(Eds.), Geology and Tectonics of Northwestern South America, Frontiers in Earth Sciences, 984 Index

Index

A cordilleras, 938 Accreted oceanic terranes, Pacific domain, 733 described, 938 ACIGEMI project, 415 northern and central, sediment Active vs. passive margin, 734 yield, 938, 939 AFTSolve® (computer code), 769 Andes Cordillera Age-elevation relationship (AER), 769, 773 catchments, 937, 938 See also Exhumation sediment production of, 936–938 Agua Blanca Granite (Agua Blanca Batholith), Andes of Colombia 225 ALCC, 938–942 Aguas Blancas Fm, 723 anthropocene-impacted sediment fluxes, Alkali-basaltic volcanism, 626 936, 937 Alkalinity index (AI), 345 BQART model, 949, 950 Allochthonous terranes, 8, 11, 257, 261, 264, denudation processes, 950 310, 313, 321, 322, 325, 373, 393, human-induced drivers, 942–944 835 sediment fluxes, 946 Altered oceanic crust (AOC), 606, 627 sediment load trends, 946–948 Amagá-Cauca-Patía (ACP), 837 Soil Conservation Service, 949 Amazonian and Orinoquian basement, Andesite formation, 626, 632, 635, 636 115–119 Anthropocene, 957 geoeconomic potential, 158 global sediment transfers, 935 Guiana Shield (see Guiana Shield) sediment fluxes, in Andes Amazonian Craton, 151–152 of Colombia, 936, 937 Amphibolites, 130 Anthropogenic land cover change Andean and subandean precambrian basement (ALCC), 938–942 Central Cordillera, 175, 177, 178 Antioquian Batholith arc Colombian Andes, 158–161 segment, 309, 313, 375 Garzón Massif, 161–168 Apatite partial retention zone geological evolution, 179–182 (A-PRZ), 773 Guajira Peninsula, 175 Aptian sedimentation, paleo-UVM, 718 Santander Massif, 170–171 Aptian-Albian Cushabatay Fm, 729 Serranía de Macarena, 170 Arc segment A (Cali) volcanic zone, 630 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 171–174 Arc segment D (Quito) volcanic Subandean basement, 168–170 zone, 631–632 Andean orogeny, 730 Arc Segments B (Popayán) and C (Nariño) Andes volcanic zone, 630–631

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 983 F. Cediel, R. P. Shaw (eds.), Geology and Tectonics of Northwestern South America, Frontiers in Earth Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76132-9 984 Index

Arquía complex, 840 Capa 2, 710 age constraints, 849 Caracanoa/Raudal Alto ridge, 138 Cretaceous fragments, 847, 849 Carbonate-rich sediments (CS), 627 Ebejico, 850, 851 Carboniferous granitoids, 273, 277 Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, 849 Caribbean-Colombian oceanic plateau lithotectonic units, 851 (CCOP), 10, 65, 426, 469, 681, 682, metamorphic rocks, 846 733, 734 pre-Cretaceous blocks, 850 Caribbean Colombian Realm (CCR), 52 Silvia-Pijao fault, 847 Caribbean large igneous province (CLIP), 426, structural style, 850 733, 734, 909, 910, 912, 914, 924 Atabapo granite, 133 Caribbean Plate Atrato-San Juan basins, 919–920 basement, southern, 551, 552 Au-Cu mineralization, 496 Great Caribbean Arc collision, 581 plate interaction model, 592–594 SCDB, 552 B “tectonic escape” of, 585 Back Arc Basin Basalt (BABB), 367 Caribbean Terrane Assemblage (CAT), 266 Bagre mountain ranges, 921 Caribbean terranes Bakhuis granulite belt, 118 San Jacinto, 9 Barinas-Apure basin, 675 Sinú, 9 Basement rocks, 149 Catatumbo sub-basin, 722, 723 Baudó mountain range, 910, 912, 922 Cauarane-Coeroeni belt, 116 Berlín orthogneiss, 200 Cauca-Almaguer fault system, 682 Berriasian to Aptian sedimentation Cauca fault and suture system, 430, 836 Cocuy sub-basin, 717 Cauca-Patia basin, 43 in Cundinamarca sub-basin, 717, 718 Cauca-Romeral Fault System (CRFS), 788 Blueschist, 849, 851, 864 CA-VA assemblage, 262 Bolivar Aulacogen, 363, 364, 369, 372, 373 Cenomanian-Coniacian fine-grained pelagic Borde Llanero Fault System, 98 deposits, 685 Brazilian Shields, 115, 116, 726 Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, 688, 708, Bucaramanga Gneiss unit, 198–200 720, 723, 735 Bucaramanga-Santa Marta-Garzón fault, 421, Cenozoic basins 428, 489 Atrato-San Juan basins, 919–920 Buenaventura fault, 431 Chuqunaque-Tuira and Sambu basins, 917, Buga Batholith, 476 919 Buritaca Pluton (BP), 556, 563, 565, 570 Gulf of Panama basin, 919 Panama canal basin, 916, 917 Cenozoic orogenesis, 776 C Cenozoic paleogeographic and Caguán-Putumayo Basin, 675 paleotopographic evolution, Cajamarca-Salento porphyry Au 807–810 E-dipping Belgica fault, 520 Cenozoic reactivation of Mesozoic structure, La Colosa deposit, 517, 520 734 porphyritic magmatism, 521 Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, 855, 856 potassic alteration, 519 Central Amazonia Province (CAP), 151 pyrite, 519 Central Cordillera and Lower Magdalena Romeral and Palestina, 518 Valley (Plato-San Jorge area), 724 sulphide assemblage, 519 Central Cordillera (CC), 175–178, 334, Cajamarca-Valdivia terrane (CA-VA), 26, 28, 665–667, 781–789, 867 262, 302, 325, 369, 423, 429, 430 Central Guiana Granulite Belt, 116 Campanian sedimentation, late Aptian, Central Tectonic Realm (CTR), 5, 7, 261, 262, 728–730 421–424 Cañasgordas Terrane, 840, 912, 913 Cajamarca-Valdivia Terrane, 262 Index 985

