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Bleeding Disorders 435 medicine teamwork [ Important | Notes | Extra | Editing file ] ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ lecture objectives: ⇨ Overview of Hemostasis. ⇨ Congenital Bleeding Disorders. ⇨ Acquired Bleeding Disorders. ⇨ Platelet Disorders (Number & Function). ⇨ Approach to the bleeding patients. ⇨ Management of Bleeding patients. ★ I highly advise you to view this 1-page lecture summary before starting the lecture. Done By​: ​Bedoor Julaidan & Nouf Altwaijri Edited by​:​ Rahaf Binabbad Revised By​:​ Luluh Alzeghayer & Ahmed Alyahya References: Slides - Master the Boards - Essential Haematology- 433 Medicine team Overview: Hemostasis Definition: - The process through which bleeding is controlled at a site of damaged or disrupted endothelium. ​ ​ A dynamic interplay between: •Cellular Components: ( Platelets & Endothelium ) ​ ​ •Plasma Proteins Components: 3 protein systems ​ ​ ​ ​ 1.Blood Coagulation ( Clot Formation ) 2.Fibrinolysis ( Clot Lysing ) 3.Anticoagulant ( Regulating ) Whenever the vascular integrity is breached (vessel injury) 3 things happen. Firstly, vasoconstriction, secondly platelet plug formation lastly ​ ​ ​ ​ blood clotting (coagulation cascade) ​ ​ Platelets: - Produced in the Bone Marrow by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of ​ ​ megakaryocytes. ​ -Each megakaryocyte form 1000 to 5000 platelets. ​ ​ -Time interval from differentiation of the human stem cell to the production of platelets ( ~ 10 days ) -Thrombopoietin → the major regulator of platelets production via ​ ​ c-MPL receptor1 (thrombopoietin is produced by liver (95%) & kidney) ​ ​ -Normal platelets counts ( 150 – 400 x 10⁹ ) -Platelets life span ( 7 – 10 days ) ​ ​ Platelets ultrastructure: Extremely small & discoid (3 x 0.5 µm in diameter) ​ Contains 3 types of storage granules: α Granules Dense Granules ( δ Granules ) Lysosomes Clotting Factors ADP & ATP Hydrolytic enzymes VWF (von willebrand factor) Serotonin ​ PDGF2 Histamine IGF13 Ionized Ca Platelets Functions: 1-Adhesion ( Platelets stick to the vessel Wall ) ​ ​ -Adhesion is through attachment of GP Ib-IX-V4 to VWF ​ ​ -VWF is synthesized in endothelial cells & megakaryocytes -VWF is stored in storage granules of endothelial cells & α granules of Platelets -VWF Rises with stress, exercise, adrenaline, infusion of DDAVP (desmopressin) 2-Aggregation ( cross linking of Platelets, platelets stick together ) ​ ​ -Aggregation is through attachment of GP IIb/IIIa receptors (found on ​ ​ platelets’ surface) to VWF and Fibrinogen (mainly fibrinogen) ​ ​ ​ 3-Release Reaction & Amplification ( aggregation formation & stabilization ) ​ ​ -Primary activation by various agonists induces intracellular signaling leading to release of α granules ​ ​ contents (platelets aggregation and stabilization), & ADP (platelets activation) from dense granules ​ ​ ​ ​ 1 Thrombopoietin receptor 2 Platelet derived growth factor 3 Insulin like growth factor 4 The GPIb-IX-V complex is a membrane receptor complex present on the platelet surface. ​ ​ ​ -Formation of Thromboxane A2 by various agonists induces intracellular signaling (potentiates platelets ​ aggregation and causes powerful vasoconstriction). ​ *normally the platelets don’t adhere to the endothelium but when there is injury in the endothelium the circulating vWf will attach to subendothelial collagen on one side, and to GP Ib of platelets on the other side. this binding will ​ ​ activate the platelets. When the platelets are activated, they change in shape and receptor becomes activated *normally it is inactive*. Follows that degranulation of platelets’ granules → fibrinogen, vWF, serotonin (which causes vasoconstriction), ADP (important for platelets activation and aggregation) and Ca ( needed in the secondary hemostasis ‘coagulation’). The activated platelets also secretes thromboxane A2 which activates further platelets and causes vasoconstriction. lastly, platelets aggregation mediated by GPIIb/IIIa receptor when it binds to fibrinogen. Many GP IIb/IIIa receptors will attach to single fibrinogen and this what makes platelet plug. Platelets Inhibitors: ● Prostacyclin (PGI₂) -Synthesized by vascular endothelial cells -Potent inhibitor of Platelets aggregation & causes vasodilation by rising cAMP ​ ​ ​ ​ -Prevents Platelets adhesion to normal vascular endothelium ​ ​ ● Nitric Oxide (NO) -Released from endothelial cells, macrophages, & Platelets -Inhibit Platelets activation & promotes vasodilation ​ ​ ​ Coagulation cascade: Intrinsic pathway: We start by factor 12 which activates factor 11. Factor 11 will activate factor 9. Factor 9 in the presence of factor 8 will activate factor 10. Extrinsic pathway: We start by factor 3 (tissue factor) that activates factor 7. Factor 7 activates factor 10 Common pathway: Starting by factor 10 that activates factor 2 (prothrombin) in the presence of factor 5. Prothrombin will activates factor 1 (fibrinogen to fibrin). -Extrinsic pathway is what gets activated in times of