sea, for it was the low dark shape of an unknown world. It cut history into two eras, and it ~€~the door to the European expansion into the entire wor~. The poets have made the point of'-Cof~bus 1 per.sistence and leadership ••• C 1 a i~th . oc a b ue,

Anne:tte Wynne said it like this: Suppose you live then, do you think that you Would believe what Columbus said was true, Or would you be like the wise men who Laughed in his face and said pooh, pooh?

And the comic poet Ogden Nash: So Columbus said, Somebodyshow me the sunset and somebody did and he set sail for it, And he discovered America and they put him in jail for it, And the fetters gave him welts, And they named America after somebody else. So the sad fate of Coltunbus ought to be pointed out to every child and every voter, Because it has a very important moral, which is, Don't be a discoverer, be a 9romoter. Methodis ts and Moravians. -Oct/93. Arbor Acres.

:rti.y dearly beLoved , I am honored by your invitation to share this occasion with you, and to speak triefly about our town and your place in it. Since the oollege moved nearly 40 yrs ago to that red hill on the north end of the Reynalda estate~ I have considered this place to be among the chosen and favored of e rth. Now this.week I am pleased to read th~t other people agree. The Places Ra• ted Almanaclists 343 cities, ranked in order of their amen·ties for living the good life, and an• nounced that our area is tied for 18th, with San Francisco, as the best place in America to live. Right behind Boston, and j ust ahead of Syracuse, N. Y., the listing shows. And that is something ~we' can take prida in, and work to ~!i.ntain·, aososs first street, and across u-.s. 52,. on both sides of e-trery 'man-made1iiiie that would 1:iivide· usr Lnto encla~e~ ·of. misunde.rstanding. !I cannot, imagine 11- other cities where the living. could be better, and it is with pride and· satisfaction that- I .·call Winston..:.Salemhome. "! congr-abul.at.erthe people whose work., and faith, and cont'idence, made our· town one of the count.ry t s very best, and I know< you join me in· this. · Let the congregation say Amen. We are gi.thered here to celebrate the rich heritage that is ours to enjoy,.· and· to enlar• ge • .- It is composed, as we shall see, o·f ingredients.created.by the Protestant Reformation :te.xb?DE ~~g~in 15th Cen, which left a treasury of middle European piety, and English dissenters.of the 18th Century, who gave us Methodist evangelism. Together they brought us to this.time, and to this place. Let us· briefly review those two broad streams of thought and tction, of faith and obedience, that1.flow from the past to give us this pr ssent ;' The first series of events :whichbrought us here was the·Protestant8Refbrma~ion on the European continent haCl.f a millenni'llm ago. In the atitient monarchy of Bohemia; tn present-day Czechoslovakia, a pietistic group called in Latin Unit.as -Frat- ·illfl, in~English Unity of·.the Brethren, emerged as one of .. the earliest Protestant coilllll\Ulions.They were folwts of John Huss who wasl::urned at. the stak:e: in 1415 by the Christian council of Constance, because he would not recant his ·belief that people should read." the. Bible .for themselves, in their own Ianguage , The' death of John Huss di.d not end .the movement;_ .it was a s :park: .thrown into dry tin6er or- European." Christendom. Some Hussites were known as Moravians, for the pr.ovince near Bo• hemia, where they lived a. simple religion-centered life. They began to migrate in 18th Century, so~e- to north GermaE.y,others to ·North America. In Nov, 1753_- a group of. 12 of them.· arrived in· N. · C .-t-0 take posseesdon of a tract of land the Church had purchased; to that region they gave the name· .Wachau after a communityinS::>uthern Austria. When they spelled the name they gave it the Lat• -in form, Wachovia. They began a communityof Moravian piety and protestant work ethic in the wil• derness of th8 North Carolina colony. The original settlement was at Old Town, the ruins of which are today a tOurist attraction not f'ar from where we stand. 11ieY gave that town the name Beth-abar in He~rew, House of P~ssage, for they intended it only a temporary home. until· they had chosen and built a pennanent GemeinOrt, comrnunit..y place. Beginning . a d:>zen years later, in lr/65, they moved