CA-VA, 261, 262 phanerozoic basins granitoid assemblages, 263 Cenozoic, 12 late Mesozoic history, 263 Cretaceous, 11 Precambrian Chicamocha Terrane, 261 geological mapping, 10 Proterozoic Chicamocha Terrane, 261 pre-Cretaceous, 11 Cesar-Ranchería Basin (CR), 658, 659, 723, radiometric dating techniques, 416 (see 724 Santander Massif, Northern Andes Chagres and Mamoní mountains, 914 (Colombia)) Chocó Arc assemblage (CHO), 266, 427, 428 Sinú-San Jacinto Basin, 722 Chocó indenter, 669, 670 social and ethnocultural history, 413 Chocó-Panamá Arc (CHO), 10 southern Cauca valley, 721, 722 Chocó-Panamá Indenter, 69 Colombian Amazonian geology, 119 Cañasgordas terrane, 72 Colombian Andean system, 196 CCOP, 65, 67 Colombian Andes, 54, 59, 256 Paleomagnetic data, 70 Andean orogeny, 40, 43, 46 San Juan Basin, 72 Bucaramanga-Santa Marta-Garzón fault, structural architecture, 68, 70 428 Chondrite-normalized rare earth elements Buenaventura fault, 431 (REE) plots, 617, 620 Cauca fault, 430 Chuqunaque-Tuira basin, 917, 919 CA-VA, 26, 28 Coastal Cordillera, 727 Chocó-Panamá Indenter, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72 Coastal environments, 957, 958 distribution of Precambrian basement, Coastal Trough/intra-arc basin, 726 158–161 Cocuy sub-basin, Berriasian to Aptian Eastern Cordillera, 22, 23, 79, 80 sedimentation, 717 Farallon-Caribbean plateau, 61 Colombia, 10–12, 715–719 Garrapatas fault, 431 Au + co-metal metallogenesis, 417 geological interpretation, 12, 13 Catatumbo sub-basin, 722, 723 geotectonic models, 52 Central Cordillera and Lower Magdalena graben-rift-aulacogen, 34, 35, 38, 40 Valley (Plato-San Jorge area), 724 GU-FA, 62 Chicamocha, 7 litho-tectonic and structural evolution, 665 CHO, 10 (see also Colombian Andes) Llanos basin, 26, 29 Cretaceous post-rift sedimentation, Maracaibo orogenic float, 72, 74, 76, 79 719–721 meso-neoproterozoic, 17, 19, 20 Cretaceous-Eocene granitoids, 307 morpho-structural expression, 16 early Cretaceous syn-rift Sedimentation Otú fault, 429 aptian sedimentation in paleo-Upper Palestina fault, 429 Magdalena Valley (UVM), 718–719 Phanerozoic (see Phanerozoic) Berriasian to Aptian sedimentation in Phanerozoic orogenic systems, 21, 22 Cundinamarca sub-basin, 717, 718 plate collision, 29, 30, 34 Berriasian to Aptian sedimentation on Quetame and Silgará, 28, 29 Cocuy sub-basin, 717 Romeral fault, 430 Jurassic red beds, 715 Roraima tectono-sedimentary, 85–87 Santander-Floresta paleo-Massif, 717 San juan-sebastian fault, 431 Tablazo sub-basin, 716–717 southern Caribbean, 56 Eastern Cordillera, 415 fault systems, 59 and Ecuador, 28 (see also Andes of tectonic contact, 54 Colombia) structural framework, 267, 268 emerald, 414 taphrogenic tectonics, 29, 30, 34 gold mining, 412, 416 transpressional regime, 49–52 mining districts, 413 transtensional regime, 49–52 Perijá Range and Cesar-Ranchería western Caribbean, 52, 57 Basin, 723, 724 WETSA, 88, 89 986 Index

Colombian Caribbean littoral Mesoproterozoic Tunuí Folded beach ridge lagoons and mangrove Metasandstone Formations, 135–145 swamps, 961 Mesoproterozoic younger granites, 131–133 coastal evolution, 959 metasomatic conception, 119 coastal protection, infrastructure, 968–970 Mid-Paleoproterozoic Caicara described, 959 Metavolcanics, 120–122 Galerazamba (La Garita point) and Mitú complex, 120, 154 Sinú-Tinajones delta, 963, 965, 968 Piraparaná Formation, 145 morphological changes, 959, 960 PRORADAM project, 119 mud diapirism, 960, 961 proterozoic metamorphic basement, semi-desert conditions, 959 124–131 shores and prodelta, Magdalena River Trans-Amazonian Orogeny, 152 Delta, 961–963 Colombia Paleoproterozoic metamorphic trade winds, 960 basement, 119 Colombian Cordilleras, 271 Colombia-Venezuela Colombian Guajira Peninsula, 686 Andean domain, 100 Colombian littoral zones, 959 basement exposures, 99 Caribbean littoral (see Colombian Borde Llanero Fault System, 98, 100 Caribbean littoral) cratonic domain, 98 cartographic charts, 959 Grenvillian-Orinoquiense rocks, 100 environmental deterioration, 958 Metapelitic rocks, 100 human interventions, 974–976 Silurian rocks, 100 seaboards, 958 Combia Fm. volcanism (12–6 Ma), 617, Colombian Pacific littoral 624, 625 barrier islands, 972 Continental arcs potassic (CAP), 242 catchment area, 969 Continental collision, 119, 181, 182 coastal evolution, 972 Continental margin domain, Northern described, 969 Andes, 687 earthquakes, 970 Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, 688 map and morphological littoral types, 969, Colombia, 715–724 971 Jurassic and Paleocene deposits, 688 morphological changes, 969 MFS (see Maximum flooding surfaces northern Pacific coast, 971 (MFS)) Colombian portion, Maracaibo Basin, 722, sedimentary basins, 686 723 sequence boundaries (SB), 687 Colombian tectono-magmatic, 359–360 Venezuela, 689–715 Colombian volcanic arc, 330, 333 Cooling period, 893–894 Colombia of Guiana Shield Copper (Cu) Colombia Paleoproterozoic metamorphic Au mineralization, 426 basement, 119 Chilean Andes, 414 Ediacaran San José del Guaviare Colombia, 442 Nepheline Syenite, 148 El Roble and El Dovio, 481 K’Mudku-Nickerie Tectonometamorphic La Quinta-Girón Fms, 442 Episode, 155 pluton and porphyry-related, 478, 479, late Paleoproterozoic older granites, 131 483, 484 late Proterozoic-Phanerozoic events, 155 Quetame Massif, 438 Meso-Neoproterozoic Mafic intrusives, 148 Serranía de Perijá and Santander Massif, 442 Mesoproterozoic anorogenic granitoid Supatá Zn (Cu), 461–464 magmatism, 154 CR, see Cesar-Ranchería Basin (CR) Mesoproterozoic mylonitization, 145 Cratonization, 154 Mesoproterozoic Parguaza Rapakivi Cretaceous, 686–733 granite, 133–135 continental margin domain (see Mesoproterozoic sedimentation of Tunuí Continental margin domain, sandstone, 155 Northern Andes) Index 987

post-rift sedimentation, 719–724 Cu-Au mineralization, 499 sedimentation in Northern Peru and Cundinamarca sub-basin, 717, 718, 735 Northwestern Brazil, 727 Venezuela, 678 Western Colombia, 678–682 D Western Ecuador, 682–686 Dabeiba fault, 836 Cretaceous-Eocene granitoid, 309–315, 317, Dagua terrane, 8 320–322 Darién and Baudó serranías, 802, 803 Antioquian and Sonsón batholiths, Deforestation, in Andes of Colombia, 942–944 306–307 Digital elevation model (DEM), 269, 458, 493, Colombia, 307 518, 526 distribution, 307, 309 Digital terrain model, 903 ICP-based analytical techniques, 313 Durania granite, 207 lithogeochemistry Eastern Group, 313–315, 317, 321, 322 Western Group, 317, 320–322 E Pb isotope, 324–326 Early Paleozoic granitoids, 272, 276 Sr-Nd isotope, 322, 324, 326 Early Paleozoic pulse, 196, 244 U-Pb ages East Peruvian trough, 726, 728–731 Antioquian Batholith, 309 Eastern Cordillera (EC), 22, 23, 79, 80, 261, Eastern Group, 312 323, 335, 661, 662, 664, 790–799 Eastern Group Manizales Stock, 311 Eastern Cordillera mineralization, 461–463 K-Ar-based database, 309 emerald deposits, 456 Mandé-Acandí Batholith, 312 emerald mineralization, 456 Mistrató Batholith, 311 oolitic Fe formation, 460 Santa Marta Batholith, 311 sulphide mineralization, 462 Sonsón Batholith, 310 Supatá Western Group, 312 Cu, 462 Cretaceous-Eocene metallogeny, 470, emerald, 463 472–480 SEDEX deposits, 463 Berlin-Rosario Au (Ag), 468, 469 stratigraphy, 461 CCOP, 469 sulphide occurrences, 463 granitoids Valle Alto rift, 455 Antioquian Batholith, 470 Zn-Pb-Cu-Fe (Ba) sulphide, 460, 461 Buga Batholith, 476 Eastern Flank of Central Cordillera Jejénes stock, 477 Icarcó Complex, 177 Mandé-Acandí arc, 477–479 Las Minas Massif and La Plata Massif, 177 pre-collisional phase, 470, 472–475 Río Téllez-La Cocha Migmatitic Complex, gypsum mine, 481 175, 176 laterite deposits, 483 San Lucas Metamorphic Complex, 178 oceanic basement terranes Tierradentro gneisses and amphibolites, 177 Dagua Terrane, 480 Eastern Group post-collisional arc segments, Guapí ophiolite, 480 377–380 VMS, 480 Eastern Maturin sub-basin, 675 proto-Northern Andean orogeny, 468 Eastern Panama, 910, 911 Cretaceous oceanic crust Economic Geology and Mineralium Deposita, Baudó mountain range, 910, 912 411 Cañasgordas Terrane, 912, 913 Ecuador (Oriente Basin), 724–726 eastern Panama, 910, 911 Ediacaran San José del Guaviare Nepheline Istmina-Condoto high rock outcrops, 913 Syenite, 148 Cretaceous-Paleocene boundary, 684 E-dipping Belgica fault zone, 520 Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, 735 El Carmen-El Bagre Au district, 439, 440 CTR, see Central Tectonic Realm (CTR) El Carmen-El Cordero suite, 368 988 Index

