Bulletin 131 (10.1

Home , California State Library, Philip Keeney

CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Number 131 2021 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Number 131 2021

EDITOR Gary F. Kurutz

EDITORIAL ASSISTANTS Brittneydawn Cook Gene Kennedy

COPY EDITOR M. Patricia Morris 2 �� Life in the California Capitol under Covid-19: A Legislative Staff Perspective BOARD OF DIRECTORS By Brian Ebbert and Brandon Seto Kenneth B. Noack, Jr. President 5 Philip Keeney’s California Plan for Japanese Libraries Marilyn Snider Vice-President By Michael Buckland Mike Ueltzen Treasurer 10 �� The Floating World of Edo Japan Jeff Volberg By Diana Kohnke Secretary 20 �� Sutro Library Goes Virtual: Engaging the Public during a Pandemic Greg Lucas State Librarian of California By Dvorah Lewis

Phillip L. Isenberg Thomas W. Stallard FOUNDATION NOTES Phyllis Smith Susan Glass Katherine Weedman-Cox Mona Bahraini 23 News from Foundation Executive Director Brittneydawn Cook

24 �� Foundation is Gifted Two Rare California Pioneer Aviation Publications Brittneydawn Cook Gene Kennedy By Gary F. Kurutz Executive Director Foundation Administrator 28 �� Promoting Vertical Travel in 1920s: Gift from Anonymous Donor Shelley Ford Bookkeeper By Gary F. Kurutz

Opinions of the authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of their institu- tions, the California State Library or the Foundation. Front Cover: An example of one of the striking ukiyo-e (woodblock prints) found in the Sutro Library collection. See “The Floating World of Edo Japan” by Diana Kohnke, The Bulletin is included as a membership benefit to Foundation members. Membership rates are: pp. 10–19. Back Cover: The Lowe Planet Airship flying over Pasadena and the San Gabriel Valley. Associate: $40–$99 See pp. 24–25. Contributor: $100–$249 Sponsor: $250–$499 Illustrations and Photo Credits: Front cover: Sutro Library; pp. 2–4, California Patron: $500–$999 State Assembly; pp. 6–9, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; Institutional: $500 pp. 10–19, Sutro Library; pp. 20–22, Dvorah Lewis, Sutro Library; pp. 23–31 and Corporate: $750 rear cover, California History Section. Lifetime Member: $1,000 Pioneer: $5,000 Design: Angela Tannehill-Caldwell | www.angelacaldwell.art Subscription to Libraries: $30/year California State Library Foundation 1225 8th Street, Suite 345, Sacramento, CA 95814 tel: 916.447.6331 | web: www.cslfdn.org | email: [email protected]

BULLETIN 131 1 2 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Above: The Communications and Conveyance Committee’s Chair, Miguel Santiago, watching a witness video during the May 5th, 2020 Assembly meeting.

Life in the California Capitol under Covid-19

A Legislative Staff Perspective By Brian Ebbert and Brandon Seto

he historic California State Capitol and largely empty structure, seemingly all State Capitol staff were instructed to stay in Sacramento is typically a dynamic locked in suspended animation while leg- at home pursuant to public health orders. building bustling with lawmakers, islative leadership and staff hastened to fig- Both houses immediately went into an Tgovernment staffers, lobbyists, report- ure out a way to safely reopen the legislative extended recess. In the meantime, each ers, protestors, tourists, and thousands branch of the nation’s most populous state. house of the Legislature quickly deployed of schoolchildren. Since 1869, this mag- This article will describe how the Califor- a small team of leadership and support nificent structure has been the center of nia Capitol was impacted, and specifically, staff to find solutions to enable Califor- California government and is considered how the State Assembly adjusted its prac- nia’s Legislature to continue functioning the “People’s House;” so much so, that the tices to adapt to life under Covid-19. beautifully restored 19th-century domed California’s legislative branch is the structure draws over one million visitors smallest branch of state government, with Brian Ebbert, M.A., R.P., is the Floor Director annually. However, in March 2020, this roughly 2,500 employees, most of whom for Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon and lively and vibrant symbol of democracy work in the Capitol building. When the Brandon Seto, Ph.D. is the Senior Floor Con- transformed overnight into a cavernous pandemic hit California in March 2020, sultant for Assembly Speaker Anthony Rendon

BULLETIN 131 3 cols for the Capitol. Essential Assembly staff were identified for each hearing by the Speaker’s Office in conjunction with the Assembly Rules Committee. Eventually, legislators and designated staff received Covid-19 self-test kits and were required to test themselves weekly at home before com- ing to the Capitol building each Monday. In contrast, the vast majority of Senate and Assembly staff worked from home during the pandemic. To adapt to this new way of working, the Assembly loaned computer equipment to staff to facilitate the continua- tion of their duties. Legislators, staff, stakeholders, experts, and advocates now had to conduct most meetings via teleconference or videoconference. Official legislative proceedings, floor sessions, and committee hearings, continue to be held in the Capi- tol, with lawmakers physically present and some participants joining either by phone or videoconference. For the public and the lobbying corps, as a coequal branch of government. On the whose physical presence was not absolutely attending legislative hearings transformed Assembly side of the Capitol Building, a necessary for legislative operations. Both significantly. The public was encouraged small “strike team” of staff came together statehouse restaurants and the Capitol gift to watch livestreams of Assembly and Sen- to tackle the logistical challenges of this shop were closed until further notice and ate proceedings on the internet rather than goal. The team members were primarily all public tours were canceled. A year later, attend in person. All hearing rooms, includ- from the Speaker’s Office, Rules Commit- many of these mainstays had yet to reopen. ing the legislative chambers, were measured tee, Sergeants at Arms, and Legislative Rooms and offices were “deep cleaned” and for physical distancing. Until recently, a Counsel. These staff worked around the intensive disinfecting protocols instituted. reduced number of seats in hearing rooms clock to develop protocols that transformed Hand sanitizer, physical distancing signs, were open to the public, and entrances were the legislative process. Within weeks, both and warning signs were placed throughout closed once a hearing room’s physically dis- houses developed new procedures for the the historic structure. Disposable micro- tanced capacity was reached. Few members public, legislators, staff, lobbyists, and phone covers and acrylic plastic shields of the public chose to attend in person. The expert witnesses to participate in proceed- were deployed in hearing rooms. largest room in the Capitol is the Assembly ings. Each house was able to restart leg- When Covid-era legislative hearings Chamber, which typically seats 80 Assem- islative committee hearings by late April recommenced in late April 2020, the bly Members, dozens of staff, and well over 2020 and quickly began tackling the public north Capitol entrance was opened to the 100 guests and observers. Under physical health crisis and its ramifications. public and to expert witnesses, while the distancing guidelines, the total number of south entrance was open only to essen- members, staff, and the public that can be A New Era: Capacity tial Capitol workers. Any staff, public, or accommodated was reduced to less than Limits, Covid-19 Testing, press entering the Capitol would now have 100. With adequately distanced space for Working from Home their temperatures taken at the entrance only 61 Assembly Members, some Mem- The first step toward reimagining and and asked health-screening questions. bers stayed in their offices and then rotated restarting the legislative process was Although some minor differences may into the chamber to add-on to votes prior to to make the building safe from a public exist between the two houses relating to adjournment. The largest committee hear- health standpoint. The Capitol was imme- their operations, the Assembly and Senate ing room in the Capitol, room 4202, nor- diately closed to the public and to all staff agreed upon general-public access proto- mally seats 25 members at the dais, and up

