Transitivity for Revealing Ideology of English University Tagline in

TRANSITIVITY FOR REVEALING IDEOLOGY OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY TAGLINE IN INDONESIA

Lela Rosita Apriliani English Literature, Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University [email protected]

Dian Rivia Himmawati S.S., M.Hum English Literature, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Surabaya State University [email protected]

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini fokus terhadap analisis transitivitas untuk mengungkapkan ideologi pada slogan universitas berbahasa inggris di indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori ideologi oleh Van Djik (1998) untuk mengungkapkan ideologi sebagai identitas pada slogan universitas berbahasa inggris di indonesia melalui teori transitivitas oleh Halliday (1994) berdasarkan pertanyaan penelitian; bagaimana ideologi yang direfleksikan oleh analisis transitivitas pada slogan universitas berbahasa inggris di Indonesia? Penelitian ini menggunakan metode dokumentasi untuk pengumpulan data dan pendekatan diskriptif kualitatif karena data dari penelitian ini yaitu kata, frasa, dan kalimat. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya ada satu tipe proses transitivitas yang digunakan oleh slogan universitas berbahas inggris di indonesia dalam mengungkapkan ideologi pada slogan universitas berbahasa inggris di indonesia. Tipe proses transitivitas tersebut yaitu proses relasional. Proses yang lain seperti proses material, proses mental, proses verbal, proses behavioral, dan proses wujud tidak dianalisis karena proses-proses tersebut tidak ditemukan. Proses relasional pada slogan universitas berbahasa inggris ini digunakan sebagai cara universitas di indonesia untuk mengklasifikasikan, mendiskripsikan dan mendefinisikan ide mereka. Proses tersebut juga digunakan untuk mendefinisikan ide mereka terhadap ideologi sebagai identitas. Melalui proses tersebut, tiap slogan unniversitas berbahasa inggris di indonesia ingin menunjukkan identitas mereka yang mana dikaitkan dengan visi dan tujuan universitas. Kata Kunci: transitivitas, ideologi sebagai identitas, slogan universitas, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This research focuses on the analysis of transitivity for revealing ideology of English university tagline in Indonesia. This research uses the theory of ideology by Van Djik (1998) to reveal the ideology as identity in English university tagline in Indonesia through transitivity by Halliday (1994) based on the research question; how are the ideologies reflected on transitivity analysis found in English university tagline in Indonesia? This research used documentary study for collecting the data and descriptive approach because the data were words, phrases, and sentences. The results of this research show that there is only one type of transitivity process used by English university tagline in Indonesia for revealing ideology of English university tagline in Indonesia. It is relational process. Other processes like material process, mental process, verbal process, behavioral process, and existential process are not analyzed because those processes are not found. Relational process in this English university tagline is used as the way for the universities in Indonesia to classify, describe, and define their idea. It is also used to define their idea toward ideology as identity. Through relational process, each English university tagline in Indonesia wants to show their identity which is related to the vision and the goal of the university. Keywords: transitivity, ideology as identity, English university tagline, Indonesia

