Turimetta Beach, Sydney State of the Beaches 2014–2015 Summary and How to Read this Report For technical information about this report contact: Beachwatch, Office of Environment and Heritage NSW 59–61 Goulburn Street, Sydney PO Box A290, Sydney South NSW 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5344 Email: [email protected] Web: www.environment.nsw.gov.au/beach Published by: Office of Environment and Heritage NSW 59 Goulburn Street, Sydney PO Box A290, Sydney South NSW 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Phone: 131 555 (information and publications requests) Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au The Office of Environment and Heritage NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. ISBN 978-1-76039-064-8 OEH 2015/0506 October 2015 State of the Beaches SUMMARY 2014–2015 Beach monitoring in NSW Statistics for 2014–2015: The water quality of beaches and other swimming locations is monitored under the NSW Government’s Beachwatch programs to provide the community with accurate information on the cleanliness of the water and to enable individuals to make informed decisions about where and when to swim. Routine assessment also measures the impact of pollution 9341 sources, enables the effectiveness of stormwater and wastewater samples management practices to be assessed and highlights areas where further work is needed. Swimming sites in NSW are graded as Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor or Very Poor in accordance with the National Health and Medical Research Council’s 2008 Guidelines for Managing Risks in Recreational Waters. 241 31 These Beach Suitability Grades provide a long-term assessment of how suitable a beach is for swimming. The grades are determined from the sites councils most recent 100 water quality results (two to four years’ worth of data depending on the sampling frequency) and a risk assessment of potential pollution sources. A guide on to how to read the report is provided on pages 15–18. Rainfall impacts Rainfall is the major driver of pollution to recreational waters, generating stormwater runoff and triggering discharges from the wastewater treatment and transport systems. Changes in rainfall patterns are reflected in beach water quality over time due to variation in the frequency and extent of stormwater and wastewater inputs. The Beach Suitability Grades for 2014–2015 are based on water quality 3663 data collected over the last two to four years. Rainfall over this period has Twitter followers been diverse, beginning with sustained wet weather conditions and flooding in many areas along the NSW coast, followed by well-below @BeachwatchNSW average rainfall across the state, and ending with more wet weather conditions and heavy rainfall events including a significant east coast low: . 2011–2012: ninth-wettest summer on record . 2012–2013: high levels of rainfall recorded in many areas . 2013–2014: driest summer in almost 30 years 63,263 . 2014–2015: above average rainfall, particularly on the coast. Users environment.nsw.gov.au/beach Beach Suitability Grades at 18 sites were downgraded this year due to the inclusion of water quality data from the wetter 2014–2015 summer period in the assessment. Most declines were from Very Good to Good See How to Read this Report for grades. explanations of graphs and Beach Suitability Grades. 1 Overall results for 2014–2015 Health risks Percentage of sites graded as Very Good or Good: Contamination of recreational waters with faecal material from animal and human sources can pose significant health problems 81% 81% 83% 83% to beach users owing to the presence of 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 pathogens (disease-causing micro-organisms) in the faecal material. The most common groups of pathogens found in recreational In 2014–2015, 200 of the 241 monitored swimming locations were graded waters are bacteria, protozoans and viruses. as Very Good or Good, indicating that they were suitable for swimming for most or almost all of the time. While overall this is an excellent result, Exposure to contaminated water can cause many lake/lagoon and estuarine swimming locations did not perform as gastroenteritis, with symptoms including well as the ocean beaches, primarily due to limited flushing. Similar trends vomiting, diarrhoea, stomach-ache, nausea, have been recorded in previous years. headache and fever. Eye, ear, skin and upper respiratory tract infections can also be As ocean beaches, estuarine beaches, lake/lagoon swimming sites and contracted when pathogens come into contact ocean baths have very different responses to rainfall-related impacts, the with small breaks and tears in the skin or results for each type of swimming area are discussed separately. ruptures of the delicate membranes in the ear or nose. Ocean beaches Certain groups of users may be more vulnerable to the threat of microbial infection than others. Children, the elderly, people with compromised immune systems, tourists, and