4 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION to 228 people in the audience. Because of transmit their live testimony to hearing course of various protests held during the physical distancing, it only accommodated rooms in Sacramento. Lastly, both houses pandemic. During one particularly intense 11 members on the dais and 28 in the audi- utilized an elaborate phone-in testimony lockdown, police roadblocks encircled the ence. As a result, many hearings were moved system that put public participation within streets around the Capitol complex for a day, to the more expansive Assembly Chamber to reach of nearly all Californians, regardless closing all road access to the public. Even allow for safe physical distancing. of whether or not they had a stable internet authorized Capitol staff had to show identi- connection. The public notices of hearings fication at multiple checkpoints to access the Technology Transforms included viewer call-in information so that building. The occasional unrest extended Legislative Process the public may offer their testimony via beyond issues of social justice and police The lawmaking process invariably brings telephone. It became common for commit- brutality: groups opposing stay-at-home together a mix of people: legislators, staff, tee chairs to take testimony from hundreds orders, masks, and vaccinations also began advocates, and the public. Most legislative of callers using this teleconference service. attending some legislative hearings in per- work occurs at the committee level, where History was made again in December son, at times disrupting the meetings. lawmakers hear from policy experts and 2020. As the Covid infection rates began At this point, the more extensive bar- the public, as they shape policy proposals. spiking near the 2020 holiday season, the ricades have been removed, the National The Assembly has 33 standing committees, Assembly had to consider how it would Guard has left, and the police presence has whose memberships range from seven to 31 safely swear in its members for the 2021– diminished, but some capacity control mea- legislators per panel. Under Covid-19 pro- 22 session. The state constitution requires sure remain in place. tocols, several committees had too many each house to meet on the first Monday in members to fit in the largest hearing room, December of each even-numbered year to The Feel of the Capitol so they instead had to meet in the Assembly organize. The Assembly looked at several While legislative business has gone for- Chamber. Aside from designating places possible sites in Sacramento, including ward, an eerie silence still permeates to meet, the Assembly had to ensure that universities, the state fairgrounds, and the the Capitol corridors. The building usu- stakeholders and the public would be able downtown NBA arena. To provide maxi- ally teems with diverse groups scurry- to effectively engage in the policymaking mum physical distancing, the Assembly ing and bustling about offices, hallways, process. To that end, the Assembly set up chose to convene at the 19,000-person the rotunda, and stairwells. Prior to the Witness Videoconference Rooms (WVRs) capacity Golden 1 Center a few blocks pandemic, it was common for hallways to in the Capitol, where a handful of witnesses from the Capitol. Eighty tables were spread become so packed with activists and advo- at a time could carefully gather and have across the arena floor, and a portable dais cates that the air would become oppres- their testimony transmitted into hearing was erected for the presiding officer. Due to sive. When hearing rooms were at capacity, rooms via secure Assembly-owned video- the county stay-at-home orders, only a few some people would sit on the floors outside conference devices. WVRs enabled wit- people from the public and press attended. the rooms, working on their tablets and nesses to give testimony in real time and Still, the Assembly was able to hold session laptops. This freneticism was replaced with to take questions from committee mem- in the cavernous and largely empty arena, smaller numbers of employees that must bers using a stable connection rather than marking the first time an organizational ses- come in each day to provide support for relying on their home Wi-Fi connections sion took place outside of a capitol building. committee hearings and floor sessions. For and third-party software. This was the first much of 2020 and 2021, the few “essen- time in history that videoconferencing was Civil Unrest Impacts tial” personnel and the 120 lawmakers of incorporated into all Assembly hearings. the Statehouse both houses found themselves traversing In another historical “first,” the Assem- The peculiar calm and relative quiet at the a largely empty building. As vaccinations bly also sent remote video teams to popula- State Capitol were not constant in 2020. became more widely administered and the tion centers across the state (San Francisco, The civil unrest that swept the nation in pandemic eased in June 2021, additional Los Angeles, Fresno, San Diego). Using the 2020 and 2021 also impacted the seat of personnel and the public were allowed in same mobile technology that enables news California’s government. Law enforcement the Capitol building. Athought it heartens correspondents to embed themselves and set up protective barriers and engaged with us that we could find a way forward in report from faraway places, Remote Tes- protestors on several occasions. Unlike the the darkness of this pandemic, the Capi- timony Stations (RTSs) located in parks, insurrection that breached the United States tol community greatly anticipates the day government buildings, and other public Capitol in January 2021, the statehouse in when the People’s House is fully opened places allowed the public and experts to Sacramento was never compromised in the and back to pre-pandemic protocols.

BULLETIN 131 5 Philip Keeney at the conference of Koyasan. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library. Philip Keeney’s Californian Plan for

Japanese Libraries By Michael K. Buckland

Michael K. Buckland is emeritus professor in the School of Information at the University of California, Berkeley. Formerly a librarian, he has served as dean of his school, was planning coordinator for the Uni- versity of California libraries, and has written on the role of information and libraries in society.

