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Management of Mediterranean Pyrophytic Ecosystems Dominated by Cistus Ladanifer in Order to Increase Mushroom Production and Prevent Forest Fires

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Management of Mediterranean Pyrophytic Ecosystems Dominated by Cistus Ladanifer in Order to Increase Mushroom Production and Prevent Forest Fires ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍAS AGRARIAS SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION/ TESIS DOCTORAL Management of Mediterranean pyrophytic ecosystems dominated by Cistus ladanifer in order to increase mushroom production and prevent forest fires Manejo de ecosistemas pirófitos mediterráneos dominados por Cistus ladanifer para incrementar la producción micológica y prevenir incendios forestales Presentada por María Hernández Rodríguez para optar al grado de Doctora por la Universidad de Valladolid Dirigida por: Dr. Pablo Martín Pinto Dr. Juan Andrés Oria de Rueda Salgueiro Agradecimientos En primer lugar, agradecer a mis directores de tesis, Pablo Martín Pinto y Juan Andrés Oria de Rueda el haberme brindado la oportunidad de realizar esta tesis, así como su confianza y apoyo durante todos estos años. Gracias a Jaime Olaizola, por permitirme utilizar el laboratorio de su empresa IDForest así como por ayudarme en mi primera toma de contacto con el laboratorio y las pipetas. Agradecer también a Olaya su apoyo logístico de transporte hasta el laboratorio y las horas compartidas allí. A Daniel Luoma por permitirme hacer mi estancia en la Oregon State University y a Joyce Eberhart por su enorme ayuda en el laboratorio, por dejarme su despacho y por dedicarme su tiempo. Gracias a ambos por la gran acogida que me disteis en Corvallis. A Timo Pukkala y Sergio de Miguel por permitirme hacer una breve pero fructífera estancia en la University of Eastern Finland en Joensuu. Gracias por su ayuda con la modelización y la redacción de uno de los artículos de este compendio. Al resto de coautores de los artículos presentados en este compendio ya que todos ellos han realizado grandes aportes para esta investigación: a Luis Diaz Balteiro por su ayuda con el estudio económico y su disposición y eficacia en el trabajo; a József Geml por su ayuda con los análisis bioinformáticos; y a Valentín Pando por su ayuda con los análisis estadísticos. Gracias también a todas aquellas personas que me ayudaron con el arduo trabajo de campo. A Raúl Fraile y Carlos Rojo por su gran ayuda con la identificación de especies. Gracias a todas las instituciones que con su apoyo económico han hecho posible la elaboración de esta tesis: a la Universidad de Valladolid por la beca FPI que he disfrutado los últimos cuatro años y la ayuda de movilidad que me permitió hacer la estancia en Corvallis; a los proyectos AGL2012-40035-C03-02 (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad), y VA206U13 (Junta de Castilla y León); al Servicio Territorial de Medioambiente de Zamora por la financiación de los tratamientos selvícolas y a la acción Cost FP1203 por su ayuda STSM para la realización de mi estancia en Joensuu. Sin duda todos estos años en la escuela han sido especialmente agradables gracias a los compañeros y compañeras de la oficina, del pasillo y del club del té, muchas gracias a todos. Agradezco también a mis amigos de toda la vida y a la familia palentina por su apoyo y amistad. Por último, infinitas gracias a mi familia, en especial a Javi y a mis padres. Gracias por vuestra comprensión, apoyo y ayuda incondicional. Nunca podré agradeceros suficientemente todo lo que hacéis por mí. 1 Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Resumen....................................................................................................................................... 7 List of original articles .............................................................................................................. 9 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................................................ 11 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Cistus ladanifer L. ecosystems ............................................................................... 13 1.2. Fungal succession after fire .................................................................................. 15 1.3. Mushroom harvesting and mycosilviculture .................................................... 17 1.4. Empirical models as a useful tool for forest managers .................................... 18 1.5. Soil fungal communities ....................................................................................... 20 2. Objectives of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 21 3. Material and methods.......................................................................................................... 23 3.1. Study site ................................................................................................................ 23 3.2. Experimental design ............................................................................................. 24 3.3. Sampling ................................................................................................................. 25 3.4. Climatic data .......................................................................................................... 26 2.5. Data analysis .......................................................................................................... 27 4. Results .................................................................................................................................... 29 4.1. Fungal succession after fire in C. ladanifer ecosystems (I) ................................ 29 4.2. Effects of management treatments fungal community (II & V) ...................... 30 4.3. Production and diversity models (III) ................................................................ 31 4.4. Economic study (IV).............................................................................................. 33 5. Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 35 6. Conclusions ........................................................................................................................... 41 7. Conclusiones ......................................................................................................................... 43 References .................................................................................................................................. 45 Original Article I ...................................................................................................................... 53 Original Article II ..................................................................................................................... 65 Original Article III ................................................................................................................... 79 Original Article IV ................................................................................................................... 91 Original Article V ................................................................................................................... 117 3 Management of Mediterranean pyrophytic ecosystems dominated by Cistus ladanifer in order to increase mushroom production and prevent forest fires. Abstract Cistus species are pyrophytic shrubs widely distributed around the Mediterranean basin. Cistus ladanifer L. is within this genus, the most abundant species. It is associated with numerous fungal species, some of which reach a high economic value, such as Boletus group. Fungal diversity associated with these ecosystems and the production of these high-value species are threatened by the frequent occurrence of wildfires that put an important source of income for the rural population at risk. A proper management of these areas may contribute to decreasing fire risk and increasing economic benefit derived from mushroom production. Thus, the main objective of this thesis is to find the best management practices in order to increase mushroom production and prevent forest fires in Mediterranean pyrophytic ecosystems dominated by C. ladanifer. In order to achieve this objective, we firstly studied the natural succession of fungal communities after fire. We pretended to understand the natural behavior of these ecosystems in the absence of management, creating a necessary knowledge for the following studies of the thesis. The second study assesses the effect of different fuel reduction treatments on sporocarp production and diversity. Due to the great variability of fungal fruiting, we sampled mushroom production for four years in order to have reliable results of the short-term effect of the treatments. From data about fungal yields and diversity collected in this study, we could develop empirical models that allowed us to predict the evolution of production and diversity of fungi over time, taking into account climatic variables and vegetation characteristics. In addition to the total production and diversity models, a specific model for the production of Boletus edulis was also developed, being the most economically important fungal species of this ecosystem. With the models developed in the previous chapter, we could carry out an economic assessment where we valued the profitability of different treatments, as well as their optimal rotation. In this study we took into account B. edulis production and the biomass obtained by cutting the bush. All
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