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The War of Candia, 1645-1669

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The War of Candia, 1645-1669 Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1972 The aW r of Candia, 1645-1669. Norman David Mason Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Mason, Norman David, "The aW r of Candia, 1645-1669." (1972). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 2351. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/2351 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. 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Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 73-13,675 MASON, Norman David, 1943- THE WAR OF CANDIA, 1645-1669. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1972 History , modem University Microfilms, A XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan © 1973 NORMAN DAVID MASON ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFIIMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE WAR CF GAHDIA, 16^5-1669 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Hiilosophy in The Department o f History by Horman David Mason B.A., University of Pennsylvania,1965 December, 1972 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE CF CONTENTS PREFACE......................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I : ON THE EVE OF WAR ........................... * CHAPTER I I : THE WAR BEGINS, 1&*6 ..................................................... 51 CHAPTER H I : THE WAR BECOMES GENERAL, l6k6-l6%> .................... 87 CHAPTER IV: YEARS OF QUIET, 1650-1666 ........................................... 138 CHAPTER V: THE FINAL FURY, 1667-1669 ............................................. 213 CONCLUSION.................................................................................... 2U9 BIBLIOGRAPHy............................................................................ 2 59 MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS................................................................................ 270 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The War of Candia, 161*5-69, is one of the most important events -which occurred in the East during the seventeenth century. As a war between the Republic of Venice and the resurgent Ottoman em p ir e , the war provides an excellent opportunity to study the general history of the Mediterranean area, and also to examine one of the important factors involved in the seemingly inexorable decline of the once re­ nown Venetian state. The study attempts to analyze the war not merely frcm the perspective of military history, hut also tries to assess the economic, commercial, and social repercussions of the struggle. Since the war itself oscillated between periods of extremely intensive fighting and those of general quiescence, an effort has been made to divide the twenty-four year conflict into its three major stages: 161*5-50, 1650 -66 , and 1667 -6 9 . Moreover, there is included an examination of the years immediately preceding the outbreak of war in an effort to analyze the state of the Venetian empire and its numerous imperial possessions prior to 1645. Finally, in order to place the war in its proper perspective with respect to international relations in Europe, considerable time has been devoted to the effects of the conflict on seventeenth- century European politics. In this way it is hoped that a broader and deeper understanding of French, Italian, Spanish, and Imperial diplomacy might be developed. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. X PREFACE The Candian war is a largely forgotten episode in European history. Like so much of the history of seventeenth-century Venice, the struggle for Crete either has been lost in the shadow of the Venetian Renaissance or has been glibly pushed aside as just another example of the later Republic's decay. Recent histories concerning the war have generally focused on certain sp ecific events or years of th e war without making any effort to deal with the struggle in its totality. Consequently this work is designed to do precisely what has been attempted only in part. This study deals with the war in its entirety, treating it not only as one aspect of the general decline of Venice during the century but also trying to fuse into a discernible whole the many social, economic, and political strands of the conflict. In a certain sense the Candian war was la te in coming. By6 U 5I Venetian greatness in the eastern Mediterranean was a fading glory of the p a st. In terms Toynbee might use, the stage was se t fo r a clash between a state in ascendancy and one in a condition of spiraling decay. As in any such struggle, the outcome remained only a question of tim e. The troubles which continued to plague the commercial and military hegemony of the Venetian state since the first voyages of Vasco da Gama in the late fifteenth century are well-known to historians of early modern Europe. Economically, the wealth Venice garnered by monopolizing the trade of the East dwindled over the course of a century in the wake of the energetic competition of Portuguese, Dutch, and English traders. This commercial decline was accompanied by a ll the social repercussions Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 which inevitably seem to follow periods of economic contraction. With respect to population, Venice found it increasingly difficult to attract or re ta in the numbers of people who had once made the Queen of the Adriatic one of Europe's most populous cities. In terms of leadership, the energetic and resourceful members of the Venetian aristocracy fled to the mainland leaving behind an enfeebled and enervated ruling class. Europe's most powerful state in 1500 had, within a century and a half, receded in prominence and had rapidly assumed the status of another one of Italy's relatively unimportant petty kingdoms. It was just such a Venice together with her empire of distant, tenuously-held islands and enclaves which was confronted in the seven­ teenth century by the challenge of a resurgent and vigorous Ottoman state. During the half-century after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the Ottoman empire remained largely paralyzed by in te rn al d isin teg ratio n . Corruption tainted the highest circles of government, and a lack of in­ telligent and determined leadership caused the military and financial might of the Turkish empire to flounder in a state of perpetual confusion. The advent of Sultan Murad IV in 1623 and the r is e of the K iuprili family several decades later tended to reverse this decline. As a result a weakened Venetian state was forced into battle with a Turkish empire which
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