6 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION alifornia established a State Library immediately upon statehood. By 1900, it had the second largest collection among the state libraries, but service was limited to state Cemployees, legislators, and their staff, and appointments were political patronage. Legislation authorized cities to provide a public library, but counties, responsible for rural areas, were not authorized, so public library service was absent outside of a few towns. This situation was transformed through the visionary leadership of California State Librarian James Gillis and his talented assistants. That heroic story has been told by two who were involved: a melodramatic account, The Beginning and the End of the Best Library Service in the World, by Laura Steffens Suggett in 1924 and a more matter- of-fact account in Harriet Eddy’s County Free Library Organizing in California, 1909-1918 in 1955. (See the California State Library’s special edition publication by Titangos, introduced on page 24). Gillis and his staff developed a well-designed system: • The California County Free Library law of 1911 authorized county boards of supervisors to provide public library services and to assess taxes for the purpose. • Towns with tax-supported libraries were excluded but could join a county service. • Counties with small populations could combine. Philip Keeney in Japan, circa 1946. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library. • Service must be free, with no fees for using the library or borrowing books. nia county library system for praise. Officials in the Soviet Union • The director of a county library must be certified to be pro- surveyed the development of library services in other countries fessionally qualified by an examining board administered by and identified the California county library system as exemplary. the state librarian. In 1927, Harriet Eddy went to Russia to advise and returned in • The State Library would employ specialists to provide techni- 1930 – 31. Gillis’s successor as state librarian, Milton Ferguson, cal guidance. drew on California’s experience to make influential recommenda- When a reader needed a book that the county library did not tions for library development in South Africa. have, the State Library would supply it from its own holdings, obtain it through its union catalog, or, if need be, buy it. Philip Keeney Some State funding for books for teachers would be reallocated Philip Olin Keeney (1891 – 1962), known to his friends as Angus, to county free library service. qualified at Berkeley’s School of Librarianship, worked at the Uni- The State Library was adapted for changed priorities. Extension versity of Michigan libraries, and became university librarian at specialists fostered libraries statewide. Collection development Montana State University in Missoula. Unfortunately, his improve- focused more on materials relating to California and legislative ments in library service there were overshadowed by conflict over needs. Carleton Joeckel’s authoritative treatise The Government of intellectual freedom and academic tenure with two successive the American Public Library (1935) declared that California’s system tyrannical university presidents. was outstanding: “The California county libraries are much more Keeney moved to Washington, D.C., and worked in a series of than mere local units administered by their respective counties. positions in the Library of Congress, the Office of Strategic Ser- More nearly, perhaps, than any other group of American librar- vices, and the State Department. Late in 1945, he went to Japan to ies, they constitute a unified system of library service.” William do social research for the General Headquarters of the Supreme Learned’s inspirational tract The American Public Library and the Commander for Allied Powers (SCAP) under General Douglas Diffusion of Knowledge (1924) said it was “considered by students of MacArthur. In February 1946, he became the library special- library problems the country over to be the ideal type of organiza- ist in the Civil Information and Education section of SCAP. His tion for rural and small urban book service.” Alvin Johnson’s The work inspecting libraries, consulting and assisting librarians, and Public Library—A People’s University (1938) singled out the Califor- encouraging collaborative planning was exemplary.

BULLETIN 131 7 Philip Keeney at the conference of Librarians of Imperial Universities, 1946. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library.

Libraries in Japan to library users. Exemplary demonstration libraries provided dur- Since the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Japan had a strong central gov- ing the allied occupation were wildly popular. Nor was it a lack of ernment, weak local government, an emphasis on formal school- money. Japan had the resources to establish a large colonial empire ing and examinations, and a tradition of libraries that emphasized and to become a major military power. conservation rather than service or outreach. A library law in 1899 An educational system that is didactic, authoritarian, and pre- authorized local governments to establish public libraries, but pares students for examinations requires a defined curriculum, collections were small and inaccessible. Following U.S. practice, disciplined instruction, and a focus on textbooks and lecture notes. wire grills often covered the front of the shelves. One had to ask A library can be seen as a distraction and a challenge to the teacher’s library staff to obtain a book. Small fees were commonly charged authority. Exploratory, pupil-driven learning becomes a liability. for membership and/or for borrowing. Many public libraries were A well-informed electorate and well-developed, up-to-date infor- privately operated. mation services in the form of a free press and well-developed In the first half of the 20th century, neither the education system library services are considered necessary for a liberal democracy, nor the increasingly authoritarian political regime was conducive but these conditions constitute threats for an authoritarian regime to the free exploration and expression of ideas which are central or a strongly conformist society. Centralized concentration of gov- to Anglophone public library traditions. The concept of reference ernmental power, the lack of effective local government autonomy, service was lacking except in a few metropolitan libraries. Libraries and an absence of effective democracy reduce the perceived need were valued for owning collectibles, as resources for developing read- for local public libraries. During the first half of the twentieth ing skills and, in universities, served as an academic resource. They century Japanese governance was increasingly authoritarian. operated in isolation as the infrastructure for effective interlibrary cooperation was lacking. Training for library work was not required Keeney’s Californian Plan for employment and, when available, focused on basic internal pro- In March 1946, an Education Mission of U.S. experts recommend- cedures for acquisition, cataloging, and processing. Librarianship ing educational reform stressed the need for public libraries to sup- was not recognized as a profession, and local government staffing port adult education. Days later Philip Keeney proposed a plan “to practices favored generalists who could be rotated among different organize the surviving libraries of Japan into a national system along departments over specialists qualified for a single role. the lines of the California Library System, which makes available, This situation was not a choice made by librarians. Leading Japa- by means of inter-library loans by mail, the entire resources of the nese librarians were well aware of library practices in the U.S., the State to every citizen. Adopted in California in 1911, the system has U.K., and elsewhere. Similarly, the difference cannot be attributed been found to offer the widest library service to the greatest number

8 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Philip Keeney at Japan’s first national conference of librarians from all types of libraries, Tokyo, August 15 - 18, 1946.