to1Salem.,· ·in He~Niw it means peace and well-being. There they built the'ir town. It was· a COlllllunity that was- also a church. A board· of elders made all decisions by casting lots to discover the will o.f God for all matters great and small. The population warf divided into 12 choirs, dell!nding upon age,· sex, and marital status, and they moved from one- choir to another as they grew to adulthood, and married or remained single. Even in God's Acre, the cbmrnunitygraveyard, memberswere linked in their choirs. Salem was an expre_ssion on the American frontier of Gennan efficiency and order, a sedate and sa_tis-fying tol«l of brick, cut stone, aid exposed timbers, a town of music, education, and the s.ki]J..ed traqes. Fo;r:- miles around, people came· 'to Sale6t to buy what the craftsmen produced, of glass and silver, of tin and,leather, of bread and brew, of medicinal potions and perfonnances of good music. O~t of the fai~ of a simple people, ·tO whom work .Wa.s the' gif.t of God, and whose communitywas a .city on a hill, a lamp on a stand, and whose tradition was of sound and careful managementto insure the well-being of the whole-•·. MUch of thit spirit and tradition remains in the city today; it provides the found~tiontfor. the arts and ·the industries and the pleasant living we enjoy'today. In 1849 the county of l'orsyth was established,. with its courthou.Se in the new town of Winston, just across business I-40 from the demure maiden we rk to be cone , Note well the date, 1735, 18 years before Bethabara in Carolina; already rtethodists were beginning a mission in America, and were associated with Moravians. On that ship a young Anglican priest named John Wesley crossed the Atlantic along with a group of Brethren. When the ocean etonns ft-ightened him, he saw that the Moravians prayed and sang h;ymns through the dangers of the deep. In Georgia Wesley knewAugust Spangenberg, the Moravian who later selected the site for the Wachovias•ttle• ment, and it was with Moravian instruction and guidance that in 1738 John Wesley had a conversion experience. As soon as Moravians built their towns at Bethabara and at Salem there were Methodist circuit-riders offering spiritual instruction and inspiration, and in English, to the .ft-ontier people of the southern colimies. Amorgthe Moravians they ran into difficulties, because their Gennan-speakingbrethren used their control of the territory to stamp out, or to drive away, non• confonnis ts who tried to 'WOl'k amongthem. Moravians wished to Kreserve the purity and simplicity ot their lives, apart from the materialism and agnosticism of merican citizens. When they relen• ted their rigid rules of church-building, it was the Methodist faithful who brought about the change. John and Charles Wesley, George Whitefield, Francis Asbury and Thoma&' Colee (Cuke?) who delivered a faith o.£ the haart. and of t.he emotions to those who had no resident preacher, 1Cho wan• ted a return to the fundamentals, to the Bible and, more important, back to a worship whose lan• guage they could understand and respond to. Hope Congregation was formed in 1775 by George Mc• Knight in the TanglewoodParlt area of the county, and it was in McKnight's house that Coke and As• bury--1.ater the names werea>mbinedto Cokes bury'--called the conferences that met in 1789 and 1791 ... B.efore 1790 John Doub, a tanner in Bethania, build Doub's Chapel; Love's Chapel Ml•tw•x::tna in Walkertowndated from 1791. It was ou.t· of these pioneering mission stations that our exciting and attractive communit7came into being •. And from those Methodist roots sprang first the Chil• dren's Home, with lands extending from Reynolda to Arbor Roads, what eome call the.most expensive cow pasture in the countl"Y. From that/. uample ot Xn charity grew this beautiful col1111lunity of health and psace tor retired persons. In l97S William F. Wombleand Bishop Ernest A. Fitzgerald, . combinedtheir testimonies and their leadership talents to begin tile effort, and many people con• tributed their time, and enthusiasm, and Xn commitmt,and treaeure, to make the dream a reali~y. To read the names of the steering cOJllllitteeis t.o see the Winston-Salemtradition of marrying re• ligious faith to managerial talent, to change the latxlsc.ape of the future. Ground was broken in 1978, and two years later the first residents into the new. home. Fromthat beginning, the family has@rOWn in numbers and in spirit, ducks aid geese wef'e brol1Ght to the lake, and the sctiYe commun• ity or .faith and concern that we knowtoday is healthy and alive. Moravians and Metllodists con• tributed to our town, and together they continue to inspire and to lead us. As an example of· the cooperation getween the...'bro groups, hear a hymn-poem written by Nicolaus von Zinsendort, patron & fol.mder of the W&cbovia Moravians, translated into English by ilDhnWesley, the poet who founded Methodist hymnod7.Set -to music,_· is is today a JX)pularhymn of the church, a joint product of Moravian and Methodist spiritual resistance to the secularism and immorality ot their time. Hear John Wesley's rendering of Zinzendorf 1:s poem: 1 , 0 thou to whose all 1!1earehingsight Spirit of Ge:nnanpiety, expressed at the The i!arlmeas shineth as the light, end of the catechism tor oonri.rmation: Search,prove my heart; it longs for thee; Lord Jesus, tor thee I liYe, O burst tbe.se bonds and set- it free. tor thee I suffer, Wash out its stains, refine its dross, tor· thee ! die. Nail MY'" atfectionb to thecross; Thine~ will be in-life and death. Hallow each thought; littall within . Grant me, O Lord, ·e~rnal salYation. Be clean, ae thou, 1111' Lord, art clean. If in· this darkness wild I s trq, Be thou m;r, light, be tthou rq way; No -foes, no evils need I fear, . No harm, whil thou, m.1'· God, art near. Savior, wher•re thy steps I see, Dauntless, untired, I follow thee. O let tb1' harxksupport me still, And ·lead me to thy holy hill.cl

c UDC State Convention, Oct 1993.