El Cerro igneous complex, 504, 505 lithology, 161 El Choncho barrier island, 972, 973 metamorphism, 164 Emerald mineralization, 456, 464 subdivision, 161, 163 Epithermal, 450, 451, 508, 512, 513 Geochronological provinces, Amazonian See also Middle Cauca epithermal Craton, 151–152 Ag-Au-Zn (Pb-Cu) Geodynamic model, 838 Erosion Geoeconomic potential, 158 denudation processes, 950 Global positioning system (GPS), 881 and depositional upstream processes, 948 Gold, 414, 445, 449–451, 492 in fluvial systems, 948 Au-Cu mineralization, 484 in Magdalena basin, 942 Colombian Andes, 490–491 Erosion rates in Northern Andes epithermal deposits, 445 erosional exhumation trends, 804 Farallones Batholith, 502 global erosion rates, 804, 805 Galeras Volcano, 529 “hypererosive” regime, 805 mineral districts industrialized agriculture, 805 Cerro San Carlos, 450 local relief and erosion rate, 806 Guamoco, 449 surficial and deep-seated orogenetic Juana-El Piñal, 450 process, 806 Piedrancha-La Llanada-Cuembí, 492 Exhumation Pueblito Mejía, 451 apatite fission-track ages, 891 mining, 416 40Ar/39Ar, fission-track and zircon occurrences (see San Lucas) (U-Th)/He ages, 892 pluton-related, 445 Bucaramanga fault, 891 production comparison, 412 mountain belts, 890 Gold-silver mineralization rates, 892–893 Bosconia, 454 thermochronological dataset, 890 Ibagué Batholith, 454, 455 External detector method (EDM), 772 La Concepción, 497–499 Pacarní, 452 San Luis, 453 F Gondwana-Laurentia suture, 368 Falcon Basin (FB), 552, 553 Gorgona terrane, 8, 382 Farallones Batholith, 502 Graben-rift-aulacogen-type deposits, 36 Farallon Plate, 397, 677, 678 Granitoid arc segments, 260, 267 Faulting and folding, 654, 655 Granitoid magmatism, 286, 289–300, 306, 326 Fe formation, 460 Cretaceous to Eocene (see Cretaceous to Feldspathoid silica-saturation index (FSSI), Eocene granitoid) 345 distribution, 254 Field mapping, 668 geological analysis, 254 Fission-track analysis, 772 isotope geochemistry, 254 Fission-track dating method, 772, 773, 799 K-Ar and Rb-Sr radiometric age, 349 Fluvial sediment transport, 936, 938, 948, 952 latest Oligocene to Pliocene (see Latest Oligocene-Pliocene) late Triassic-Jurassic G age constrains, 289–291 Galeras Volcano, 529 distribution, 286, 289 Galerazamba (Punta Garita) area, 965, 966 lithogeochemical plots, 295, 296 Garrapatas-Dabeiba Fault System (GDFS), 60, lithogeochemistry, 294, 296–299 431 Sr-Nd and Pb isotope, 300 Garzón Massif, 161–168 temporal-spatial analysis, 292, 293 EC, 794, 795 U-Pb ages, 292 geochemistry, 164 late Triassic to Pliocene, 267 geochronology, 164, 168 lithogeochemical analysis, 254 Index 989

Meso-Cenozoic granitoids, 255 H Permo-Triassic, 256 Heavy rare earth elements (HREE), 617 Phanerozoic, 255 HeFTy® (computer code), 769 temporal development, 254 Helium dating, 750 U-Pb age, 256 Hemipelagic sediments (HS), 627 U-Pb (zircon) dating, 255 High-field-strength (HFS) element, 617 Granitoid metallogeny, see Cretaceous-Eocene Holocrystalline plutonism, 291, 293 metallogeny Human intervention, 974–976 Granitoid, RSZ, 853, 854 Granitoids, 273, 275–278 age constraints I Carboniferous, 277 Ibagué Batholith, 452, 454, 455 early Paleozoic, 276 Içana medium-grained bi-mica granites, 131, Permo-Triassic, 277, 278 133 distribution ICP-based analytical techniques, 313 carboniferous, 273 INGEOMINAS, 415, 904 Permo-Triassic, 275 Inter-Andean and marginal basins, 767 early Paleozoic, 272 International Geological Program Grenvillian Orogeny (IGP), 957 active continental margin sedimentation Irra Fm. volcanism (6–3 Ma), 625 and early magmatic activity, 181 Irra stock, 314 continental collision, 181, 182 Isthmian seaway, 923–924 early stages, 181 Istmina-Condoto high rock outcrops, 913 Eastern boundary, 180, 181 GSR, see Guiana Shield Realm (GSR) Guaca River Diorite, 207 J Guadalupe Gp. sands, 720 Japan International Cooperation Agency Guajira allochthon (JICA), 415 litho-tectonic units, 651, 653 Jejénes Pluton, 320 Oca Fault, 654 Jejénes stock, 477 Puralapo and Cosinas Fault, 653 Jungurudu mountain ranges, 921 Guajira Peninsula, 175 Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, 678 Guajira-falcón terranes (GU-FA), 9, 62 Jurassic magmatic arc, 196, 245 Guiana Shield, 119–148 Jurassic metallogeny, 444, 445 Bakhuis granulite belt, 118 Au-Ag, 444 basement rocks, 149 Cu and Mo, 445 and Brazilian Shield, 115, 116 deposit types Cauarane-Coeroeni belt, 116 intrusion-related gold, 444 Colombia pluton, 444 late paleoproterozoic older granites, 131 epithermal mineralization, 444 mesoproterozoic Tunuí Folded gold region (see San Lucas) Metasandstone Formations, 145 magmatic episodes/arc, 443 mesoproterozoic younger granites, 133 sedimentary Cu, 442 Colombian Precambrian basement, 115 Jurassic plate tectonic reconstructions, 677, crystalline basement, 118 679 lineaments, 149 Jurassic red beds, 689, 715 shearing and low-grade thermal metamorphism, 118 Trans-Amazonian Orogeny, 115, 116, 118 K Guiana Shield Realm (GSR), 4, 5, 260, 420, Kinematic models, 349 421 K’Mudku-Nickerie Tectonometamorphic Gulf of Panama basin, 919 Episode, 155 Gypsum mineralization, 481, 482 Kübler crystallinity indexes, 203 990 Index