of people at the least cost.” Japan was similar in size to California. complexity of process leaves the influence of Keeney’s plan unclear. The National Library could assume the role of the California State The Library Law authorized free public libraries. Public service Library and prefectural libraries should act like county libraries. and inter-institutional collaboration were specified and profes- Keeney would have been well aware of the California county library sional education was mandated, but implementation was dis- system even before he attended library school. He had worked in the appointing. The Ministry had removed the strongest elements Orland Irrigation Project in northern California around the time leaving a much-diluted program. Takeuchi Satoru commented free public library services were introduced in that area. that “it was said that substance had been sacrificed for shadow.” Keeney held progressive, left-wing views supporting labor Library leadership was left to the new National Diet Library. unions, consultative management, and freedom of speech. Gen- Keeney’s status as a supposed subversive made him unemploy- eral Charles Willoughby, however, MacArthur’s head of military able. He died in obscurity in 1962, remembered for his interrogation intelligence and civil counter intelligence, had strongly conserva- by the House Un-American Affairs Committee, not for his work to tive views, admired the fascist regime in Spain, and embraced Cold improve library services in Japan. But this California-trained librar- War anti-Communism. He lumped communists, socialists, and ian received a glowing testimonial from the Japan Library Associa- even progressive thinkers opposed to Soviet communism together tion and remains an honored figure among Japanese librarians. as “lefties” and sought to dismiss them. In 1947, Keeney was arrested as a suspected security risk, sent home, and discharged. ENDNOTES The Library Act of 1950. For fuller details, see Ideology and Libraries: California, Diplomacy, A change to library services would require legislation, so after the and Occupied Japan by Michael Buckland (Rowman & Littlefield, Education Mission’s report and Keeney’s plan were submitted, the 2020) which includes a copy of Keeney’s plan. Keeney reported Ministry of Education asked a Japanese librarian to draft a new on his library work in Japan in four articles: “Japanese Librarians library law. He submitted a draft plan in June 1946. After lengthy are War-Damaged,” Library Journal 73 (May 1, 1948): 681 – 684 & discussions, a 16th draft law mandated public libraries in every 698; “Meet the Japanese Librarians,” Library Journal 73 (May 15, local government jurisdiction. The 21st draft, now during a period 1948): 768– 772; “Reorganization of the Japanese Library System,” of financial austerity, no longer mandated library services and Far Eastern Survey 17 (Jan 28, 1948): 19 – 22; and (Feb 11, 1948): weakened education requirements for chief librarians. Japanese 32 – 35. For Keeney’s life see Rosalee McReynolds and Louise S. library leaders decided to acquiesce to the Ministry and an even Robbins, The Librarian Spies: Philip and Mary Jane Keeney and weaker 22nd version was enacted as the Library Law of 1950. The Cold War Espionage (Praeger, 2009).

BULLETIN 131 9 The Floating World of Edo

Japan

By Diana Kohnke

hen exploring the Sutro Library’s rare collections, one notices that Japan’s Edo Period is well rep- resentedW amongst the stacks. Hundreds of ukiyo-e (a genre of woodblock prints and paintings) images join travel narra- tives and thousands of photographs to tell the story of Japanese art and culture from 1603 through 1868 known as the Edo or Tokugawa Period. This historic period was known as the “floating world” (ukiyo-e in Japanese): a time of movement and travel, art and culture. The pleasure quarters were the main arbiters of taste at this time, and many of the prints at the Sutro Library focus on geishas, kabuki, tea houses, sumo wrestling, brothels, and courtesans.

10 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION BULLETIN 131 11 Diana Kohnke is the Instruction and Out- reach Librarian for the California State Library - Sutro Library. She has been with Sutro since 2011.

12 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Courtesy of the California State Library, Adolph Sutro Collection.

Politically, the Edo Period saw Japan gov- people traumatized and ready for change. at the top of society and controlled every erned by a feudal system, with the people Under Tokugawa rule, stability, peace, pros- aspect of Japanese society, including what existing under isolationist policies called perity, arts, and culture blossomed. types of clothing could be worn based on Sakoku—laws forbidding and limiting inter- status. Underneath that, there were four actions with the outside world. Japanese Social Structure classes of citizens ranking in the following citizens were prohibited to leave Japan on A person’s vocation was determined at order: samurai, peasants, craftsmen, and at pain of death. It was ruled by the Tokogawa birth, and every citizen knew his or her the bottom, merchants. Because merchants shogunate whose capital was Edo—now place within the social order. Upon close didn’t produce anything, per se, they were Tokyo, the modern-day capital of Japan. inspection, the images in the Sutro Library the lowest on the social ladder. Each class of The Tokugawa emerged from a period of collection provide insight into this strictly citizen had very elaborate rules of conduct. extended internal strife, and constant civil regulated society. The emperor (with almost For example, merchants were not allowed wars—bloodshed that had left the Japanese no power), and the shōgun and daimyō were to wear silk kimonos.

BULLETIN 131 13 Yoshiwara and the Pleasure Quarters The pleasure quarters were legally sanc- tioned and licensed by the Tokugawa shogunate. These districts were alive with activity, vibrant and colorful, full of tea houses, music, food vendors, luxury clothing shops, kabuki theaters, geisha, and brothels. The actors, geisha, and courtesans were the celebrities of their day, influ- encing fashion, style, manners, and culture throughout Japan. The Tokugawa under- stood early on that these districts could curtail unrest in the merchant class, as well as provide entertainment to the many samurai who guarded the cities, who were in fact required to live in them half the year, away from their home towns. These red-light districts were usually walled in, with a heavily guarded gate, and often moated. No one could enter or leave without the proper documents or permis- sion, and geisha were never allowed to leave after 6 p.m. The largest pleasure quarter was the Yoshiwara in Edo. It was a city within a city spanning twenty acres. And here were the places where the least powerful in society were able to exert some autonomy and agency. For example, geisha were listed on the Yoshiwara registers as professional entertainers: musicians, singers, and danc- ers. The tayu was the most elite courtesan of her day, and was highly educated, skilled in conversation and highly sought after. They had agency in that they could and often did reject clients, and they were trained to think that their social standing was often better than their clients. They were sometimes booked six months in advance so that the client could prepare for the honor. These districts were places where an increasingly wealthy merchant class could rise above their station and socialize with those higher up in ranking. For example, haiku and liter- ary clubs formed where men from different walks of life met and interacted. It is note- worthy that 80 percent of the population of Edo was literate, and bookstores were also a part of the Yoshiwara.

14 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION BULLETIN 131 15 16 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION The Tōkaidō originally had 53 stations (rest areas) along the road. The gorgeous ukiyo-e prints in the Sutro collection reflect this travel culture, and served as souvenirs and mementos.

Travel and Identity Another aspect of Edo, Japan, was travel as recreation. It was a time not only of increased urbanization, but also of consum- erism which fostered a new travel culture. As time wore on people felt safe to travel to monuments, temples, and landmarks. They were also motivated by curiosity, ven- turing out of the circumscribed worlds of their small village or farms. The major roads were well maintained, and a cottage industry of rest stops and tea houses along the Tōkaidō, the major artery from Kyoto to Edo, was born. The Tōkaidō originally had 53 stations (rest areas) along the road. The gorgeous ukiyo-e prints in the Sutro collection reflect this travel culture, and served as souvenirs and mementos.

