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Escuela Politécnica De Ingeniería De Gijón ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA DE INGENIERÍA DE GIJÓN MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN INGENIERÍA DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER Nº 202008 EVALUACIÓN E IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LTE-A/5G-NR PARA APLICACIONES INDUSTRIALES TIME-CRITICAL GUILLERMO LACALLE MARCOS TUTORES: RAFAEL GONZÁLEZ AYESTARÁN IÑAKI VAL BEITIA JULIO 2020 AGRADECIMIENTOS: A la EPI de Gijón y en especial a Rafael González Ayestarán mi tutor de este TFM y a Samuel Ver Hoeye, por sus conocimientos, por su ayuda y por la formación recibida. A Ikerlan y a todo su personal por la acogida y la enorme oportunidad de integrarme en la Empresa. Mil gracias. Muy especialmente a Iñaki y a Óscar que siempre han estado ahí e hicieron que todo fluyera con naturalidad, por su disposición constante y por todo lo que me enseñaron y me apoyaron. No hay palabras para expresar este agradecimiento. A mi madre y a mi padre. UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO Escuela Politécnica de Ingeniería de Gijón Índice 1 Introducción.................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Motivación ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Estado del arte ................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1. La primera generación (1G) ......................................................................... 3 1.2.2. La segunda generación (2G) ........................................................................ 3 1.2.3. La tercera generación (3G) .......................................................................... 5 1.2.4. La cuarta generación (4G/LTE) .................................................................... 8 1.2.5. La quinta generación (5G) ......................................................................... 13 1.3. Estructura del trabajo ...................................................................................... 15 2 Técnicas de acceso al medio y modulaciones ............................................... 18 2.1. OFDM ............................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1. Definición ................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2. Transmisor y receptor LTE ......................................................................... 19 2.1.3. Problemas en OFDM .................................................................................. 21 2.2. OFDMA y SC-FDMA .......................................................................................... 24 2.2.1. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) ....................... 24 2.2.2. Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) ................. 25 3 Estructura temporal y frecuencial en LTE ..................................................... 31 3.1. Unidades de información ................................................................................. 31 3.2. Configuración Downlink/Uplink ....................................................................... 33 3.3. Introducción a señales y canales físicos ........................................................... 36 4 Técnicas de codificación .............................................................................. 39 4.1. Cyclic Redundancy Check ................................................................................. 39 Evaluación e implementación de LTE-A/5G-NR para aplicaciones industriales Time-Critical. Guillermo Lacalle Marcos Página i UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO Escuela Politécnica de Ingeniería de Gijón 4.2. Código Convolucional ...................................................................................... 40 4.3. Interleaving y Rate Matching .......................................................................... 41 4.4. Scrambling ....................................................................................................... 47 5 Señales y canales físicos en Downlink .......................................................... 49 5.1. Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) .............................................................. 49 5.2. Secundary Synchronization Signal (SSS) .......................................................... 51 5.3. Reference Signals (RS) ..................................................................................... 53 5.3.1. Específicas de celda ................................................................................... 53 5.3.2. Específicas de usuario ............................................................................... 55 5.4. Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) ................................................................. 55 5.5. Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) ...................................... 56 5.6. Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) ....................................................... 58 5.7. Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) ................................................... 61 5.8. Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) .................................................... 64 5.8.1. Generación ................................................................................................ 65 6 Señales y canales físicos en Uplink ............................................................... 68 6.1. Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) ...................................................... 68 6.2. Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) .................................................................... 70 6.3. Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) ....................................................... 72 6.3.1. Channel Quality Indicator (formato 2) ...................................................... 72 6.3.2. Hybrid Asynchronous (formatos 1a/1b) ................................................... 74 6.3.3. Scheduling Request ................................................................................... 79 6.3.4. Multiplexación de la señalización de control y datos en PUSCH .............. 80 6.3.5. Técnicas multi-antena ............................................................................... 82 6.3.6. Diversidad de antenas closed-loop ........................................................... 82 6.3.7. MU-MIMO o SDMA ................................................................................... 83 6.4. Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) ........................................................ 83 Evaluación e implementación de LTE-A/5G-NR para aplicaciones industriales Time-Critical. Guillermo Lacalle Marcos Página ii UNIVERSIDAD DE OVIEDO Escuela Politécnica de Ingeniería de Gijón 6.5. Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) ...................................................... 86 6.5.1. Proceso Random Access basado en contención ....................................... 86 6.5.2. Proceso Random Access libre de contención ............................................ 89 6.5.3. Diseño del PRACH ...................................................................................... 89 7 Capas en LTE ............................................................................................... 94 7.1. Capa PHY .......................................................................................................... 94 7.2. Capa MAC ........................................................................................................ 95 7.3. Capa RLC .......................................................................................................... 95 7.4. Capa PDCP ........................................................................................................ 96 7.5. Capa RRC .......................................................................................................... 96 7.6. Bearers ............................................................................................................. 99 8 Primera recepción Downlink...................................................................... 103 8.1. Sincronización ................................................................................................ 103 8.1.1. Número de celda ..................................................................................... 103 8.1.2. Prefijo cíclico ............................................................................................ 103 8.1.3. Multiplexación ......................................................................................... 104 8.1.4. Subtrama ................................................................................................. 104 8.1.5. Grupo de celda ........................................................................................ 104 8.1.6. Resultado correlaciones .......................................................................... 105 8.2. Master Information Block .............................................................................. 106 8.2.1. Pilotos de referencia y ecualización ........................................................ 106 8.2.2. PBCH ........................................................................................................ 106 8.3. Control Format Indicator ............................................................................... 108 8.3.1. PCFICH ..................................................................................................... 108 8.3.2. Grid Recuperado .....................................................................................
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