83 Language Horizon. Volume 05 Nomor 01 Tahun 2017, 83-91

transitivity process and ideology. The first research has INTRODUCTION been conducted by Anggarwati (2014) entitled The In educational institutions, like in the Choice of Words, Transitivity, and Ideology of the university, tagline is able to be found. Some universities Headlines in the Jakarta Post Reporting APEC in in Indonesia apply English language as their tagline. Indonesia. This research discussed about the ideological Tagline here is the same with motto. Using tagline, it is representation in the headlines presented in analyzing the able to catch people’s attention to learn in the university. word choice and transitivity, mainly transitivity of the The words used in tagline are commonly unique, such as headlines. The previous study was done to grasp how the the tagline from the State University of Surabaya ideology existed in the headlines in The Jakarta Post “Growing with character” and the meaning of this newspaper reporting APEC in Indonesia. Then, the tagline here is interesting. It is also thoughtfully designed second previous study has been conducted by Nguyen and adjusted to the vision and the goal of the university. (2012) entitled Transitivity Analysis of “Heroic Mother” In addition, the tagline utilized in the by Hoa Pham. It primarily analyzes the application of universities is usually related to the ideology as identity. Halliday’s theory of transitivity in the creation of Thus, analyzing the ideology in English university personality. It was intended to explain how the main tagline through transitivity analysis is interesting. The character’s personality was depicted through the data here is only in English language. Analyzing English language utilized in Heroic Mother by Hoa Pham. university tagline, it uses the theory of Ideology by Van Meanwhile, this research analyzes the types of Djik and transitivity theory by Halliday. Transitivity here the process of transitivity and the ideology reflected on deals with grammatical feature that shows whether a transitivity process discovered in English university verb gain a direct object (transitive verb). This research tagline in Indonesia. This research applies Van Djik’s here applies the experiential values: grammatical feature theory of ideology (1998) to assist to analyze the based on the transitivity system. It is utilized to find out ideology in language that is utilized. Besides, this the transitivity system of English university tagline in research utilizes the transitivity grammar system Indonesia. Language generally has three primary proposed by Halliday (1994). The ideology as identity functions which is dubbed “metafunction”. They are concept is also explained to gain a deeper understanding ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunction in analyzing the research problems. Here is the detail of (Halliday, 1994). the theory of ideology as identity and transitivity. Transitivity is utilized to reveal the ideology Van Djik’s Theory because it is a part of ideational metafunction: Ideology precisely consists of a basic schema of experiential meaning. It is how someone views the which the first group describes the membership criteria world, experiences the world and how someone senses it of a group. It means that whenever a group has expanded (Eggins, 2004). In transitivity, it has three components; an ideology, such an ideology at the same time also they are process, participant and circumstance (Halliday, describes the basis for the group’s identity. People 1994). Then, in transitivity process, there are six types mainly create themselves as being a member of several based on verb phrase used; those are material process, groups. There is a function of ideology as identity; it is mental process, verbal process, behavioural process, ideology as group identity existential process and relational process.

To conduct this research, there are exactly some previous study done that is related to the analysis of

84 Transitivity for Revealing Ideology of English University Tagline in Indonesia

 Ideology as Group Identity called as the process of existing and relational process that specifically dubbed as the process of being. These processes explain the personal variation and the complexity of the manifestations of group Research question of this research is how are ideologies in everyday life, though it should be the ideologies reflected on transitivity analysis found in reminded that ideology is principally shared and hence English university tagline in Indonesia. The aim of this required to be defined as group stage. Identity is usually research is to reveal the ideologies reflected on taken in an individualistic fashion, in terms of transitivity analysis in English university tagline in representations and identification processes of group Indonesia. parts. However, in the same way as groups may be said RESEARCH METHOD to share knowledge, attitudes and an ideology. It is able This research is specifically included in the type to be supposed that they share a social representation of descriptive qualitative because the data is in the form that defines their identity. According to Van Djik of words, phrases and sentences. This research (1998), group identity is the same with a group self- concentrates on revealing ideology as identity through schema. It can be concluded that group identity is transitivity analysis. The data of this research is the similar to group ideology. words that are in English university tagline in Indonesia. Moreover, the ideological group self-schema The researcher merely employs English language as the should describes those basic beliefs that are shared at data because the data must be in English. That is why the the group stage and the answer such fundamental researcher only took the university tagline that utilizes questions ‘Who are we?’, ‘Where do we come from?’, English language. ‘Who belongs to us?’, ‘What is our activity?’, ‘What are The instrument of this research is exactly the our goals?’. After all, ideology is defined as the basis of researcher who is as the collector for collecting the data the shared social representations of a group. It means and the analyst of this research. Since the source of the that ideology form is the basis of group identity. It deals data of the research is the tagline, English university with more or less stable evaluations about the group’s tagline, which taken from the website of each university membership criteria, goals, activities and values. Indonesia, this research applied documentary study to Transitivity Theory (Halliday, 1994) collect the data. The documentary study is precisely as Transitivity is a part of ideational metafunction the technique employed to categorize, investigate, in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) that deals with identify and interpret the written text, whether the experiential meaning (Halliday, 1994). Transitivity here document is in the private or public (Payne, 2004). explains how the language is able to express the meaning DISCUSSION in a text. In this process, there are six types of the University Tagline’s ideologies reflected on the process of transitivity; they are material process which transitivity process discovered in English deals with the process of doing and happening, mental University Tagline in Indonesia process which is dubbed as the process of sensing, Utilizing an English language as the university verbal process that deals with the process of saying, tagline, it is able to catch people’s attention to learn in behavioral process that is the process dealing with the that university. Each university in Indonesia exactly process of physiological and paraverbal activities or applies the words as element of positive idea. The words commonly dubbed as the process of behaving, existential employed by the university is thoughtfully designed and process that the process deals with existing; it generally adjusted to the vision, mission and the goal of the