Religion and Philosophy The underlying foundation of Edo society was neo-Confucianism, focusing on ethical humanism and rationalism, a more secular view of the world than had hitherto been embraced by the Japanese. That said, Buddhism and Shinto were still extremely important, albeit less so politically. As previously explained, travel was a popular recreation for all walks of life, with more and more citizens leaving their closed enclaves to take to the open road. Economics would overcome many restrictions in Edo, Japan, allowing women to flex the boundaries previously attached to certain prohibitions. For example, women were able to obtain limited access to temple spaces after making a “donation” or be allowed to purchase “an amulet against menstrual defilement while on the premises.”

BULLETIN 131 17 Opening up Japan to the West Western books were forbidden from being Sutro Library holds a first edition of Engel- translated – with few exceptions. So when bert Kaempfer’s 1727 work The History of Perry arrived forcing a trade agreement, Japan, giving an account of the ancient Japan entered into the modern world for and present state and government of that good or ill. empire, which for a long time remained the only source of information about Japan that The End of Edo Westerners had in the 18th and 19th cen- The images found within the Sutro collec- turies. In 1848, United States Navy Com- tion reflect the “floating world” and the rich modore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Edo culture of Edo, Japan. The photographs are Bay with three warships forcing Japan to part of a 10-volume set that was created open up trade to the West. While the West to provide Westerners with souvenirs, praised Japan’s highly developed culture, and also provide Western audiences, who Japanese, for their part, viewed Western- were fascinated by Japanese culture, with a ers with suspicion and saw them as bar- look into a culture blanketed in secrecy for barians. Until 1848, Japan did not engage over 200 years. The images tell stories of a in any trade outside the country, with the Japan which was rapidly disappearing; an exception of the Dutch. When a foreigner iconic culture that was quickly replaced by was granted entry, it was only for a short the modernizing that took hold after Com- time, and every step tightly regulated. Even modore Perry entered Edo’s harbor.

18 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION BULLETIN 131 19 Before and after screenshots of the genealogy webpage.

Engaging the Public Sutro Library during a Pandemic Goes Virtual By Dvorah Lewis

n March 17, 2020, in accordance opportunities to engage virtually with our collections. Keeping all of this in mind, with statewide COVID-19 shut community. last summer we went to work on revamp- down orders, the Sutro Library staff ing the Sutro Library’s webpages, and I beganO teleworking from home. It is hard Webpage Makeover was tasked with reworking the genealogy to believe that it has been over a year since While the Sutro Library did benefit from pages. we have worked on site, and over the last the California State Library website rede- In addition to redesigning the geneal- year I have been asked a few times “What sign from three years ago, our pages had ogy webpage, we created two new pages: can a librarian do from home?” The short aspects that did not match the modernity one devoted to the physical collection answer is: plenty! While I miss working in of the rest of the website. With our ser- where guests will find tips for searching the stacks, helping researchers, and col- vices paused, the Library’s website—our the catalog and collection highlights, and laborating with my colleagues, the relo- virtual front door—needed to accurately another page focused on programming, cation to our homes has afforded us new reflect the richness and diversity of our which includes announcements of upcom-

20 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Dvorah Lewis has been the Genealogy Librarian at Sutro Library since June of 2017. In addition to the projects mentioned in this article, she has found it rewarding to continue outreach to local societies virtually as well as teaching Genealogy classes for SF State undergraduate students.

A screenshot of our first virtual event of 2021 held on February 3rd.

Sutro Library virtual event playlist.

Collage from our last on-site event which took place on January 22, 2020.

ing events as well as descriptions of previ- reaching a global market with attendees Truly the sign of an engaging, excellent ous events from the past five years. from as far away as New Zealand and Por- presentation!” – Attendee from the August tugal. We held four virtual events last year 7th book talk on Adolph Sutro From On-site to Online and have plans to host six for 2021. Our “I’ve never heard of the Sutro library Programming largest event so far occurred on August 7th since I’m located in Cleveland, but I’ll [be] Once it became evident that the Library’s when we hosted 99 guests virtually for Wil- checking back for more events if this is closure was going to be more than just a liam Huber’s talk on his recently-published an example of a typical offering. That was few months, we needed to find a way to biography of Adolph Sutro. simply stellar! I’m also inspired to check move our events from a physical setting In post-event surveys, attendees have my local library to see if they [offer] more in our Reading Room to a virtual one on given our new programming rave reviews: events. Well done.” – Attendee from the the internet. Thanks to the generosity of “This was like a really brainy story time November 18th book talk on the troubled the California State Library Foundation, we for adults! The topic was timely, the speak- history of Thanksgiving. were able to do just that through Zoom. On ers were excellent, and this was just the “This was wonderful, and I love the July 15th, the Sutro Library held the State most enjoyable evening event!” – Attendee work the Sutro is doing to promote criti- Library’s first ever virtual event with Susie from the July 15th talk on Women’s Suf- cal thinking about and engagement with and Steve Swatt presenting on the Cente- frage in California history in talks such as this. Thank you!!” nary of the 19th amendment. The move “This was thoroughly engaging […] my – Attendee from our first event in 2021 on to online programming has sparked an 12-year old would voluntarily come away critical family history. increased interest in our events, and our from his video game to watch for a bit at Our virtual events have also helped audience now extends past the Bay Area, multiple points during the presentation. round out the Sutro Library’s presence

BULLETIN 131 21 Screenshot of first e-newsletter published in October 2020.

Screenshot of graph on Facebook Insights showing increase in page likes from March 2020 on the California State Library’s YouTube channel. A playlist called “Events at Sutro Library” was created through this channel so patrons can find recordings of all our past virtual presentations. Since more virtual events are planned for 2021, more recorded events will be added.

Staying Social Online While we are closed physically, we wanted to make sure we continued regular interac- tion with the public. To do this, we leaned heavily on our social media presence on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. Because genealogists tend to prefer the latter, I man- age the Sutro Library’s account and regu- larly schedule posts to appear throughout the week. Since the closure in March 2020, our Facebook page likes and follows have grown by almost 85%, and we have crossed the 500 threshold with 575 total likes as of writing this article. Interestingly, after a year of using this tool for engagement, I notice that the best performing posts are usually about San Francisco history. Another way we maintain regular contact with our community, is through a monthly e-newsletter we launched in October 2020, which features announcements about upcoming events, recently published blog posts, updates to the catalog, and other happenings at the Sutro Library. In just six months, the mailing list for our newsletter has almost doubled and now reaches 459 people. To sign up, visit www.library. ca.gov/mailing-lists. While everyone will remember the Covid-19 pandemic in their own way, the work we are doing from home in refining and growing our digital presence has led to a highly productive and rewarding time for the Sutro Library.