L Laterite deposits, 483 La Campana fine-grained (subvolcanic) Latest Jurassic to early aptian sedimentation granites, 133 West Peruvian Trough, 727–728 La Concepción Latest Oligocene-Pliocene, 331–335, 341–346 Cu-Au mineralization, 499 categories, 327 footwall zone, 497 distribution, 327, 329, 330 hydrothermal, 498 lithogeochemistry metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, 498 bimodal distribution, 346 La Corcova Quartz-monzonite, 225 Cajamarca-Salento hypabyssal LA-ICP-MS approach, 772 porphyry, 343 Land cover change, in Andes of Colombia Farallones-Páramo de Frontino-El capita anthropogenic, 939 Cerro, 341 from 8000 years ago, 938 feldspathic igneous rocks, 345 human-induced drivers, 942–944 Middle Cauca hypabyssal porphyry, 342 Landscape evolution Paipa-Iza and Quetame, 344 and orogenesis, 768 Patía-Upper Cauca hypabyssal tectonic plates paradigm, 776 porphyry, 342 La Pastorera Piedrancha-La Llanada-Cuembi, 341 gypsum mine, 481, 482 Río Dulce hypabyssal porphyry, 343 sulphide mineralization, 482 Santander Massif hypabyssal porphyry, Large-ion lithophile (LIL) elements, 617 343 Latal Pluton (LP), 555, 557, 563–566 whole-rock, 345 Late Albian maximum flooding surface, 706 Pb isotope, 347–349 Late Aptian, 728–730 spatial vs. temporal relationships, 336, 337 Late Campanian, 730–731 Sr-Nd isotope, 346–348 Late Cenozoic magmatism, 606 U-Pb ages Late Mesozoic basins, 734 Combia volcanism, 333 Late Oligocene-Pleistocene metallogeny Eastern Cordilleran, 335 Buenos Aires-Suárez porphyry Au (Cu), Espíritu Santo-Santa Bárbara, 334 499, 500 gold mineralization, 335 CCOP/CLIP, 485 holocrystalline, 331 El Cerro igneous complex, 504, 505 hypabyssal porphyry, 332–334 Farallones Batholith, 502 K-Ar, 331, 333 Gorgona terrane, 485 porphyritic granitoid, 331 middle Cauca porphyry belt, 506 Río Dulce, 334 Páramo de Frontino, 503, 504 Lead isotope geochemistry, 324 Piedrancha-La Llanada-Cuembí AU, 492, Light rare earth elements (LREE), 617 494, 495 Lima province, 728 Piedrancha-La Vega-Berruecos granitoids, Lithogeochemistry, 254, 255, 271, 313, 314, 495–497 316, 317, 319, 320, 341–346 tectonic framework, 485, 486, 489, 490 Carboniferous granitoids, 279 Late Paleoproterozoic Older Granites, Tiquié Cretaceous-Eocene granitoids, 321, 322 granite, 131 early Paleozoic granitoids, 279 Late Precambrian-Paleozoic forensics, 101, 103 Eastern Group Late Proterozoic-early Paleozoic, 98, 109 Antioquian Batholith, 313 Late Proterozoic-Phanerozoic Events, 155 El Bosque Batholith, 317 Late Triassic-Early Jurassic pulse, 196 Irra Stock, 314 Late Triassic-Jurassic Mariquita Stock, 316 Bolívar Aulacogen, 370 Sonsón Batholith, 314, 316 holocrystalline, 371 felsic granitoid, 282 slab rollback, 372 latest Oligocene-Pliocene time-space analysis, 370 bimodal distribution, 346 Valle Alto Rift, 372, 373 Cajamarca-Salento hypabyssal WNW migration, 370, 371 porphyry, 343 Index 991

Farallones-Páramo de Frontino-El Cauca basin, 944 Cerro, 341 deviation, sediment load, 951 feldspathic igneous rocks, 345 downstream station, 948 middle Cauca hypabyssal porphyry, 342 sediment load and yield, 946, 949 Paipa-Iza and Quetame, 344 sediment transport, trends, 943 Patía-Upper Cauca hypabyssal watersheds, 948 porphyry, 342 Magdalena River delta, 959, 961–964 Piedrancha-La Llanada-Cuembi, 341 Magmatic belts REE, 345 Agua Blanca Granite (Agua Blanca Río Dulce hypabyssal porphyry, 343 Batholith), 225 Santander Massif hypabyssal porphyry, Durania granite, 207 343 granitic rocks, 204–206 late Triassic-Jurassic granitoids, 298, 299 Guaca River Diorite, 207 Mocoa-Garzón trend, 297 La Corcova Quartz-monzonite, 225 Norosí and San Martín batholiths, 296 mineralogical content, 205 northern Ibagué and Segovia batholiths, 297 Mogotes Quartz-monzonite, 225 northern Ibagué hypabyssal porphyry, 297 Ocaña Alkaline Granite (Ocaña Batholith), Permian-mid-Triassic granitoids, 281 225 Permo-Triassic granitoids, 281 Onzaga Granodiorite, 225 Santander Plutonic Group, 294 Paleozoic and Cenozoic intrusives, 204

SiO2, 281 Páramo Rico Tonalite (Granodiorite), 225 southern Ibagué Batholith, 297 Pescadero Monzogranite, 226 Western Group published radiometric ages, crystalline Jejénes Pluton, 320 units, 204, 208–224 Jejénes Stock, 319 Rionegro Batholith, 226 low-K behaviour, 317 Sanín-Villa Diorite, 207 Mandé Batholith, 320 Santa Bárbara Quartz-monzonite, 225 Mistrató Batholith, 320 Santa Rosita Quartz-monzonite, 225 Lithologies, 203 Suratá River Pluton, 225 Lithosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere coupled types, 204 systems, 750 Majé mountain ranges, 921 Litho-tectonic elements, 353 Mandé-Acandí arc Llanos Orientales Basin, 675 assemblage, 380, 381 Lower crust interaction, 632–640 La Equis Zn-Pb-Cu, 479 Lower Middle Albian surface, 705 porphyry-related Cu, 478, 479 Low-temperature thermochronology (LTTC), Mandé-Acandí Batholith, 312 768 Mandé Batholith, 320 crystalline basement rocks, 767 Mandé mountain range, 915–916 description, 754 (see also Morphotectonic Maracaibo Basin (MB), 552, 553, 586, reconstructions, Colombian Andes) 591–593, 722, 723 normal fault, crustal thinning, 754 Maracaibo block (MB), 555 paleo-relief, 754 CR, 659 post-magmatic cooling, 754 geological history, 553 tectonic geomorphology (see Tectonic northern boundary, 552 geomorphology) Paleogene magmatism (see Paleogene topographic configuration, 754 magmatism, in MB) uplift-driven erosion, 754 SNSM, 656, 657 Lu-Hf isotope, 284–286 southern boundary, 553 tectonic transposition, 656, 658 Maracaibo continental block (MCB) M description, 880 Maastrichtian, 712 geological map and seismicity, 881 Mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks, 852, 853 GPS, 881 (see also Maracaibo mountain Magdalena River belts) 992 Index