injury. but its activation is not sufficient and we need the intrinsic pathway but how the intrinsic pathway gets activated? when factor 7 activates factor 10 and factor 10 activates prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin will activate intrinsic pathway (thrombin activates factor 5,7,8,11,13). Factor 7 also ​ activates factor 9 -The whole idea of coagulation cascade is to generate fibrin, once we ​ ​ generate fibrin we need to cross-link fibrin molecules to stabilize ​ platelet plug in order to form clot, and how this happens? by factor 13, ​ ​ ​ ​ factor 13 enables formation of fibrin mesh ‘clot stabilization’. ​In factor 13 deficiency (rare bleeding disorder) we give them fresh frozen plasma because we don't have it concentrated. -Thrombin is responsible for multiple negative feedback loops that help to control coagulation. one of them is by activating plasminogen to plasmin that breaks fibrin mesh. Thrombin also activates antithrombin that blocks further activation of thrombin and factor 10. At the end of this phase (coagulation ​ cascade) fibrinolysis phase follows. ​ ​ So in summary: Hemostatic Phases 1.Vascular Phase 2.Platelet Phase 3.Plasma Coagulation 4.Fibrinolysis Phase Phase -Release of locally Platelets Adhesion & -Propagation of the -Termination of clotting active vasoactive Aggregation (via VWF, clotting process by the by antithrombotic control ​ ​ agents (Endothelin, ADP, TXA2) coagulation cascade of mechanisms & removal Thromboxane A2, -Formation of Platelet coagulation factors. of the clot ​ Fibrinopeptides). Plug. -Formation of Fibrin Clot. ​ ​ -Vasoconstriction at ​ ​ the site of injury reduces blood flow. ★ The main function of the primary hemostasis is to form Platelet plug ​ ​ ​ ★ The main function of the secondary hemostasis is to form fibrin clot ​ ​ ​ Hemostasis - Helpful Blood Clotting​ 4:48 mins Approach to Patient with Potential Bleeding Anticoagulants: The most famous one is warfarin, what’s its relation to vitamin K? its one of the major components of the coagulation factors especially if the patient came to you with coagulopathy and prolonged ptt with normal pt + chronic liver disease with high INR vit k is not soluble because of lack of bile so ﻋﻦ k اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن ذﻛﻲ ﺑﺲ ﻣﻮ ﻛﻔﺎﯾﻪ ﻓﺎﯾﺶ ﯾﺴﻮي؟ ﺑﯿﻌﻄﯿﻬﻢ ﻓﯿﺘﺎﻣﯿﻦ there is deficiency of factor five and prolongation of INR, so !ﻃﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﻔﻢ ﺑﯿﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﻔﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ اﻟﻤﺮﯾﺾ، ﻻزم ﺗﻌﻄﻮﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﻜﺸﻦ ﻣﻮﻻزم ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻮن اﻟﻬﺎﻓﻼﯾﻒ 1/Detailed patient & family medical history (crucial & vital regardless of the prior lab testing) ​ ​ •Establish likelihood of a bleeding disorder​ • Guide laboratory Testing -Did bleeding occur: •Early in the newborn period (circumcision) ​ ​ •After hemostatic Challenges ( delivery, injury, trauma, surgery, invasive dental ​ ​ procedure, menstruation ) -Frequency & pattern -Duration: •Onset ( congenital vs. acquired ) ​ ​ •Time required for cessation ​ -Sites of bleeding (specific or multiple): Sites of bleeding Mucocutaneous Bleeding Deep Tissue Bleeding ‘Primary Hemostasis Defects ‘Secondary Hemostasis Defects ( PLT or vW Factor )’ ( Clotting Factors Deficiencies )’ •Easy bruising •Joints •Epistaxis •Muscles •Menorrhagia •Central Nervous System - Current use of medications or herbal supplements ​ ​ - Use of Bleeding Assessment Tools (differentia bleeding phenotypes, require validation by prospective studies) 2/Laboratory Testing: Screening Tests: 1.CBC (Platelet count) ​ ​ 2.Prothrombin Time (PT) → measures FVII, X, V, II, I - (normal time 10-14 secs) “extrinsic pathway” ​ ​ ​ ​ 3.International Normalized Ratio (INR) → the ratio of a patient's PT to a normal (control) sample, raised to ​ ​ the power of the ISI (international sensitivity index) value for the control sample used. 4.Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT or PTT) → measures F XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, ​ ​ V, II, I - (normal Time 30 – 40 secs) “intrinsic pathway” 5.Thrombin (Clotting) Time (TT) → sensitive to deficiency of Fibrinogen or inhibition of thrombin - (normal ​ ​ Time 14 – 16 secs) 6.Bleeding Time → (3-8 secs) (not sensitive – not specific ) ​ ​ -Screening tests (not sensitive to all abnormalities associated with a bleeding disorder) -Although screening tests are used widely to identify hemostatic abnormalities associated with bleeding, they are NOT perfect -The Clinical suspicion for a bleeding disorder is Critical to determine extent of the laboratory ​ ​ investigations Specialized Tests 1.Mixing Study (one to one mixture of patient’s plasma & known normal standard plasma, only if PT or ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ aPTT prolonged) ​ Corrected → clotting factor deficiency (risk of bleed) ​ Not corrected → inhibitors
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