22 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Foundation Notes

By Brittneydawn Cook and Gary F. Kurutz, Bulletin Editor Ms. Cook is the Executive Director of the California State Library Foundation.

California State Library Opens It Doors! n June 15th, 2021, the California that walk-in patrons will have access to appointments for research and library ser- OState Library opened its doors once is Gillis Hall, which hosts Information vices as well as any updates to how these again, but with some changes to how Services. Appointments are already avail- services will be provided. As always, the they provide service. Most of the read- able, and anyone can get access to these “Ask a Librarian” online reference desk is ing rooms, California History, Braille & through the California State Library Web- always available to those in need, but as Talking Book, Witkin Law, & Government site. There is a yellow banner across the employees come back to their offices, we Publications will now be available through top of their website that lists their Covid- ask that you be patient with responses. appointment only. The only reading room 19 page, which is where you can access Welcome Back CSL staff!!!

Orotones Get New Permanent Homes ithin the collections at the California State Library Wlives a lovely collection of photographic history. Not just within the images themselves, but also in the photographic processes used to create the splendid imag- ery glittering in gold. An orotone, also known as a gold tone, starts with a glass plate coated with a silver gelatin emulsion, thus creating a light-sensitive plate ready for exposure. A photographer or darkroom assistant would then take a photographic negative of a previously photo- graphed subject and expose through the negative onto the precoated glass plate. Once exposed the glass plate would be developed, washed, toned (most likely with bleach), and dried. The result was a positive image on the glass plate. After all this the back of the glass plate would be carefully coated with banana oil mixed with gold-col- ored pigment which gave the orotones their golden hues. Being printed on glass, orotone images are extremely fragile, and often can be seen in specialized frames to keep them protected. Since returning to the offices, The Preservation staff of the California State Library have diligently been working on cleaning and creating custom housing for the library’s orotone collection. Sariah Groff, head of preservation, stated that “The custom housing Preservation is making will help protect and preserve these unique artifacts.” The orotones are available in their digital forms in the

California State Library’s Online Collection, and available Arthur C. Pillsbury Orotone of El Capitan in Yosemite, to view in person with a research appointment. California. Courtesy of the California State Library.

BULLETIN 131 23 Foundation Notes

Harriet G. Eddy and Foundation Donates Two Rare California County Libraries A New Interpretation California Pioneer Aviation Publications By Gary F. Kurutz

Author’s Note: In writing this article I have made use of the following secondary sources: Eugene B. Block, Above the Civil War: The Story of Thaddeus Lowe, Balloonist, Inventor, Railway Builder, Berkeley: Howell-North Books, 1966; Kenneth M. Johnson, Aerial California: An Ac- count of Early Flight in Northern & Southern California, 1949 to World War I, Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop, 1961, and William A. Schoneberger, California Wings: A History of Aviation in the Golden State, Woodland Hills, Calif.: Windsor Publications, Inc., 1984.

By Hui-Lan H. Titangos he California History Section of the TCalifornia State Library has a rich collection of pamphlets and booklets pro- California State moting the state’s history, industry, and culture. Through the generosity of the Library Foundation California State Library Foundation, the Releases Special Library will be acquiring two more rare examples that document the state’s inno- Publication vative aviation history. These new addi- tions have been traditionally classified as tarting this summer, the Califor- “ephemera,” as they were designed to last Snia State Library Foundation will be for a very short time. However, historians, releasing an annual limited-edition special librarians, and curators have long recog- publication. The limited-edition special nized the historical value of ephemera as publication will be provided as a courtesy these productions often contain informa- to all Sponsor-level CSLF memberships tion and visual material not found in more and higher. It will also be available to pur- traditional formats like books and periodi- chase through our website once published. cals. The value of ephemeral publications To keep up with news and special releases has grown to such an extent that Library information… that is what the ephemera please check out our website (cslfdn.org) staff now have them formally catalogued world considers its bits and bogs of vintage or follow us on social media (@cslfdn/@ in the same manner as books and place (and current), usually paper items. Much of ca_statelibraryfoundation.) them in archival envelopes and folders to it was likely expected, back in its day, to be Our first limited edition, Harriet Eddy ensure their preservation. This is not just briefly useful, then discarded. Today such and California County Libraries: A New the case with the State Library, but virtu- items which have survived the vagaries of Interpretation, will be available August ally every library charged with collecting time often reveal things we might not oth- 2021. We hope you all enjoy it! state and local history collects ephemera. erwise ever learn.” Appreciation of these “throw away” items has grown to such an extent that there is The Lowe Planet Airship an active national organization called the Bearing the title of The Latest Develop- Ephemera Society of America. On its web- ment in Aerial Navigation: Lowe Planet Air- site, it states: “Precious primary source ship and published in 1910 by the Aerial

24 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Foundation Notes

Publishing Company of Los Angeles, this Inscription reads: “Lowe 52-page booklet is packed with informa- took the first tion and endorsements to attract investors. photo from The person who invented the airship was balloon. He originated a Pasadena resident and businessman, manned balloon Thaddeus S. C. Lowe. This inventor had observation posts for the gained recognition during the Civil War Union Army for demonstrating the use of balloons to during the observe enemy troop movements. After Civil War.” meeting with President Abraham Lincoln and articulating the use of lighter-than-air craft, he received the title of chief balloonist for the Union Army and headed the Bal- loon Corps. Following the war, Lowe continued his aeronautical experiments, and newspapers began referring to him as “Pro- fessor Lowe” even though he did not hold a professorship at a college or university. Wishing for a change of scenery, Lowe left his native New Hampshire in the 1880s for the Pasadena area and its sublime cli- mate. After many visits and hikes into the Sierra Madre Mountains, above Pasadena and Altadena, he envisioned building a hotel, resort, and astronomical observa- tory that would be reached by rail. During one of these wilderness excursions and climbing atop a 6,000-foot peak, a friend suggested that it be called “Mount Lowe” in his honor, and the name stuck. How- ever, the site he chose for his resort was on Echo Mountain at the gentler elevation of 5,606 feet. With a commanding view of the San Gabriel Valley, Lowe had the area leveled for the construction of a beautiful three-story hotel which he named the Echo Mountain House. To bring guests to his resort, he started the Mt. Lowe Sce- nic Railway which combined a number was called, opened to the public on July 4, all of his fiscal resources, the resort and of technologies. He first created a horse- 1893, and was the first to be powered by gas railway collapsed in 1900. drawn trolley that would take passengers engines and controlled by electric brakes. Driven by his ever-inventive mind and from the foot of the San Gabriel Mountains Over the next several years, the Mt. Lowe infatuation with aeronautics, Lowe, a up to a high-altitude base. There, he engi- Scenic Railway hauled hundreds of thou- decade later, resurrected his plan of what neered a 3,000-foot-long incline railway to sands of tourists and their luggage to his he called a “planet airship.” After all, Lowe transport tourists up the steep mountain resort. However, despite his best engineer- had much credibility as he had personally to his hotel. The Great Cable Incline, as it ing efforts and the expenditure of virtually made scores and scores of balloon flights

