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Sidarto Proofreading.Cdr Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.21. No.4 Nopember 2020 hal 165-175 Geo-Resources Geo-Environment Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Center for Geological Survey, Geological Agency, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources G e o l o g i Journal homepage: http://jgsm.geologi.esdm.go.id ISSN 0853 - 9634, e-ISSN 2549 - 4759 Perubahan Muara Bodri Periode 1972-2017 Diinterpretasi pada Citra Landsat, dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pantai Kendal The Changing of Bodri Esturies 1972-2017 Periode Interpreted on Landsat Imageries, and the Influence on the Kendal Coastal Sidarto, Indra Sanjaya dan Jamal Pusat Survei Geologi, Jalan Diponegoro No.57 Bandung email: [email protected] Naskah diterima : 15 Oktober 2020, Revisi terakhir : 27 Oktober 2020 Disetujui : 02 November 2020, Online : 02 November 2020 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.21.4.165-175p Abstrak-Dataran Kendal mempunyai peran sangat Abstract-The Kendal coastal plain has a very important role penting dalam transportasi di pantai utara Jawa Tengah, in land transportation on the north coast of Central Java, so sehingga infrastruktur dan populasi daerah ini the infrastructures and populations are growing rapidly up. berkembang dengan cepat. Lima sungai utama mengalir Five main rivers flow in the Kendal Plain, namely Bodri, di Dataran Kendal, yaitu Sungai Bodri, Sungai Cangkring, Blukar, Damar, and Koto Rivers. The Bodri Cangkring, Sungai Blukar, Sungai Damar, dan Sungai River has the most extensive watersheds, and is quite Koto. Sungai Bodri mempunyai daerah aliran sungai dynamic. Remote sensing data is very effective to be used for (DAS) paling luas, dengan perkembangan sangat monitoring the earth surface, both locally and regionally. To dinamis. Data penginderan jauh sangat efektif find out the changing of Bodri Delta, Landsat imageries are digunakan untuk monitoring permukaan bumi, baik utilized, involving Multispectral Scanner (MSS), 1972, lokal maupun regional. Untuk mengetahui perubahan Themathic Mapper (TM), 1992, Enhance Thematic Mapper Delta Bodri digunakan Citra Landsat, yang meliputi citra +(ETM+), 2001, and Landsat Data Continuity Mission landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) tahun 1972, citra (LDCM), 2017 landsat imageries. The Landsat MSS and landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) tahun 1992, citra TM images are carried out geometric correction, while the Landsat Enhance Thematic Mapper+ (ETM+) tahun other imageries have automatic control points. On the MSS 2001, dan citra Landsat Data Continuity Mission Landsat imagery, the Bodri River has two branches, namely (LDCM) tahun 2017. Citra MSS dan TM dilakukan the Bodri and Kenceng Rivers, forming the cuspate deltas koreksi geometri, sedangkan citra lainnya sudah respectively. Landsat TM imagery shows the Bodri River mempunyai titik kontrol secara otomatis. Pantai dan has a meander pattern, and the river protrudes into the sea, sungai diinterpretasi pada setiap citra di layar komputer, forming cone delta. The Bodri River estuary on the ETM + hasilnya ditumpang-tindihkan dan perbedaannya landsat image shows to protrude to northwest and forms a dianalisis secara ilmiah. Pada citra Landsat MSS, cone delta, while on the LDCM imagery shows that the river tampak Muara Bodri bercabang dua, yaitu Sungai Badri turns to north, and the estuary faces relatively to the north. dan Sungai Kenceng, yang masing-masing membentuk The estuary of the river is increasingly concentrated, which delta cuspate. Penampakan citra Landsat TM is shown by the colors, identifying the river's material menunjukkan Sungai Bodri sudah bermeander, dan supply is increasing. The distribution of suspended material muara sungai agak menjorok ke laut. Sementara itu, is expanding, indicating greater energy in the sea. The muara Sungai Bodri pada citra Landsat ETM+ menjorok changing of the Badri Estuaries are influenced by the ke baratlaut dan membentuk delta kerucut, sedangkan condition of the Upstream Bodri Watershed (the rocks are pada citra LDCM sungai ini berbelok ke utara, dan easily eroded, triggered by bare land covers and high muara sungai menghadap relatif ke utara.JGSM Muara Sungai rainfall ), and the ocean energy originating from the western Badri warnanya makin pekat, yang ditunjukkan oleh waves, affected by global warming. warna putih pekat, mengidentifikasikan suplai material sungai bertambah. Sebaran pengendapan suspended Keywords: Badri Estuary, landsat emageries, 1972-2017 periode, material makin meluas, menunjukkan energi di laut Kendal Costal growth. makin besar. Perubahan Muara Bodri dipengaruhi oleh kondisi DAS Badri Hulu (batuannya mudah tererosi, dipicu oleh tutupan lahan terbuka dan curah hujan tinggi); dan energi laut berupa gelombang barat, yang dipengaruhi oleh pemanasan