85 Language Horizon. Volume 05 Nomor 01 Tahun 2017, 83-91

university. Through the tagline, the universities in relational process of intensive identifying that has a Indonesia want to show people that they have an meaning ‘x serves to define the identity of y’. It means identity of it. In English university tagline in Indonesia, that the State University of Surabaya is identified as the each university utilizes the types of transitivity process, ‘name’ of the identity of growing with character. From relational process of attributive and identifying, which that process, it can reveal the ideology as group identity have been arranged into great sentences. These in this university: the State University of Surabaya. processes help the universities a lot convince people Through four fundamental questions by Van Djik, it is about their identity through the idea reflected on able to reveal the ideology as identity in English language that each university applies. The idea is university tagline, data 1. ‘Who are we?’ here means the presented here: name of the university that is the State University of Surabaya. Then, ‘where do we come from?’ means the Ideology as Identity original place of that university. It is from Surabaya. The ideology as identity here occurs in the ‘What is our activity?’ here deals with the transitivity group. It means that it belongs to people who construct process that is applied by the university. ‘What are our themselves as being a member of several groups. The goals?’ it is shown in English university tagline that is group refers to the universities that are in Indonesia. employed by the university. Then, there are five fundamental questions proposed by Like the name of that university, it is able to be Van Djik (1998) such as ‘Who are we?’, ‘Where do we seen that this university, the State University of come from?’, ‘Who belongs to us?’, ‘What is our Surabaya, is from Surabaya. Through relational process activity?’, ‘What are our goals?’ that are used to reveal of intensive identifying, the university shows their the ideology as group identity through the transitivity activity that the State University of Surabaya is in the process. Moreover, it is exactly able to reveal the process of being, expressed by using the verb ‘be’ is. ideology as identity in each university. From this process, it is able to reveal the ideology as 1. Ideology as Identity Utilizing Four Fundamental identity in this university. Here, the goal of the State Questions by Van Djik in Relational Process: Intensive Identifying University of Surabaya is shown in the Value of the process that is “growing with character”. “Growing with The data below, English university tagline, character” is the identity of the State University of employ four fundamental questions proposed by Van Surabaya. Through the ideology as identity that is Djik (1998) for revealing ideology as identity through reflected on the language of the State University of the process of transitivity of relational process: intensive Surabaya used in their tagline, the State University of identifying. Four fundamental questions consist of the Surabaya wants to show that the State University of question ‘who are we?’, ‘where do we come from?’, Surabaya is growing with character. ‘what is our activity?’, and ‘what is our goal?’. 2. Ideology as Identity Utilizing Five Fundamental 1. The State University of Relational Questions by Van Djik in Relational Process: Surabaya(Token) is(Relational Process: Intensive Identifying process: Intensive Identifying) Intensive This English university tagline here applies growing with character(Value) Identifying five fundamental questions by Van Djik (1998) for revealing ideology as identity through the transitivity Concerning with data 1, English university process of relational process: intensive identifying. tagline here applies relational process. Relational Those five fundamental questions are specifically ‘Who process is known as the process of being. This data uses