BULLETIN 131 25 Foundation Notes

Receipt for shares of stock in the Commercial Aerial Navigation Company, Inc. The company charged $.75 a share, and the balance would be due “on or before thirty days after the date of the First Public Trip of said Company’s Airship of Five hundred miles and return.” Unfortunately for investors, the company never got off the ground.

and was respected for his inventiveness. of passenger cabin, navigating room, and tests that the forces of nature could bring or To gain support, he published the booklet, power room. Lowe, in conceiving of the the ingenuity of man to devise. Every claim The Latest Development in Aerial Naviga- passenger cabin, modeled it after the Pull- made for it has already been demonstrated, tion. The frontispiece is a full color plate man railroad car or cabin of a luxury ocean and its success is as certain as that of any showing an artist’s conception of the Lowe liner. The airship would be powered by two improved type of steam engine or auto- Planet Airship approaching Mt. Lowe. In propeller-driven gas-powered engines. Not mobile, based upon the principles already this handsome publication, Lowe explained surprisingly, the pamphlet stated that it established and in practical use. in some detail his experience in “navigat- would be loaded with safety devices. Mod- Unfortunately for the Civil War veteran, ing the upper strata” which he supported eling the planet airship after an ocean dreams of this airship were never real- with testimonials from friends and civic liner, the inventor believed it would serve ized. Financial setbacks and the death organizations like the Pasadena Board of as a grand pleasure craft capable of host- of his devoted wife Leontine on May 16, Trade. Following the Civil War, he devel- ing trips of social organizations or taking 1912, became too much and a melancholy oped several schemes to construct an air- sightseeing parties over major cities and Professor Lowe died on January 16, 1913, ship of 22 tons, but at the time, engine the nation’s natural wonders like the Grand surrounded by his children. The Pasa- technology could not match his needs. Canyon or Yosemite Valley. dena community and much of Southern However, by the early 20th century, the The introduction to this promotional California, recognizing his considerable automobile engine had been brought into concluded with the following: contributions as a veteran, inventor, avia- common use, and Lowe determined that That the Lowe Planet Airship is the next tion pioneer, and resort promoter mourned this gas burning power source would meet great movement in aerial navigation, and his passing. Mount Lowe today remains a his needs. therefore offers the best financial invest- beautiful memorial to his legacy. Unlike directional airships or dirigibles ment in the world, will not be doubted after that featured a long horizontal shape, Lowe a careful perusal of the following pages. Frederick Marriott stuck with the concept of the basic shape To prove its reliability the text included and His Avitor of a balloon. Furthermore, Lowe invented a the following paragraph: San Francisco and the Bay Area attracted heavy silk envelope which would be covered The Lowe Planet Airship is no experi- inventors and businessmen who also with a secret preparation that prevented ment. It asks for no indulgence on the planned to conquer the air. As early as the hydrogen gas from escaping as was ground of uncertainty, but is ready to be 1869, the year the transcontinental rail- the case with traditional balloon enve- judged by all intelligent minds upon the road was completed, Frederick Marriott, a lopes. Suspended below the balloon was a showing herein made of practical experi- San Francisco journalist and editor of the “Power Launch” of three levels consisting ences of many years, under the severest prestigious San Francisco News Letter, tried

26 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION Foundation Notes

“Our Commercial Airship.” Inventor Andrew Morrell stated that the “Ariel” could take 200 passengers from New York to London within 40 hours.

to gain support for his idea of a practical The back cover illustration title is “Our passengers across the continent. One can- airship based on the shape of a dirigible. Commercial Airship ‘Ariel.’” The Ariel’s not help but think that Andrew and John In June 1869, he completed a prototype proposed measurements were an impres- Morrell may have been the same person named the Avitor Hermes, Jr. (named for a sive 1260 x 80 x 60 feet propelled by eight or related with the futuristic devotion to winged Greek god). Stretching 37 feet, the powerplants and 16 propellers which creating Jules Verne-like airships. cigar-shaped gas-filled bag actually took off generated a fantastic 3280 horsepower. It According to Johnson, on May 23, 1908, near Shellmound Park across the bay from would have a crew of twelve men and “will the company launched its first airship at San Francisco on July 2, 1869. This flight carry 200 passengers from New York to Berkeley. This 485-foot-long, cigar-shaped generated enough excitement that Marriott London within 40 hours.” The company craft rose above the earth to an altitude of attempted to put in the air a new vehicle he assured would-be investors with a litany of 300 feet carrying 19 passengers includ- called an “aeroplane.” The journalist then statements attesting to its reliability, stat- ing Morrell. Witnessed by a huge crowd, formed a company to build a fixed-wing ing that it was already under construction the front end of the airship suddenly tilted triplane but the U. S. Patent Office declared and equipped with “puncture proof gas upward and then a section of the gas bag it not feasible, and a discouraged Marriott vessels, wireless instruments, heating sys- burst. Fortunately, the passengers man- died the following year. tem, electric lights, and all conveniences aged to scramble downward to terra firma. of modern travel.” Investors were naturally upset and with- Commercial Aerial Navigation As stated in the pamphlet, the com- drew support. Others said it looked like a Company Promotional pany’s inventor was Andrew Morrell who giant earthworm floating in the sky. As so The second pamphlet details the efforts boasted considerable experience in study- nicely stated by Johnson: “The Morrell Air- of the Commercial Aerial Navigation ing the dynamics of the atmosphere for ship gave rise to the following expression: Company located in San Francisco at the government. It further stated that ‘California has the brightest sunshine, the 903 Metropolis Bank Building, 625 Mar- “he has built twenty so-called airships thickest fogs and the most gigantic frauds ket Street. Fittingly oblong in shape, the and over one thousand balloons, some of of any state in the Union.’” 29-page publication features two airships which sold for five thousand dollars on Despite not achieving the futuristic goals on the front and back cover. The first is account of their imperviousness.” Ken- set out in these now rare pamphlets, it does a “Twelve Passenger Airship, to be Used neth M. Johnson, in his outstanding book, attest to the ambition of California to lead as a Training Ship” measuring 160 x 50 Aerial California, mentions a John A. Mor- the way in achieving practical air travel via x 24 feet in size with a three-man crew; rell who at the same time advertised in the predecessor of the blimps that we now two power plants, four propellers with an San Francisco that he was building an air- see cruising overhead during parades and estimated speed of 60 miles per hour. ship of 900 feet capable of carrying 500 athletic events.