global. Katakunci: Muara Bodri, citra landsat, periode 1972-2017, © JGSM. This is an open access article perkembangan Pantai Kendal. under the CC-BY-NC license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral - Terakreditasi KEMENRISTEKDIKTI No. 21/E/KPT/2018 Berlaku sejak Volume 17 Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 sampai Volume 21 Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 JurnalJurnal Geologi Geologi dan dan Sumberdaya Sumberdaya Mineral Mineral Vol.20. Vol.20. No.3 No.4 Agustus November 2019 2019 hal 143 hal -225 152 - 236 Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral Vol.21. No.4 Nopember 2020 hal 165-175 166 PENDAHULUAN citra. Sebagian besar citra tersebut sudah banyak digunakan untuk berbagai penelitian. Beberapa Dataran Kendal mempunyai peran sangat penting keunggulan citra Landsat adalah (1) resolusi dalam transportasi darat di pantai utara Jawa Tengah, temporalnya baik, satelit ini mempunyai resolusi karena setiap transportasi darat dari Jawa Timur dan temporal 16, yang artinya satelit tersebut akan memotret sebagian Jawa Tengah bagian timur ke Jakarta harus daerah yang sama dalam waktu 16 hari, (2) resolusi melewati dataran ini. Oleh karena itu, perkembangan spektralnya cukup baik, yaitu chanel biru, hijau, merah, infrastruktur dan penambahan populasi daerah ini inframerah dekat, dan inframerah sedang mempunyai berkembang dengan cepat. Perkembangan ini resolusi 30 m (kecuali Landsat MSS dengan resolusi 80 mengakibatkan perubahan morfologi sebagai dampak m), chanel pankromatik (band 8) mempunyai resolusi 15 perubahan tataguna lahan, sehingga mengakibatkan m, dan inframerah thermal beresolusi 60 m, (3) dalam peningkatan erosi dan polusi. format digital, (4) citra yang dihasilkan mempunyai Ada lima sungai utama mengalir di Dataran Kendal, proyeksi orthogonal, (5) perolehan datanya relatif mudah yaitu Sungai Bodri, Sungai Cangkring, Sungai dan gratis, (6) cakupan sangat luas (180 x 180 km2). Blukar, Sungai Damar, dan Sungai Koto. Di antara Artikel ini akan membahas perubahan Muara Sungai sungai-sungai tersebut, Sungai Bodri mempunyai Bodri 1972-2017 berdasarkan interpretasi citra Landsat, daerah aliran sungai (DAS) paling luas, dan kondisi dan pengaruhnya terhadap Pantai Kendal. muaranya sering berubah. Sanjoto dkk. (2019) mengatakan bahwa Delta Bodri sangat dinamis, Bird Lokasi dan Ongkosongo (1980) telah melakukan penelitian tentang perubahan Delta Bodri 1864-1973, dan Daerah penelitian berupa pedataran, termasuk wilayah Lumbanbatu (2009) telah menulis karya ilmiah Kabupaten Kendal, Propinsi Jawa Tengah. Wilayah ini bertopik perkembangan dataran pantai daerah merupakan jalur pantai utara (pantura) Jawa Tengah Kendal. (Gambar 1). Sebenarnya teknik penginderaan jauh sendiri merupakan disiplin ilmu yang relatif muda, namun METODOLOGI teknologi ini telah meningkatkan kemampuan Citra Landsat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini manusia dalam pemetaan, eksplorasi sumberdaya dan terlihat pada Tabel 1 dan Gambar 2. Selain data citra monitoring permukaan bumi, baik secara global Landsat tersebut, juga digunakan citra Digital Elevation maupun lokal (Rencz 1999; Lillesand dkk. 2015; Model (DEM) Terra-SAR X, yang direkam tahun 2012 Thenkabail 2015, dalam Gupta, 2018). JGSMdari Pusat Survei Geologi, dan citra SPOT 7 dari Lapan. Landsat merupakan salah satu satelit penginderaan Citra DEM digunakan untuk interpretasi geologi, dan jauh milik Amerika Serikat. Sampai saat ini sudah citra SPOT digunakan untuk refisi dan validasi. Semua delapan (8) generasi satelit secara berkesinambungan data dalam bentuk digital, sehingga dapat diolah sesuai telah diluncurkan, dan sudah menghasilkan jutaan kebutuhan. Gambar 1. Lokasi daerah penelitian di wilayah Kabupaten Kendal, Jawa Tengah. Prediksi Model 2d Data Magnetotelurik Terbaik Berdasarkan Pendekatan Model...(GM.Lucki Junursyah, dkk) Perubahan Muara Bodri Periode 1972-2017 Diinterpretasi pada...(Sidarto dkk.) 167 Koreksi geometri pertama yang dilakukan adalah Tabel 1. Citra Landsat yang digunakan pada penelitian ini Landsat TM dengan referensi Landsat ETM, karena resolusi spasial kedua citra sama (30 m), dan waktu rekaman kedua citra paling dekat. Hasil koreksi terdiri atas sebaran lokasi dan nilai kesalahannya (Gambar 3 dan Tabel 2). Koreksi geometri citra Landat MSS dengan menggunakan citra Landsat TM yang sudah dikoreksi, karena rekaman citra Landsat TM paling dekat dengan citra Landsat MSS, yang perubahannya paling sedikit. Oleh karena resolusi spasial kedua citra sangat berbeda, Landsat MSS mempunyai resolusi 80 m dan landsat TM 30 m, mengakibatkan koreksinya sedikit mengalami kesulitan. Sebaran titik koreksi dan kesalahannya dapat dilihat pada Gambar 4 dan Tabel 3. Setelah citra dikoreksi, interpretasi muara Sungai Bodri dilakukan pada masing-masing citra secara semi manual pada layar komputer (monitor). Agar penampakan proses-proses
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