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Indigenous Mental Health and Addictions in Canada with Comparisons to Australia and Globally

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Indigenous Mental Health and Addictions in Canada with Comparisons to Australia and Globally Indigenous Mental Health and Addictions in Canada with Comparisons to Australia and Globally Sigma's 30th International Nursing Research Congress Arlene Kent-Wilkinson RN, CFMHN (C), BSN, MN, PhD Associate Professor, College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan Kent-Wilkinson 2019 1 Indigenous Mental Health and Addiction Arlene Kent-Wilkinson RN, CPMHN(C), BSN, MN, PhD July 27, 2019 Kent-Wilkinson 2019 2 Garden River First Nation, near Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Kent-Wilkinson 2019 3 Land Acknowledgment • We humbly pay our respects to the Indigenous (First Nations, Métis, and Inuit) ancestors of this land and affirm our commitment to the TRC Calls to Action and to healthy relationships with each other. Kent-Wilkinson 2019 4 Definitions Aboriginal Peoples of Canada • Defined as Indian (First Nations), Inuit, and Métis people according to Section 35(2) of Canada’s Constitution Act, 1982. Kent-Wilkinson 2019 5 Definitions Indigenous (Aboriginal) peoples • Indigenous peoples (now preferred in Canada) Indigenous populations refer to an international context (Nelson, 2012, p. 1). • Each of these three categories include a wide variety of cultural and language groups. • Treaty Indians are listed as members of First Nations who are descendants of the signatories to one of the Numbered Treaties (status Indians) Kent-Wilkinson 2019 6 Cultural Diversity among Aboriginal Peoples of Canada Aboriginal Peoples • 596 First Nations bands • 2,284 reserves • 40% live on reserve • 60% reside in non-reserve areas i.e., 54% urban, 6% rural (Statistics Canada, 2013a). • The cultural and linguistic differences among Aboriginal groups are greater than the differences that divide European nations. • In addition to intergroup social, cultural, and environmental differences, there is an enormous diversity of values, lifestyles, and perspectives within any community or urban Aboriginal population (Kirmayer, Brass, & Tait, 2000, as cited in Kent-Wilkinson, 2015, p. 28). Kent-Wilkinson 2019 7 Global Demographics Indigenous Peoples • Tribal Peoples, First Peoples, Native Peoples, Indigenous Peoples • 5% of the world’s population • 15% of the world’s poor • 370-500 million Indigenous people in the world • 5,000 different groups • 90 countries worldwide • Indigenous people live in every region of the world • 70% of them live in Asia (Cultural Survival, 2014, WHO, 2017) Kent-Wilkinson 2019 8 Canadian Demographics Canada • 37,600,000 – Canadian population • 4.9% or 1,673, 785 (1.7 million) people - self-identify as First Nation, Métis, or Inuit according to the 2016 Canadian census (Statistics Canada, 2017). • 46% of the Aboriginal population in Canada is under 24 years old (Statistics Canada, 2014a). • 32yrs is average age of Aboriginal people • 86% Nunavut - represented by Aboriginal people • 18% of Manitoba - represented by Aboriginal people • 16.3% of Saskatchewan - represented by Aboriginal people (Statistics Canada, 2017) Kent-Wilkinson 2019 9 Four-Country/ Worldwide Comparison Chart (2013) Canada Australia New United World Zealand States wide General 37.6 Million 24.6 4,794 325.7 7.7 billion Population (2018) Million million million (2017) (Statistics (2017) (2017) (2017) Canada, 2019) Aboriginal 1,673, 785 786,689 50,000 5.2 370 (Statistics (Census, 2017) (Cultural million million population Canada, 2017) Survival, 2014) (Cultural Canadian census Indigenous Survival, 2014) 2016 4.9% 3.3% 15.2% (Cultural 5% Aboriginal Survival, 2014) (Statistics (Census, 2017) (ABS, 2011) (Cultural people as Canada, 2017) Survival, 2017) % of (15% of the extreme poor) population Kent-Wilkinson 2019 10 Indigenous (Aboriginal) Population 2016 Canadian Census Report • 4.9% (1,673, 785 million) of the total population self-identify as First Nation, Métis, or Inuit (Statistics Canada, 2017a). Statistics Canada attributes the spike to multiple factors including: • high fertility rate • natural growth • increased life expectancy • Indigenous people appear to be more willing to identify themselves on the census as either First Nations, Metis or Inuit (Global News, 2017, Statistics Canada, 2017c). Kent-Wilkinson 2019 11 Saskatoon, SK, Canada * * * * Kent-Wilkinson 2019 12 Outline Presentation Content Outline • Indigenous mental health and addiction issues in Canada • Definitions and prevalence rates • Attention to health determinants, and access to services • Significant government policies, laws and acts • Health care reports and strategies • Similarities and comparisons to Australia • Cultural context and cultural competence, safety and humility • Theoretical models and treatment approaches • Factors that promote wellness • Indigenization of educational curricula • Role of nurses and implications for Indigenous peoples globally Kent-Wilkinson 2019 13 Canada Australia -30-+30 C 0-40+ C Kent-Wilkinson 2019 14 Canada Australia 10 Provinces & 3 Territories 6 States & 2 Territories Kent-Wilkinson 2019 15 Aboriginal Demographics Australia Canada General Population 24,000,000 37,600,000 Aboriginal Population 798,365 1,673,780 Percentage of Aboriginals 3.3% 4.9% Aboriginal Offender % 25% 23.2% (15 times more likely) (10 times more likely) (Australia Bureau of Statistics, 2017; Statistics Canada, 2016, 2018) 16 Kent-Wilkinson 2019 Definitions Canada Aboriginal peoples •Aboriginal Peoples includes "Indian (First Nations), Inuit, and Métis people according to Section 35(2) of Canada’s Constitution Act, 1982. •Treaty Indians are listed as members of First Nations who are descendants of the signatories to one of the Numbered Treaties • Indigenous peoples (term preferred now) Australia Aboriginal peoples •Aboriginee, First Australians Indigenous peoples (prefer this term) Kent-Wilkinson 2019 17 Aboriginal Peoples Canada •Aboriginal (First Nations, Métis, Inuit) Australia •Aboriginee, First Australians, Indigenous New Zealand •Maori United States •North American Indian Kent-Wilkinson 2019 18 Country Similarities Canada • Federal parliamentary democracy/constitutional monarchy • Inhabited by indigenous peoples for millennia • First settled by Europeans in 1600s (French) • Settled by Europeans in 1800s • 1867 – BNA Act Canada became a dominion of 4 provinces Australia • Federal parliamentary democracy /constitutional monarchy. • Inhabited by indigenous peoples for over 40,000 years • First settled by Europeans in 1600s (Dutch) • Claimed by Great Britain in 1770 • Initially settled through penal transportation from 26 January 1788. • 1901, 6 colonies formed as a federation, commonwealth o f Australia Kent-Wilkinson 2019 19 1700s (18th century) British Expansion Three Ways that Britain could take possession of another country. (1) If uninhabited - settle and claim ownership (2) Defeating the Aboriginal people in War (3) Sign Treaties Kent-Wilkinson 2019 20 1700s (18th century) Australia Britain’s possession of Australia and Aboriginal people (1) If uninhabited - settle and claim ownership (2) Defeating the Aboriginal people in War • Australian frontier wars • Indigenous Australians and European settlers • spanned over 146 years, 1788 -1934, Black War, Bathurst War Canada Britain’s possession of Canada and Aboriginal people (2) Defeating the Aboriginal people in War (3) Sign Treaties Kent-Wilkinson 2019 21 Government Policies Britain settlement of Canada (3) Treaties • Britain settled in both Australia and Canada • These two migrations was very different • Formed treaties with the Aboriginal people in Canada that set out terms for which the Aboriginal peoples had to follow in order to occupy the land. Britain settlement of Australia (1) Terra Nullius • Treaties not created when the British settled in Australia • Mode of settlement was much different. • Operated under the concept of terra nullius which in international law means a territory belonging to no-one. Kent-Wilkinson 2019 22 Government Polices • Australian Doctrines • Terra Nullius • Land belonging to no one Kent-Wilkinson 2019 23 Government Policies Residential Schools Canada - 1850-1996 Stolen Generations Australia - 1880 to 1970 Kent-Wilkinson 2019 24 Residential Schools in Canada Stolen Generations in Australia Kent-Wilkinson 2019 25 Government Policies Residential Schools in Canada Government-sponsored religious schools that were established to assimilate Indigenous children into Euro- Canadian culture Stolen Generation • In both countries, children were taken away and sent to schools. In Australia, they call this the stolen generation. • Between 1880 and 1960 and affected approx. 100,000 children Kent-Wilkinson 2019 26 Government Policies Canada Potlatch Laws Bill C-31 Australia Clean, Clad an Courteous Act • Prior to 1975 white people could complain about Aboriginals, and social services/police would remove them from homes or schools. Clean, Clad an Courteous Act abolished in 1975 Kent-Wilkinson 2019 27 Government Policies Residential Schools in Australia Kent-Wilkinson 2019 28 Government Policies Stolen Generations in Australia Government Run Schools 1880-1970 Kent-Wilkinson 2019 29 Government Policies Kent-Wilkinson 2019 30 Government policies 1992 Terra nullius. • This concept prevailed in Australia and all of its laws until 1992 when the high court rejected terra nullius and recognized Indigenous native title (Aboriginal Health Glossary, 2004). Kent-Wilkinson 2019 31 1960s Aboriginal Rights Right to Vote 1917 Women – right to vote in Canada (MB then SK) 1960 Aboriginal people right to vote in federal elections 1961 Canadian Bill of Rights, Barred discrimination by federal agencies on the grounds of race, national origin,
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