Maracaibo continental block (MCB) (cont.) Mesoproterozoic sedimentation of Tunuí periods of cooling, 893–894 Sandstone, 155 plate tectonic events, 894–895 Mesoproterozoic Tunuí folded metasandstone tectonic feature, 880 formations transpressional forces, 881 Cerro El Carajo, 141 Maracaibo mountain belts geochronology, 141–143, 145 Santander Massif (SM), 885–887 higher-grade migmatitic gneisses, 135 Serranía de Perijá (SP), 884–885 La Libertad range, 138, 139 SNSM, 882–884 Machado ridge, 139, 141 Venezuelan/Mérida Andes (VA), 887–889 metasediments, 135 Maracaibo orogenic float (MOF) sedimentology and stratigraphy, 137, 138 geological setting and kinematic model, 73 Mesoproterozoic younger granites geophysical and structural features, 74 Atabapo granite, 133 Santander Massif, 74 Içana medium-grained bi-mica granites, Serranía de Perijá, 74 131, 133 SJFS and OPTFS, 60 La Campana fine-grained (subvolcanic) SNStM, 73 granites, 133 structural and tectonic evolution, 72 Mitú granite, 131 tectonic realms, 7 Tijereto granophyre, 131 Maracaibo Sub-plate Realm (MSP), 261, 421 Mesozoic plate tectonic interpretations Marañón High, 726 Cretaceous, 678–686 Marine vs. continental sedimentation, 734 Jurassic plate tectonic reconstructions, Mariquita Stock, 316 677–679 Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, 771 Metallogeny, 438–443, 466, 484 Marmato-Aguas Claras Suite (MACS), 514 Cretaceous-Eocene (see Cretaceous- Maximum flooding surfaces (MFS) Eocene metallogeny) Albian Esperanza Fm., 729 Eastern Cordillera, 415 Campanian, 722 gold, 414 Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, 688, 708, information sources, 415 720, 735 jurassic (see Jurassic metallogeny) and condensed section development, 704, sedimentary Cu, 442 705 late Oligocene-Pleistocene (see Late Late Albian, 706 Oligocene-Pleistocene metallogeny) lower Turonian, 708 mineral deposits, 432 Middle Albian, 719 MVT, 432 proposed stratigraphic sequences, 690–700 pre-jurassic Santonian-Early Campanian, 721 Bailadores, 438 and SB, 688, 689, 735, 738 Caño Negro-Quetame-Cerro de Cobre, and shelf shale facies, 725 438 in southern Ecuador, 732 El Carmen-El Cordero, 439, 440 in stratigraphic sections, 687 Santa Elena chromitite, 441 and transgressive surface, 706, 715 tectonic models, 438 Mean track length (MTL), 773 tectonic framework, 413 Mérida Andes mountain belts, 887–889 temporal-spatial evolution, 412, 437 Meso-Cenozoic, 258, 360, 369, 750, 838 time-space analysis, 417 Meso-Cenozoic granitoid magmatism, 292 time-space charts, 432 Meso-Cenozoic Northern Andean orogeny, 418 Metamorphism Meso-Neoproterozoic Mafic Intrusives, 148 amphibolite facies, 200 Mesoproterozoic anorogenic granitoid Bucaramanga Gneiss, 200 magmatism, 154 Famatinian orogeny, 244 Mesoproterozoic mylonitization, 145 Kübler crystallinity indexes, 203 Mesoproterozoic Parguaza Rapakivi Granite, lithologies, 203 133–135 and migmatization, 196 Index 993

Metasedimentitas de Guaca, La Virgen Eastern Cordillera (EC), 790–799 (MGV), 203–204 floral assemblages and paleoelevation, 778 Middle Cauca epithermal Ag-Au-Zn (Pb-Cu) late Miocene–Pliocene, 778 Buriticá, 516 orogenetic events, 777 Caramanta-Valparaiso, 514 palynology, 776 epithermal deposits, 511 SNC and Santander Massif, 777 Marmato, 513, 514 uplift and erosional exhumation, 777 Quinchia, 512, 513 Western Cordillera (WC), 778–780 Supía-Riosucio, 513 MSP, see Maracaibo Sub-plate Realm (MSP) Titiribí, 515 Mud diapirism, 960–962, 965 wallrock alteration, 512 Mylonitic shears, 834, 836 Middle Cauca porphyry belt, 506 Mid-Paleoproterozoic Caicara Metavolcanics, 120–122 N Migmatitic biotite-(muscovite) gneisses, 126, Nazca Plate segments, 398, 611, 629, 638, 127 640, 641 Milankovitch cycles, 719 Neogene volcanic arcs Mineral districts, 437, 449–451, 470, 472, Baudó mountains, 922 474–476 Majé, Sapo, Bagre, Jungurudu and Pirre Bosconia, 454 mountain ranges, 921 gold miocene ultramafic complexes, Condoto, Antioquian Batholith, 472 922 Cerro Gramalote, 474 the Pearl Islands, 921 Cerro San Carlos, 450 Norosí and San Martin Batholiths, 445 Guamoco, 449 Northern Andean Block (NAB), 414 Juana-El Piñal, 450 AFM, TAS diagrams and REE plots, 617 Pueblito Mejía, 451 alkali-basaltic volcanism, 626 granitoids allochthonous and parautochthonous, 257 Antioquian Batholith, 475, 476 amagmatic zones/volcanic gaps, 629 Segovia-Remedios, 470, 472 arc segment A (Cali), 630 Ibagué Batholith, 454, 455 arc segment D (Quito), 631–632 Pacarní, 452 arc segments B (Popayán) and C (Nariño), San Luis, 453 630–631 San Pablo Fm., 464, 466 Colombian Andes localities, 614 Miocene granitoid magmatism, 390 continental margin assemblages, 609 Miocene hypabyssal porphyry, 496 dextral transpression-transtension, 610 Miocene ultramafic complexes, Condoto, 922 disequilibrium features, 627 Mio-Pliocene granitoids, 328, 489 fluid-mobile elements, 627 Mio-Pliocene porphyry arc segments, 535 geodynamic setting, 606 Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), 432 HFS, LREE, LIL and HREE elements, 617 Mitú complex, 120 hydrothermal alteration, 617 Mitú complex supracrustals, 154 hypabyssal porphyry bodies, 614 Mitú granite, 131 intra-oceanic and continental margin MOF, see Maracaibo orogenic float (MOF) granitoids, 609 Mogotes Quartz-monzonite, 225 isotopic signatures, 627 Morphotectonic elements, 552 late Paleogene to Neogene magmatism, Morphotectonic reconstructions, Colombian 617, 621–623 Andes magmatic episodes, Colombian Andes, 612 cenozoic orogenesis, 776 magmatism, 606, 608 Central Cordillera (CC), 781–789 microplate, 609 chronological framework, 776 mid-Miocene to Pliocene magmatic rocks, climatic and biotic patterns, 775 612, 613 detrital materials, 775 Nazca-Cocos Plate configuration, 612 994 Index