My dearly beloved, ladies of the Lost but honored cause, you do me honor to allow me to share in this happy occasion. If my numbers are correct, this is the 99th year since the founding of the UDC, and in the course of almost a century you have sacrificed and worked to keep the fires of memory glowing '\:rightly. All a cross the land there are visible signs of your presence. Battle markers, and grave stones, memorials of all kinds, show the devotion withvhich you fulfill your mission. 70 yrs ago your mothers collected offerings to hire the Blilinent sculptor Butzon Borglum to carve on the face of the great Stone Mountain near Atlanta an indelible panorama of the heroes of the war, and it was an impressive reminder both of the Cause and of its defenders. I well remember, in the days when the main high• way south took the traveller within a few yards of the carvings, -1: it was the custom to turn off to the side of the road for a minute of meditation. In the Old North State the product of your contribution and sacrifice is everywhere evident. And until our own time there was no ques• tion of the patriotism and loyalty of your organization. Every member could echo theJ896 resolu• tion of the Confederate Veterans--with no hurnbleapologies, no unmanly servility, no petty spite, no sullen treachery, she is a cheerful citizen of the u. s., accepting the present, trusting the future, and proud of the past." It has been for the other side, and in the 99th year, to show a petty spite and a dmial of the past. And from the bloody days of that war, all the way to the present, it has been the women who preserved the truths of battle and the costs in human terms of (//JI the struggle for independence.· The men themselves were reluctant to talk of war, except in general terms; but in the dark of night, and to their women, they spoke softly of what they had experienced. The historian Bruce Catton ~~~).the difficulty of explaining, or of for• getting, what was for many veterans a time of~· 'To quote Catton, the heroes of the war were willing enough to tell where tooir:regiments went and what they did, but when it came to say• ing what fighting was really like, they generally picked their words carefully, on the theory that no one who had been there needed tote told about it, and those who were not there would not understand it anyway." And were it not for their women, we woul~ .ng,t., }.now, and could not appreciate what they did in our name. It is one of the oldest of military~ that on the da,y of battle, naked truths are there for the seeing, but very soon they put on their uniforms. War, the Ameri• can poet Walt Whitman wrote, is not a quadrille in a ball-room." It is an invitation to greatness, and a ca 11 to do the heroic, and then to forget the unforgettable memories of the inner conflict. It is to keep alive those scenes, and those sufferings, that the dauahters have served monumen• tally, and eternally. Even as the conflict raged//t_he Confederate conunanders showed a gentlemanly favoritism for the wives and mothers and sisters of their troops. General Lee always called upon/ the visiting ladies, he was among the mourners when a child died, and when an officer was wounded he wrote encouraging words to the frightened wife. At every military review he saw that the women were given places to sit in comfort so they could witness the pride of the regiment, and if Lee were present he would ride to their position to salute them with hat lifted, and to speak to them. Lee 1 s officers respected his ability, in part because their wives nad e them love him. It was said of Napoleon Bonaparte that the men of F,r@ai adored him, but that the women hated him. It was not so, and emphatically not so, with,'.t~~ederate ladies. And after the tears•••• ...... lll~of the surrender at Appomattox-it was the women who helped the commarxier confront the vastly changed world •• Mrs. Mary Ann Randolph Custis Lee, much beloved wife of the general, was his staunchest support; she was from the beginning a daughter of the Confederacy, and one ,JOf your own. General Lee wished to spare her the friction and tensions of militarily occupied Richmond. ~I wish to get !'"rs. Lee out of the city as soon as practicable, he wrote; the shock of the surren• der was a bewildering blow. She had never doubted the ultimate success of the Southern cause. About a week after her husband returned to Richmond shevrote: I feel that I could have blessed God if those who were prepared, had filled a soldier's grave. But now I bless God that they are spared,,for future usefulness to their unhappycountry.11 And then she wrote what would become the indomitable spirit of the Southern woman:''It will always be a source of pride and consolation to me to know that all mine have perilled their lives, fortune, and even fame in so holy a cause.I/ She accepted the present, trusted the future, and found reason for pride in the past. That is the core and bedrock of the UDC. Other women, and small girls, joined the chorus. On April 14, 1865, less than a week after the