people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are generally most at risk. In general, open ocean beaches in NSW exhibit excellent water quality with 96 per cent of 139 monitored ocean beaches graded as Very Good or Good. This indicates that they were suitable for swimming for most or almost all of the time. This result is slightly lower than that recorded in Beach pollution forecasts 2013–2014, when 97 per cent of ocean beaches were graded as Very Good or Good. The impacts of rainfall are least apparent at the ocean Beachwatch issues daily pollution forecasts to beaches, with tidal flushing rapidly dispersing and diluting pollution inputs. enable beachgoers to make informed decisions about where and when to swim. The Five ocean beaches were graded as Poor1: forecasts are available before 7.30 am during the swimming season (October to April) and . Terrigal Beach, Avoca Beach, Copacabana Beach and Ocean before 9.00 am between May and September, Beach on the Central Coast and cover swimming sites in the Sydney, . Boat Harbour at the northern end of Bate Bay in Cronulla. Hunter and Illawarra regions and the Central Coast. Sites on the Central Coast were impacted by more significant sources of contamination, such as discharges from lagoons, large creeks or Beach pollution forecasts can be accessed via estuaries, as well as substantial rainfall and flooding events in April 2015. the Beachwatch website, mobile website, Terrigal Beach and Ocean Beach were also graded as Poor in 2013– email subscription, Twitter and Facebook. 2014. environment.nsw.gov.au/beach Boat Harbour was also graded as Poor in 2013–2014. The creek at the northern end of the beach has been identified as the source of ongoing 1 Using the Beach Suitability Grade classification matrix, sites assigned a moderate Sanitary Inspection Category can only be rated as Good or Poor with no option of Fair grades. This can create the impression of a large change in water quality when in fact there need only be a slight increase in bacterial counts to push it over the threshold with no significant increase in the risk to public health. 2 low levels of contamination. Further investigation by Beachwatch to Managing beach pollution identify whether the source of contamination is human or non-human using caffeine analysis was inconclusive. Management of beach pollution is the joint responsibility of state and local governments, As a general precaution, swimming at ocean beaches should be avoided with many non-government and community during and for up to one day after rainfall, or if there are signs of groups and individuals also making a stormwater pollution such as discoloured water or floating debris. significant contribution to pollution prevention: Estuarine beaches NSW Government Protection of the Environment Operations Act Good / Very Good 1997 Fair Environment Protection Authority Poor / Very Poor Environmental Trust Diffuse Source Water Pollution Strategy Fifty-five (77 per cent) of the 71 monitored estuarine beaches were Estuary Management Program graded as Very Good or Good, indicating the water quality was suitable for swimming for most of the time. These swimming sites were generally Wastewater re-use guidance located in well-flushed sections of the estuaries or had few significant Water utilities sources of pollution. This result is an improvement on that recorded in 2013–2014 when only 71 per cent of estuarine beaches were graded as Sydney Water Corporation (responsible for 23,500 km of sewerage pipes, 11 coastal Very Good or Good. wastewater treatment plants and five per cent of Sydney’s stormwater system). Four sites in Sydney (Gurney Crescent Baths, Clontarf Pool, Northbridge Baths and Gymea Bay Baths) were graded as Fair. These sites generally Hunter Water Corporation (responsible for 4500 km of sewerage pipes, five wastewater had good microbial water quality in the assessment period, but the treatment plants and 94 km of stormwater sanitary inspections identified risks from a number of potential sources of channel). pollution including local stormwater runoff, upstream rivers and sewage overflows. Local councils Urban stormwater program Eleven (15 per cent) of the estuarine beaches were graded as Poor, an improvement on the 2013–2014 results, when 25 per cent of estuarine Stormwater Management Service Charge beaches were graded as Poor. The water quality at these sites was often Integrated planning and reporting suitable for swimming during dry weather conditions, with elevated levels Development of enterococci recorded following rainfall. These sites were generally On-site sewage treatment systems located in less well-flushed sections of the estuaries or had more significant sources of pollution. Lifeguard services Environmental and community groups As a general precaution, swimming at estuarine beaches should be avoided during and up to three days following rainfall or if there are signs Commercial and non-profit groups are also of stormwater pollution such as discoloured water or floating debris.