Northern Andean Block (NAB) (cont.) geoscientists, 751 nothwestern South America, time periods, inter-Andean and marginal basins, 767 609 lithosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere oceanic affinity terranes, 606 coupled systems, 750 paleo-structure, 629 litho-structural domains/crustal Phanerozoic granitoids, 612 blocks, 754 plate reorientation, 609 lithotectonic and morphostructural Plio-Pleistocene location, 606, 607, 610, features, 753, 757 611 LTTC (see Low-temperature pyroclastic and ignimbrite flows, 626 thermochronology (LTTC)) subducted components and sediments, 627 mantle vs. crustal processes, 753 subduction zones, 606 mountainous relief and intermontane tectonic evolution of, 610 basins, 675–677 tectonic models, 257 orogenic belts, 751 tectonic reorganization, 606 orogenic models, 750, 755 volcanic rocks, 614 physiographic configuration, 761–767 Northern Andean orogeny, 7, 23, 40, 41, 43, sub-Andean foreland basins, 675 45, 46, 53, 258, 259, 327, 609 subduction and accretionary dynamics, 753 Antioquian Batholith arc, 375 surface uplift and erosional exhumation, Caribbean Plateau, 384, 385, 397 753 Colombian volcanic arc, 389, 398 tectonic (internal) and geomorphic Dagua terrane, 382 (external) processes, 751 earthquake activity, 386 tectono- and litho-structural framework, Eastern Cordillera, 391 756–761 Eastern Group, 374, 377–380 Northern Colombia Guajira peninsula, 686 Farallon-Nazca-Cocos Plate, 386, 387 Northern Peru, 726–733 Farallon Plate, 386, 397 Northern South America genesis and spatial evolution, 382 Appalachian region, 104 Gorgona Terrane, 382 Caparonensis-Quetame event, 103 Jurassic metallogeny, 467 Grenvillian age, 103 lithogeochemical and isotopic, 390 late Precambrian-Paleozoic forensics, 101, Mandé-Acandí arc, 380, 381 103 Mio-Pliocene granitoids, 390 Mérida Andes, 103 N and W migration, 397 paleogeographic models, 102, 106, 108, Nazca Plate, 387, 388, 398 109 Neogene granitoid, 392 Paleozoic faunal assemblages, 104, 106 Neogene reinitiation, 386, 387 Pangaea, 108 Paipa-Iza-Quetame, 391 Northern Venezuela rift basin, 735 Rio Dulce, 390 Northwestern Brazil, 726–733 Santander Massif, 387, 390 Northwestern Peru, 731–733 Tectonic Realm, 385 Northwestern South America, 677–686 time-space analysis, 374, 382 accreted oceanic terranes, Pacific domain, Vetas-California, 391, 392 733–734 Vetas-Paipa-Quetame, 389 Aptian to Cenomanian, 736, 737 Western Group, 374–377 Berriasian to Aptian, 736 Northern Andes of Colombia, 754 Berriasian to Early Aptian, 736 atmospheric circulation, 750 Campanian to early Paleocene, 736 convoluted mosaic, tectonic blocks, 755 Campanian to Paleocene, 737–738 “cordilleran”/“collisional”, 755 Cenomanian to Santonian, 736, 737 Cretaceous oceanic terranes, 677 Cretaceous oceanic terranes in Northern deformation and uplift, 739 Andes, 677 features, 755 Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, 735 geologic/geographic importance, 750 Ecuador (Oriente Basin), 724–726 Index 995

eustacy and tectonics, 736 Pacific terranes Jurassic rifting, 735 Dagua terrane, 8 Late Mesozoic, 734 Gorgona terrane, 8 litho-tectonic and morpho-structural Romeral terrane, 8 features, 675 Paipa-Izá volcanism (5.9–1.8 Ma), 626 map, 673, 674 (see also Maracaibo Paleocene granitoid magmatism, 310 continental block (MCB)) Paleocene Sedimentation, Late Campanian, mesozoic plate tectonic interpretations (see 730–731 Mesozoic plate tectonic Paleocene-Eocene Mandé-Acandí arc, 477 interpretations) Paleocontinental re-constructions, 98, 105 methodology, 675 Paleo-facies maps mountainous relief and intermontane ages of Cretaceous period, 673 basins, 675 color for sedimentary environment, 724 Northern Peru, 726–733 color legend, stratigraphic sections, 687 Northwestern Brazil, 726–733 northwestern South America, 701–703, paleogeographic reconstructions, 673 705–707, 709–714 pre-Cambrian shields, 675 and stratigraphic sections, 675 scale of, 736 Paleogene arcs sequence stratigraphy, 735 Chagres and Mamoní mountains, 914 southern Colombia (Putumayo Basin), Mandé mountain range, 915–916 724–726 San Blas and Acandí mountain southernmost Ecuador, 726–733 ranges, 915 sub-Andean foreland basins, 675 Paleogene magmatism, in MB, 555–557, syn-tectonic structures, 736 570–574 terranes containing pre-Cretaceous rocks, basin filling, 591 677 BP, 563 unconformities, 738 geochronological data crystallization ages, 570, 571 eocene crystallization ages, 571 O temperature geochronology, 571–574 Oblique subduction, 245 thermochronology, 571 Oca-El Pilar Transform Fault System leucocratic granitoids, 565, 566 (OPTFS), 60 location, 555, 556 Oca fault, 654, 655 LP, 563, 564 Ocaña Alkaline Granite (Ocaña Batholith), magmatic belt 225 Atanques laccolith, 557 Onzaga Granodiorite, 225 Latal and Toribio Plutons, 555 Orocaima event, 118 Santa Marta Intrusive Complex, 556 Orogenic belts, 751 Socorro stock, 557 Orogenic events, 98, 100, 103, 106 major elements, 575 Orogenic float model, 593 SMB, 557–559, 562 Orogenic phases, 774, 778 TP, 564, 565 “Orthogneiss” unit, 200, 201 trace elements, 577, 578, 580 Otú fault, 429 Paleogeographic maps, 673 Paleogeographic reconstructions, 673 Paleomagnetic analyses, 684 P Paleomagnetic declination data, 684 Pacific Coast of Colombia, 969–971 Paleo-margin, 834, 837, 839, 850, 857, 862, Pacific domain, accreted oceanic terranes, 733 863, 868 Pacific/Farallon, 734 Paleo-Upper Magdalena Valley Pacific model, 592, 594 (UVM), 718 Pacific terrane assemblage (PAT), 264, 265, Palestina fault system, 262, 429 425, 426 Panama canal basin, 916, 917 996 Index

Panama-Chocó Arc, 386 Piedrancha-Cuembí suite, 346 basement of, 924 Piedrancha-La Llanada-Cuembí trend, 492, Chorotega Block, 901 494, 495 composite volcano-plutonic island arc, 924 mineralization Farallon Plate, 926 Au, 492, 495 geography, 901–904 economic, 492 geology of, 904 sulphides, 494 late Cretaceous to Eocene island arc, 926 veining, 495 magmatism, 904, 926 wallrocks, 494, 495 middle Eocene extension and arc break-up, Piraparaná Formation, 145–147 926 Pirre mountain ranges, 921 NE-dipping subduction, 926 Plate tectonic events, 894–895 plate tectonic map, 901, 902 Plato-San Jorge area, 724 plate tectonic setting, 905–906 Plato-San Jorge Basin (PSJB), 592 sedimentary basins, 904 Playa Salguero leucogranite, 558, 565, UNDP and INGEOMINAS mapping, 904 568–570 Western and Central Cordilleras, 901 Pleistocene-age granitoid arc segments, 490 Paramo de Frontino volcanic complex, 503, Plutonism, 103, 288–289 504 Pluton-related, 444, 447, 448, 450, 484, 492 Páramo Rico Tonalite (Granodiorite), 225 Poly-deformed, 836 Pb isotope, 303–306 Porphyry, 452, 473, 478, 484, 490, 511 analyses, 472 Porphyry intrusions magmatism (17–6 Ma), Cretaceous-Eocene granitoid, 324 615, 618, 624 latest Oligocene-Pliocene, 347–349 Porphyry-style Au-Cu mineralization latest Triassic, 300 Chuscalita-Mina Alemana, 510, 511 pre-Jurassic granitoids, 283 K-feldspar, 507 The Pearl Islands, 921 La Mina, 509 Penecontemporaneous, 734 La Quebradona, 509 Perijá Range, 723, 724 pyrite and chalcopyrite, 507 Permo-Triassic granitoids, 256, 273, 277, 278 Quinchía, 508 Pescadero Monzogranite, 226 sodic alteration, 507 Petrogenesis, 285, 286, 325, 361, 367, 369, South Támesis, 508 374, 379, 390, 393, 394 Titiribí, 510 Phanerozoic, 272–278, 280, 281 Post-Berriasian time, 718 Colombian Andes, 268 Pre-Andean orogeny, 609 data filtering, 271 Pre-Cambrian Guiana, 726 distribution, 259 Pre-Cambrian shields, 675 granitoid magmatism, 255 Pre-Cretaceous rocks, 677 lithogeochemical database, 271 Pre-jurassic metallogeny mid-Triassic granitoid Bailadores, 438 age constraints, 275–278 Caño Negro-Quetame-Cerro de Cobre, 438 distribution, 272–275 El Carmen-El Cordero, 439, 440 lithogeochemistry, 278, 281 Santa Elena chromitite, 441 U-Pb, 272 tectonic models, 438 pre-Triassic granitoid Pre-mesozoic crystalline units lithogeochemical plots, 280 Bucaramanga Gneiss, 198–200 trace element and REE, 281 MGV, 203–204 tectonic models, 258 “orthogneiss” unit, 200, 201 tectono-magmatic, lithogeochemical and Silgará Schist sequence, 200, 202 (see also isotopic, 361 Triassic-Jurassic plutons) U-Pb ages, 270 Proterozoic metamorphic basement, 124–131 Physiographic configuration, 761–767 amphibolites, 130 Piedrancha-Cuembí arc segment, 336 granulites, 130 Index 997