surrender, Lee's tent was pitched for the last time, near the home of his brother Charles Carter Lee, at 5 Creek Mills, on the way eastward to Richmond from Appomattox. At breakfast the next morning, 10-yr old Polly Gilliam sat upon the general's knee and heard Lee talk to her in the charming way he had w/children. Six weeks later, in May, ~ visited his cousin Thomas Carter, and again it was the two small daughters in thel:house, aged 3 and 5, who were fav• ored with the general's special attention. Again, daughters who would not fbrget. AnotheP who of• fered shelter to the beleaguered Lee was !'irs. Elizabeth Rando:}.ph Cocke, a widow who resided at Oakland, on ~he southside of the James River, about 50 miles above Richmond. She provided, & furnished, cottage on her estate. Gratefully he accepted the offer, and moved with his family to Cumberland County, where they resided during the summer of 1865. It was to that house that the representative of Washington College travelled to offer Lee the .E,residency of 46 the school. ... , Still another daughter, and another who remembered with jr Ide , 1t was the inspiring report of the women, who, all across the Confederate states, decorated the fresh-turned earth of almost a million graves, of the fallen of~ sides in the conflict, that really began the organization of Confederate women. Peace had come to America, but memories still ran strong and unforgiving. Many on both sides gritted their teeth, and clenched theirfists, and promised that fueyw:>Uldnever forget what the other side had done to them. In almost every home, and every family, inevery vil• lage and town, people wore the black of mourning, and their muttered rage inflamed their passions. Th~ s eedbeds of national patr1otis had oeetf . scinea - .... lSlJtloa of the d •and the wounded, blood that cried from the ground. Among the avenues of reconciliation, which in time healed the breach and soothed the anger, the most effective was the work- of the womenof the South, of the daughters of the Co~1ederacy. Without planning or an organized effort, beginning in the first spring after the war, the grieving women, mothers and daughters and widows, gathered flowers to put upon the graves of the dead. They did ,not diistinguish between friend and IDOe. Ttie first hands which were outstretched to the othe;s'in that violent and cruel war, were those of the South. Union military forces moving south in the spring of 1865, to take up positions as occupiers, found communities everywhere decorating the resting places of the heroes. They put flowers upon the graves of the Federal casualties who were buried in Confederate soil. Each returning spring £aw tho pr-act.Les ccnt.Lmrtng., n nd s pre.ading. I~l 1867 a N .. Y. appeals court judge named Francis Miles Finch read in his newspaper that the womenof the South had, and I quote, strewn flowers alike on the graves of the Confederate and of the National soldiers" who had fallen:.in battle. The report emotionally moved Judge Finch, and inspired him to write the great folk poem of recon• ciliation. Entitled the Blue and the Gray, it appeared in September in the Atiantic Monthly, and was widely copied and recited wherever people remembered their dead,' and could in the fellowship of grief forget their sullen hostility. Of all the orations and sermons and appeals for the res• toration of kindly feeling between the survivors of the war, Finch 1 sj.poem exceeded them all in touching the sacred dlords of memory in the national heart. From the silence of sorrowful hours Sadly, but not·with upbraiding, The desolate mourners go, The generous deed was dme; " Lovingly laden with flowers In the storm of the years that are fading, Alike fo:r the friend and the foe;-- No braver tattle was won:-- Under the sod and the dew, Under the sod and the dew, '\rJaiting the judgment day;-- Waiting the judgmt day;-- Under the roses, the Blue; Under the roses, theBlue; Under the lilies, the Gray. Under the lilies, the Gray.

No more shall the war-cry sever, That was the s entiment that produced Memor• Or the winding rivers be red} ial Day. We should not, and could not, forget, They banish our anger forever - as the poet -put it, the voice once heard through .,, . . When they laurel the graves of our dead! Shiloh's woods, and Chickamauga1s solitudes, the · • utfcler the sod and the d ew, fierce South cheering on her sons. This united Waiting the judgmt day; daughterhood will see to that. Bu~ft!tntf~~• Love and tears for the Blue, ful people lose the memory of thttlhealing touch, Tears and love for the Gray. and thegracious generosity of southern womanhood, in lovingly placing tokens of respect alike upon the resting places of both friend and enen\Y, then it is necessary to remind them of the truth . To forget is to con• tinue the hostility; to rerrember is to walk the way to peace. So let us never fbrget the roses of the South, the gallant women who cheered their men, and then protected their memory agail!St all who would erase it.

David L. Smiley 1060 Polo Road Wirn ton-Salem 27lo6