86 Transitivity for Revealing Ideology of English University Tagline in Indonesia

are we?’, ‘Where do we come from?’, ‘Who belongs to 3. Ideology as Identity Utilizing Four Fundamental us?’, ‘What is our activity?’, ‘What are our goals?’. Questions by Van Djik in Relational Process: Intensive Attributive 2. Ciputra University(Token) Relational This data here uses four fundamental questions is(Relational process: Process: Intensive Identifying) creating by Van Djik (1998) for revealing ideology as identity Intensive world class through the transitivity process of relational process: entrepreneurs(Value) Identifying intensive attributive. Those four fundamental questions are ‘who are we?’, ‘where do we come from?’, ‘what is In the data 2, this English university tagline our activity?’, and ‘what is our goal?’. utilizes the process of relational which is included in intensive identifying that has a meaning ‘x serves to 3. The University of 17 Agustus Relational define the identity of y’. It means that Ciputra University 1945 Surabaya (Carrier) Process: is(Relational process: Intensive is identified as the ‘occupant’ of the identity of creating Intensive Attributive) an empowering world class entrepreneurs. This process deals with the and networking Attributive process of being. Through five fundamental questions university(Atttribute) by Van Djik, it is able to reveal the ideology as identity Data 3 here uses the process of relational: in English university tagline. ‘Who are we?’ here means intensive identifying. It has a meaning ‘x is a member of the name of the university that is Ciputra University. the class a’. It means that The University of 17 Agustus Then, ‘where do we come from?’ means the original 1945 Surabaya is a member of the class an empowering place of the university that is from Surabaya. ‘Who and networking university. Through this process, it is belongs to us?’ it means that the university belongs to able to reveal the ideology as identity in that data, people who want to become an entrepreneur. ‘What is English university tagline. ‘Who are we?’ here means our activity?’ here deals with the transitivity process the name of the university that is the University of 17 that is used by the university. ‘What are our goals?’ it is Agustus 1945 Surabaya. Then, ‘where do we come shown in English university tagline that is utilized by from?’ means the original place of that university. It is the university. from Surabaya. ‘What is our activity?’ here deals with Ciputra University is in Surabaya. There are the transitivity process that is used by the university. many people who belong to this university. Those are ‘What are our goals?’ it is shown in English university people who want to become an entrepreneur. Through tagline that is utilized by the university. relational process, Ciputra University shows their This data, English university tagline, is activity that they are being by using the verb ‘be’ is. The different from the previous data because this data is form of the sentence that is used by Ciputra University included in the process of relational which is grouped in in their tagline is gerund. “Creating world class intensive attributive. University of 17 Agustus 1945 eentrepreneurs” here is the Value of relational process Surabaya explains their activity through relational that is as the goal of Ciputra University. Through their process: intensive attributive. It is able to be identified goal, it is able to be seen that “creating world class as the process of being, expressed by the use of verb be entrepreneurs” is the ideology as identity in Ciputra “is” in that process. Then, their goal is also shown in University. this process which is “an empowering and networking university”. Through the Attribute of this process, it is able to be recognized that “an empowering and