migmatitic biotite-(muscovite) gneisses, Ecuadorian river basins, 947 126, 127 Magdalena River, 948 quartzofeldspathic gneisses, 124, 125 Meta River basin, Colombia, 946 Proto-Andean orogen, 98 Patía River catchment, 946 Proto-Caribbean, 734 Romeral fault system, 430, 468 Provincia Litosférica Oceánica Cretácica del Romeral-Peltetec suture zone, 681 Occidente de Colombia (PLOCO), Romeral shear zone (RSZ), 857 264, 681 Arquía Complex, 837 Pujilí-Pallatanga suture zone, 684 Calima terrane, 839 Cañasgordas, 840 CC, 834 Q Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, 855, 856 Quartzofeldspathic gneisses, 124, 125 Central Cordillera, 839 Quaternary, 957 Colombia, 837 Quebradagrande Complex, 681, 836 Dabeiba fault, 836 Abejorral Fm., 841, 842 early Cretaceous, 834 basalts, 843 Ecuador, 839 folding and faulting, 844 geological configuration, 838 hypotheses, 844 granitoid rocks, 853, 854 lithostratigraphic names, 842 late Cretaceous mylonitic, 834 paleo-continental margin, 841 late Miocene and Pliocene, 838 para-autochthonous Late Cretaceous, 841 lithotectonic units, 833, 834, 837 radiometric age, 842, 844 Medellín, 837 San Jeronimo fault, 842 paleo-Colombian margin, 833 structural style, 844 physiographically, 835 Triassic ultramafic rocks, 842 Quebradagrande and Arquía complexes, U-Pb ages, 843 840 volcano-sedimentary rocks, 844 Quebradagrande volcanic rocks, 838 Quebradagrande marginal basin, 681 regional-level tectonic, 836 Querarí Orogeny, 115, 154 tectonic models (see Tectonic mélange) Western Cordilleran terranes, 836, 840 Romeral terrane, 8 R Rondinia paleocontinental reconstruction, 98 Radiogenic isotopes, 299, 301–306 Roraima Formation, 118 late Triassic-Jurassic Roraima tectono-sedimentary, 85–87 Pb, 303–306 Sr-Nd, 299, 301–303 Lu-Hf, 284–286 S Sr-Nd-Pb, 282–284 Sambu basins, 917, 919 Radiometric dating techniques, 416 San Blas and Acandí mountain ranges, 915 Radiometric systems, 772 San Jacinto fault system (SJFS), 60 Rear-arc volcanoes (RA), 630 San Jacinto terrane, 9 Regional kinematic models, 419 San Jerónimo fault (SJF), 864 Regional stratigraphy, 673 San Juan de La Costa barrier island, 972, 974 Ridge tholeiitic granitoid (RTG), 440 San Juan river delta, 969, 972, 973 Río Dulce cluster San Juan-Sebastian fault system, 431 Arboledas, 521 San Lucas Espiritu Santo, 522 basement-hosted mineralization, 449 Santa Rita Sector, 522, 523 epithermal volcano-sedimentary-hosted, Rionegro Batholith, 226 450, 452 Rio Negro Fm, 591 pluton-related, 447, 448 Río Negro-Juruena (RNJ), 151 San Pablo Fm., 464, 466 Rivers Sanín-Villa Diorite, 207 998 Index

Santa Bárbara Quartz-monzonite, 225 faulting pattern, 589 Santa Elena chromitite, 441 mantle-referenced palinspastic Santa Marta Batholith (SMB) reconstructions, 585 amphibole-biotite granodiorite to tonalite, pre-deformational shape, SMB, 590 558, 560 regional magmatic gap, 587 component, rock, 557 sedimentary package, 586, 587 cumulitic facies, 561 thermobarometric calculations, 587 fine-grained facies, 558 TTG characteristics, 585 mafic magmatic enclaves, 562 trace elements, 577, 578, 580 magma mixing, 561 Silgará Schist sequence, 200, 202 magmatic facies map, 557–559 Sinemurian deposits, 38 magnetic foliation, 589 Sinifaná metamorphic unit, 845, 846 plastic-state cataclastic deformation, 558 Sinú-San Jacinto Basin, 722 poikilitic facies, 559, 561 Sinú terrane, 9, 60 QAP Streckeisen classification diagram, Slab decarbonation, 606, 612, 627 558 SM, Northern Andes (Colombia), 204–226 Santa Marta lagoon, 961 basement geology map, 196, 197 Santa Rosita Quartz-monzonite, 225 Colombian Andean system, 196 Santander Massif (SM), 170–171, 790–794, early Paleozoic pulse, 196 885–887 late Triassic-Early Jurassic pulse, 196 Santander-Floresta paleo-Massif, 717 magmatic belts (see Magmatic belts) Santonian-Campanian age, 685 magmatic episode, 196 Sapo mountain ranges, 921 Mesozoic sedimentary basins development, SEDEX base metal sulphide occurrences, 463 196 (see also Pre-mesozoic Sedimentary basins, 901, 902, 904, 905, 919 crystalline units) Sediment load structure, 198 in Andes, during anthropocene, 946–948 Triassic-Jurassic magmatic arc, 196 Patía River catchment, 946 SNSM, see Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta Sediment yield (SNSM) at continental scale, 936 Sonsón Batholith, 310, 314 northern and central Andes, 938, 939 South America, 734 variability, 946 South Caribbean deformed belt (SCDB), 551, for whole northern Andes, 946 552 Sequence boundaries (SB), 687–700, 704, South central Colombia, 738 708, 711, 714, 720, 725, 727, Southern Cauca Valley, 721, 722 729–732, 735, 738 Southern coastal Ecuador, 685 Sequence stratigraphy, 673, 674, 704, 719, 735 Southern Colombia (Putumayo Basin), Serranía de Macarena, 170 724–726 Serranía de Perijá (SP), 884–885 Southern Ecuador, 731–733 Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (SNSM), Southern Ecuador vs. northernmost Peru, 677 171–174, 585–590, 657, 800–802, Southernmost Ecuador, 726–733 882–884 Sr-Nd isotopes, 322–324 alumina saturation index, 575, 577 Colombian cordilleras, 301 early Paleocene magmatism, 580, 581 Cretaceous-Eocene granitoid Falcon Basin (FB), 553 Antioquian Batholith, 323, 324 later Paleocene-early Eocene magmatism, Eastern and Western groups, 322 581, 583, 584 Mandé Batholith, 324 leucocratic granitoids, 565 late Triassic-Jurassic, 300, 302 major elements, 575, 576 latest Oligocene-Pliocene, 346–348 MB, 552 Mocoa-Garzón, 302 mountain ranges, 553 pre-Jurassic granitoids, 283 SMB, 555 Santander Plutonic Group, 299–301 tectonic implications Segovia Batholith, 301 exhumation rates, 588 southern Ibagué Batholith, 300 Index 999

Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry, 282–284 CCOP/CLIP assemblage, 857 Strike-slip faults, 49–52 Central Cordillera block, 864 Subandean basement, 168–170 Colombian Pacific margin, 863 Subducted sediments (SS), 606 early Eocene to middle Eocene, 867 Subduction EC, 867 Andean-type subduction zone, 584 Farallon-Caribbean plate assemblages, 863 Caribbean flat slab, 593 Farallon plate, 862 Caribbean Plateau, 588, 592 Farallon plate-CCOP/CLIP, 865 component, 627, 633, 635, 638 Guachinte Fm., 867 TTG characteristics, 585 helium analyses, 866 zones, 606, 632, 635 lithodemic and lithostratigraphic units, 857 Sulphide mineralization, 462, 482 lithotectonic components, 862 Sulphide mineralogy, 473 Meso-Cenozoic development, 857 Suratá River Pluton, 225 mid-Cretaceous, 863 Syn-collisional granites (syn-COLG), 240 Panamá-Chocó block, 868 Quebradagrande Complex, 863 SJF, 864 T S-type granitoids, 860 Tablazo sub-basin, 716 thermochronological data, 864 Taphrogenic tectonics, 31, 34 zircons, 864 Technological denudation, 936 Tectonic realms Tectonic configuration, 734 CTR, 5, 7 Tectonic cycles, 834 geological setting, 14 Tectonic elements, 264–267 GSR, 4–5 CTR, 261–263 MOF, 7 GSR, 260 WTR, 7 MSP, 261 Tectonic reconstructions, 366–369, 476, 478, WTR, 264 484, 485 CAT, 266 Bolivar Aulacogen, 363, 364 CHO, 266, 267 Cajamarca-Valdivia, 363 PAT, 264, 265 Carboniferous, 364, 365 Tectonic geomorphology early Paleozoic, 362 AER, 773 late Triassic-Jurassic, 369, 371–373 (see A-PRZ, 773 also Northern Andean Orogeny) computational power and software/code Northern Andean-Caribbean Plate, 258 development, 768 Ordovician-Silurian Quetame Orogeny, cordilleran massifs and sedimentary basins, 363 768 Permian to mid-late Triassic definition, 768 age and nature, 367 fission-track analysis, 772 amphibolites, 367 in situ LA-ICP-MS techniques, 768 genetic model, 366 internal and external processes, 768 lithogeochemical and isotopic, 367, Oligo-Miocene transition, 774 368 paleo-PRZ/PAZ, 774 Northern Andean, 367 radiometric systems, 772 Pangaea, 366, 368, 369 sediment-stratigraphic analyses, 774 zircons, 366 surface and near-surface processes, 768 Quetame orogenic cycle, 362 upper crust process, 769–771 Tectonic-related unconformity, 739 (U-Th)/He analysis, 772 Tectonics Tectonic mélange Cajamarca-Valdivia terranes, 101 Aburrá ophiolite, 861 Oaxaquia, 101 apatite (U-Th)/He dating, 866 and paleogeography, 102 Arquía Complex, 862 Tectono-and litho-structural framework, CC, 867 756–761 1000 Index

Tectono-magmatic framework, 424 U Colombian tectonic evolution, 418 Ultra-high temperature (UHT), 118 CTR, 421–424 United Nations Development Programme GS, 420, 421 (UNDP), 904 Meso-Cenozoic Northern Andean orogeny, United Nations (UN), 415 418 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 415 MSP, 421 U-Pb ages, 256, 270, 292, 293 Northern Andes, 418 U-Pb dating techniques, 255, 275 regional kinematic models, 419 U-Pb radiometric ages, 125 WTR (see Western Tectonic Realm Upper Aptian-Lower Albian Tablazo Fm, 716 (WTR)) Upper crust process, 769–771 Tectono-stratigraphic evolution Upper Magdalena Valley, 720 Aptian-Albian, 53 Eocene-Early Miocene, 53 Miocene oblique collision, 53 V Paleocene-early Eocene, 53 Venezuela, 689, 701–715 Terranes continental margin domain Cañasgordas, 906 early Cretaceous sedimentation, El Paso/El Paso-Baudó terrane, 909 701–705 Greater Panama, 909 Jurassic red beds, 689 Panama-Baudó-Mandé Terrain, 906 middle Albian and late Cretaceous Thermochronology, 571 sedimentation, 705–715 Tijereto granophyre, 131 Cretaceous, 678 Time-space analysis, 370, 417, 432, 434, 436, Venezuelan/Mérida Andes (VA), 887–889 465, 467, 486, 488 Vetas-California early Cretaceous, 357 Au-Ag, 524 early Paleozoic, 350, 352 Au district, 526 latest Oligocene, 383 Cu, 525 latest Triassic, 354 district-scale field observation, 527 Tiquié granite, 131 epithermal mineralization, 528 Tonalite, trondhjemite and granodiorite (TTG), granitoids, 489 116 La Baja, 525–527 Toribio Pluton (TP), 555, 556, 564, 565, 567, La Baja-La Alta, 524 575 La Mascota and La Bodega deposits, 528 Total alkalis vs. silica (TAS) diagram, 616, magmatic crystallization, 527 617 sulphide concentrations, 525 Trace element spider diagrams, 617–619 Volcanic arc granites (VAG), 240 Trace element spider plot, 244 Volcanic front volcanoes (VF), 630 Trans-Amazonian Orogeny, 115, 116, 118, Volcanism, 288–289, 529 152 Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS), 480 Tres Esquinas Member, 724 Triassic and Jurassic sedimentary deposits, 35 W Triassic-Jurassic plutons West-East Tectono-Sedimentary Anomaly Jurassic igneous rocks, 226–238 (WETSA), 87–89 tectonic setting and magma affinity, Western Caribbean Orogen, 57 226–242 Western Colombia, 678–682 trace elements and isotopic relations, Western Cordillera (WC), 668, 669, 778–780, 242–244 840 Trondhjemites, 575, 581 Western Ecuador, Cretaceous, 682–686 Index 1001

Western Group arc segments, 375, 376 West Peruvian Trough, 726–730 Western Guárico sub-basin, 675 W-E stretching belt, 118 Western Tectonic Realm (WTR), 7, 264 Within plate granites (WPG), 240 Caribbean Terrane assemblage, 426 WTR, see Western Tectonic Realm (WTR) CAT, 266 CHO, 266, 267 Chocó Arc assemblage, 427, 428 Z PAT, 264, 265, 425, 426 Zn-Pb-Cu-Fe (Ba) sulphide, 460, 461