BULLETIN 131 27 Promoting Vertical Transportation in 1920s High-Rise Buildings and Elevator Architecture By Gary F. Kurutz

hrough the generosity of an anony- The album features 61 original gelatin sil- Washington S. Tyler founded the com- Tmous donor, the California History ver photographs, each measuring 10 x 8 pany in 1872, and it was originally known Section of the State Library obtained a inches of the buildings’ exterior façades. as the Cleveland Wire Works. The company first edition of a superb photo album of the Each glossy photograph is identified in the changed its name to the W. S. Tyler Com- buildings outfitted with elevators produced lower corner of the negative, and each image pany and is currently located in Twinsburg, by the Tyler Company of Cleveland, Ohio, is mounted on gray linen and bound in a Ohio. Their buildings included hospitals, in circa 1930. Its acquisition represents a black simulated post-binder held in place by exhibition halls, and skyscrapers that terrific addition to the Library’s impressive two brass screws. The front cover is embel- reflect the tremendous explosion of build- collection of commercial trade catalogues. lished with a gold-gilt Tyler Company logo. ing and Art Deco design during the Roar-

28 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION BULLETIN 131 29 hattan in New York City; a picture of the fantastic neon sign for Conoco Oil prod- ucts above the Continental Oil Building designed by William Bowman, and built in 1927 in Denver, Colorado; the stunning Art Deco Farnsworth Building, co-designed by William Van Powell, and constructed from 1927–1929 in Memphis, Tennessee; the historic Hudson’s Department Store in Detroit, which consisted of over two million square feet, with the Tyler Co. sup- plying 51 passenger elevators, 17 freight elevators, eight employee elevators, and 48 escalators; the Peninsular Telephone Building, Bradenton, Florida designed by J. H. Johnson, and built in 1925; and the ing Twenties. The album’s photographs Oregon, now known as the Cascade Build- beautiful Stewart & Co. Art Deco Building show automobiles, pedestrians, large neon ing; the Moorish-inspired Bankers Bond in New York, showing tour buses, and cars advertising signs, street scenes next to the Building (now Massey Building), historic running down the street. buildings, and more. This national trade Art Deco 10-story office building designed catalogue contains photographs of two by W. L. Welton, and constructed in 1925 important California buildings: the his- in Birmingham, Alabama; two views of SOURCES OF INFORMATION toric Bullocks Department Store at Seventh the luxurious Book-Cadillac Hotel (Book Jennifer Graham, Western Reserve His- & Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, and Tower) in Detroit, Michigan, designed by torical Society, article in Encyclopedia of the beautiful Art Deco Los Angeles Pub- Louis Kamper, and completed in 1924; the Cleveland History, Bloomington, Indiana lic Library building constructed in 1926, Neo-Gothic style Buhl Building Skyscraper University Press, 1996 and reproduced in designed by noted architect Bertram Gros- in Detroit designed by Wirt Rowland, and Case Western Reserve University (https:// venor Goodhue. completed in 1925; the Chanin Building case.edu/ech/articles/w/ws-tyler), and the In addition, this Tyler Company album skyscraper designed by Sloan & Robertson antiquarian bookseller’s catalogue titled features such historic structures as the in the Art Deco style, with assistance of Architecture: Shaping Our World produced Bedell Store Building designed by Schone- Jacques Delamarre, and constructed from by Zephyr Used & Rare Books of Vancou- wald & Doyle and built in 1925 in Portland, 1927–1929 and located in Midtown Man- ver, Washington.

30 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION BULLETIN 131 31 Recent Contributors

BIG DAY OF GIVING BRAILLE & TALKING STAFF DEVELOPMENT DONORS BOOK LIBRARY Katherine Weedman-Cox, Rancho Krystina Braswell, Abilene Anonymous contribution from LPL Cordova, Contributor Anastasia Carney, Sacramento Financial, San Diego Bing Provance, Chico LJ & Dan Dillon, Fair Oaks SUTRO LIBRARY Lynn Franks, Sacramento Christine Schellenger, Yuba City In Honor of Dvorah Lewis Elise Gumm, Elk Grove Dorthy Thompson, San Rafael Roseville Genealogical Society, Roseville John Harrigan, Sacramento In Memory of John Mcguire Mary Helmich, Sacramento Doug Rose, McKinleyville

Richard Markuson, Sacramento In Memory of Sal Morales OREGON CALIFORNIA Lorraine Misicka, Sacramento Margarita Cornwell, Boulder Creek TRAILS ASSOCIATION Dee Nakamura, Sacramento David Fullerton, Sacramento, Associate Michael O’Sullivan, Sacramento Hugh March, Los Altos Hills, Associate Claudia Skelton, Seattle CALIFORNIA HISTORY Andrew Sugnet, Citrus Heights Michael Dolgushkin, Carmichael Mike Ueltzen, Sacramento Jessica Walstrom, Roseville

In Memory of Ken Noack, Sr. Mike Ueltzen, Sacramento GENERAL SUPPORT Barbara & Dave Cady, Sacramento, Associate Rabbi Jeff & Mindy Glickman, Connecticut, Contributor Alan Hensher, Merced, Associate Diane & Julian Holt, Sacramento San Diego Public Library, Subscription Michael R. Smith, Elk Grove, Contributor Monique & Richard Twining, Texas, Contributor United Way—California Capital Region David Von Aspern, Sacramento, Contributor

32 CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY FOUNDATION