Holly Leafminer

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Pest Profile Photo credit: Gyorgy Csoka, Hungary Forest Research Institute, Bugwood.org licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Common Name: Holly Leafminer Scientific Name: Phytomyza ilicicola Order and Family: Diptera; Agromyzidae Size and Appearance: Length (mm) Appearance Egg - Laid within newly developing leaves Larva/Nymph < 1.5 mm - Small, yellow maggot Adult ~ 3 mm - Small, black fly Pupa (if applicable) - Pupation occurs within leaf Type of feeder (Chewing, sucking, etc.): Larvae have chewing mouthparts and adults have sponging mouthparts. Host plant/s: American Holly, but will also attack English and Chinese hollies. Description of Damage: Females flies will make small pinpoint holes in newly forming leaves known as “feeding punctures,” which both the males and females will use to feed on the leaf juices. After mating, the female will slit the undersides of newly developing leaves in order to oviposit her eggs within the leaf. Eggs create small raised bumps on the leaf. Once the eggs hatch they will create a mine within the leaf where the larvae will feed on leaf tissue until pupation. Mines or tunnels will have a yellowish or brown color. Leaves may also become distorted and flecked with tiny brown dots and eventually will die and fall to the ground. References: Hoover, G. A. (2003, April). Native Holly Leafminer (Department of Entomology). Retrieved November 02, 2017, from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/native-holly-leafminer Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.). Holly leaf miner. Retrieved March 01, 2016, from http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/help-for-the-home- gardener/advice-tips-resources/pests-and-problems/insects/flies/holly-leaf-miner.aspx .

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Serpentine Leaf Miner
Fact sheet Serpentine leafminer What is Serpentine leafminer? Serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a small fly whose larvae feed internally on plant tissue, particularly the leaf. Feeding of the larvae disrupts photosynthesis and reduces the quality and yield of plants. This pest has a wide host range, including many economically important vegetable, cut flower and grain crops. What does it look like? The black flies are just visible (1-2.5 mm in length) Central Science Laboratory, Harpenden Archive, British Crown, Bugwood.org and have yellow spots on the head and thorax. Leaf The small adult fly is predominately black with some yellow markings mines caused by larval feeding are usually white with dampened black and dried brown areas. These are typically serpentine or irregular shape, and increase in size as the larvae mature. Damage to the plant is caused in several ways: • Leaf stippling resulting from females feeding or laying eggs. • Internal mining of the leaf by the larvae. • Secondary infection by pathogenic fungi that enter through the leaf mines or puncture wounds. • Mechanical transmission of viruses. Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi, Bugwood.org Ooi, P.A.C and R.Carner, Gerald Shepard, Merle Serpentine mines on an onion leaf caused by the feeding What can it be confused with? larvae Australia has a large number of Agromyzidae flies that look similar to the Serpentine leafminer, however these rarely attack economically important species. What should I look for? A Serpentine leafminer infestation would most likely be detected through the presence of the mines in leaf tissue.
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