87 Language Horizon. Volume 05 Nomor 01 Tahun 2017, 83-91

networking university” is the ideology as identity of this This university, Petra Christian University, is in university. Surabaya. There are many people who belong to this university. It is commonly people who have the same 4. Ideology as Identity Utilizing Five Fundamental Questions by Van Djik in Relational Process: religion belief of Christian. Then, through this process, Intensive Attributive the university shows their activity that they are in the English university tagline here, in data 11, process of being, expressed by the use of be ‘is’. The utilizes five fundamental questions by Van Djik (1998) goal of Petra Christian University is shown in the in revealing ideology as identity through the transitivity Attribute of this process “a caring and global university process of relational process: intensive attributive. Those with commitment to Christian values”. Christian people are specifically ‘Who are we?’, ‘Where do we come commonly belong to this university. That is why the from?’, ‘Who belongs to us?’, ‘What is our activity?’, tagline that is possessed by Petra Christian University ‘What are our goals?.’ has the goal that is the same as their vision. It is able to be seen that “a caring and global university with 4. Petra Christian commitment to Christian values” in the Attribute of this University(Carrier) Relational is(Relational process: process is the ideology as their identity. Through the Intensive Attributive) a Process: ideology as identity reflected on language that the caring and global Intensive university uses in their university tagline, Petra Christian university with Attributive University wants to show that their university is a caring commitment to Christian values(Atttribute) and global university with commitment to Christian values. In the data above, this English university 5. Ideology as Identity Utilizing Five Fundamental tagline utilizes the process of relational which is Questions by Van Djik in Relational Process: included in intensive attributive. It has a meaning ‘x is a Attributive Possessive member of the class a’. It means that Petra Christian English university tagline here, in data 5, University is a member of the class a caring and global utilizes five fundamental questions by Van Djik (1998) university with commitment to the Christian values. in revealing ideology as identity through the transitivity This process deals with the process of being. Through process of relational process: intensive attributive. five fundamental questions by Van Djik, it is exactly Those are specifically ‘Who are we?’, ‘Where do we able to reveal the ideology as identity in English come from?’, ‘Who belongs to us?’, ‘What is our university tagline. ‘Who are we?’ here means the name activity?’, ‘What are our goals?’. of the university that is Petra Christian University. Then, ‘where do we come from?’ means the original 5. State Islamic University of Relational place of that university, Surabaya. ‘Who belongs to us?’ Syarif Hidayatullah Process: Jakarta(possessor) it means that the university precisely belongs to people Attributive has(Relational Process: who have the same religion belief as the university. Attributive possessive) Possessive ‘What is our activity?’ here deals with the transitivity knowledge, piety, integrity(possessed) process that is used by the university. ‘What are our goals?’ it is exactly shown in English university tagline This data, data 5, applies the process of that is utilized by the university. relational that is exactly in attributive possessive. Relational process of attributive possessive has a meaning ‘x has a’. It means that State Islamic University

88 Transitivity for Revealing Ideology of English University Tagline in Indonesia

of Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta has knowledge, piety, and and integrity’ is the ideology as identity in this integrity. Through this relational process and using five university. fundamental questions by Van Djik, it is able to reveal CONCLUSION the ideology as identity in English university tagline. The source of the data used for this research is ‘Who are we?’ here means the name of the university the form of taglines that is applied by some universities that is State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah in Indonesia as their motto. Some clauses are considered Jakarta. Then, ‘where do we come from?’ means the as utilizing transitivity process in the chosen data that is original place of that university. It is from Jakarta. ‘Who exactly analyzed by the researcher. From the discussion belongs to us?’ it means that the university precisely above, it is able to be concluded in some points. First, belongs to people who have the same religion belief as the result shows that relational process is only used in the university. ‘What is our activity?’ here deals with English university tagline in Indonesia. However, in the transitivity process that is used by the university. order to make the analysis more specific, it is again ‘What are our goals?’ it is shown in English university divided into three main types of relational process. tagline that is utilized by the university. Those are Intensive, Circumstantial and Possessive. All In data 5, it is able to be noticed that the of those depend on the mode that relational process university here utilizes the name of city in which the have: Attributive and Identifying. In attributive mode, it university is located. This university, State University of has been discovered two types of relational process, for Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, is exactly from instance, intensive attributive that has a meaning ‘x is a Jakarta that is the same as the name of the university. member of the class a’ and attributive possessive that Through English university tagline that is possessed by has a meaning ‘x has a’. Meanwhile, in identifying State University of Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, mode, it has only been discovered one type of relational it is able to be seen that the majority of people who are process. It is exactly intensive identifying that has a in this university are from Muslim because there is a meaning ‘x serves to define the identity of y’. specific name “Islamic” that specifically dubbed in this Furthermore, relational process in this English university. In other words, the university here belongs to university tagline is used as the way for the university in people who are Muslim, which is able to be seen from which in each university in Indonesia to classify, the dubbed name of the university “State University of describe and define their idea. In relational process of Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta”. This university, attributive, it deals with a participant and its general State University of Islamic Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, characteristics/description. Meanwhile, in relational of shows their activity in the process of relational that is identifying, it exactly deals with a participant and its grouped in attributive possessive. It means that this identity, meaning or role. The subject here that is university has something that is possessed by the applied as the first participant in the type of transitivity university. It is able to be proven that there is a verb process is the name of the university itself. ‘has’, which is specifically expressed by the verb being to have. “Knowledge, Piety, Integrity” here is precisely Second, the data that has been analyzed as the possessed of the process of relational which is particularly utilize five fundamental questions proposed also as the goal of State University of Islamic Syarif by Van Djik (1998). However, not all questions are used Hidayatullah Jakarta being the university that has to reveal the ideology. It is because each data precisely knowledge, piety and integrity. Through their goal, it is has different tagline that relates to the fundamental precisely able to be identified that ‘knowledge, piety questions. The function utilizing the fundamental

89 Language Horizon. Volume 05 Nomor 01 Tahun 2017, 83-91

questions by Van Djik (1998) is to discover the identity this research can be utilized as a reference and in every English university tagline used in the university supplementary knowledge for all the readers, principally in Indonesia. Then, for those that do not use five in analyzing transitivity process by Halliday. fundamental questions by Van Djik (1998) is only REFERENCES utilize four fundamental questions to reveal the ideology Anggarwati, L. (2014). The Choice of Words , as identity in English university tagline in Indonesia. In Transitivity, and Ideology of the Headlines in the addition, in revealing the ideology as identity in each Jakarta Post Reporting Apec in Indonesia 2013, English university tagline in Indonesia is divided into 1–8. two groups. The first one is by using five fundamental Creswell, & John. W. (2009). Research Design: questions that utilize all of the questions ‘Who are we?’, Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approches (Third Edit). California: Thousand ‘Where do we come from?’, ‘Who belongs to us?’, Oaks. ‘What is our activity?’, and ‘What are our goals?’ and Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic the second one is by using four fundamental questions Functional Linguistics 2nd Edition. like Who are we?’, ‘Where do we come from?’, ‘What is Emilia, E. (2014). Introducing Functional Grammar. our activity?’, and ‘What are our goals?’ that is Bandung: PT. Dunia Pustaka Jaya. recommended by Van Djik (1998). Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Through some English university taglines in Halliday ’ s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed). Indonesia, there is a main point that is able to be Han T. Nguyen. (2012). Transitivity Analysis of Heroic considered as the ideology reflected on the transitivity Mother by Hoa Pham Transitivity Analysis of process which is used by each English university tagline Heroic Mother by Hoa Pham. International in Indonesia; this is about the ideology as identity. By Journal of English Linguistics, 2, 85–100. using different kinds of relational process, each English M.A.K. Halliday. (1994). An Introduction to Functional university tagline in Indonesia carries a positive idea Grammar (2nd Ed). London: Arnold. about identity that is related to the vision and the goal of M.A.K. Halliday, & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed). the university, and both are exactly the significant London: Arnold. things that are to be achieved. The ideology then is Marshall. (2006). Data Collection Methods. Retrieved created to fulfill the purpose of each English university 25 Desember, 2015, from tagline in Indonesia. It is exactly to influence and attract http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upmbi people so that they are able to come, join, study, and naries/10985_Chapter_4.pdf learn in that each university. Merriam Webster. (2006). Merriam Webster’s Dictionary and Thesaurus. United States of SUGGESTION America.

Transitivity and ideology in a tagline is mainly Miles, M., Huberman, M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis. European Journal of concentrated on this research. There are generally many Science Education (Vol. 1). kinds of tagline, thus, the researcher suggests that this http://doi.org/10.1080/0140528790010406 research is able to help another researcher analyzes Payne, G. & Payne, J. (2004). Documentary methods. transitivity and ideology utilizing Van Djik’s theoretical In Sage key Concepts: Key concepts in social framework of multidisciplinary approach in other research (pp. 61-66). : SAGE Publications Ltd. taglines. The researcher here also hopes that this research Puspasari, A. (2003). Presuppostions in the taglines of is able to be useful for those who analyze it. In addition, indonesian universities, (12), 1–16.

90 Transitivity for Revealing Ideology of English University Tagline in Indonesia

Ristekdikti. (n.d.). Perguruan Tinggi. http://www.dikti.go.id/perguruan-tinggi/ Teun A. van Dijk. (1998). Ideology A Multidisciplinary Approach. London.

91